Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Corporate personality'

This thesis aims to rescue the tradition of corporation theory from the implications of ontological and ethical individualism, which form important tenets of mainstream political theory. My argument for corporate personality builds on the Lockean and Humean theory of personal identity over time. According to this theory, personal identity is not rooted in the identity of a deep and indivisible Self, but in the relatedness between temporally distinct psychological stages. A person is a group of desires, beliefs, memories, traits and other attitudes, tied together by a causal string. On the best interpretation of the Humean view, personal identity has normative consequences. We are bundles but the string that ties the stages of one life together is formed by the normativity of action-guiding principles and by the mutual recognition of certain associative obligations. This normative claim is often meant to buttress ethical individualism against those who deny that persons exist at all. However, this thesis demonstrates that the claim also reinvigorates the idea of corporate personality. The argument develops along two different strands. First, it is shown that corporate personality is a political theory. It is the theory that compares co-operative relations between people with the co-operative relations between the stages of one person. For contractualist theories, the core virtue is justice. For corporate theories, the highest virtue is integrity. Second, corporation theory makes a real contribution to the field of political theory, in particular in an area where contractualism has traditionally encountered problems, to wit, the continuity of the contract. This thesis argues corporation theory is much more successful in explaining our transgenerational obligations to the past and future.

It is argued that there is a need to extend our understanding and knowledge of the magnitude to which the elements of corporate visual identity (CVI) are perceived as the communicators of brand personality and hence corporate image, by the consumers. This thesis extends the knowledge about corporate visual identity (CVI) factors, particularly, name, logo, and colours, by developing a comprehensive model which incorporates corporate visual identity (CVI) elements and brand personality (BP) traits (sophistication, sincerity, ruggedness, excitement, competence). The thesis focuses on the association of types of brand names with brand personality traits. This study also focuses on the different types of logos and their associations with different personality traits and on associations of different brand colours with different brand personality traits. A quantitative approach was adopted. A conceptual model was developed. This model looked at brand name, logo and colour and their collective association with, as well as their influence in, developing a brand‘s personality. A questionnaire was prepared and pretesting was carried out to test whether the constructs of the model were valid and reliable and that the instrument used was fit for purpose. Pakistan was the context for this research, and the brands chosen represented the cellular telecom industry of Pakistan. A sampling frame of Pakistani youth was chosen, with an age bracket of 18-26, as this age group which constitutes the highest usage of cellular services in Pakistan. The sample size was 1400, and the sampling method was stratified random sampling. Cross-tabulation analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses. The results from this study suggest that CVI has a significant positive impact on brand personality development. One of the strongest messages to emerge from this study is that CVI elements (namely, brand name, logo, and brand colours) are found to be essential for the creation of brand personality. This study provides a model that managers can use to influence consumers‘ perceptions and buying behaviour and also helps in the positioning of a brand in differentiating it from the competition. This study makes its contribution in that it is the first to empirically test the associations of CVI elements with BP traits and to present a conceptual model which examines the influence of CVI elements in shaping a brand‘s personality and establishing an integrative view of CVI elements and brand personality traits, and, to do so from South Asian perspective. This study is the first to clearly define the role of brand names in creating brand personalities, associating brand name types with brand personality traits and to establish an empirical relationship between types of brand names and various personality traits. This is the first study to provide empirical evidence to support the claim that brand logo types are associated with specific brand personality traits and to clearly associate brand colours with specific brand personality traits. Findings from this study allow companies in other business sectors as well as in other countries to develop their CVI strategy and to modify their CVI strategies to influence the brand personalities.

Corporate brands in today’s business landscape are complex and multifaceted, with employees playing a critical role in the building of those brands. As employee brand commitment forms an important part of building a corporate brand, it would be beneficial to understand the drivers of employee brand commitment in order to better understand the corporate brand. One of the main aspects of employee brand commitment is the personality of the corporate employer brand. This research aims to determine the relationship between corporate brand personality and employee brand commitment. By utilising the Corporate Brand Personality Scale and employee brand commitment measures, a quantitative survey was administered to 250 members of an online research panel. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the most common elements of the Corporate Brand Personality Scale. Thereafter, regression analysis was performed to determine the role of brand personality in predicting an employee’s commitment to their corporate brand. The results of this study show that factors of corporate brand personality have a significant influence on employee brand commitment. Further discussion into factor analysis shows that progressive and steadfast personality traits have a significantly positive effect on employee brand commitment, whilst supercilious personality traits have a negative effect on employee brand commitment.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

In the competitive atmosphere of today's business world, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become yet another factor organizations use to distinguish themselves and make their values apparent to their audiences. Social media have helped organizations communicate these characteristics with their audiences by enabling timely and cost-effective communication between individuals and organizations. While many studies have explored the role of social media in communicating CSR messages, few studies have focused on the social transformational cues that visual elements of these tools offer organizations in terms of communicating their socially responsible activity. Through a content analysis of social media posts by both the Reputation Institute's 20 most responsible companies and the institute's top 20 Fortune 500 companies, this study explored the ways in which organizations communicate their CSR activities over a three-month period. The analysis examined companies' CSR initiatives through their text and image posts on Instagram and Twitter, as well as how socially responsible companies express brand personality using these social media sites. Furthermore, this study compared organizations' use of image, text, and text-only based social media posts, as well as their use of image-power strategies. This study also contributed to existing work on CSR in social media by examining trends in the social media strategies of the most responsible and highest earning organizations in terms of how they communicate cues related to CSR.
Master of Arts

This thesis provides a comparative analysis of the problems of fraud and the abuse of the corporate form under UK and Nigerian company laws. The twin doctrines of separate legal personality and limited liability for members shield shareholders and directors from personal liability for the debts of the company with far reaching implications for creditors and wider society. Although this position is not immutable as demonstrated in Salomon v Salomon, an analysis of case law and statute within the general rubric of ‘lifting the veil’ or ‘piercing the veil’ in the two jurisdictions reveals that veil piercing approaches have for several reasons remained fundamentally flawed. There is no coherent principle upon which the courts may find exceptional circumstances to impose liability on shareholders and directors. Veil piercing approaches have been premised on loss allocation analysis and used only as a means to discard limited liability. No effort has been made to deny controlling shareholders and directors the benefits derived from fraud, an omission that is detrimental to the interest of creditors and thus demonstrates the need for a new approach. This thesis therefore argues that gains made by fraudulent shareholders or directors constitute an unjustified enrichment which must be disgorged for distribution to creditors. To this end, the thesis proposes a ‘responsible corporate personality model’ which gives the creditors wider rights of action to initiate claims against corporate controllers to deny or prevent wrongful benefits or proceeds of unjust enrichment when the company is insolvent or approaching insolvency. The model addresses questions such as the role of constructive trust in combating fraud, tracing, fraudulent transfer of company’s assets to third parties and obstacles imposed by the requirement of fiduciary relationship. It supports the approach to unjust enrichment, suggesting lessons for both the UK and Nigeria in order to preserve equity and prevent improper conduct of corporate controllers. A key argument is that the responsible corporate model can address certain socio-economic peculiarities of Nigeria and similar developing countries.

In the last four decades, one of the fastest-growing fields of research in economics has been the contractual theory of the firm developed in Coase’s (1937) footsteps. Yet despite what otherwise seems to be a genuine success story the question of the nature of the firm remains an empirical and theoretical challenge, painfully illustrated by the lack of consensus regarding the definition and boundaries of the firm. The argument of this thesis is that many thorny questions that plague the literature, including issues related to ownership, boundaries, and intra-firm authority, are due to the fact that contractual theorists of the firm have generally overlooked a key legal feature of the economic system, without which theories of the firm are like Hamlet without the Prince. An elementary institutional fact about firms and markets is that in order to become a fully operational firm in a modern market economy, an entrepreneur or an association of resource owners need to go through a registration or incorporation procedure by which the legal system creates a separate legal person or legal entity in which ownership rights over assets used in production are vested, in whose name contracts are made, and thanks to which the firm has standing in court. With this assignment of legal personality, the legal system creates the efficiency-enhancing nexus for contracts that literally carries the organizational framework of the firm, and secures its continuity by locking-in the founders’ committed capital, thereby allowing them to pledge assets, raise finance and do business in the firm’s own name. Given the basic principle that only legal persons may own property and have the capacity to contract, and the implication that legally enforceable contracts can only exist between legal persons, it is something of a paradox that the notion of legal personality is absent from the prevailing narrative in the contractual theory of the firm. The thesis examines the reasons behind this state of affairs, and identifies alongside the widespread view among economists that firms can be defined with little or no reference to law, particularly statutory law, the lasting influence of Jensen and Meckling’s (1976) ambiguous dismissal of legal personality as a legal fiction that unavoidably leads to misleading reification. In order to disentangle the issues involved, the thesis puts this argument into historical perspective, and suggests that much can be learned from the corporate personality controversy that in the past has addressed the same questions. As the overview of the history of this debate reveals, the category mistakes that Jensen and Meckling presented as inevitable can be easily avoided once the meaning and functions of legal personality are properly understood. The thesis dispels enduring misunderstandings surrounding the notion of personhood, and proposes a legally-grounded view of the nature and boundaries of the firm that recognizes in law’s provision of legal entity status a fundamental institutional support for the firm while fitting the overall Coasean narrative.

