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Academic literature on the topic 'Correct spellings'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Correct spellings"

1

Kirkbride, Sybella, and Barlow C. Wright. "The role of analogy use in improving early spelling performance." Educational and Child Psychology 19, no. 4 (2002): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2002.19.4.91.

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AbstractThis paper reports on an investigation into the effectiveness of teaching year 1 and 2 children to use analogy in spelling. It also looks at which word units (onset+peak, peak, rime or coda) most contribute to correct analogy use. The study employed a mixed design, with 36 children divided into an experimental and a control group. Three spelling tests (at times 1, 2 and 3) were administered to both groups approximately five weeks apart with a five-week intervention programme between the first and second tests, during which the experimental group only received coaching in analogy use in spelling. Comparison of the means for correct spellings at times 1 and 2 showed a significant improvement in the experimental group’s correct spelling performance compared with controls, and this advantage was maintained, though less marked, at time 3. Spellings were scored three times: on the basis of correct spelling, phonological plausibility (PP) and evidence of analogy use. This allowed examination of the relationship between correct spelling, PP and analogy use. Separate regression analyses for the two groups showed analogy use to be more predictive of correct spelling than PP for the intervention group, whereas the reverse was the case for controls. This suggests that it was the coaching in analogy use in spelling, rather than intervention per se, which made the difference to the intervention group’s correct spelling performance. Finally, a comparison of the overall means for correct analogy use showed no significant difference between the units onset+peak, rime or coda, but the rime made a greater contribution to correct spelling than the peak.

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Gasimova, Maya Rahim. "WAYS TO FORM CORRECT WRITING HABITS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 1 (2023): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.231.20.

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The article talks about the ways of forming spelling habits in elementary school students. Written speech plays an important role in a person's life. The decisive indicator at the level of writing culture is its level of literacy. Society has always recognized the need for orthographic literacy in order to ensure mutual understanding of people in written communication. That is why the issue of teaching literate writing has been and continues to be one of the central problems at all stages of development of the national school. Formation of stable spelling habits requires numerous and varied studies aimed at mastering grammatical concepts and spelling rules. For this purpose, the efficiency of using grammatical-orthographic and etymological analyses, studies accompanied by face transfer, various types of teaching and checking spellings, lexical-orthographic studies, expressions and essays, mnemonic principles, didactic aids and organization of work with punch cards was emphasized.

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Istiak, Ahamed, Jahan Maliha, Tasnim Zarin, Karim Tajbia, M. Salim Reza S., and Ara Hossain Dilshad. "Spell corrector for Bangla language using Norvig's algorithm and Jaro-Winkler distance." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 4 (2021): 1997~2005. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i4.2410.

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In the online world, especially in the social media platform most of us write without much regard to correct spelling and grammar. The spelling mistakes are much larger in proportion when it comes to Bangla language. In our paper, we presented a method for error detection and correction in Bangla words' spellings. Our system could detect a misspelled Bangla word and provide two following services-suggesting correct spellings for the word and correcting the word. We had used Norvig's algorithm for the purpose but instead of using probabilities of the words to prepare the suggestions and corrections, we had used Jaro-Winkler distance. The previous works done in this field for Bangla language are either very slow or offers less accuracy. Our system successfully achieved a 97% accuracy when evaluated with 1000 Bangla words.

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Ahamed, Istiak, Maliha Jahan, Zarin Tasnim, Tajbia Karim, S. M. Salim Reza, and Dilshad Ara Hossain. "Spell corrector for Bangla language using Norvig’s algorithm and Jaro-Winkler distance." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 4 (2021): 1997–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i4.2410.

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In the online world, especially in the social media platform most of us write without much regard to correct spelling and grammar. The spelling mistakes are much larger in proportion when it comes to Bangla language. In our paper, we presented a method for error detection and correction in Bangla words' spellings. Our system could detect a misspelled Bangla word and provide two following services-suggesting correct spellings for the word and correcting the word. We had used Norvig's algorithm for the purpose but instead of using probabilities of the words to prepare the suggestions and corrections, we had used Jaro-Winkler distance. The previous works done in this field for Bangla language are either very slow or offers less accuracy. Our system successfully achieved a 97% accuracy when evaluated with 1000 Bangla words.

