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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Corporate ESG performance'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 May 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Kjerstensson, Lovisa, and Hanna Nygren. "ESG Rating and Corporate Bond Performance : An analysis of the effect of ESG rating on yield spread." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161328.

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This research evaluates the relationship between ESG score of the firm and its effect on the performance of their bonds. The study looks at listed companies on the Nordic countries ’ stock exchanges and tries to establish a relationship between ESG score and corporate bond yield spread. The study finds that no such relationship can be established and therefore that a high ESG score does not imply a decreased level of required risk premium by bond investors and a decreased or stabilized cost of debt for companies in the Nordic countries. Further, the study will contribute to a theoretical discu

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2

Jakobsson, Robin Jari Mattias, and Leo Lundberg. "The Effect of ESG Performance on Share Price Volatility." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149982.

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Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing is growing rapidly. Previous research in the area, has mostly been centered around ESG/CSR and its link to corporate financial performance, cost of capital and idiosyncratic risk. Furthermore, relevant previous research is presented that in part challenges the traditional market models and suggests that total risk is a relevant risk factor, instead of only the systematic risk, as proposed by normative theory. In this study, we develop two separate panel regression models, with separate dependent variables. Realized volatility and a GARCH (1

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3

Correia, Alexandre Diogo Figueira da Silva. "ESG performance, tax avoidance and external financing decisions in Europe." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20881.

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Mestrado em Finanças<br>Este estudo pretende analisar se a evasão fiscal afeta o custo de capital das empresas na Europa, tomando em consideração o nível de ESG das empresas. Enquanto que as atividades de planeamento fiscal podem gerar um maior fluxo de caixa depois de impostos, como resultado de um menor pagamento de imposto para os governos, estas podem também levar a resultados futuros incertos e arriscados, o que pode impor vários riscos para as empresas. Particularmente, tomando em atenção a estrutura de capital das empresas, esses riscos podem afetar significativamente as decisões de fi

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4

Dias, João Pedro Marques Duarte. "Corporate social performance and cost of capital." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20831.

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Mestrado em Finanças<br>Este estudo analisa a associação entre Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) e Custo de Capital para empresas cotadas no índice STOXX Europe 600, de 2002 a 2018. Os modelos de Ohlson e Juettner-Nauroth (2005) e Easton (2004) são usados para calcular uma medida ex-ante do custo do capital próprio, enquanto o custo da dívida é medido através do rácio entre as despesas com juros e o total da dívida com juros. Uma medida de Desempenho Social Corporativo (CSP) foi calculada usando a medida Combined ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) disponibilizada pela Refinitiv

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Alkhalili, Shatha, and Victoria Namayanja. "The Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) On Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) In The Listed Swedish Financial Institutions." Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52742.

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Given that Sweden is one of the most sustainable countries in the world (RobecoSAM, 2018), with a big number of its companies as active participants in CSR, we investigate the impact that these CSR activities could have on CFP with a focus on the Financial sector, using in 26 listed Financial Institutions. As we will find out from the existing literature, the CSR-CFP relationship is neither strictly negative nor positive. If it is positive, then the firm will allocate more resources to CSR to achieve better financial performance, and the firm may fore-go or approach CSR initiatives with cautio

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Adebäck, Julia, and Ludvig Eriksson. "Påverkar äktheten i socialt ansvarstagande den finansiella lönsamheten i företag? : En kvantitativ studie av 280 europeiska bolag." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24285.

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Syfte: Det ställs idag högre krav på att företag inte enbart kan fokusera på att tjäna pengar utan att de också måste börja ta ansvar för miljö, samhälle och ekonomi. Till följd av de ökade kraven på företagen har vikten av begreppet Corporate social responsibility (CSR) ökat de senaste årtiondena. En populär inriktning hos tidigare studier inom området CSR är om CSR påverkar företagets finansiella prestation (CFP), vilka visat på motsägelsefulla resultat. Dock har forskning identifierat ett äkthets-gap mellan företags uttalade ansvarstagande och vad som i verkligheten utförs. Det har även kon

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7

Håkansson, Caroline, and Kristin Salu. "Sustainability in the European Union : The Role of Financial Development in Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Performance." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176781.