The increasing amount of power and potentially negative impacts that corporations exert within society has become a growing concern for many people. In response to this and due to the changing role of business in society, more and more members of social groups, who are affected by corporate activities, are claiming their rights to be better informed of and more involved in corporate decision-making. Consequently, the need for companies worldwide to be more accountable for the ways in which they conduct their business has grown at a tremendous rate. Especially during the last decade, companies have globally been placed under increasing pressure from different stakeholder groups to demonstrate and prove their commitments to the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). In order to facilitate and guide these CSR-commitments, society has for many years already begun to implement various standards of behaviour/performance, which corporations need to achieve in order to be accepted as being part of the citizenry. However, despite an abundance of such standards in terms of CSR-related guidelines and codes, a clear need has been identified for the development of better measuring tools of CSR, in order to efficiently assess and monitor companies’ performance. The Bench Marks is one of the most comprehensive sets of social and environmental criteria and business performance indicators available. It offers an ethical standard on which to base decisions about global corporate social responsibility. Consequently, the need arose from the Bench Marks Foundation - in collaboration with the Bench Marks Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at the North-West University – to develop the current Bench Marks CSR Framework into a practical measuring instrument. This need has successfully been fulfilled through this research by means of two methods, namely a literature review and an empirical study. During the literature study, the concepts CSR and Corporate Personality were contextualised - particularly with the investigation of related concepts; as well as critically examined - specifically in terms of their theoretical measurement properties. During the empirical research, quantitative research techniques have been utilised which involved: the application of certain ‘theoretically recognised phases’ of measuring instrument development; as well as a survey in the form of a ‘preliminary measuring instrument’ (in questionnaire format) that was administered on a random sample respondents (n = 350), including the statistical analysis of the results. 189 Questionnaires were completed, which gave a response rate of 54%. The statistical analysis mainly served as an effective guideline for determining the best CSR items (in terms of reliability and validity) to be included in the final version of the instrument. Apart from measuring CSR performance in line with the Bench Marks, the instrument that has been developed by this study, can also be used as a measuring mechanism for Corporate Personality. This is achieved by assessing company behaviour in terms of the theoretical dimensions of CSR (economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic) and Sustainable Development (economic, social and environmental). In doing so, this instrument provides companies with a unique way of identifying their status of being true Corporate Citizens.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The Upper Echelons Theory states that CEO characteristics, among them the Dark Tetrad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism) of personality, affect decision-making. In an accounting context, the presence of the Dark Tetrad of personality in CEOs can reduce accounting information quality because the personalities of the Dark Tetrad are associated with callousness, impulsivity, manipulation, criminality, grandiosity, enjoyment of cruelty, and misconduct, therefore CEOs with these traits are likely to manipulate earnings or commit fraud. However, companies with strong reputation due to the credibility and trustworthiness built into the company values and culture can reduce the effect of dark personality in accounting information quality. In such context, this study aims to investigate the moderating effect of corporate reputation on the relationship between the Dark Tetrad of personality and accounting information quality. The main assumption is that CEOs with strong Dark Tetrad traits engage more in earnings management and fraud; however, in companies with strong reputation, earnings management and fraud would be lower due to the values, structures, and formal or informal rules built around corporate reputation. This implies that companies with strong reputation tend to suppress the opportunistic actions of CEOs, enabling better accounting information quality. The research design was divided into two parts: the first part involved an archival method and the second part used an experiment method. For the archival method, I analyzed 434 firms (2,645 observations) with headquarters in the United States, covering the period between 2010 and 2017, using abnormal accruals, real earnings management, and classification shifting for earnings management, the overall Fortune\'s World\'s Most Admired Companies score for reputation, CEO speeches, and dark personality literature to measure the Dark Tetrad of personality. I ran regressions to test the research hypotheses and found that the Dark Tetrad of personality shows a positive relationship with all types of earnings management. Regarding reputation, only abnormal accruals show a negative relationship with corporate reputation. In turn, the interaction between the Dark Tetrad of personality and corporate reputation is negatively related to all types of earnings management. For the experimental method, I used a 2x2 between-subjects experiment design involving 101 MBA students who, in general, have had experience in management in Brazil and the United States of America. To measure the Dark Tetrad of personality, I used the Short-Dark Triad (Jones & Paulhus, 2014) and the Assessment of Sadistic Personality (Plouffe et al., 2017). For reputation, I adapted the scenarios from Goldberg and Hartwick (1990) and Lafferty (2007). For fraud, I developed two proxies, the first with five situations based on literature addressing accounting issues, and the other based on D\'Souza and Lima (2015). To test the hypotheses, I applied Ordinary Least Squares regressions and Poisson regressions and found that psychopathy, sadism, Machiavellianism, and the Dark Tetrad of personality show a positive relationship with accounting fraud and misrepresentation. Regarding reputation, in all the models, reputation is not related to fraud. On the other hand, in relation to the interaction between the Dark Tetrad of personality and corporate reputation, only highly Machiavellian CEOs are discouraged from committing fraud by a strong reputation. Therefore, this study demonstrated that CEO personality can affect accounting information quality, however, corporate reputation is an intangible resource that influences CEO decision-making, so as a result, reputation helps to increase accounting information quality.
A Teoria dos Altos Escalões afirma que as características do CEO afetam a tomada de decisão deles, na qual uma delas é a Tétrade Sombria (narcisismo, maquiavelismo, psicopatia e sadismo) da personalidade. No contexto contábil, a presença de traços da Tétrade Sombria em CEOs pode reduzir a qualidade da informação contábil, porque as personalidades da Tétrade Sombria estão associadas à insensibilidade, impulsividade, manipulação, criminalidade, grandiosidade, prazer na crueldade e má conduta, portanto, CEOs com esses traços provavelmente gerenciariam resultados ou cometeriam fraudes. No entanto, as empresas com forte reputação devido à credibilidade e confiabilidade que estão incorporadas em valores e cultura da empresa podem reduzir o efeito da personalidade sombria na qualidade da informação contábil. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar o efeito moderador da reputação corporativa sobre a relação entre a Tétrade Sombria da personalidade e a qualidade da informação contábil. Assim, o principal pressuposto é que os CEOs com traços altos da Tétrade Sombria envolvem mais em gerenciamento de resultados e fraude, no entanto, em empresas com forte reputação, o gerenciamento de resultados e fraude seriam menores devido aos valores, estruturas e regras formais ou informais construídas em empresas com forte reputação. Isso implica que as empresas com forte reputação tendem a suprimir as ações oportunistas do CEO, permitindo uma melhor qualidade da informação contábil. O método de pesquisa foi dividido em duas partes: primeira parte, um método documental; e segunda parte, um método experimental. Para o método documental, foram analisadas 434 empresas (2.645 observações) com sede nos Estados Unidos para o período entre 2010 e 2017, utilizando accruals anormais, gerenciamento de resultados por atividades e mudança de classificação para gerenciamento de resultados, a pontuação geral das empresas mais admiradas da Fortune World para reputação, e o discurso do CEO e a literatura de personalidade sombria para mensurara Tétrade Sombria da personalidade. Para, foram executadas regressões para testar as hipóteses de pesquisa e verificou-se que a Tétrade Sombria da personalidade possui uma relação positiva com todos os tipos de gerenciamento de resultados; em relação à reputação, apenas os accruals anormais mostram relação negativa com a reputação corporativa; por sua vez, a interação entre a Tétrade Sombria da personalidade e a reputação corporativa está negativamente relacionada a todos os tipos de gerenciamento de resultados. Para o método experimental, foi utilizado o desenho de experimento 2x2 entre sujeitos com 101 alunos de MBA do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos da América que, em geral, tiveram experiência em gestão. Para medir a Tétrade Sombria da personalidade, foi usado The Short-Dark Triad (Jones & Paulhus, 2014) e Assessment of Sadistic Personality (Plouffe et al., 2017). Para a reputação, foi adaptado os cenários de Goldberg e Hartwick, (1990) e Lafferty (2007). Já para a fraude, foi empregada duas variáveis, a primeira tem cinco situações baseadas em literatura abordando questões contábeis e a outra baseia-se em D\'Souza e Lima (2015).Para testar as hipóteses, aplicou-se regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e regressão Poisson, e observou-se que a psicopatia, o sadismo, o maquiavelismo e a Tétrade Sombria da personalidade mostraram uma relação positiva com a fraude contábil e a falsa representação; sobre a reputação, a reputação de todos os modelos não apresentou relação com fraude; Por outro lado, em relação à interação entre a Tétrade Sombria da personalidade e reputação corporativa, apenas os CEOs altamente maquiavélicos estão desencorajados a cometer fraude devido a uma forte reputação. Portanto, este estudo demonstrou que a personalidade do CEO pode afetar a qualidade da informação contábil, no entanto, a reputação corporativa é um recurso intangível que influencia a tomada de decisão do CEO, então a reputação ajuda a aumentar a qualidade da informação contábil.

This thesis examines behavioural risks in corporate governance, and seeks to ascertain what constitutes behaviour. It finds upon an examination and analysis of literature that “personality” and “situations” are elements which contribute to behaviour. Consideration of risk management mechanisms in corporate governance indicates that the personality aspect of behavioural risks has remained largely unidentified. The thesis then focuses on the personality of company directors as a significant contributory factor to their behaviour, and therefore also constituting potential behavioural risks in relation to corporate governance. A question then arises as to how behavioural risks and personality risks in particular have been managed in corporate governance. Taking cognisance of the processes involved in risk management, it is found that personality risks have not been identified by any corporate governance mechanisms, and which means, therefore, that these risks have not been managed effectively under any of the existing corporate governance mechanisms, such as the Turnbull Guidance, UK Corporate Governance Code, UK Companies Act, and EU Company Law Directives.Considering the negative economic and social impact of corporate failures in relation to public listed companies, and the justification for the State to intervene in order to safeguard society from the occurrence and consequences of these failures, this thesis suggests a hybrid regulatory model as an approach to managing personality risks in corporate governance. Building upon relevant corporate and regulatory theories; and incorporating current realities as they relate to the regulation of companies, the thesis proposes a model with suggested provisions which are aimed at contributing to an effective outcome as regards personality risk management. The fundamental requirements of an effective risk management process are discussed and engaged with in the process of developing a conceptual framework for personality risk management from which the approach and provisions in the suggested model are drawn.

I denna uppsats belyses Polisen i Uppsala län ur ett varumärkesbyggande perspektiv med syfte att undersöka om teorier avsedda för företag i konkurrenssituation även kan appliceras på en offentlig myndighet. En kartläggning av Polisen Uppsalas arbete med personifiering av sitt varumärke i sociala media görs genom intervjuer, innehållsanalys och sekundärdata. Insamlad data avseende hur deras varumärkesbyggande stämmer överens med teorier om corporate brand, corporate brand personality och corporate brand personality traits avser besvara uppsatsens syfte. Resultatet visar att en stark koppling mellan Polisen Uppsalas varumärkesbyggande och uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk finns. I undersökningen framkommer att arbetet med personifiering är grundligt utformat genom Polisens värdegrund. Studien ökar förståelsen för hur en organisation motiverar arbetet med sitt varumärke utan att ha behovet att differentiera sig på en konkurrerande marknad. Slutsatsen fastslår inte bara att undersökningsobjektet Polisen Uppsala agerar likt en aktör på en konkurrensutsatt marknad, den leder även till anledning att ifrågasätta tidigare argument om differentiering som syftet med varumärkesbyggande.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1996.
Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Debra A. Noumair. Dissertation Committee: Patricia M. Raskin. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-143).