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5

Mehta, Arpan R., Puja R. Mehta, Stephen P. Anderson, Barbara L. H. MacKinnon, and Alastair Compston. "Etymology and the neuron(e)." Brain 143, no. 1 (2019): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz367.

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‘Neuron’ or ‘neurone’? While it is often assumed that these different spellings reflect usage of American versus British English, there are also inconsistencies within these cultural boundaries. Mehta et al. review historical, etymological and linguistic evidence concerning the spelling of ‘neuron(e)’ and conclude that the only correct spelling is ‘neuron’.

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Munir, Tahira. "Standardization of English language spellings used in textism: A viewpoint of undergraduate learners in Pakistan." Revista Amazonia Investiga 11, no. 57 (2022): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2022.57.09.2.

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The purpose of this quantitative research is to explore the perspective of students in Pakistan if they prefer the English language standard spellings to be changed in accordance with the texting spelling structures for properly matching pronunciation with spellings. A sample size of 100 students was randomly selected from among the undergraduates of colleges in Lahore; 50 male students and 50 females. Using a questionnaire, students were asked about their opinion if a particular set of spellings used in texting becomes formally accepted; which spellings they would prefer if given a choice; if learning and mastering the English language be improved with this advancement; and if they find the same spelling and pronunciation mismatch in their own language too. The texting word forms included words from the category of short forms and vowel deletion. Using SPSS, the responses were evaluated and the hypotheses were tested. The results show that students hold the same firmness as the other language trainers and researchers i.e. the preservation and correct practice of standard English language, and that SMS slang does not interfere with the standard norms of English language.

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Bahr, Ruth Huntley, Elaine R. Silliman, and Virginia W. Berninger. "Derivational Morphology Bridges Phonology and Orthography: Insights Into the Development of Word-Specific Spellings by Superior, Average, and Poor Spellers." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 51, no. 3 (2020): 640–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_lshss-19-00090.

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Purpose Morphology, which is a bridge between phonology and orthography, plays an important role in the development of word-specific spellings. This study, which employed longitudinal sampling of typically developing students in Grades 3, 4, and 5, explored how the misspellings of words with derivational suffixes shed light on the interplay of phonological, orthographic, and morphological (POM) linguistic features as students learn to integrate POM features appropriately to generate correct spellings. Method Sixty typically developing Grade 3 students were tested using the Spelling subtest from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Second Edition (Wechsler, 2001) and were divided into superior, average, and poor spellers. Students' spelling skill was then assessed using the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Second Edition annually for another 2 years. Misspelled derivations from these three testing sessions were analyzed for linguistic feature errors and error complexity/severity. Differences in the integration of POM features across spelling ability levels at Grades 3–5 were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis analyses of variance. Results Longitudinal results demonstrated POM integration for the development of word-specific spellings involving derivational morphology was in its initial stages over Grades 3–5 and was influenced by spelling ability level. Information from a qualitative analysis revealed considerable variability in how students applied their POM knowledge to spell complex derivations. Conclusions Word-specific spellings draw on multiple linguistic codes—P, O, and M—and their interconnections. It involves more than an understanding of orthographic rules. Rather, accurate spelling develops through an increased understanding of the phoneme–grapheme relationships as facilitated by the identification of word parts (base + or − affixes) in written language. Educational and clinical implications are discussed.

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Griffith, Priscilla L. "Phonemic Awareness Helps First Graders Invent Spellings and Third Graders Remember Correct Spellings." Journal of Reading Behavior 23, no. 2 (1991): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862969109547737.

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DUBOIS, ALAIN. "First Reviser actions in ornithology: an editorial note." Zootaxa 2085, no. 1 (2009): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2085.1.2.