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This thesis addresses the relationship between financial development and CSR performance, based on countries within the EU. The main objective of this thesis is to critically analyse and discuss the impact of financial development on CSR performance, through using ESG performance as a proxy. Additionally, this study aims at analysing the inclusion of institutional factors when examining the relationship. While the issue of how financial development impacts individual sustainability dimensions is quite well-researched, only one study is found to examine the precise relationship between financia

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8

Ahlklo, Yrr, and Carin Lind. "E, S or G? A study of ESG score and financial performance." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246008.

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Sustainability is not a new concept to the financial markets, but its popularity and wider use have increased as people have grown more concerned about the future of this planet. However, the relationship between sustainable investments and financial performance is not clear. One of the most used measures of sustainability is the concept of ESG score, where E, S and G stand for environmental, social and governance. In this study, we investigate the relationship between ESG score and financial performance, both market and accounting based. We also separate the score into its individual parts E,

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Malmlund, Alexander. "The Financial Incentives to Adopting Corporate Social Responsibility and Socially Responsible Investing Practices." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2103.

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As corporate social responsibility and socially responsible investing practices have increased substantially over the past decade, the possible financial advantages have been examined in great depth. Utilizing firms from the S&P 500 I have investigated the possible outperformance of accounting based and market based measures. I did this by examining the relationship between ESG scores, a common measure of CSR level, and the following dependent variables: return on assets, total risk, systematic risk, and idiosyncratic risk. I obtained strong evidence that an increase in CSR levels are correlat

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10

Whitelock, Vincent George Ph D. "Relationship between Environmental Social Governance (ESG) Management and Performance – The Role of Collaboration in the Supply Chain." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1450087632.

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Kulakova, Iuliana. "The impact of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) practices on the financial performance of companies in emerging and frontier markets." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264201.

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In this thesis, we explore the proprietary Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) scores and analyze their impacts on firm valuation using the sample of 166 companies operating in 35 emerging and frontier markets. Three methods of ESG scores, Principal Component Analysis and regression analysis are used. The results indicate an economically significant relationship between the overall ESG measure and firm value mainly driven by the “Environmental” and “Capital allocation” sub-scores. An exploratory principal component analysis and an extensive list of firm characteristics is also

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Ledje, Oskar, and Sharon Asmelash. "A global study on the demographic drivers for corporate sustainability performance." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172316.

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Sustainability is a topic that has gained significant traction over the last decade. To ensure that we meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations' needs, this study examines the relationship between ESG (environmental, social and governmental) scores and external demographic pressure in an attempt to examine the relationship and a direction between the two. The primary purpose is to investigate whether external demographic pressure drives corporate sustainability. The study uses Age, Education, Gender and Income as variables for demographic pressure, where Age implie

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13

Arienti, Beatrice <1992&gt. "“The birth of Benefit Corporations: putting into practice the Shared Value Creation Model - An empirical evidence of the relationship between ESG Performance and Corporate Financial Performance”." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10080.

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Il lavoro si prefigge lo scopo di descrivere l’introduzione e le motivazioni alla base della creazione un nuovo tipo di società all’interno della legge italiana: la società benefit. Dopo una descrizione approfondita di quest’ introduzione, che prende spunto dalla Benefit Corporation americana, e un’analisi delle dirette implicazioni, il lavoro prosegue con una descrizione dell’evoluzione della forma tradizionale di impresa di capitali improntata esclusivamente alla massimizzazione del profitto per gli azionisti, contrapponendo questa forma con le nuove teorie emergenti d’impresa improntate inv

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Sjögren, Rasmus, and Jacob Wickström. "A study of ESG's contribution to firm performance : Evidence from the European region." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-18271.

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Sustainability is an increasing subject of interest amongst customers, society and corporate leaders. As firms are adapting towards a more sustainable business, opportunities towards a leading position where both long-term corporate social responsibility and financial performance is of interest. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate firm’s Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) rating and its effect on their financial performance. The study is conducted on firms located in the European region. A related purpose is to investigate individual sectors to understand whether this relation

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15

Johannesson, Gustav, and Martin Westport. "Sambandet mellan Corporate Social Performance och finansiell risk : - En kvantitativ studie som undersöker nordiska företag." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75421.

