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1

Plotkin, Stanley A. "Correlates of Protection Induced by Vaccination." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 7 (2010): 1055–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00131-10.

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ABSTRACT This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current vaccines work through antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or bacteremia/viremia and thus provide a correlate of protection. The functional characteristics of antibodies, as well as quantity, are important. Antibody may be highly correlated with protection or synergistic with other functions. Immune memory is a critical correlate: effector memory for short-incubation diseases and central memor
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2

Malo, Courtney S. "Correlates of protection." Science 373, no. 6552 (2021): 291.7–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.373.6552.291-g.

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3

Desai, K., X. Chen, F. Bailleux, L. Qin, and A. Dunning. "VA2 Correlates of Protection for Vaccines: When Does a Correlate Equal Protection?" Value in Health 15, no. 7 (2012): A288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.539.

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4

Schiffer, Joshua T. "Correlates of protection via modeling." Nature Computational Science 2, no. 3 (2022): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43588-022-00221-4.

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5

Iyer, Anita S., and Jason B. Harris. "Correlates of Protection for Cholera." Journal of Infectious Diseases 224, Supplement_7 (2021): S732—S737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab497.

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Abstract A correlate of protection (CoP) is a measured adaptive immune response to vaccination or infection that is associated with protection against disease. However, the degree to which a CoP can serve as a surrogate end point for vaccine efficacy should depend on the robustness of this association. While cholera toxin is a dominant target of the human antibody response to Vibrio cholerae infection, antitoxin responses are not associated with long-term immunity, and are not effective CoPs for cholera. Instead, protection appears to be mediated by functional antibodies that target the O-poly
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6

Mettelman, Robert C., Aisha Souquette, Lee-Ann Van de Velde, et al. "Defining cellular correlates of protection and vaccine failure to influenza across two human cohorts." Journal of Immunology 206, no. 1_Supplement (2021): 103.37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.103.37.

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Abstract Influenza viruses are endemic viral pathogens causing mild to severe respiratory illness in humans. Immunologic protection against influenza is determined by immune correlates of protection– factors associated with reduced infection or severe disease. While antibodies specific to viral surface proteins are known correlates, waning seasonal vaccine efficacy and reported infection of patients despite elevated antibody titers suggest that humoral responses alone do not provide complete protective immunity. Indeed, evidence points to a larger role for cell-mediated immunity (CMI; innate c
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7

Fletcher, Helen. "Correlates of Immune Protection from Tuberculosis." Current Molecular Medicine 7, no. 3 (2007): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652407780598520.

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8

Plotkin, S. A. "Complex Correlates of Protection After Vaccination." Clinical Infectious Diseases 56, no. 10 (2013): 1458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit048.

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9

Voss, James E., Matthew S. Macauley, Kenneth A. Rogers та ін. "Reproducing SIVΔnef vaccine correlates of protection". AIDS 30, № 16 (2016): 2427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000001199.

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10

Holmgren, Jan, Umesh D. Parashar, Stanley Plotkin, et al. "Correlates of protection for enteric vaccines." Vaccine 35, no. 26 (2017): 3355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.005.

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11

Cohen, J. "What are the correlates of protection?" Science 260, no. 5112 (1993): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8493565.

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12

Vila-Corcoles, Angel, and Olga Ochoa-Gondar. "Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination: correlates of protection." Lancet Infectious Diseases 14, no. 9 (2014): 784–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70849-7.

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13

Fowler, K., B. W. McBride, P. C. B. Turnbull, and L. W. J. Baillie. "Immune correlates of protection against anthrax." Journal of Applied Microbiology 87, no. 2 (1999): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00898.x.

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14

Pollard, Andrew. "Correlates of protection against Neisseria Meningitidis." Nature Reviews Immunology 17, no. 1 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.135.

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15

Stonier, Spencer W., Rebekah M. James, Nicole M. Josleyn, Russell R. Bakken, and John M. Dye. "Immune correlates for VEEV replicon vaccine protection against Ebolavirus." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (2016): 146.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.146.8.