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Organisational culture can contribute towards or detract from an organisation’s success. It is therefore important to manage this aspect of the organisation. Effective management requires the measurement and assessment of the activities and elements of the organisation. This mini-research report aims to produce a tool which can assess the personality of an organisation’s culture and its sub-cultures; and to relate this to organisational leadership and recruitment. Secondary literature was reviewed in order to identify candidate dimensions of personality. The candidate dimensions of personality are derived from salient themes within Eysenck’s PEN model of personality and these are mindfulness, sociability and propensity to activity. These themes are translated into business equivalents as ‘strategic awareness’, ‘engaged leadership’ and ‘collective performance’. Factor analysis was applied to the completed questionnaires of Havenga’s Integrated Leadership, Climate and Culture survey. The survey contains 24 questions which assess organisational culture in terms of performance and intergroup behaviour. Over 800 responses were analysed in order to validate the candidate dimensions of personality. The factor analysis yielded two factors which were utilised as dimensions in the produced tool and these were labelled as ‘strategic awareness’ and ‘engaged leadership’. A third dimension, ‘collective performance’, was included in the tool and was measured by two of the questions contained in the ILCC survey. Eight questions in total are utilised by the tool. The tool is tested against an organisation represented in the sample and the results are compared to the initial ILCC survey and assessment of the same organisation. The tool is found to be valid for the organisation and is considered to be generalisable to the leisure industry in South Africa. Organisational leadership and the recruitment of personnel are also found to be contributing factors of an organisation’s culture. The author recommends that this tool be used to assess an organisation’s culture, within its limitations; and that the members’ propensity to thoughtfulness, sociability and activity are considered during the recruitment process.

This thesis argues that the twin concept of separate personality and limited liability from its historical beginnings, has entrenched corporate irresponsibility. It assesses the role that these concepts have played in tackling corporate irresponsibility from their historical origins to the present day, commenting on the lessons learnt. Whilst the institution of the company as a legal person is unquestionably the bedrock of modern company law,1 this thesis examines these concepts not necessarily from the position of disputing the philosophical, economic, or political imperatives, all of which are incredibly important – but from the viewpoint that historically, the principle of separate personality and limited liability entrenches corporate irresponsibility. As such, this thesis suggests a partial abandonment of the separate personality principle because it provides a mechanism for dishonest directors to escape liability for their fraudulent conduct. It also argues that the existing judicial evasion and concealment2 principles and the statutory fraudulent and wrongful trading provisions under the Insolvency Act 19863 are too restrictive, and ambiguous in combating corporate abuse. It is concluded that the existing common law and statutory rules geared towards combating abuse of limited liability provides no coherent format upon which the courts and legislature may effectively curb abuse of the corporate form. As such, these laws in light of their inability to make dishonest directors personally liable for their fraudulent conducts ought to be challenged. There is a need to challenge the existing rules in order to show the effect abuse of limited liability has on creditors, the public and the economy. This research indicates that there ought to be an adequate and effective alternative law which provides balance and support for genuine enterprise whilst providing a robust system whereby those who abuse the corporate form can be easily made liable for corporate debts.

Over the past 30 years, the Upper Echelons perspective of strategic management has sought to explain a given organization’s strategies and effectiveness as a reflection of the differences in personality, background, and other characteristics of the senior executives that guides each organization. An important stream of research within this field has linked a firm’s strategy to the grandiose way that executives are often thought to view themselves – namely through examining the narcissism, core self-evaluations (CSE), and hubris of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). In this dissertation, I focus on understanding the strategic impact of CEO humility – a trait that has often been erroneously thought of to represent a poor view of oneself. Consistent with ancient writings and recent research, humility is defined herein as a multi-faceted trait that is the common core of four dimensions: self-awareness, developmental orientation/teachability, appreciation of others' strengths and contributions, and low self-focus. In the first essay, I explore the conceptual relevance and various potential implications of executive humility. Drawing on existing empirical research about the humility construct and general behavioral implications of humility, I argue that executive humility is a critical avenue toward a more rich and nuanced understanding of the delicate interplay and implications of executive self-concept. In essay two, I develop and validate an unobtrusive measure of CEO humility. Ten indicators of humility are suggested and then validated using a self-reported survey administered to a sample of 30 U.S. and Canadian CEOs. Two behaviors were found to be significantly positively related to self-reported humility: CEOs who volunteered some of their time for non-profit organizations and CEO’s who reported that part of their own firm’s success was due to the help of the board of directors. In essay three, I examine the relationship between the level of CEO humility and four firm-level outcomes. Employing a sample of 163 CEOs appointed to S&P 500 firms between 2005-2008, I show that firms led by humble CEOs (measured by the unobtrusive indicators) tend to outperform others in regards to corporate social performance, while at the same time showing that their financial performance is generally no better or worse.

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990) has received a great deal of empirical examination in the criminology, yet the application of this theory to white-collar crime offenders has not received a great deal of attention. Research that has been conducted in the realm of white-collar crime has yielded mixed support for low self-control in explaining such offenses (Simpson and Piquero, 2002; Reed and Yeager, 1996; Langton et al., 2006; Blickle, 2006). The current study seeks to supplement the literature by focusing not simply on the direct causal links between self-control and white-collar offending, but also exploring how attitudes play a role between self-control and intentions to engage in white-collar crime. Specifically, this study examines whether attitudes towards environmental offending mediate and moderate the relationship between self-control and intentions to engage in environmental white-collar crime. The results indicated that attitudes toward environmental offending did have a mediating effect, but the effect of attitudes did not significantly vary as a function of self-control. Subsequently, simple slopes analysis found that the effect of attitudes was only significant among those with average and high levels of self-control. Implications for the general theory of crime and future directions for white-collar crime research are discussed.

Organizational environment (broadly conceptualized) has been shown to have an important influence on job choice (Chapman, Uggerslev, Carroll, Piasentin & Jones, 2005). Controversy exists, however, regarding how to operationalize organizational environment in a way that is both useful and parsimonious. Consistent with the perspective that situational strength meets these criteria (Meyer & Dalal, 2009), the present study found that participants were attracted to hypothetical organizations that were strong with respect to clarity, consistency, and consequences, but weak with respect to constraints. Further, individual differences in various psychological needs were shown to influence the strength of the relationship between situational strength and organizational attraction; for example, those with a high need for achievement were particularly attracted to organizations that were high with respect to consequences. These results not only contribute to the job choice literature, but also suggest that situational strength is more than just a moderator of personality-outcome relationships – it is an important psychological construct in and of itself, with its own nomological network that is worthy of continued research attention.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of occupational prototypes on the evaluation and retrieval of information provided in hypothetical personal data sheets of college seniors. Prototypes for mechanical engineers and elementary school teachers were generated by college students majoring in engineering and education. These prototypes were used to construct a simulated personal data sheet evaluation exercise. A total of 36 personal data sheets [2(replications) X 3(GPA: high, medium, low) X 2(extracurricular activities: prototypic, nonprototypic) X 3(work experience: high, medium, low)] were developed for each occupation. Each of the 36 personal data sheets were rated by corporate or school district recruiters. Based on the results of the study, several conclusions were proposed. First, it was apparent that prototypes differed structurally between occupations, and that these prototypes may differ slightly between students and recruiters. Second, it was noted that not all aspects of a prototype were weighted equally during information processing. One dimension, GPA, was heavily emphasized by the majority of recruiters, with little consideration given to work experience and extracurricular activities. Third, it was suggested that schematic organization affected the recruiters rating process because 85% of the engineering recruiters and 87% of the education recruiters used the same rating policy. Furthermore, while prototypes differed structurally between occupations, the weighting, or importance, of a particular dimension in the rating process may be equivalent for all occupations, Thus, although the underlying structure of the prototypes differed between occupations, the emphasis on GPA by both groups of recruiters resulted in the identical rating policies of both engineering and school district recruiters. Finally, recruiters tended to remember prototypic rather than nonprototypic information from the Personal Data Sheets. These results suggest that schematic organization and prototypes are affecting the judgement and retrieval of Personal Data Sheet information of college seniors.
Ph. D.

Psychopathy has become a highly researched personality disorder in order to better understand criminal and violent behavior (Hare, 1993). Measures of psychopathy have proven to be useful tools in predicting outcomes of institutionalized populations by predicting future dangerousness (Hare, 1999). While several experts in the field of psychopathy allude to the idea of the successful psychopath and their presence in the corporate world (Hare, 1993; Babiak & Hare, 2006), very little research has been done in this area. The current study builds upon the small amount of empirical research by testing hypotheses regarding the relationship between psychopathic personality traits and intentions to engage in white collar crime. Using a sample of 181 university students, psychopathic personality traits were measured using the Psychopathic Personality Inventory - Revised (PPI-R). In addition, scales were developed to measure attitudes toward white collar offending and vignettes were constructed to measures intentions to engage in white collar crime. Four relationships are of primary focus: 1.) Do psychopathic personality traits account for variability in attitudes toward white collar crime?; 2.) Do attitudes toward white collar crime correlate with intentions to engage in white collar crime?; 3.) Are psychopathic personality traits related to intentions to offend and?; 4.) Do attitudes toward offending mediate the relationship between psychopathy and intentions to offend? A major finding is that the Self-Centered Impulsivity factor of the PPI-R accounts for a significant amount of variance in intentions to engage in white collar crime and environmental crime. Additional relationships between psychopathy, attitudes, and intentions are also discussed.

Mestrado em Gestão/MBA
A new concerning is coming to human resource management: the way organizational branding can influence human resources to applied and be committed to enterprises. This application of branding to human resource management has been designate as "employer branding." In the present exploratory study the major objective is to understand the role of organizational reputation, organizational personality and tangible organizational attributes and manager's perception of enterprise attractiveness and commitment. Using an online survey on a 214 sample of Portuguese managers, they describe organizational reputation by emotional appeal and product and services characteristics. Work environment is also important. Organizational personality was characterized by being technical, hard working and secure. The most desirable tangible attributes on enterprise is money and work characteristics. Managers think that their enterprise believe that employees are important but the company don't spend a significant amount of money to keep their employees happy. Manager's main factor of commitment is loyalty and proud that they are part of the company. However they don't consider their company as being the best place to work.

This study examined the role of corporate websites and company Facebook profiles in shaping perceptions of organizational image in the recruitment context. A primary purpose of this research was to determine whether or not perceptions of organizational image vary across different web-based recruitment methods, specifically examining corporate websites and social networking (SNW) sites, such as company Facebook profiles. A secondary goal was to determine how these perceptions of image are shaped by the objective components of websites and Facebook profiles. Finally, this study sought to determine the most influential components of websites and Facebook profiles, in terms of impacting image, to better understand how organizations can maximize their web-based recruitment efforts. A total of 102 companies selected from Fortune Magazine’s 2011 top 500 were chosen for the study. Perceptions of organizational personality as well as objective assessments of personality were gathered for each organization in a two phase approach. Results indicate that exposure to corporate websites and company Facebook profiles do influence perceptions of image in different ways. Furthermore, individual components of the websites were identified as key drivers for influencing specific image dimensions, particularly for company Facebook pages. Findings are beneficial for advising practitioners on how to best manage their web-based recruitment sources in order to maximize efficiency. The present study serves to further our understanding of the process through which perceptions of organizational image are influenced by new recruitment sources.