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In the introduction of their most useful work on First-Reviser (FR) actions in ornithology, David et al. (2009) wrote: “It has been suggested that we should have drawn upon nomenclators. We have not done this. We did examine Neave (1939–1940) and noted that he made clear that in such cases his ‘signals’ were used to identify the first spelling, thus although he gives other spellings we do not consider he was deliberately selecting a spelling in the sense the Code expects.” This decision is a disputable one. According to the Code, any published choice for a scientific name or nomen (Dubois 2000) of a correct original spelling or eunym (Dubois 2000) among multiple original spellings qualifies as an FR action, whatever the “kind” of publication involved. Two kinds of sources were deliberately not examined by David et al. (2009) for their review, and should be so by subsequent authors: (1) the Zoological Record (ZR), published yearly since 1864, and which, especially in its early years, provided comments, nomenclatural acts, synonymisations and even new nomina and new morphonyms for existing nomina (Dubois 2000; e.g., justified and unjustified emendations or incorrect subsequent spellings); (2) the various Nomenclatores Zoologici published in the 19th and 20th century, such as Agassiz (1846 and previous editions), Apstein (1915), Sherborn (1932) and Neave (1939a-b, 1940a-b). All these works fully qualify as scientific publications, and they should be quoted whenever relevant. At least some of these sources include clear or questionable FR actions between multiple original spellings.

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Amandeep, Singh*, and Meenakshi Sharma Prof. "SPELL CHECKING AND ERROR CORRECTING SYSTEM FOR TEXT PARAGRAPHS WRITTEN IN PUNJABI OR HINDI LANGUAGEUSING HYBRID APPROACH." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 4 (2016): 399–408. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.49716.

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Spell-checking is the process of detecting and correcting incorrectly spelled words in a text paragraph. Spell checking system first detects the incorrect words and then provide the best possible solution of corrected words. Spell checking system is a combination of handcrafted rules of the language for which spell checking system is to be created and a dictionary which contain the accurate spellings of various words. Better rules and large dictionary of words is help to improve the rate of error detection otherwise all the errors cannot be detected. After detecting the wrong or misspelled words ,the various spell correcting techniques are used to provide the best accurate correct words or alternate words which higher the rate of correction of the wrong words. There are many systems available for detecting and correcting text. The system is made to check the spellings and to correct them using various techniques for Punjabi-Hindi text. We used hybrid approach to implement the Spelling checking and Correcting System. This hybrid approach is a combination of “Dictionary look up approach”, “Rule based approach”, “N-Gram Approach”, “Edit Distance approach” and use linguistic features of the Punjabi-Hindi language. This System gives the result accuracy as 91% according to the research work for Punjabi-Hindi words. It gives nearby result up to 91% of words tested in the input data.It gives results for rest of 9% but not the best possible correct word was displayed on the top of the correct word list from the database.  

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Books on the topic "Correct spellings"

1

Ruth, Schroeder, ed. Misspeller's guide: Find correct spellings fast, sort out sound-alikes, avoid confusibles. SkillPath Publications, 1996.

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Ayer, Fred Carleton. Gateways to correct spelling. 3rd ed. Steck-Vaughn Co., 1986.

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inc, Barron's Educational Series, ed. A pocket guide to correct spelling. 2nd ed. Barron's Educational Series, 1990.

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Griffith, Francis J. Barron's pocket guide to correct spelling. 4th ed. Barron's Educational Series, 2004.

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inc, Barron's Educational Series, ed. A pocket guide to correct spelling. 3rd ed. Barron's Educational Series, 1997.

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Wibo, Burgers, and Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau, eds. Correct Nederlands: Spellingsadviezen voor de media. 3rd ed. Elmar, 1991.

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Editorial, De Vecchi S. A. Ortografía correcta del inglés: [pronunciación y escritura, ortografía gramatical, puntuación, ejercicios--]. De Vecchi, 2010.

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Editorial De Vecchi, S.A. Ortografía correcta de la lengua española: [normas, palabras que pueden plantear dudas, palabras que alteran su significado según su escritura--]. De Vecchi, 2010.

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Jones, Morgan D. A Welsh vocabulary and spelling aid: A classified vocabulary of essential Welsh, together with some useful rules for the correct spelling of the language which will be of special value to students. Gomer, 1991.

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Gateways to Correct Spelling. 4th ed. Steck-Vaughn, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Correct spellings"

1

Roberson, Jalin. "The Correct Spelling of Wellness." In The Essential Guide to Healthcare Professional Wellness. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36484-6_6.

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Sunitha, K. V. N., and A. Sharada. "Spelling Corrector for Indian Languages." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17881-8_37.