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Abstract The progress of filovirus vaccines has advanced greatly due in part to the urgent need to develop countermeasures for the unprecedented Ebolavirus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa. While a variety of vaccination approaches have been moved into clinical trials, the understanding of what constitutes a protective response after vaccination is still under investigation. Our approach to addressing immune correlates has involved the use of various mouse models to first test whether or not protection is afforded in the absence of a cell population. To this end, wild type (wt), β2m−/− and μMT−/
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16

Reuveny, Shaul, Moshe D. White, Yaakov Y. Adar, et al. "Search for Correlates of Protective Immunity Conferred by Anthrax Vaccine." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 5 (2001): 2888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.5.2888-2893.2001.

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ABSTRACT Vaccination by anthrax protective antigen (PA)-based vaccines requires multiple immunization, underlying the need to develop more efficacious vaccines or alternative vaccination regimens. In spite of the vast use of PA-based vaccines, the definition of a marker for protective immunity is still lacking. Here we describe studies designed to help define such markers. To this end we have immunized guinea pigs by different methods and monitored the immune response and the corresponding extent of protection against a lethal challenge with anthrax spores. Active immunization was performed by
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17

BN, Tagbo. "Correlates of Protection against Rotavirus Disease and Immune Response: Need for Further Studies." Journal of Embryology & Stem Cell Research 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jes-16000105.

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18

Hope, J. C., M. L. Thom, M. McAulay, et al. "Identification of Surrogates and Correlates of Protection in Protective Immunity againstMycobacterium bovisInfection Induced in Neonatal Calves by Vaccination withM. bovisBCG Pasteur andM. bovisBCG Danish." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 3 (2011): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00543-10.

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ABSTRACTVaccination of neonatal calves withMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induces a significant degree of protection against infection with virulentM. bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). We compared two strains of BCG, Pasteur and Danish, in order to confirm that the current European human vaccine strain (BCG Danish) induced protective immunity in calves, and we assessed immune responses to determine correlates of protection that could assist future vaccine evaluation in cattle. Both vaccine strains induced antigen (purified protein derivate [PPD])-speci
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19

Rao, Malla R., Thomas F. Wierzba, Stephen J. Savarino, et al. "Serologic Correlates of Protection against EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coliDiarrhea." Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, no. 4 (2005): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/427662.

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20

Vermont, Clementien, and Germie Dobbelsteen. "Neisseria meningitidisserogroup B: laboratory correlates of protection." FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 34, no. 2 (2002): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00608.x.

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21

Bhatt, Kamlesh, Sheetal Verma, Jerrold J. Ellner, and Padmini Salgame. "Quest for Correlates of Protection against Tuberculosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 3 (2015): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00721-14.

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ABSTRACTA major impediment to tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development is the lack of reliable correlates of immune protection or biomarkers that would predict vaccine efficacy. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) produced by CD4+T cells and, recently, multifunctional CD4+T cells secreting IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been used in vaccine studies as a measurable immune parameter, reflecting activity of a vaccine and potentially predicting protection. However, accumulating experimental evidence suggests that host resistance againstMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection is in
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22

PLOTKIN, STANLEY A. "Immunologic correlates of protection induced by vaccination." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 20, no. 1 (2001): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200101000-00013.

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23

Akpogheneta, Onome. "Correlates of protection and HIV vaccine development." Lancet Infectious Diseases 11, no. 11 (2011): 814–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70304-8.

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24

Sasongko, Priyo Sigit. "Animal models and the correlates of protection." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 6 (June 2002): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1201-9712(02)90210-9.

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25

Angel, Juana, Manuel A. Franco, and Harry B. Greenberg. "Rotavirus immune responses and correlates of protection." Current Opinion in Virology 2, no. 4 (2012): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2012.05.003.

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26

Brown, Matthew. "Immune correlates of SARS-CoV-2 protection." Nature Reviews Immunology 20, no. 10 (2020): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00442-6.

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27

Dunning, Andrew J. "A model for immunological correlates of protection." Statistics in Medicine 25, no. 9 (2006): 1485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.2282.

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28

Leitner, Wolfgang W., Megan Haraway, Tony Pierson, and Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner. "Role of Opsonophagocytosis in Immune Protection against Malaria." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (2020): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020264.