En el context actual de la societat, s'exigeixen compromisos empresarials més enllà de la producció i la comercialització de béns i serveis de qualitat. Per tant el món empresarial ha de respondre a aquestes noves necessitats socials i, a més interactuar amb les seves audiències d'una manera dialèctica on les mateixes han anat prenent una actitud totalment activa. Una intermediària determinant per a l'establiment d'aquest diàleg és la Marca. D'una manera figurativa, la Marca es pot entendre com la finestra de les organitzacions, sent el mitjà pel qual les empreses es relacionen amb els seus diversos grups d'interès. Per tant, ha de reflectirels valors corporatius del seu productor i òbviament no deixar de complir les seves funcions denotativas i representatives. Una marca sol estar construïda al voltant d'un símbol o un nom, el que li permet crear certes associacions racionals i emocions, que al seu torn permeten identificar-la i recordar-la sense tenir contacte directe amb la mateixa. El Branding actual entén que les audiències són proactives i per tal motiu se centra en les relacions com a eix central de la gestió de marques. Com a fonament d'aquest corrent relacional, la personalitat pren un paper principal. Aquest concepte portat de la psicologia, ha humanitzat la concepció de la marca, dotant-la d’un conjunt de qualitats amb les quals es construeixen els entorns relacionals que connectaran a la marca amb les seves audiències. És per això, que si s'entén el context social actual on cobra valor la RSC per al relacionamient entre marques i públics, en el qual s'exigeix que les empreses s’apersonen com a agents de canvi i a més es concep a la marca com el mitjà per generar aquesta relació, dotant-la d'unes propietats que li permetin a les audiències identificar-la com una marca socialment responsable i d'aquesta mateixa manera, traslladar-lo a la companyia aquesta percepció. Aquest treball de recerca lliura com a producte final, la virtut de la personalitat de la marca socialment responsable, composta per tres atributs, els quals al seu torn estan conformats per 15 trets identificats com a descriptors d'una personalitat amb trets socialment responsables.
En el contexto actual de la sociedad, se exigen compromisos empresariales más allá de la producción y la comercialización de bienes y servicios de calidad. Por ende el mundo empresarial debe responder a estas nuevas necesidades sociales y además interactuar con sus audiencias de un modo dialéctico donde las mismas han venido tomado una actitud totalmente activa. Una intermediaria determinante para el establecimiento de este diálogo es la Marca. De una manera figurativa, la Marca se puede entender como la ventana de las organizaciones, siendo el medio por el cual las empresas se relacionan con sus diversos grupos de interés. Por tanto, debe reflejar los valores corporativos de su productor y obviamente no dejar de cumplir sus funciones denotativas y representativas. Una marca suele estar construida alrededor de un símbolo o un nombre, lo que le permite crear ciertas asociaciones racionales y emociones que a su vez permiten identificarla y recordarla sin tener contacto directo con la misma. El Branding actual entiende que las audiencias son proactivas y por tal motivo se centra en la relaciones como eje central de la gestión de marcas. Como fundamento de esta corriente relacional, la personalidad toma un papel principal. Este concepto traído de la psicología, ha humanizado la concepción de la marca, dotándola de un conjunto de cualidades con las cuales se construyen los entornos relacionales que conectarán a la marca con sus audiencias. Es por esto, qué si se entiende el contexto social actual donde cobra valor la RSC para el relacionamiento entre marcas y públicos, en el que se exige que las empresas se apersonen como agentes de cambio y además se concibe a la marca como el medio para generar esta relación, dotando a ésta de unas propiedades que le permitan a las audiencias identificarla como una marca socialmente responsable y de esa misma forma trasladarle a la compañía dicha percepción. Este trabajo de investigación entrega como producto final, la virtud de la personalidad de la marca socialmente responsable, compuesta por tres atributos, los cuales a su vez están conformados por 15 rasgos identificados como descriptores de una personalidad con rasgos socialmente responsables.
In the current context of society, business commitments are required beyond the production of high quality goods and services. Therefore, companies must respond to the new social needs and interact with audiences in a more dialectical way since these audiences have taken a more active role.A determining intermediary for the establishment of this dialogue is Branding. In a figurative way, the Brand can be seen as the window for organizations by which companies relate to their various interest groups. Therefore, it must reflect the corporate values of its producers as well as its denotative and representative functions. A brand is usually built around a symbol or a name, which allows for certain rational associations and emotions that lets consumers remember it and identify it without having any direct contact.Current Branding understands that audiences are proactive, hence its focus on relationships as its principal component of brand management, with personalities playing a major role. This concept taken from psychology has humanized the brand, giving it a group of qualities that allows it to connect with the audiences.This is the reason why, if one understands the current social context where (RSC) is valued for the relationship between brands and the people, in which is required that companies self-identify as agents of change and use branding as the means to generate this relationship, then audiences are able to perceive the brand as socially responsible and make the same relationship to the company.This research work portraits the virtue of the personality of the socially responsible brand composed of three attributes made up of 15 traits identified as descriptors of a personality with socially responsible traits.

Groups of companies offer considerable economic and practical advantages over other forms of business organizations. However, the phenomenon creates a long list of problems in terms of antitrust law, tax law, labour law, corporate law, and in the case of international companies, conflict of laws. National laws do not provide a complete solution to these problems because groups of companies are still governed by traditional corporate law, which is designed to govern single independent companies. On the other hand, harmonization of the law of corporate groups across Common legal systems is neither feasible not advisable. The most important problem which has not yet been completely solved by Common law systems is the liability of groups of companies for the debts of their subsidiaries. This has been described as "one of the great unsolved problems of modern company law". The present study aims to analyse the solutions provided by Common law systems to this problem and evaluate if they provide a solid settlement or whether further safeguards are needed for those dealing with corporate groups, namely minority shareholders and outsiders including creditors. By using a comparative approach with the Islamic law system, the study evaluates if the Common law solutions are also applicable in such a religious system or whether, due to its unique character Islamic law needs to create its own solution. This comparative approach assesses the possibilities of harmonization between Common law and Islamic law systems and promotes the Islamisation of modern laws in Islamic countries.

The specific thesis that is tested in this study is that there is continual interaction between the sanctuary cult and personal religious experience in the Book of Psalms. The main theoretical argument is that the sanctuary cult had a formative role in creating the piety of the psalmists. The study attempts to explore the specific nature of that relationship and to benefit from the contributions of three major approaches to the Psalms, i.e., the form critical approach (Hermann Gunkel), the cultic approach (Sigmund Mowinckel) and the Psalter-shaping approach (Gerald H. Wilson, James L. Mays, Jerome F. D. Creach, Mark D. Futato, J. Clinton McCann and Walter Brueggemann). The study suggests that the ongoing interaction between the sanctuary cult and personal piety in the Psalms is the result of the creative power of cult. It offers evidence of the possible shaping of the Psalter around the sanctuary motif. It also offers a unique perspective on the piety of the psalmists, suggesting that the psalmists, and particularly the editor(s) of the present shape of the Psalter, promoted the eschatological hope of Israel in the new temple and the heavenly aspect of Israel’s sanctuary.
Thesis (PhD (Old Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus in association with Greenwich School of Theology, U.K., 2013.

Souvent présentée non seulement comme une notion fondamentale du droit, mais encore comme une notion fondatrice du droit public moderne, la personnalité morale est une oeuvre collective des juristes. Ce sont eux qui l’ont créée et qui continuent de la façonner. Elle s’impose aussi à eux en les orientant, en leur fournissant une palette de ressources dans lesquelles ils peuvent puiser. Le recours à cette technique d’individualisation d’un collectif est ainsi susceptible d’affecter la structure du droit public. Au travers d’une étude sémantique de la notion de personnalité morale, l’analyse des discours juridiques aura permis de montrer dans quelle mesure la signification retenue par les acteurs juridiques a pu être à l’origine tant de son développement que de sa stérilisation. En effet, plus la doctrine s’efforcera d’établir le sens proprement juridique de la personnalité morale, plus elle la réduira à rien ou presque. En tant que concept, elle est un point d’imputation qui ne fournit aucune indication sur les prérogatives juridiques des collectifs qui bénéficient de cette qualification. Quant à leurs différences de régime juridique, elles sont rattachées à la notion d’organisation. En revanche, en tant que procédé rhétorique, elle vise à assurer le succès d’une argumentation qu’elle contribue à mettre en forme. Cette métaphore assumerait ainsi une fonction heuristique dans la construction d’un droit des collectifs ou encore une fonction herméneutique dans la définition de leurs prérogatives. En définitive, la personnalité morale est une figure du discours juridique qui contribue à inscrire dans un même dispositif de rationalité les différents phénomènes qu’elle recouvre
Often presented not only as a fundamental legal concept, but also as a founding notion of modern public law, corporate personality is the result of the collective work of jurists. They are the ones who created it and continue to shape it. While being bound by it, corporate personality also constitutes a tool which provides them with a range of resources from which they can draw. Defined more precisely as a form of individualization of a group, resort to this technique is likely to affect the structure of public law. Through a semantic study of the notion of corporate personality, an analysis of legal discourse contributes to showing how the meaning determined by legal actors is at the origin of both its development and its sterilization. Indeed, the more legal doctrine endeavors to establish its strictly legal sense, the more it will be reduced to nothing or almost nothing. As a concept, it is a point of imputation which does not provide any indication on the legal prerogatives attached to corporate bodies that benefit from this qualification. As for the differences in their legal status, they are attached to the notion of organization. As a rhetorical device however, corporate personality aims at ensuring the success of an argument which it contributed to shaping. This metaphor would thus assume a heuristic function in the construction of corporation law as well as a hermeneutical function in the definition of their prerogatives. Ultimately, corporate personality is a device of legal discourse that contributes to the inclusion within a single rationality system of the different phenomena which it covers

This thesis elaborates a notion of Bergsonian personhood that is particularly well suited for understanding the corporate person. Personalists have contributed much to the study of personhood, but they also fail to fully embrace the image of the embodied person offered by Bergson, from which their work appears to emerge. My concern for freedom is part of what animates this study, but I am not framing a new theory of freedom. Rather, I am trying to bring a broader conception of what freedom means to bear on the subject of personhood. To this end, I present the work of Bergson. I distinguish the terms ‘self’ and ‘person,’ defending self as being more properly outlined by the subjective and fleeting nature of the individual. Then, I discuss Bergson’s connections to personalism, with particular attention to the tradition that grew out of Boston University at the turn of the 20th century. Finally, I give a Bergsonian account of personhood that emphasizes the self’s freedom of creative expression, richly connected to its environment, which is elaborated over time in a movement of becoming personal. I make the case that Bergson’s treatments of self and person greatly aid our investigations into personhood socially, legally, and philosophically.

