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1
Heo, Jun, and Sung Oh Cho. "Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Used in Nuclear Power Plant Cooling Water Components By Plasma Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 12 (October 9, 2022): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0212767mtgabs.
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In this study, Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) technology was adapted to stainless steel for improving its corrosion resistance. Stainless steel is widely used in various fields due to its remarkable properties including high corrosion resistance, excellent weldability, good performance at all temperatures, etc. Although, in the case of nuclear power plants secondary cooling water components, which mainly utilize stainless steel, aggressive environments are situated created. Plenty of corrosive and abrasive species from the coolants attack the component materials to initiate a wide range of corrosion problems such as general corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), etc. In order to protect the substrate from those corrosive environments, a pre-oxidized layer was deposited through an electrochemical process. The technology used in this study, namely PEO, is an advanced surface engineering method that can produce a protective film having an excellent hardness, heat resistance, and adhesiveness with a compact layer. PEO, which is a developed version of the anodization method, utilizes relatively high voltage with a pulse to enhance the properties of the ceramic layer on the surface by heating and quenching repetitive processes. PEO on stainless steel was conducted by cathodic process and plasma discharges were generated through vapor gas envelope insulating film. After the experiment, a variety of characterizations were conducted. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were firstly utilized to check the surface morphologies and compositions. Then using hot mounting and polishing, the cross-section of the sample was examined to check the oxide layer thickness and chemical composition by depth. By using an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), the exact crystalline structure of the fabricated film was characterized. The following characterizations were mainly focused on electrochemical corrosion resistance tests. A typical three-electrode cell system was used to conduct the Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) technique for evaluating the improvement of general corrosion resistance. With corrosion potential and corrosion current density parameters from the PDP technique, pitting potential was also evaluated to check the pitting corrosion resistance. Lastly, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method was conducted to figure out the corrosion resistance mechanism of the fabricated protective film and support the numerical data from the perspective of corrosion resistance improvement. PEO is a simple, fast, and relatively safe surface engineering method that can be applicated to various metal substrates. It is expected to improve diverse properties of the metal materials including corrosion resistance. It can be said that this technology can open a new era in material engineering in a wide range of industrial fields.
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Tzagkaroulakis, Ioannis, Colin Boxall, and Divyesh Trivedi. "Real-Time Nanogravimetric Monitoring of Corrosion in Radioactive Decontamination Systems." MRS Advances 2, no. 10 (December 23, 2016): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.645.
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ABSTRACTMonitoring and understanding of corrosion on nuclear sites is key to safe asset management (predicting plant life, assessing efficacy of corrosion inhibitors for plant lifetime extension) and supporting informed choice of decontamination methods for steels due for decommissioning. Recent advances in Quartz Crystal Nanobalance (QCN) technology offer a means to monitor corrosion in-situ in radiologically harsh environments, in real time and with high sensitivity.Oxalic acid has been widely used in nuclear facilities as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steels and as a decontamination cleaning agent due to its ability to remove rust from the surface of ferritic metals and alloys. As an exemplar system for decontamination, the corrosion behavior of pure iron samples in 1 wt% oxalic acid solution has, for the first time, been measured in simulated radioactive environments in real time, in situ using the QCN. Results show that the QCN is a promising tool for studying the efficacy of oxalic acid decontamination agent formulations with the sensor providing useful mechanistic information regarding decontaminating agent mode-of-action derived from the mass change (gain or loss) in real time when a quartz crystal is immersed in oxalic acid solution in simulated and non–simulated radioactive environments.
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Odhano, Suhail Mashooque, Mukesh Kumar, and Imran Nazir Unar. "Effect of Aloe Vera Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor on Medium Carbon Steel in Sulphuric Acid Environment." Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 23, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.01.07.
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Medium carbon steel is widely consumed by various industrial sectors due to its attractive set of mechanical properties and low cost, but it experiences deterioration when exposed to a corrosive environment. In the present study, Aloe Vera plant extract was studied as a green corrosion inhibitor for medium carbon steel in an acidic medium. The presence of inhibitive compounds in Aloe Vera plant extract was determined by FTIR. Moreover, the inhibition efficiency was determined through gravimetric analysis and electrochemical analysis. The results show that the Aloe Vera plant extract provided inhibition efficiency of more than 90% in both gravimetric and electrochemical analyses. Furthermore, the shift in polarization curves depicts that this plant extract is a mixed type inhibitor acting as an anodic and cathodic inhibitor. Overall, Aloe Vera plant extract provides excellent corrosion inhibition to medium carbon steel in the H2SO4 environment and can be used as a green corrosion inhibitor for mitigating internal corrosion of pipelines and storage tanks.