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Examensarbete, Civilekonomprogrammet, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet Författare: Gustav Johannesson och Martin Westport Handledare: Andreas Stephan Medbedömare: Anna Stafsudd Titel: Sambandet mellan Corporate Social Performance och finansiell risk - En kvantitativ studie som undersöker nordiska företag Bakgrund: Företags sociala ansvar har ständigt funnits på företagsagendan under senaste åren efter ökade globala utmaningar och större påtryckningar från intressenter. Man kan se allt större risker som är kopplade till företags hållbarhetsarbete. Med bakgrund till det

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16

Yerbanga, Raissa. "Investissement socialement responsable : impacts sur la performance et le risque des portefeuilles." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD028/document.

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Cette thèse examine l’impact de l’investissement socialement responsable sur le risque et la performance des portefeuilles. Elle s’articule autour de quatre études, dont trois études empiriques. La première étude propose un état des lieux et une analyse critique des risques RSE des portefeuilles. Elle indique que les risques RSE évalués de diverses manières selon les acteurs existent toujours au sein des portefeuilles et évoluent en fonction du contexte institutionnel. Leur niveau peut être plus au moins élevé selon les pratiques RSE des entreprises dans lesquelles les capitaux sont placés. La

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Zakriya, Mohammed. "Empirical Studies on Governance - Performance Interplay: The Investors' Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669238.

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Aquesta tesi té com objectiu entendre la relació entre la governança corporativa i el rendiment de les accions en el mercat financer, estudiant l’evolució al llarg del temps i revisant els problemes metodològics en la mesura de la governança corporativa. La literatura empírica sobre la governança corporativa mostra que el valor de les accions d’empreses amb bona governança supera el de les accions d’empreses amb mala governança. Això passa fins el moment en que els inversors paren atenció a la informació relativa a la governança, moment en que aquesta anomalia desapareix. La primera part d’aqu

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Atif, Muhammad. "Three Studies on Corporate Governance and Cash Holdings." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/382035.

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This thesis is structured around three interrelated empirical studies investigating the relationship between corporate governance and cash holdings in Australia and the US. Several reasons make this relationship both important and worth investigating empirically: (i) large cash holdings around the world and particularly in Australia and the US, (ii) the increased attention of regulators towards strengthening shareholder say on pay, (iii) the proliferated attention of regulators around the world calling for greater gender diversity on boards, (iv) the emergence of non-financial firm performance

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19

Mehedi, Sohel. "Social value relevance corporate governance and organizational outcome." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2025. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/385ff450a9507480e18aa9af84555e2094379320d46b7d79c3585f952bac8718/2397265/Mehedi_2025_Social_value_relevance_corporate_governance_and.pdf.

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We utilize unbalanced panel data from Refinitiv Eikon covering 9,960 global firms from 2002 to 2022. We conduct a panel regression analysis to find out the association between independent and dependent variables. In addition, we estimate entropy balancing estimation, the two-step system generalised method of moments (GMM) and the generalised estimating equation (GEE) to address endogeneity issues. In the current study, we investigate four models. The aim of our first model is to investigate the association between board demographic, structural, and capital diversity, and corporate carbon perfo

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20

Österlund, Elin. "Har företagets lönsamhet en modererande effekt på relationen mellan skatteundandragande och Corporate Social Responsibility? : En kvantitativ studie på 460 publika europeiska bolag under en tioårsperiod." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27141.

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Syfte: Företagens sociala ansvar diskuteras alltmer frekvent och CSR har vuxit fram som en viktig fråga för företagen och dess intressenter. Som en respons på detta har frågan kring företagens ansvar att betala skatt också lyfts fram som en del i det sociala ansvaret. Då tidigare studier visat på motstridiga resultat har det diskuterats om företagets lönsamhet har någon påverkan på sambandet mellan CSR och skatteundandragande, och att denna modererande variabel kan vara en orsak till de tidigare motstridiga resultaten. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka om företagets lönsamhet har

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Litmark, Jenny, and Sofia Titus. "Leder högre CSR- prestanda till lägre kapitalbegränsningar? : en kvantitativ studie på 651 bolag under en tioårsperiod." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26998.