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit den Folgen negativer kritischer Ereignisse und gibt Hinweise, was Manager vor und nach dem Ereignis tun könnten, um potentiell negative Effekte zu minimieren. Während sich die ersten zwei Aufsätze mit der Wirkung kritischer Ereignisse aus Sicht der Konsumenten befassen, widmen sich die Aufsätze 3 und 4 der Shareholder-Perspektive. Aufsatz 1 untersucht die Wahrnehmungsveränderungen in Folge verschiedener Ereignisse mit Hilfe des Konzepts der Markenpersönlichkeit. Die Ergebnisse des Online-Experimentes implizieren, dass die negative Wirkung von der Markenstärke, der Geschäftsbeziehung vor bzw. während des Vorfalls und der Art des Ereignisses abhängt. Aufsatz 2 analysiert, ob die Effekte auch mit Hilfe des Konzepts des kundenbasierten Markenwerts bestätigt und erweitert werden können. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Reaktionen nach Bekanntwerden derselben kritischen Ereignisse für die Markenwertdimension „Perceived quality“, „Perceived value“, „Brand personality“, „Organizational associations“, und „Loyalty“ quantifiziert. In Übereinstimmung mit den in Aufsatz 1 gewonnenen Erkenntnissen deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass sowohl ein hoher Markenwert und das anhaltende persönliche Produkterlebnis während eines kritischen Ereignisses den negativen Effekt mindert, als auch eine zwischen tatsächlichen und potentiellen Kunden differenzierende Kommunikationsstrategie im Nachgang sinnvoll sein könnte. Die Aufsätze 3 und 4 untersuchen auf Basis einer „Event study“ den Zusammenhang zwischen der Veröffentlichung von „Corporate Reputation-Rankings“ des Manager Magazins und dem Shareholder Value. Die gefundenen Ankündigungseffekte weisen darauf hin, dass, über die gezeigte Verbindung zwischen Reputation und Shareholder Value, die in Folge kritischer negativer Ereignisse resultierende Reputationsänderung durch Investoren berücksichtigt wird.
The doctoral dissertation analyzes effects of negative critical incidents and points out, what manager could do before and after an incident in order to minimize possible negative impacts. While the first two essays take a closer look at effects of critical incidents from the consumer’s point of view, the essays 3 and 4 deal with the shareholder perspective. Essay 1 examines perceptional changes in consequence of various incidents using the concept of brand personality. The results of the online experiment imply that the negative impact depends on brand strength, type of event and business relation before respectively during the incident. Essay 2 analyzes whether or not effects can be confirmed and extended using the concept of customer based brand equity. For this purpose, reactions of respondents are measured after getting exposed to the same critical incidents as in the previous essay. The reactions are quantified for brand equity dimensions such as perceived quality, perceived value, brand personality, organizational associations and loyalty. The results are in line with findings of Essay 1. They indicate, on the one hand, that high brand equity and persistent product experience during crisis reduce negative effects and, on the other hand, that a communication strategy which differs between actual and potential customers could be favorable after the incident. Using event study methodology, the Essays 3 and 4 examine the linkage between publications of corporate reputation rankings of the Manager Magazin and shareholder value. The existence of negative announcement effects indicates that investors consider a reputational loss in consequence of negative critical incidents via the observed linkage between reputation and share prices.

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This paper’s purpose is to analyze the disregard of legal personality institute, provided for in article 50 of the Civil Code (CC) and that of tax liability, especially that provided for in 135, III, of the National Tax Code (CTN). It will be also studied the possibility of applying the Incident of Disregard of Legal Personality (IDPJ), innovation of the new Civil Procedure Code (Law nº 13.105/2015), regarding the tax foreclosure procedures
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a análise dos institutos da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica, prevista no artigo 50 do Código Civil, e da responsabilidade tributária, principalmente no art. 135, III, do Código Tributário Nacional, de modo a verificar se a responsabilidade tributária pode ser considerada uma forma particularizada de desconsideração ou se são institutos totalmente diversos. Além disso, será examinada a possibilidade da aplicação do Incidente de Desconsideração da Personalidade Jurídica, procedimento trazido pelo novo Código de Processo Civil (Lei nº 13.105/2015), na seara tributária, principalmente nas execuções fiscais

I mitt examensarbete har jag valt att fokusera på att skapa en visuell identitet till mina föräldrarshantverksföretag och att etablera dem online. De har aldrig haft en grafisk identitet av någotslag, trots att de varit i branschen över 30 år. Den enda visuella identitet som existerat ärderas produkter, tomtarna, som fått tala för sig själva. Jag har därmed valt att bygga vidare påjust denna grund för att bibehålla deras varumärkesidentitet och genuinitet. Under arbetet harjag utvecklat en logotyp, en hemsida, skapat en närvaro på sociala medier på Facebook ochInstagram, designat ett utskick för mer åtråvärda kunder, samt gjort en kortfilm för att presenteradem och deras yrke. Som grund för arbetet har jag utgått från intervjuer, workshopsoch deltagande design i samarbete med mina föräldrar, för att få en känsla för vad just de villförmedla för framtida kunder. Företaget har även genomgått ett namnbyte för att bättre speglaverksamheten.
This is a study of a small craftwork establishment, and the balance between creating a graphicidentity and maintaining the essence and voice that has been developed through the company’s30 year history. Through close collaboration with the clients we have pinpointed thebrand personality and how they want their visual identity to be represented towards potentialfuture clients. To establish this I have used the methods of participatory design through interviews,workshop and business model canvas. For the end result I have developed a graphicidentity that contains a website, logotype, social media presence on Facebook and Instagram,and designed a sendout that will be targeted towards their more desirable clients. I have alsoproduced a short film to present both of them as creators and th eir products and will be thelarger piece of the storytelling aspect of my work. The company has also undergone a namechange to better reflect the business.

Orientador: Maria da Consolação Gomes Cunha Fernandes Tavares
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica
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Resumo: O contato com o próprio corpo e com o mundo, experimentado por crianças com mielomeningocele (MM) apresenta características bem diferentes do habitual em decorrência principalmente dos déficits motores e sensitivos e do estigma de sua deficiência física. A resiliência é uma capacidade universal que permite a uma pessoa, grupo ou comunidade prevenir, minimizar ou ajustar-se aos efeitos das adversidades. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi refletir sobre a resiliência e a imagem corporal de adolescentes e adultos com MM de uma instituição especializada no atendimento da área da deficiência física, Associação Campineira de Recuperação da Criança Paralítica, na cidade de Campinas - SP. A pesquisa foi de natureza qualitativa, descritiva exploratória, incluindo uma pesquisa de campo, na qual se aplicou a Escala de Resiliência adaptada por Pesce e colaboradores (2005). Os escores da escala oscilam de 25 a 175 pontos, com valores altos indicando elevada resiliência. Há seis questões relacionadas à Imagem Corporal, elaboradas especialmente para esse trabalho e um questionário de identificação. Participaram 12 sujeitos, dentre eles 04 são do sexo masculino e 08 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 15 a 34 anos. A maioria tem religião. Dos 12 sujeitos, 04 trabalham, 04 não trabalham e 04 são estudantes. Nível de escolaridade dos sujeitos foi do ensino fundamental incompleto à pós-graduação. A renda familiar foi de um a seis salários mínimos, sendo que a maioria recebe o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC). Apenas 01 sujeito não faz uso de cadeira de rodas. Podemos constatar que os sujeitos apresentaram alto potencial de resiliência (94 ¿ 163). Fatores relacionados à capacidade de resolução de ações e valores ficaram acima da média (valores de 49 a 98). Os fatores relacionados à independência e determinação, apenas 02 sujeitos ficaram abaixo da média (valores entre 15 e 28). Um sujeito apresentou o fator autoconfiança e a capacidade de adaptação abaixo da média. Quanto à Imagem Corporal, a maioria diz que gostaria de modificar alguma parte do corpo. As partes mais apreciadas pelos sujeitos foram os olhos e o rosto. E as partes que menos gostaram foram: a barriga e os seios, por serem grandes. Um dos sujeitos apontou como partes do corpo a serem reconstruídas se caso pudesse: a medula, a bexiga e o intestino. A ¿estética¿ e a ¿função¿ foram elementos determinantes dos sentimentos de ¿gostar¿ ou ¿não gostar¿ do corpo. Os resultados desta pesquisa corroboram a relação entre aparência/função e imagem corporal. O conhecimento e o desenvolvimento da resiliência e da imagem corporal são conceitos que contribuem na intervenção satisfatória do profissional de educação física junto a essa população, através do fortalecimento dos pilares básicos da resiliência: afetividade, independência, iniciativa, humor, criatividade e auto-estima
Abstract: The contact with the own body and with the world, as experienced by children with myelomeningocele (MM), shows characteristics significantly different from the usual, mainly as a result of motor and sensitive deficiencies and the related stigma. Resilience is an universal ability which allows a person, a group or a community to prevent, minimize and adapt to the adversities. This research¿s aim is to reflect on resilience and body image on the basis of data obtained from a sample of adolescent and adult patients with MM from a specialized institution, named Associação Campineira de Recuperação da Criança Paralítica, located in Campinas, state of São Paulo in the area of physical deficiencies. This research constitutes of a qualitative and exploratory-descriptive one including a field-work research consisting in the application of the Resilience Scale adapted by Pesce et al. (2005). The scale¿s scores vary from 25 to 175 points, in which higher values being indicative of greater resilience. There are six questions and an identification questionnaire related to body image, especially drawn up for this work. There were 12 subjects, four male and eight female, age ranging from 15 to 34. Most of them are religious. Four are workers, four are students and four others do not have any activity. Academic exposure from incomplete fundamental course to post-graduation. Family income from one to six minimum wages The great majority receives Continuous Monthly Benefit. All of them are wheelchair users except for one. The subjects show high degrees of resilience (94-163), scoring high in items related to action resolution and values, between 49 and 98. In independence and determination factors only two subjects scored below average (values between 15 and 28). One subject showed the factor self-confidence and adaptation below average. As to Body Image, most of the subjects declared that they would like to change some part of the body. The most appreciated parts of the body were the eyes and the face. The parts they appreciated less were the belly and the breasts, these for being big. One subject pointed the medulla, the bladder and the intestines as parts of the body to be reconstructed, if possible. ¿esthetics¿ and ¿function¿ were decisive for the ¿like¿ and ¿dislike¿ preference. The results of this research corroborate the relation between appearance/function and body image. The knowledge and the advance of resilience and of body image are concepts that contribute in the satisfactory interference of a physical education professional with this population through the strengthening of the basic pillars of resilience, affection, independence, initiative, humour, creativity, and self-confidence
Mestrado
Atividade Fisica, Adaptação e Saude
Mestre em Educação Física