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Hahn, Harley. "Kill and Delete; Move and Copy; Correct Mistakes; Spelling; Fill." In Harley Hahn's Emacs Field Guide. Apress, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-1703-0_9.

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Witchel, Harry J., Christopher I. Jones, Carina E. I. Westling, Alessia Nicotra, Bruno Maag, and Hugo D. Critchley. "Spelling Errors and “Shouting” Capitalisation Implicitly Cause Linearly Additive Penalties to Trustworthiness Judgements of Online Health Information: Online Randomised Experiments with Laypersons." In Science Communication and Trust. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1289-5_23.

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Abstract How people make assessments of trustworthiness remains controversial, as several factors may inflect such assessments and subsequent decisions. This research programme aims to reveal implicit trustworthiness judgements specifically caused by spelling errors and online “shouting” (unnecessary capitalisation of whole words for emphasis). In a series of online experiments, participants were instructed to rate the trustworthiness of the content of nine short text excerpts about multiple sclerosis in the format of posts to an unmoderated health forum. In randomised, counterbalanced designs, some excerpts had no typographic errors, some had spelling errors, some had shouting text, and some had both types of unconventionalities. In linear mixed effects models, unconventionality number or type was coded as a fixed effect. Participants—encoded as random effects to correct statistically for repeated measures from individuals—rated the text samples by marking their judgement of trustworthiness on an unnumbered slider scale. The resulting data showed that multiple unconventionalities caused linearly additive penalties to trustworthiness. Adding more spelling errors caused lower trustworthiness ratings, and spelling errors plus shouting text caused additive trustworthiness penalties. Thus, when participants rated brief scientific information in this context, they implicitly assigned to unconventionalities linearly additive trustworthiness penalties. This contravenes a dichotomous heuristic or local ceiling effect on trustworthiness penalties. It supports an integrative cost–benefit model that includes insight into one's psychological judgements of trustworthiness.

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Mbaye, Derguene, and Moussa Diallo. "Beqi: Revitalize the Senegalese Wolof Language with a Robust Spelling Corrector." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-86493-3_25.

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Wang, Qiufeng, Minghuan Liu, Weijia Zhang, Yuhang Guo, and Tianrui Li. "Automatic Proofreading in Chinese: Detect and Correct Spelling Errors in Character-Level with Deep Neural Networks." In Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32236-6_31.

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Patil, Kavita T., R. P. Bhavsar, and B. V. Pawar. "Spelling Checking and Error Corrector System for Marathi Language Text Using Minimum Edit Distance Algorithm." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81462-5_10.

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"CORRECT TIBETAN SPELLINGS." In A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951. University of California Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520911765-034.

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"CORRECT TIBETAN SPELLINGS." In A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951. University of California Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.8501027.37.

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"Appendix A. Correct Tibetan Spellings." In A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 4. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520972254-022.

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Conference papers on the topic "Correct spellings"

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Senturk, Damla, Mustafa Burak Topal, Sevil Adiguzel, Melis Ozturk, and Ayse Basar. "Spelling Corrector for Turkish Product Search." In 2024 34th International Conference on Collaborative Advances in Software and COmputiNg (CASCON). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/cascon62161.2024.10837900.

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Jiang, Lai, Hongqiu Wu, Hai Zhao, and Min Zhang. "Chinese Spelling Corrector Is Just a Language Learner." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-acl.413.

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Wu, Haiming, Hanqing Zhang, Richeng Xuan, and Dawei Song. "Bi-DCSpell: A Bi-directional Detector-Corrector Interactive Framework for Chinese Spelling Check." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.229.

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B, Abiola O., Erinfolami Oluwaseyi, Adewole L. B, et al. "Automatic Spelling Corrector for Yorùbá Language Using Edit Distance and N-Gram Language Models." In 2024 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seb4sdg60871.2024.10630121.

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Slioussar, Natalia, Ivan Gurkov, and Daria Chernova. "Some errors are more harmful than others: the role of type and frequency of orthographic errors in word processing." In Dialogue. RSUH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2022-21-1149-1157.