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Obiukwu, Osita, Ignatius Opara, and Chukwuemeka Asoluka. "The Inhibitive Effect of Gnetum africanum, Gongronema latifolium and Chromolena odaratum Extracts on Corrosion of Stainless Steel in 1 M HCl and H2SO4 Solutions." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 66 (May 2016): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.66.25.
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Extract of various plants; Okazi leaf (Gnetum africanum), Utazi leaf (Gongronema latifolium) and Elizabeth leaf (Chromolena odaratum) was investigated as corrosion inhibitor of stainless steel in 1M HCL and H2SO4 using conventional weight loss. Results were obtained at intervals of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. The corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency were calculated. The results revealed that all the plant extract act as inhibitors in the acid environments while Elizabeth leaf (Chromolena odaratum) proved to be better corrosion inhibitor than Okazi plant (Gnetumafricanum) and Utazi plant (Gongronemalatifolium) extract as it recorded the highest inhibition efficiency of 90.95% in 1M HCL for 20 ml concentration.
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Obiukwu, Osita, Ignatius Opara, and Chukwuemeka Asoluka. "The Inhibitive Effect of <i>Gnetum africanum</i>, <i>Gongronema latifolium</i> and <i>Chromolena odaratum</i> Extracts on Corrosion of Stainless Steel in 1 M HCl and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solutions." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 66 (May 30, 2016): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-d04pcv.
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Extract of various plants; Okazi leaf (Gnetum africanum), Utazi leaf (Gongronema latifolium) and Elizabeth leaf (Chromolena odaratum) was investigated as corrosion inhibitor of stainless steel in 1M HCL and H2SO4 using conventional weight loss. Results were obtained at intervals of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. The corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency were calculated. The results revealed that all the plant extract act as inhibitors in the acid environments while Elizabeth leaf (Chromolena odaratum) proved to be better corrosion inhibitor than Okazi plant (Gnetumafricanum) and Utazi plant (Gongronemalatifolium) extract as it recorded the highest inhibition efficiency of 90.95% in 1M HCL for 20 ml concentration.
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(SANDY) SHARP, W. B. A., and LYNDA A. KIEFER. "Identifying microbially influenced corrosion on surfaces contacted by mill waters." November 2015 14, no. 11 (December 1, 2015): 711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.11.711.
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This introduction to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) describes how bacteria can cause MIC where inadequate disinfection of mill water or white water allows biofilms to grow on metal surfaces. Although planktonic bacteria (that float in solution) rarely cause corrosion, sessile bacteria (that adhere to surfaces) can produce corrosive chemicals or promote under-deposit corrosion. The diagnosis of MIC requires knowledge not only of corrosion processes, but also of microbiology, water treatment, and plant operations. Although the presence of bacteria does not prove that the corrosion was caused by MIC, factors such as the presence in the corroded area of bacteria that can cause MIC, of chemical indicators of MIC, of features of the corrosion damage that are characteristic of MIC, and recent operational changes that could have enhanced the activity of microorganisms can combine to provide compelling evidence. Because of the complexity of mill water environments, test data must be reviewed with care because of the possibility that other components of the water could have interfered with the analytical results.
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Chao, Feng, Xie Yi, Wang Jun, Long Yi, Chen Wei, and Xia Dahai. "The corrosion behavior of T/P91 steel under the atmosphere environment in Hunan province." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817501002.
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The research of corrosion behavior of T/P91 steel was investigated taking the case for the T/P91 steel corrosions existed during the construction process of a thermal power plant in Hunan province.The morphology change, product component and mechanical properties change were studied during the corrosion process of SO4-2. The results indicated that the surface oxide layer are mainly composed of iron and chromium oxide.As the thickness of oxide layer increased, the ability of blocking the erosive ions diffusion also come into effect, thus slow down the corrosion rate.
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Bhattarai, Jagadeesh, Madan Somai, Nirmal Acharya, Ajaya Giri, Akash Roka, and Nav Raj Phulara. "Study on the effects of green-based plant extracts and water-proofers as anti-corrosion agents for steel-reinforced concrete slabs." E3S Web of Conferences 302 (2021): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130202018.