Les entreprises sont aujourd’hui au coeur des échanges économiques mondiaux. Ces échanges se traduisent par la mise en place de relations commerciales desquelles peuvent émerger des structures souvent complexes et difficilement saisissables par le droit : les entreprises transnationales. Aucune réponse juridique satisfaisante n’a encore été trouvée pour les encadrer, alors que paradoxalement, la RSE donne naissance à des normes, des outils et des instruments pour les responsabiliser. L’étude de la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises transnationales à travers le prisme du droit révèle en réalité l’émergence d’un cadre de régulation hybride : les normes de RSE s’immiscent dans le droit, conduisant celui-ci à s’emparer de ces normes à son tour. Cet échange permet d’aborder l’entreprise transnationale à travers une approche nouvelle, tirée des normes de RSE, c’est-à-dire à travers son organisation et ses fonctions. Les relations de l’entreprise avec ses partenaires commerciaux deviennent alors une assise potentielle pour le droit, davantage que son statut ou que sa structure juridique, à partir desquelles peuvent être imputées des obligations, aujourd’hui inexistantes. Une fois l’entreprise transnationale saisie, c’est un cadre juridique adapté à son organisation complexe qui peut être mis à jour. L’étude des normes de RSE dévoile un enrichissement des règles applicables à l’entreprise transnationale et un renforcement potentiel de sa responsabilité juridique, fondée sur une approche préventive mais également solidaire du droit de la responsabilité. Passant outre les problèmes posés par l’absence de statut juridique, la RSE permet de saisir les entreprises transnationales par le biais de leurs relations commerciales, et d’envisager la conception d’un nouveau standard juridique de conduite sociétale, générateur d’une responsabilité individuelle et collective fondée sur une obligation de vigilance
Companies are now at the heart of global trade. These economic exchanges result in the establishment of commercial relationships, from which may emerge structures that are often complex and difficult to grapple with under the law: transnational corporations. While no satisfactory legal framework has yet been established to frame their work, paradoxically CSR gives rise to standards, tools and instruments to ensure their accountability. The study of the social responsibility of transnational corporations through the prism of the law actually reveals the emergence of a hybrid framework of regulation: CSR standards influence the law, forcing the law in turn to take note of these standards. This exchange allows us to handle a transnational business through a new approach derived from CSR standards, essentially through its organisation and functions. The relationship between a company and its business partners then becomes a potential basis for the law, rather than its status or its legal structure, from which can be derived responsibilities. Once a transnational corporation is seized, a legal framework adapted to its complex structure can come to light. The study of CSR standards reveals an enrichment of the rules applicable to transnational corporations and a potential strengthening of their legal liability, based on a preventive and joint and several approach of the law of responsibility. Ignoring the problems posed by the lack of legal status, CSR allows for the regulation of transnational enterprises through their commercial relations and provides a basis for the development of a new legal standard of social conduct, giving rise to individual and collective liability based on a duty of care

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Actividade Física para a Terceira Idade, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Actividade Física para a Terceira Idade, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study aims to reflect on the need for physical contact with the psychologist of a borderline patient attended at a public institution. To this end, aspects of the Theory of the Maturing of D.W.Winnicott and their application in the clinic, such as body holding, regression management and egoic needs are included here. Also discussed are questions of technique, transference and countertransference, involving the abstinence rule, analyst neutrality and the necessary modification of classical psychoanalysis in the care of patients who have suffered from inadequate environmental care in a phase of absolute dependence. Diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, the patient in question was assisted in a task group proposal and in individual consultations when she requested it. It was possible to conclude that in some moments, the attendance to the need for corporal contact - touch to the hands and the hair - proved adequate to unfreeze the environmental fault lived by the patient in the beginnings of its existence; in others, however, it was important to deny her the request in order to safeguard the setting and the psychologist as a real person in the treatment
Este estudo tem como proposta realizar uma reflexão acerca da necessidade de contato físico com a psicóloga de uma paciente borderline atendida em instituição pública. Para tanto, são aqui retomados aspectos da Teoria do Amadurecimento de D. W. Winnicott e sua aplicação na clínica, tais como holding corporal, manejo da regressão e necessidades egoicas. Também são abordadas questões da técnica, da transferência e contratransferência, envolvendo a regra da abstinência, a neutralidade do analista e a necessária modificação da psicanálise clássica no atendimento de pacientes que sofreram falhas de cuidados ambientais numa fase de dependência absoluta. Diagnosticada com transtorno esquizoafetivo, a paciente em questão foi atendida numa proposta de grupo de tarefas e em consultas individuais, quando assim o solicitava. Foi possível concluir que, em alguns momentos, o atendimento à necessidade de contato corporal – toque nas mãos e nos cabelos – mostrou-se adequado para descongelar a falha ambiental vivida pela paciente nos primórdios de sua existência; em outros, porém, foi importante negar-lhe o pedido, de modo a salvaguardar o setting e a psicóloga como pessoa real no tratamento

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
O patamar tecnológico alcançado nos últimos tempos impõe o estabelecimento de limites éticos e jurídicos para a legitimidade das suas utilizações, principalmente quando a vida humana está sujeita a inúmeros riscos em razão da irrefletida transformação do corpo em um simples elemento ou chave de acesso por estas tecnologias. Neste sentido, o olhar da ética e do direito se entrecruzam para gerar reflexão e apontar caminhos para a solução de um adequado tratamento, captação, uso e circulação de dados corporais, capaz de proteger efetivamente a pessoa humana.
The technological development achieved lately imposes the establishment of legal and ethical limits for the legitimacy of its utilization, mainly when human life is subjected to an endless number of risks caused by the transformation of the body in a simple element or key for access by these technologies. In this sense, the look of the ethics and of the law mix themselves to generate reflection an to point out ways for the solution of an adequate treatment, collection, use and transmission of corporal information, capable of effectively protect human person.

Várias pesquisas têm buscado identificar motivações psíquicas associadas à crescente busca de Cirurgia Plástica Estética (CPE) nos últimos anos, porém a complexidade do tema e a diversidade metodológica dos estudos realizados comprometem evidências conclusivas, instigando novos trabalhos. Diante deste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou investigar características de personalidade e o nível de satisfação com a imagem corporal de mulheres que buscam CPE comparativamente a um grupo sem esta demanda de cuidados médicos. Para tanto, foram estudadas 78 mulheres saudáveis, voluntárias, de Ribeirão Preto (SP), de 18 a 50 anos, subdivididas em: Grupo 1 (n = 37, pacientes em fila de espera do Ambulatório de Cirurgia Plástica e Reparadora Hospital das Clínicas FMRP/USP, aguardando mamoplastia adicional e/ou lipoaspiração) e Grupo 2 (n = 41, mulheres que não procuraram CPE, selecionadas aleatoriamente na população). Estas voluntárias foram avaliadas individualmente por meio de breve entrevista de histórico de vida, questionário de nível sócio-econômico, Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH), Escala de Satisfação com a Imagem Corporal (ESIC) e Escalas de Personalidade de Comrey (CPS), aplicadas e analisadas conforme seus respectivos padrões técnicos. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas paramétricas (p 0,05) comparando o desempenho de G1 e G2 por meio do teste t de Student para variáveis numéricas e dos testes Qui-Quadrado ou Exato de Fisher para variáveis categóricas nominais. Análises de correlação foram realizadas (Pearson) dentre as escalas da CPS e os fatores da ESIC. Ainda foram realizadas, por meio de ANOVA 1-Fator, análises da variância do desempenho obtido nas técnicas objetivas em função de diferentes representações gráficas do DFH. As características sócio-demográficas de G1 e G2 foram equivalentes, sem diferenças significativas entre ambos. A análise estatística comparativa dos resultados de G1 e G2 nos demais instrumentos usados apontou diferença significativa no Fator 1 da ESIC (satisfação com a própria aparência) e nas Escalas T (Confiança X Atitude Defensiva) e M (Masculinidade X Feminilidade) da CPS. A comparação do DFH evidenciou diferenças entre os grupos em oito itens na 1ª Figura e 11 itens na 2ª Figura (agrupamento por ordem dos desenhos), 10 itens na Figura Feminina e 13 itens na Figura Masculina (agrupamento por sexo do DFH). O G1 mostrou correlação significativa entre o Fator 1 da ESIC com as escalas T, O, A e S da CPS, enquanto o G2 apresentou somente correlação significativa entre Fator 2 da ESIC com a escala S da CPS. O modo de representar graficamente a figura humana (DFH) pareceu diferenciar, em vários itens, a maneira como as mulheres relatam suas características de personalidade (CPS) e sua imagem corporal (ESIC), tanto no G1 quanto no G2. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que as mulheres que buscaram CPE apresentam maior insatisfação com a própria aparência corporal, maior atitude defensiva e sensibilidade afetiva do que as mulheres que não buscaram por esse tipo de procedimento. Pode-se pensar nestas características como fatores motivadores à busca de modificação estética cirúrgica no próprio corpo. Tais resultados apontaram que as vivências psíquicas relativas à imagem corporal e as características de personalidade são elementos relevantes a serem considerados na avaliação clínica de solicitantes de CPE.
In the last years, several researches have attempted to identify the psychological motivations associated to the ever increasing search for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (APS). However the complexity of this subject and the methodological diversity of studies make it difficult for any evidences to be conclusive and further research is mandatory. In this context, the present study has the objective to investigate personality traits and the degree of satisfaction with their own body image, comparatively, in women in search for APS versus those who are not in search for APS. Seventy eight volunteer and healthy women from Ribeirão Preto (SP) applied for this study, ages ranging from 18 to 50 years old, and were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 37, patients in the wait list of the Ambulatory of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Hospital das Clínicas FMRP/USP, awaiting for augmentation breast surgery and/or liposuction) and Group 2 (n = 41, women that have not applied for APS, randomly chosen in the general population). These volunteers were individually evaluated by means of a brief interview about life history, questionnaire about social-economical classification, Human Figure Drawing (HFD), Body Image Satisfaction Scale (ESIC) and Comrey Personality Scales (CPS), applied and analyzed in accordance to their respective technical standards. Parametric statistical analysis was carried out (p 0,05) comparing the performance of G1 and G2 by means of the Students t test for numerical variables and of the Qui-Square or Fishers Exact test for nominal categorical variables. Correlation analysis was effected (Pearson) between CPS scales and the ESIC factors. Through the ANOVA One-Way, the variance analysis of the results obtained in objective techniques related to different graphical representations of HFD was also evaluated. The social-demographic characteristics of G1 and G2 were equivalent, without significant differences between the groups. The comparative statistical analysis of the results of G1 and G2 concerning the other analytical instruments indicated significant difference for ESIC Factor 1 (satisfaction with self appearance) and for the CPS T (Confidence X Defensive Attitude) and M (Masculinity X Femininity) scales. Comparison of HFD showed differences between the groups in eight items on the 1st Figure and 11 items on the 2nd Figure (grouping by order of the drawings), 11 items on Feminine Figure and 13 items on Masculine Figure (grouping by sex of HFD). G1 had significant correlation among ESIC Factor 1 with T, O, A and S scales of CPS, while the way of representation of the Human Figure (HFD) seemed to differentiate, in several items, the manner how women describe their personality traits (CPS) and their body image (ESIC), both in G1 and G2. The results suggest that the group of women in search for APS has less satisfaction with body image, more defensive attitude and affective sensibility than the group of women that is not in search for APS. It could be suggested that these characteristics may induce the search for aesthetic body enhancement. The results pointed out that psychic experience related to body image and personality traits are important elements to be considered in the clinical evaluation of patients in search for APS.