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: I denna studie undersöker vi om CSR-strategier påverkar företagets möjligheter att få tillgång till externt kapital genom att sänka dess kapitalbegränsningar. Förtydligat syftar studien till att förklara hur sambandet mellan CSR-arbete och kapitalbegränsningar samt mellan CSR:s dimensioner och kapitalbegränsningar ser ut. Kan ett ökat CSR-arbete minska kapitalbegränsningar, ge ökad tillgång till kapital som i sin tur leder till större möjligheter att göra lönsamma investeringar och därmed skapa värde för företaget? Tidigare forskning har stannat vid att konstatera att CSR är värdeskapande oc

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Eldh, Frida, and Julia Tran. "CSR och dess påverkan på investeringseffektivitet : en kvantitativ studie av 276 europeiska företag." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27107.

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Företags sociala ansvar (CSR) blir allt viktigare för både företag, dess intressenter och för samhället. CSR har enligt tidigare forskning visat både positiva och negativa effekter på bland annat företags finansiella prestation. Tidigare forskning har inriktat sig på CSR och dess påverkan på företags finansiella prestation utan ett konsekvent mått för den finansiella prestationen. I litteraturen har vi även identifierat ett gap i forskningen bland europeiska bolag. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka relationen mellan företags arbete med Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, och investe

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23

Schepens, Sébastien. "Trois essais sur les conséquences et les enjeux stratégiques relatifs aux choix de la structure et de la composition du conseil d’administration." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPHF0026.

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Cette thèse de doctorat en sciences de gestion, plus précisément en gouvernance d’entreprise, s’intéresse aux relations entre la structure et la composition du conseil d’administration et certains enjeux stratégiques dans le contexte des sociétés cotées.En plus d’un chapitre consacré à la construction d’un cadre théorique et d’un cadre conceptuel de réflexion pour ce travail de recherche, trois articles empiriques sont proposés en vue d’apprécier les effets et les conséquences possibles relatifs aux choix de structure et de composition du conseil d’administration.A partir d’un échantillon comp

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Garcia, Alexandre Sanches. "Associações entre desempenhos financeiro e socioambiental: um estudo das circunstâncias em que vale a pena ser verde." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18261.

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Submitted by Alexandre Garcia (atgempresarial@uol.com.br) on 2017-05-16T23:01:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Alexandre Sanches Garcia com ficha catalografica.pdf: 1908550 bytes, checksum: f5e1873071e0854913a4ca08177a36bd (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-05-17T14:16:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Alexandre Sanches Garcia com ficha catalografica.pdf: 1908550 bytes, checksum: f5e1873071e0854913a4ca08177a36bd (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T18:35:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Alexandre Sanches Garcia com f

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Fabregat, Thiago El Hadi Perez. "Utilização do prebiótico Flavofeed® como suplemento dietário para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86753.

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Orientador: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes<br>Banca: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni<br>Banca: Rose Meire Vidotti<br>Resumo: O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da suplementação com o prebiótico Flavofeed® sobre o desempenho, composição corporal, parâmetros hematológicos e morfometria de duodeno de juvenis tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em relação a uma dieta controle. Foram utilizados 240 juvenis (11,73±2,03 g) distribuídos em 24 aquários experimentais de polietileno de 100 litros equipados com sistema de aeração e aquecedores para manutenção

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Tuci, Enrico. "ESG and Corporate Financial Performance : empirical evidence from the Worldwide Energy Sector." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31327.

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The present study empirically examines the relationship between ESG performance and corporate financial performance of companies belonging to the worldwide energy sector. Most of the researches previously conducted is based on an across-sector analysis. The choice of selecting a specific industry was driven by the expectation of obtaining more conclusive results. Focusing on publicly listed large-capitalization entities, the sample encompasses panel data of 60 firms of the energy sector over the period 2012-2018. I selected Return on Assets and Tobin’s Q as proxies respectively for operating p

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Böck, Moritz Florian Alexander. "Corporate social responsibility earnings management and corporate financial performance." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35347.