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In the modern world of social media, we constantly read texts that were not subject to professional proof-reading and editing. As a result, we see misspelled words more often than the previous generations. The effects are interesting for several scientific disciplines, including psycholinguistics. Several experiments on different languages have recently demonstrated that the incidence of orthographic errors for a particular word reduces the quality of its lexical representation in the mental lexicon. As a result, it is more difficult to judge whether the word is spelled correctly, and — more surprisingly — it takes more time to read the word even when there are no errors. In the present study, our goal was to find out whether the type of orthographic errors (the orthogram) plays a role in addition to their incidence. We selected six orthograms forming two groups: more and less difficult ones. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to judge whether stimulus words are spelled correctly. In Experiment 2, all stimulus words were presented in the correct spelling in a lexical decision task, i.e. we measured how fast they are processed. In Experiment 1, the type of the orthogram played a significant role, being more important than any other factor. In Experiment 2, the influence of this factor could be reduced to the incidence of incorrect spellings. In other words, when we consciously decide how to spell, the type of orthogram plays a crucial role. As a result, some errors are more frequent than others (although it is obvious that the incidence of errors can be only partially predicted by the type of orthogram). However, when we simply read words, only the incidence of errors matters, i.e. the type of orthogram affects the reading speed only indirectly.

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Chernova, D. A., S. V. Alexeeva, and N. A. Slioussar. "WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM MISTAKES: PROCESSING DIFFICULTIES WITH FREQUENTLY MISSPELLED WORDS." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-147-159.

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Even if we know how to spell, we often see words misspelled by other people — especially nowadays when we constantly read unedited texts on social media and in personal messages. In this paper, we present two experiments showing that the incidence of orthographic errors reduces the quality of lexical representations in the mental lexicon—even if one knows how to spell a word, repeated exposure to incorrect spellings blurs its orthographical representation and weakens the connection between form and meaning. As a result, it is more difficult to judge whether the word is spelled correctly, and — more surprisingly — it takes more time to read the word even when there are no errors. We show that when all other factors are balanced the effect of misspellings is more pronounced for the words with lower frequency. We compare our results with the only previous study addressing the problem of misspellings’ influence on the processing of correctly spelled words — it was conducted on the English data. It may be interesting to explore this issue in a cross-linguistic perspective. In this study, we turn to Russian, which differs from English by a more transparent orthography. Much larger corpora of unedited texts are available for English than for Russian, but, using a different way to estimate the incidence of misspellings, we obtained similar results and could also make some novel generalizations. In Experiment 1 we selected 44 words that are frequently misspelled and presented in two conditions (with or without spelling errors) and were distributed across two experimental lists. For every word, participants were asked to determine whether it is spelled correctly or not. The frequency of the word and the relative frequency of its misspelled occurrences significantly influenced the number of incorrect responses: not only it takes longer to read frequently misspelled words, it is also more difficult to decide whether they are spelled correctly. In Experiment 2 we selected 30 words from the materials of Experiment 1 and for every selected word, we found a pair that is matched for length and frequency, but is rarely misspelled due to its orthographic transparency. We used a lexical decision task, presenting these 60 words in the correct spelling, as well as 60 nonwords. We used LMMs for statistics. Firstly, the word type factor was significant: it takes more time to recognize a frequently misspelled word, which replicates the results obtained for English. Secondly, the interaction between the word type factor and the frequency factor was significant: the effect of misspellings was more pronounced for the words of lower frequency. We can conclude that high frequency words have more robust representations that resist blurring more efficiently than low frequency ones. Finally, we conducted a separate analysis showing that the number of incorrect responses in Experiment 1 correlates with RTs in Experiment 2. Thus, whether we consciously try to find an error or simply read words orthographic representations blurred due to exposure to frequent misspellings make the task more difficult.

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Bolfosu, Andrei. "On avoiding common orthographical errors in English: a teaching-learning approach." In Universitas Europaea: Towards a Knowledge Based Society Through Europeanisation and Globalisation. Free International University of Moldova, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54481/uekbs2024.v2.02.