The current study examined the utility of Self-Trauma Theory for explaining the long-term impact of the experience of childhood physical discipline and/or psychological maltreatment. Specifically, the self-capacities of interpersonal relatedness, identity, and affect regulation were tested as mediators of the impact of child maltreatment on different tension-reducing behaviors in adulthood: substance use, aggression, and suicidality. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine data collected from 268 university students who completed the Personality Assessment Inventory, Comprehensive Child Maltreatment Scale, and Inventory of Altered Self-Capacities. Results showed that the self-capacities were each predicted by different combinations of maltreatment variables and that the ability of self-capacities to mediate the long-term impact of child maltreatment is dependent on the tension-reducing behavior under examination. Specifically, identity impairment significantly predicted alcohol use problems and interpersonal conflicts significantly predicted drug use problems. Interpersonal conflicts partially mediated the relationship between child maltreatment and aggression as emotional abuse continued to exert a significant effect on aggression after controlling for self-capacities. Lastly, identity impairment and affect dysregulation fully mediated the relationship between child maltreatment and current suicidality. Theoretical implications are discussed as well as directions for future research.
Dissertation Chair: Donald U. Robertson, Ph.D. Dissertation Committee Members: Lynda M. Federoff, Ph.D., John A. Mills, Ph.D., ABPP

OBJETIVOS: El objetivo general de la tesis fue el de obtener información sobre la prevalencia, persistencia, incidencia y factores de riesgo de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) al inicio de la adolescencia de la población escolar de la ciudad de Tarragona.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se trata de una investigación epidemiológica longitudinal en dos etapas. En la primera etapa (curso escolar 2002-03) se avaluó una muestra inicial de 1.336 escolares (649 chicos y 687 chicas; edad media: 11,37 anys) con un diseño en doble fase. Se seleccionaron por medio de un test de cribado (ChEAT) 258 alumnos, que fueron estudiados de manera individual (141 como grupo de riesgo y 117 como controles) (fase de T1) y que fueron seguidos a los dos años (T2; n = 200) (113 sujetos del grupo de riesgo y 87 del grupo control). Se les hizo una entrevista psiquiátrica estructurada según criterios DSM-IV (Entrevista Diagnóstica para Niños y Adolescentes- EDNA), para obtener los diagnósticos de TCA en las dos etapas (EDNA-Niños y EDNA-Adolescentes). También se obtuvieron datos antropométricos, de conducta alimentaria, de psicopatología, de desarrollo puberal, de influencias socioculturales, de temperamento y personalidad y de satisfacción corporal.RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: En primer lugar se presentan resultados sobre las características psicométricas de la versión catalana y adaptada del ChEAT, realizada experimentalmente para este estudio (Sancho et al, 2005). Un 12.94% de los escolares en la primera fase puntuaron igual o por encima del punto de corte del ChEAT. La prevalencia estimada de diagnósticos de TCA fue de 3, 44% en el T1 y de 3, 81% en el T2. Los diagnósticos denominados parciales (que no cumplen todos los criterios de severidad para ser considerados anorexia o bulimia nerviosas) -TCANE y subclínicos- son los diagnósticos más frecuentes. Sólo se halló un caso de bulimia en el T2. Un 52,17% de los participantes persistió con cualquier TCA a lo largo de los 2 años. Las diferencias de sexo fueron significativas en el T2, en el cual las chicas mostraron una mayor incidencia y persistencia que los chicos. Los escolares que tenían un IMC más alto fueron los que presentaban una mayor persistencia de diagnósticos (Sancho et al. 2007). Los escolares con diagnósticos parciales tenían características de personalidad y de temperamento de riesgo, comparables a las halladas en la población clínica con TCA. Las mujeres (43%) mostraron una mayor estabilidad en la insatisfacción corporal frente a los varones (25.8%). El sobrepeso en la preadolescencia está relacionado con la insatisfacción corporal en los varones y en las mujeres. La insatisfacción previa fue un predictor de insatisfacción corporal en ambos sexos, pero hallamos otros factores de riesgo diferentes como sería la pubertad tardía en los varones y el hecho de estar en sobrepeso en la preadolescencia en las mujeres.OBJETIVOS: El objetivo general de la tesis fue el de obtener información sobre la prevalencia, persistencia, incidencia y factores de riesgo de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) al inicio de la adolescencia de la población escolar de la ciudad de Tarragona.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se trata de una investigación epidemiológica longitudinal en dos etapas. En la primera etapa (curso escolar 2002-03) se avaluó una muestra inicial de 1.336 escolares (649 chicos y 687 chicas; edad media: 11,37 anys) con un diseño en doble fase. Se seleccionaron por medio de un test de cribado (ChEAT) 258 alumnos, que fueron estudiados de manera individual (141 como grupo de riesgo y 117 como controles) (fase de T1) y que fueron seguidos a los dos años (T2; n = 200) (113 sujetos del grupo de riesgo y 87 del grupo control). Se les hizo una entrevista psiquiátrica estructurada según criterios DSM-IV (Entrevista Diagnóstica para Niños y Adolescentes- EDNA), para obtener los diagnósticos de TCA en las dos etapas (EDNA-Niños y EDNA-Adolescentes). También se obtuvieron datos antropométricos, de conducta alimentaria, de psicopatología, de desarrollo puberal, de influencias socioculturales, de temperamento y personalidad y de satisfacción corporal.RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: En primer lugar se presentan resultados sobre las características psicométricas de la versión catalana y adaptada del ChEAT, realizada experimentalmente para este estudio (Sancho et al, 2005). Un 12.94% de los escolares en la primera fase puntuaron igual o por encima del punto de corte del ChEAT. La prevalencia estimada de diagnósticos de TCA fue de 3, 44% en el T1 y de 3, 81% en el T2. Los diagnósticos denominados parciales (que no cumplen todos los criterios de severidad para ser considerados anorexia o bulimia nerviosas) -TCANE y subclínicos- son los diagnósticos más frecuentes. Sólo se halló un caso de bulimia en el T2. Un 52,17% de los participantes persistió con cualquier TCA a lo largo de los 2 años. Las diferencias de sexo fueron significativas en el T2, en el cual las chicas mostraron una mayor incidencia y persistencia que los chicos. Los escolares que tenían un IMC más alto fueron los que presentaban una mayor persistencia de diagnósticos (Sancho et al. 2007). Los escolares con diagnósticos parciales tenían características de personalidad y de temperamento de riesgo, comparables a las halladas en la población clínica con TCA. Las mujeres (43%) mostraron una mayor estabilidad en la insatisfacción corporal frente a los varones (25.8%). El sobrepeso en la preadolescencia está relacionado con la insatisfacción corporal en los varones y en las mujeres. La insatisfacción previa fue un predictor de insatisfacción corporal en ambos sexos, pero hallamos otros factores de riesgo diferentes como sería la pubertad tardía en los varones y el hecho de estar en sobrepeso en la preadolescencia en las mujeres.OBJETIVOS: El objetivo general de la tesis fue el de obtener información sobre la prevalencia, persistencia, incidencia y factores de riesgo de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) al inicio de la adolescencia de la población escolar de la ciudad de Tarragona.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se trata de una investigación epidemiológica longitudinal en dos etapas. En la primera etapa (curso escolar 2002-03) se avaluó una muestra inicial de 1.336 escolares (649 chicos y 687 chicas; edad media: 11,37 anys) con un diseño en doble fase. Se seleccionaron por medio de un test de cribado (ChEAT) 258 alumnos, que fueron estudiados de manera individual (141 como grupo de riesgo y 117 como controles) (fase de T1) y que fueron seguidos a los dos años (T2; n = 200) (113 sujetos del grupo de riesgo y 87 del grupo control). Se les hizo una entrevista psiquiátrica estructurada según criterios DSM-IV (Entrevista Diagnóstica para Niños y Adolescentes- EDNA), para obtener los diagnósticos de TCA en las dos etapas (EDNA-Niños y EDNA-Adolescentes). También se obtuvieron datos antropométricos, de conducta alimentaria, de psicopatología, de desarrollo puberal, de influencias socioculturales, de temperamento y personalidad y de satisfacción corporal.RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: En primer lugar se presentan resultados sobre las características psicométricas de la versión catalana y adaptada del ChEAT, realizada experimentalmente para este estudio (Sancho et al, 2005). Un 12.94% de los escolares en la primera fase puntuaron igual o por encima del punto de corte del ChEAT. La prevalencia estimada de diagnósticos de TCA fue de 3, 44% en el T1 y de 3, 81% en el T2. Los diagnósticos denominados parciales (que no cumplen todos los criterios de severidad para ser considerados anorexia o bulimia nerviosas) -TCANE y subclínicos- son los diagnósticos más frecuentes. Sólo se halló un caso de bulimia en el T2. Un 52,17% de los participantes persistió con cualquier TCA a lo largo de los 2 años. Las diferencias de sexo fueron significativas en el T2, en el cual las chicas mostraron una mayor incidencia y persistencia que los chicos. Los escolares que tenían un IMC más alto fueron los que presentaban una mayor persistencia de diagnósticos (Sancho et al. 2007). Los escolares con diagnósticos parciales tenían características de personalidad y de temperamento de riesgo, comparables a las halladas en la población clínica con TCA. Las mujeres (43%) mostraron una mayor estabilidad en la insatisfacción corporal frente a los varones (25.8%). El sobrepeso en la preadolescencia está relacionado con la insatisfacción corporal en los varones y en las mujeres. La insatisfacción previa fue un predictor de insatisfacción corporal en ambos sexos, pero hallamos otros factores de riesgo diferentes como sería la pubertad tardía en los varones y el hecho de estar en sobrepeso en la preadolescencia en las mujeres.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to know the prevalence, to evaluate the persistence, the incidence and the risk factors of any eating disorders (ED) in a representative school population of early adolescents of both sexes in the city of Tarragona (Spain).
MATERIAL AND METHOD: It is an epidemiological longitudinal study in two phases. In the first phase an initial sample of 1336 (649 boys and 687 girls, mean age: 11.37) were assessed in a two-phase design.258 subjects were selected with a screening test (ChEAT) from the initial sample and were assessed individually (141 as risk group and 117 as controls) (phase of T1), and were followed-up two years later (T2), n = 200, (113 from risk subjects and 87 from controls).
Subjects were evaluated with a structured psychiatric interview according to DSM-IV criteria (Diagnostic Interview for children and adolescents DICA) to obtain diagnoses of ED using DICA-Children and DICA-Adolescents, at T1 and at T2 respectively. We also obtained data about anthropometry, eating behaviors, psychopathology, pubertal development, sociocultural influences, temperament and personality and body satisfaction.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: First results are presented on the anthropometric characteristics of the adapted, Catalan version of Cheat, produced experimentally in this study (Sancho et al, 2005). 12.94% of schoolchildren in the first phase were rated equal to or above the cutoff point of the Cheat. The estimated prevalence of diagnoses of ED was 3, 44% at T1 and 3.81% at T2. Partial diagnoses (which does not meet all the criteria of severity to be considered anorexia or bulimia nervosa) -EDNOS and subclinic ED- are the most frequent diagnoses. Only there was a case of bulimia at T2.
52.17% of the participants persisted with any ED at the follow-up two years later. Gender differences were significant at T2, being ED in females more prevalent, incident and persistent than boys. Participants who had the highest BMI were those who had a persistent diagnosis of some form of ED (Sancho et al. 2007). Subjects with non full-blown syndromes of eating disorders share characteristics such as temperament and character traits with subjects with full-blown syndromes. Girls showed more stability (43%) in body dissatisfaction than boys (25.8%). Overweight at preadolescence is related to body dissatisfaction in boys and girls. Dissatisfaction at preadolescence is an important predictor for body dissatisfaction in both sexes, but we found that there were other risk factors like late puberty in boys and overweight at preadolescence in girls.