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The quest for immune correlates of protection continues to slow vaccine development. To date, only vaccine-induced antibodies have been confirmed as direct immune correlates of protection against a plethora of pathogens. Vaccine immunologists, however, have learned through extensive characterizations of humoral responses that the quantitative assessment of antibody responses alone often fails to correlate with protective immunity or vaccine efficacy. Despite these limitations, the simple measurement of post-vaccination antibody titers remains the most widely used approaches for vaccine evaluat
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29

Silva, Ediane B., Andrew Goodyear, Marjorie D. Sutherland, et al. "Correlates of Immune Protection following Cutaneous Immunization with an Attenuated Burkholderia pseudomallei Vaccine." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 12 (2013): 4626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00915-13.

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ABSTRACTInfections with the Gram-negative bacteriumBurkholderia pseudomallei(melioidosis) are associated with high mortality, and there is currently no approved vaccine to prevent the development of melioidosis in humans. Infected patients also do not develop protective immunity to reinfection, and some individuals will develop chronic, subclinical infections withB. pseudomallei. At present, our understanding of what constitutes effective protective immunity againstB. pseudomalleiinfection remains incomplete. Therefore, we conducted a study to elucidate immune correlates of vaccine-induced pro
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30

Pinto, Ligia, Troy Kemp, Allan Hildesheim, et al. "Bivalent HPV16/18 L1 VLP vaccine induces cross-neutralizing antibodies that may mediate cross-protection (155.27)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (2011): 155.27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.155.27.

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Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 VLP-based vaccines are protective against HPV vaccine-related types; however, correlates of protection have not been defined. We observed that vaccination with the HPV-16/18 L1 VLP vaccine induced cross-neutralizing antibodies for HPV types for which evidence of vaccine efficacy has been demonstrated (HPV31/45) but not for other types for which no cross-protection was observed (HPV52/58). In addition, HPV31/45 cross-neutralizing titers showed a significant increase with number of doses (HPV31, p<0.001; HPV45, p<0.001) and correlated with HPV
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31

Lim, Wey Wen, Nancy H. L. Leung, Sheena G. Sullivan, Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen, and Benjamin J. Cowling. "Distinguishing Causation from Correlation in the Use of Correlates of Protection to Evaluate and Develop Influenza Vaccines." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 3 (2019): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz227.

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Abstract There is increasing attention to the need to identify new immune markers for the evaluation of existing and new influenza vaccines. Immune markers that could predict individual protection against infection and disease, commonly called correlates of protection (CoPs), play an important role in vaccine development and licensing. Here, we discuss the epidemiologic considerations when evaluating immune markers as potential CoPs for influenza vaccines and emphasize the distinction between correlation and causation. While an immune marker that correlates well with protection from infection
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32

Meyer, Michelle, Bronwyn M. Gunn, Delphine C. Malherbe, et al. "Ebola vaccine–induced protection in nonhuman primates correlates with antibody specificity and Fc-mediated effects." Science Translational Medicine 13, no. 602 (2021): eabg6128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abg6128.

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Although substantial progress has been made with Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccine measures, the immune correlates of vaccine-mediated protection remain uncertain. Here, five mucosal vaccine vectors based on human and avian paramyxoviruses provided nonhuman primates with varying degrees of protection, despite expressing the same EBOV glycoprotein (GP) immunogen. Each vaccine produced antibody responses that differed in Fc-mediated functions and isotype composition, as well as in magnitude and coverage toward GP and its conformational and linear epitopes. Differences in the degree of protection and co
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33

Weiss, Shay, David Kobiler, Haim Levy, et al. "Immunological Correlates for Protection against Intranasal Challenge of Bacillus anthracis Spores Conferred by a Protective Antigen-Based Vaccine in Rabbits." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 1 (2006): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.1.394-398.2006.