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This article is an attempt to analyse and bring into light the most common spelling errors by both native and non native speakers of English made in written production. The drive to address the topic in question resides in the fact that the correct spelling is of a primordial importance in a world where the misspellings are not only commonplace but also promoted in some types of writing like in leetspeech, which is a special type of written language characterized by unusual abbreviations like TTYL (talk to you later), insertions of numbers in words which are homophonic with regular words e.g. 4U (for you), or phonemic transcription of the words like dat for that. Undoubtedly, changes in languages occur and spelling is no exception from this process, but such changes should not be so dramatic to impede understanding, and, as a result, lead to miscommunication. The correct spelling is necessary to keep a vivid communication among the native speakers of English, which has got many variants in native speakers scattered around the world—where the variation in spelling is inevitable, or among non-native speakers. As we said earlier, the correct spelling is also important to avoid misunderstandings induced by erroneously-spelled words (e.g. “I like smelling a guy’s colon” where colon is a misspelled variant of “cologne” and not part of the intestine). Besides the didactical aspect of the problem, the phonological, psychological and morphological aspects have been taken into consideration. Accordingly, the phenomenon of erroneous orthography is a complex subject matter which touches upon different disciplines of linguistics.

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Okgetheng, Boago, Gabofetswe Malema, Ariq Ahmer, Boemo Lenyibi, and Ontiretse Ishmael. "Bantu Spell Checker and Corrector using Modified Edit Distance Algorithm (MEDA)." In 3rd International Conference on Data Science and Machine Learning (DSML 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121524.

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Automatic spelling correction for a language is critical since the current world is almost entirely dependent on digital devices that employ electronic keyboards. Correct spelling adds to textual document accessibility and readability. Many NLP applications, such as web search engines, text summarization, sentiment analysis, and so on, rely on automatic spelling correction. A few efforts on automatic spelling correction in Bantu languages have been completed; however, the numbers are insufficient. We proposed a spell checker for typed words based on the Modified minimum edit distance Algorithm (MEDA), and the Syllable Error Detection Algorithm (SEDA). In this study, we adjusted the minimal edit distance Algorithm by including a frequency score for letters and ordered operations. The SEDA identifies the component of the word and the position of the letter which has an error. For this research, the Setswana language was utilized for testing, and other languages related to Setswana will use this spell checker. Setswana is a Bantu language spoken mostly in Botswana, South Africa, and Namibia and its automatic spelling correction are still in its early stages. Setswana is Botswana’s national language and is mostly utilized in schools and government offices. The accuracy was measured in 2500 Setswana words for assessment. The SEDA discovered incorrect Setswana words with 99% accuracy. When evaluating MEDA, the edit distance algorithm was utilized as the baseline, and it generated an accuracy of 52%. In comparison, the edit distance algorithm with ordered operations provided 64% accuracy, and MEDA produced 92% accuracy. The model failed in the closely related terms.

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VÎLCU, Marcela. "The problem of spelling loans: binding / undivining by hyphen of the definite article and the desinence, reflected in DOOM 3." In Probleme ale ştiinţelor socioumanistice şi ale modernizării învăţământului. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/c.v3.25-03-2022.p50-54.

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This article addresses the issue of the correct spelling of recent lexical loans, the timeliness of which is determined primarily by some changes made by the new edition of the "Orthographic, Orthoepic, Morphological Dictionary of the Romanian Language" (DOOM 3). Moreover, the problem is even more acute, as recent loans, still non-adapted, cause multiple spelling mistakes. In order to clear up some confusions and difficulties, a list of words that includes several examples of spelling of some recent borrowings, frequently used, is presented.

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CORGHENCEA, Nina. "Characteristics of the written message in primary classes." In "Higher education: traditions, values, perspectives", international scientific conference. Ion Creangă Pedagogical State University, 2024. https://doi.org/10.46727/c.27-28-09-2024.p205-209.

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The written message is of particular importance in primary grades, influencing both the intellectual and personal development of students. Students express their thoughts and emotions clearly and structured. Through writing exercises, they improve their vocabulary and grammar, learning to communicate effectively, express themselves correctly, and through writing written texts, students are encouraged to analyze information, formulate arguments and express their opinions, which contribute to the development of thinking critical and analytical. Writing the message requires compliance with the requirements: rendering the content, compliance with spelling and punctuation rules, correct arrangement on the page, compliance with age-specific vocabulary, etc.

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