In order to examine how personality disorder and related concepts have been deployed in UK psychiatric literature over the last 50 years, a number of methodological and theoretical approaches are initially examined. It is concluded that a Foucauldian discourse analytic approach, supported and informed by findings from Corpus Linguistic techniques would provide a means of uncovering discourses surrounding the use of personality disorder in such literature. A new combined methodology is proposed that uses evidence from a Corpus Linguistic analysis to support Willig's six step methodology for Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (Willig 2001b). Three diachronic corpora of UK psychiatric articles are created, covering the 1950s, 1970s and 2000s. These are interrogated using word frequencies, concordance and collocational approaches in order to uncover patterns which reflect discourse changes over these periods. Evidence for a move from Narrative Discourses towards a dominant Statistical and Scientific Discourse is presented and discussed along with the implications and subject positions associated with these.

INTRODUÇÃO: Uma parcela significativa dos indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica evolui com complicações de variada natureza no pós-operatório tardio. Dentre estas estão a redução ponderal insuficiente ou reganho de peso, assim como alterações comportamentais graves, como demonstrado pelos relatos de aumento na prevalência de abuso de substâncias e de mortes por causas não naturais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar fatores pré-operatórios clínicoepidemiológicos e psicossociais, com ênfase principal em traços de personalidade, potencialmente implicados no prognóstico em longo prazo de indivíduos submetidos ao tratamento bariátrico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo prospectivo envolvendo uma coorte de 333 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica (bypass gástrico em Y de Roux). A avaliação inicial no pré-operatório contou com a coleta de dados clínicodemográficos e com a aplicação de instrumentos padronizados na obtenção de variáveis relacionadas a sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, comportamento alimentar, imagem corporal e traços de personalidade, estes obtidos pelo Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter. Foram coletados dados relativos à perda ponderal no pós-operatório de 6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos, assim como da última observação clínica após 2 anos. Também foi realizada busca ativa de sujeitos para aplicação de questionário sobre hábitos de vida, hábitos alimentares e índice de qualidade de vida e prognóstico de cirurgia bariátrica pelo método de BAROS. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 333 sujeitos no presente estudo, 282 (84,7%) mulheres e 51 (15,3%) homens, com IMC médio de 43,3 (±4,8) kg/m2. Análise dos dados ao final de 6 meses revelou maiores IMC inicial e idade na avaliação inicial como preditores de menor perda ponderal. Em 1 ano a análise revelou maior IMC inicial e presença de diabetes como preditores de menor perda ponderal. A análise de 2 anos revelou maiores IMC inicial e idade, além de baixos índices do traço \"persistência\" e de insatisfação com imagem corporal, como preditores de menor perda ponderal, associação que se manteve na análise de pós-operatório superior a 2 anos. Do total de 333 sujeitos, 101 (30,3%) participaram da análise final de hábitos e qualidade de vida. Desses sujeitos, 16 (16%) referiram consumo de álcool de forma excessiva. Foram identificados 50 (49,5%) sujeitos que apresentavam períodos de compulsão alimentar subjetiva (SBE) e 41 (44,6%) relataram a presença de \"beliscar compulsivo\", sendo observado que ambos os grupos apresentaram menor percentual de perda de excesso de peso na avaliação de pós-operatório tardio. Acerca da avaliação prognóstica de cirurgia bariátrica pelo método de BAROS, a análise encontrou como variáveis associadas a melhor prognóstico geral maiores níveis do traço \"persistência\", além de menores níveis de insatisfação corporal no pré-operatório, menor tempo de pós-operatório, práticas de atividade física e ausência de beliscar compulsivo no pós-operatório
INTRODUCTION: A significant proportion of patients who undergo bariatric surgery presents with complications of varied nature in the late postoperative period. These include insufficient weight loss or weight regain, and also severe behavioral changes, as demonstrated by the increased prevalence of substance abuse and deaths from non-natural causes reported in literature. The present study aims to investigate clinical-epidemiological and psychosocial pre-operative variables, with emphasis on personality traits, potentially involved in the long-term prognosis of patients undergone bariatric treatment. METHODS: This is a prospective study of a cohort of 333 patients undergone bariatric surgery (Roux-Y gastric bypass). Preoperative assessment included clinical and demographic data and the application of standardized instruments for depression and anxiety sumptoms, eating behavior, body image and personality traits, obtained by the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on postoperative weight loss was collected after 6 months , 1 year and 2 years, as well as in the last clinical observation after 2 years. Active search of subjects was performed for the application of questionnaires involvind lifestyle and eating habits, and the analysis of bariatric outcome through the BAROS method. RESULTS : 333 subjects were included in this study, 282 (84.7%) women and 51 (15.3%) men, with a mean BMI of 43.3 (±4.8) kg/m2 . Analysis of the data at six months showed higher initial BMI and age at initial assessment as predictors of reduced weight loss. At 1-year, analysis revealed higher initial BMI and the presence of diabetes as predictors of reduced weight loss. The analysis of two years revealed greater initial BMI and age, as well as low levels of the trait \"persistence\" and body image dissatisfaction as predictors of reduced weight loss, an association that remained in the analysis of more than 2 years postoperative. Of the total 333 subjects, 101 (30.3%) participated in the final analysis of habits and quality of life. Of these subjects, 16 (16 %) reported excessive alcohol intake. Fifty (49.5%) subjects presented periods of subjective binge eating (SBE) and 41 (44.6%) reported the presence of \"grazing\". Both groups had a significant lower percentage excess weight loss. Concerning prognosis evaluation using the BAROS method, the analysis found as variables associated with a better overall prognosis: higher levels of trait \"persistence\", as well as lower body image dissatisfaction, shorter postoperative period, physical activity and absence of \"grazing\"

Transnational corporations are playing an important role in the global economy of today. Many of these corporations have great economic resources and have the possibility of contributing to the development of societies in developing states. At the same time, in their search for profit, the activities of TNCs have proven fatal to some of the individuals employed by them, or otherwise in contact with their activities. Within the international legal framework, corporations are not traditionally treated as subjects and if a TNC allocates its production to a state with lax human rights protection, no binding international standards exist to regulate the conduct of the corporation.  In my thesis I will assess the position of TNCs under the present core human rights instruments and soft law initiatives. I will also analyze a draft treaty text produced by the Intergovernmental Working Group on Business and Human Rights, released in July 2018, to reach a conclusion on whether such an instrument would affect the international legal status of TNCs and provide a more robust protection of international human rights.

Alors que l’on enseigne classiquement la distinction radicale du droit pénal et de la responsabilité civile, une étude approfondie du droit positif révèle une tendance générale et profonde à la confusion des deux disciplines. Face à ce paradoxe, le juriste s’interroge : comment articuler le droit civil et le droit pénal de la responsabilité ? Pour y répondre, cette thèse suggère d’abandonner l’approche traditionnelle de la matière, consistant à la tenir pour une simple catégorie de classement des différentes branches, civile et pénale, du droit de la responsabilité. La responsabilité juridique est présentée comme une institution autonome et générale organisant la réaction du système à la perturbation anormale de l’équilibre social. Quant au droit de la responsabilité civile et au droit criminel, ils ne sont plus conçus que comme les applications techniques de cette institution en droit positif.Sur le fondement de cette approche renouvelée et par le prisme de l’étude des conditions de la responsabilité en droit privé, la thèse propose un ordonnancement technique et rationnel du droit pénal et de la responsabilité civile susceptible de fournir les principes directeurs d’une véritable théorie générale de la responsabilité juridique. En tant qu’institution générale, celle-ci engendre à la fois un concept de responsabilité, composé des exigences de dégradation d’un intérêt juridiquement protégé, d’anormalité et de causalité juridique et qui fonde la convergence du droit pénal et du droit civil, et un système de responsabilité, qui en commande les divergences et pousse le premier vers la protection de l’intérêt général et le second vers celle des victimes
While the radical distinction between criminal law and civil liability is classically taught, a thorough survey of positive law reveals a general and profound trend towards a confusion of these two disciplines. Faced with this paradox, the jurist wonders : how to articulate the civil and criminal laws of responsibility ? To answer this question, the thesis suggests abandoning the traditional approach of the subject, which consists in treating it as a mere category of classification of the different branches, civil and criminal, of responsibility/liability. Legal responsibility is presented as an autonomous and general institution organizing the response from the system to abnormal disturbance of social equilibrium. Civil liability law and criminal law are, as far as they are concerned, henceforth conceived as the mere technical applications of this institution in positive law.On the basis of this new approach and through the prism of the study of liability conditions in private law, the thesis proposes a technical and rational organization of criminal law and civil liability that may provide the guiding principles of a real general theory of legal responsibility. As a general institution, it gives not only a concept of responsibility, requiring degradation of a legally protected interest, abnormality and legal causation, and establishing the convergence of criminal law and civil law, but also a system of responsibility, determining the divergences of them and steering the first towards the protection of general interest and the second towards the protection of victims