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ABSTRACT Correlates between immunological parameters and protection against Bacillus anthracis infection in animals vaccinated with protective antigen (PA)-based vaccines could provide surrogate markers to evaluate the putative protective efficiency of immunization in humans. In previous studies we demonstrated that neutralizing antibody levels serve as correlates for protection in guinea pigs (S. Reuveny et al., Infect. Immun. 69:2888-2893, 2001; H. Marcus et al., Infect. Immun. 72:3471-3477, 2004). In this study we evaluated similar correlates for protection by active and passive immunizatio
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34

Taylor, Jennifer M., Melanie E. Ziman, Julie Fong, Jay V. Solnick, and Michael Vajdy. "Possible Correlates of Long-Term Protection against Helicobacter pylori following Systemic or Combinations of Mucosal and Systemic Immunizations." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 7 (2007): 3462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01470-06.

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ABSTRACT The ability to induce long-term immunity to Helicobacter pylori is necessary for an effective vaccine. This study was designed to establish the most efficient route(s) (systemic, mucosal, or a combination) of immunization for induction of long-term immunity and to define correlates of protection. Mice were immunized orally alone (oral group), intramuscularly (i.m.) alone (i.m. group), orally followed by i.m. (oral/i.m. group), or i.m. followed by orally (i.m./oral group). Long-term protective immunity to oral H. pylori challenge was observed 3 months after immunization through the i.m
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35

Suscovich, Todd J., Jonathan K. Fallon, Jishnu Das, et al. "Mapping functional humoral correlates of protection against malaria challenge following RTS,S/AS01 vaccination." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 553 (2020): eabb4757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abb4757.

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Vaccine development has the potential to be accelerated by coupling tools such as systems immunology analyses and controlled human infection models to define the protective efficacy of prospective immunogens without expensive and slow phase 2b/3 vaccine studies. Among human challenge models, controlled human malaria infection trials have long been used to evaluate candidate vaccines, and RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced malaria vaccine candidate, reproducibly demonstrating 40 to 80% protection in human challenge studies in malaria-naïve individuals. Although antibodies are critical for protecti
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36

Mura, Marie, Pinyi Lu, Tanmaya Atre, et al. "Immunoprofiling Identifies Functional B and T Cell Subsets Induced by an Attenuated Whole Parasite Malaria Vaccine as Correlates of Sterile Immunity." Vaccines 10, no. 1 (2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010124.

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Immune correlates of protection remain elusive for most vaccines. An identified immune correlate would accelerate the down-selection of vaccine formulations by reducing the need for human pathogen challenge studies that are currently required to determine vaccine efficacy. Immunization via mosquito-delivered, radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites (IMRAS) is a well-established model for efficacious malaria vaccines, inducing greater than 90% sterile immunity. The current immunoprofiling study utilized samples from a clinical trial in which vaccine dosing was adjusted to achieve only 50
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37

Schleiss, Mark R. "Cytomegalovirus in the Neonate: Immune Correlates of Infection and Protection." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/501801.

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Fetal and neonatal infections caused by human cytomegalovirus (CMV) are important causes of morbidity and occasional mortality. Development of a vaccine against congenital CMV infection is a major public health priority. Vaccine design is currently focused on strategies that aim to elicit neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses, toward the goal of preventing primary or recurrent infection in women of child-bearing age. However, there has been relatively little attention given to understanding the mechanisms of immune protection against acquisition of CMV infection in the fetus and newborn a
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38

Nelson, Cody S., Ilona Baraniak, Daniele Lilleri, Matthew B. Reeves, Paul D. Griffiths, and Sallie R. Permar. "Immune Correlates of Protection Against Human Cytomegalovirus Acquisition, Replication, and Disease." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, Supplement_1 (2020): S45—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz428.

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Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common infectious cause of infant birth defects and an etiology of significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. There is tremendous interest in developing a vaccine or immunotherapeutic to reduce the burden of HCMV-associated disease, yet after nearly a half-century of research and development in this field we remain without such an intervention. Defining immune correlates of protection is a process that enables targeted vaccine/immunotherapeutic discovery and informed evaluation of clini
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39

Trzciński, Krzysztof, Claudette Thompson, Richard Malley, and Marc Lipsitch. "Antibodies to Conserved Pneumococcal Antigens Correlate with, but Are Not Required for, Protection against Pneumococcal Colonization Induced by Prior Exposure in a Mouse Model." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (2005): 7043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.7043-7046.2005.