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This paper examines the relation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) with two types of earnings management (EM) measures, accrual based (AEM) and real earnings management (REM) of companies in Europe. Additionally, the moderating role of EM in the relationship between CSR and corporate financial performance (CFP) is investigated. I employ a European panel dataset for the period 2008 - 2019, consisting of 3,729 firm-year observations of companies in the STOXX Europe 600 Index, as well as smaller European companies. Using the so-called Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors, pro

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Bonnike, Lucas Sander. "Esg ratings divergence & developing a proprietary Esg scorecard." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/105987.

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This paper analyses the divergence in Environmental, Social, and Governance(ESG) ratings between two leading providers: Sustainalytics and RobecoSAM.It finds that there are significant divergences in ratings between the two providers and that the rating correlation between them is much lower when compared to the correlation observed between credit rating agency scores. This applies to both their composite ESG ratings and their unidimensional Environmental, Social, and Governance scores. Additionally, this paper attempts to build a transparent, reliable, and cost-effective

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Calheiros, Maria Barreto. "Corporate Social Responsibility: Impact on Firms’ Financial Performance." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/131203.

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Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Statistics and Information Management, specialization in Risk Analysis and Management<br>The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive and structured analysis of the relationship between firm’s financial performance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on a global scale. Evidence from previous studies suggests no consensus in the relationship between CSR and firms’ performance. This study is conducted with a sample of 744 companies from 31 countries and 147 different industries, between 2005 and

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Fernandes, Patrícia Joana Gonçalves Queiroga. "The impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on the performance of European firms." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26885.

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This thesis investigates the relationship between a firm’s corporate social responsibility performance (CSR) and its financial performance in a European context. In order to evaluate this relationship, CSR performance is estimated through companies’ ESG scores, while financial performance is represented by the Return on Assets and Return on Equity Ratios, and Tobin’s Q is used as a proxy for firm value. Evidence is found that CSR performance and firm financial performance/value are positively correlated. However, the direction of causality is left to be determined. The findings suggest as well

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Caldeira, José Nuno Martins de Jesus Machado. "Impact of ESG on financial performance on the most capitalized stock markets : evidence from the USA Europe and Asia." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35238.

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This paper analyzes the relationship between the corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) score and stock returns. Contrary to previous literature, this study covers two recent time frames, 2010-2018 and 2015-2018, in three different regions: USA, Europe, and Asia. To predict each ESG pillar's effect on excess stock returns, a regression model was used. This paper finds a negative impact of the Environmental score on excess returns on the US, a positive impact of the Social score on the US and Asia and a positive impact of the ESG score on stock returns in Asia. Additionally

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Gestosa, Liliana Garcia. "The performance of socially responsible corporate bond portfolios: empirical evidence for the US market." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/69464.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Finance<br>This dissertation aims to assess the financial performance of US corporate bond portfolios formed based on socially responsible criteria between 2003 and 2018. Corporate social responsibility ratings are retrieved from the Thomson Reuters ESG Database, resulting in a dataset of 8670 bonds issued by 851 companies. Value-weighted portfolios are constructed using the positive and best-in-class screening strategies, for individual and aggregate CSR scores. Furthermore, high-rated, low-rated, and difference portfolios are built, with annual rebalancing. Regardi

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Zhang, Jintao. "Business group affiliates’ environmental, social, and corporate governance performance in emerging economies — a multilevel cross-national analysis." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1395259.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Although research on business groups and corporate social responsibility has both expanded rapidly during recent years, their relationships are not well understood. Given that business groups, especially in emerging markets, provide employment, financial support, and technological investments into the communities in which they operate, they are argued to be particularly well-situated to address social welfare problems. Hence, an explanation of how business group affiliation affects affiliates’ non-financial performance is needed. The aim of th

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Silva, Rita Costa e. "Does it pay to do good? : an international look over socially responsible investments." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/32110.

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Abstract:

O principal objetivo deste Trabalho Final de Mestrado foi o de mensurar a performance de portefólios construídos com base em pontuações de responsabilidade social, desenhados de forma a replicar uma estratégia long-short, de 2005 a 2019, em quatro regiões - América do Norte, Japão, Ásia Pacífico e Europa - e em diferentes estados de mercado. Os portefólios foram construídos utilizando pontuações de responsabilidade social em quatro dimensões - Social, Gestão Corporativa, Ambiental e uma pontuação média - e os portefólios melhor e pior classificados foram subtraídos, criando portefólios-diferen

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