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ABSTRACT In mice following intranasal exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae, protection against pneumococcal colonization was independent of antibody but dependent on CD4+ T cells. Nonetheless, concentrations of antibodies to three conserved pneumococcal antigens correlated with protection against colonization. Concentrations of antibodies to conserved pneumococcal antigens may be correlates of protection without being effectors of protection.
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40

Bernardini, Maria Lina, Josette Arondel, Irene Martini, Awa Aidara, and Philippe J. Sansonetti. "Parameters Underlying Successful Protection with Live Attenuated Mutants in Experimental Shigellosis." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 2 (2001): 1072–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.2.1072-1083.2001.

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ABSTRACT Because the use of live attenuated mutants of Shigellaspp. represents a promising approach to protection against bacillary dysentery (M. E. Etherridge, A. T. M. Shamsul Hoque, and D. A. Sack, Lab. Anim. Sci. 46:61–66, 1996), it becomes essential to rationalize this approach in animal models in order to optimize attenuation of virulence in the vaccine candidates, as well as their route and mode of administration, and to define the correlates of protection. In this study, we have compared three strains ofShigella flexneri 5—the wild-type M90T, anaroC mutant, and a double purE aroC mutan
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41

Martins, Mauricio A., Nancy A. Wilson, Jason S. Reed, et al. "T-Cell Correlates of Vaccine Efficacy after a Heterologous Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge." Journal of Virology 84, no. 9 (2010): 4352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02365-09.

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ABSTRACT Determining the “correlates of protection” is one of the challenges in human immunodeficiency virus vaccine design. To date, T-cell-based AIDS vaccines have been evaluated with validated techniques that measure the number of CD8+ T cells in the blood that secrete cytokines, mainly gamma interferon (IFN-γ), in response to synthetic peptides. Despite providing accurate and reproducible measurements of immunogenicity, these methods do not directly assess antiviral function and thus may not identify protective CD8+ T-cell responses. To better understand the correlates of vaccine efficacy,
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42

Krammer, Florian. "Correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection." Lancet 397, no. 10283 (2021): 1421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00782-0.

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43

Camargo, J. F., and S. Husain. "Immune Correlates of Protection in Human Invasive Aspergillosis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 59, no. 4 (2014): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu337.

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44

Sattentau, Quentin. "Correlates of antibody-mediated protection against HIV infection." Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 3, no. 3 (2008): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/coh.0b013e3282f9ae79.

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45

Franco, Manuel A., Juana Angel, and Harry B. Greenberg. "Immunity and correlates of protection for rotavirus vaccines." Vaccine 24, no. 15 (2006): 2718–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.048.

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46

Plotkin, Stanley A. "Updates on immunologic correlates of vaccine-induced protection." Vaccine 38, no. 9 (2020): 2250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.046.

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47

Rimmelzwaan, Guus F., and Janet E. McElhaney. "Correlates of protection: Novel generations of influenza vaccines." Vaccine 26 (September 2008): D41—D44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.043.

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48

Barouch, Dan. "115 Immune Correlates of Protection in Rhesus Monkeys." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 65 (April 2014): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000446695.85033.26.

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49

Plotkin, S. A., and P. B. Gilbert. "Nomenclature for Immune Correlates of Protection After Vaccination." Clinical Infectious Diseases 54, no. 11 (2012): 1615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis238.

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50

Kurtz, Sherry L., and Karen L. Elkins. "Correlates of Vaccine-Induced Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Revealed in Comparative Analyses of Lymphocyte Populations." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 10 (2015): 1096–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00301-15.

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ABSTRACTA critical hindrance to the development of a novel vaccine againstMycobacterium tuberculosisis a lack of understanding of protective correlates of immunity and of host factors involved in a successful adaptive immune response. Studies from our group and others have used a mouse-basedin vitromodel system to assess correlates of protection. Here, using this coculture system and a panel of whole-cell vaccines with varied efficacy, we developed a comprehensive approach to understand correlates of protection. We compared the gene and protein expression profiles of vaccine-generated immune p
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