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Widespread applications of reinforced concrete structures have been practiced since the 20th century because of their excellent properties despite their early corrosion degradation. For the control of such a problem, a design strategy of corrosion-resistant environments of the reinforced concrete structures is highly desirable for extending of a lifetime. The present research work was focused to investigate the effects of the green plant extract-based inhibitors from Vitex negundo and Catharanthus roseus leaves, and one waterproofing chemical (PtS) for controlling the corrosion susceptibility of concrete rebar using a half-cell potential method following the ASTM C876-91 standard. Both plant extracts have good anti-corrosion properties, and hence could be applied as green concrete additives to increase the corrosion resistance of the steel reinforcing bars. The anti-corrosion performance of the steel rebars in concrete is remarkably higher with the additions of 1000 and 2000 ppm plant extracts than the additions of waterproofing chemicals used, based on the shifting of corrosion potential (ϕcorr.) values to a more positive direction than −126 mV (SCE). The results agreed that both the plant extracts could be promising for the formulation of effective, ecofriendly anti-corrosion additives to delay the corrosion susceptibility of the concrete infrastructures.
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Garcia, R. L., P. N. Happ, and R. Q. Feitosa. "LARGE SCALE SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS TO FACILITATE CORROSION MANAGEMENT." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2021 (June 28, 2021): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2021-465-2021.
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Abstract. This paper reports the results of a study that aims to develop semi-automatic methods for assessing the degree of corrosion in industrial plant. We evaluated two fully convolutional networks (U-Net and DeepLab v3 +) to segment corroded areas in panoramic images of offshore platforms. The experimental analysis was based on two datasets built for this study. The datasets comprise 9,112 2D images and 3,732 panoramic images. Both FCNs trained on 2D images were tested on 2D images and cubic projections of panoramic images. In addition to pointing out encouraging results, the experiments indicated that most prediction errors concentrated in corrosion defects with a small pixel area.
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Stiadi, Yeni, Syukri Arief, Hermansyah Aziz, Mai Efdi, and E. Emriadi. "INHIBISI KOROSI BAJA RINGAN MENGGUNAKAN BAHAN ALAMI DALAM MEDIUM ASAM KLORIDA: Review." Jurnal Riset Kimia 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v12i2.321.
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The corrosion of steel and its alloys is an important problem in industry, especially in acidic environments. Mild steel is one of the important alloys of iron which has many industrial applications because of its excellent mechanical properties, but mild steel is susceptible to corrosion. Corrosion problems need to be a concern and must be handled properly. Hydrochloric acid is widely used for pickling, cleansing, decomposition and metal etching, on the other hand also contributes to corrosion of metal surfaces. Plant extracts investigated the properties, mechanisms of adsorption and efficiency of inhibition as environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors for various steel materials in different acidic media. The efficiency of corrosion inhibition of steel from plant extracts analyzed ranged from 72-98% and generally as a mixed-type inhibitor. Most of the inhibitors are adsorbed on the steel surface through a physisorption mechanism.
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Oka, Yoshinori Isomoto, and Toshinori Tsumura. "Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Oxide Films Formed on Metallic Surfaces as Measured Using a Tribological Approach at High Temperature." Advances in Tribology 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/974065.
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The surface degradation of metals in boiler tubes and turbines in high-temperature corrosive environments causes severe problems in fuel combustion power plant systems. High-temperature resistant materials have been recently developed using a thermal barrier coating (TBC) and high-chromium alloys. Oxide films or coatings formed on metal surfaces at high temperatures can sometimes decrease the corrosion rate. However, the damage to the material is often accelerated by the mechanical removal of corrosion products from the material surface. It is therefore very important to investigate the mechanical and adhesive properties of the oxide films or coatings on metal surfaces used in high-temperature environments. This paper introduces a tribological method that uses a single spherical projectile impact at high temperature to measure the mechanical and adhesive properties of oxide films formed on various metal surfaces. Impact tests were performed on the surfaces of oxide films after their growth in a high-temperature furnace, and the deformed or fractured surfaces were observed in order to measure the mechanical and adhesive properties. The mechanical and adhesive properties of an elastic modulus, fracture, and exfoliation stresses were measured using the impact method, and the results depended on the type of metal oxide films and on the high-temperature environment.
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Quadakkers, W. J. "High temperature corrosion in the service environments of a nuclear process heat plant." Materials Science and Engineering 87 (March 1987): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(87)90366-1.
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Mishra, S. B., Kamlesh Chandra, and Satya Prakash. "Studies on erosion-corrosion behaviour of plasma sprayed Ni3Al coating in a coal-fired thermal power plant environment at 540°C." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 64, no. 5 (September 4, 2017): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-11-2015-1592.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of Ni3Al coating for boilers and other power plant equipment, which suffer severe erosion-corrosion problems resulting in substantial losses. Currently, superalloys are being used to increase the service life of the boilers. Although the superalloys have adequate mechanical strength at elevated temperature, they often lack resistance to erosion-corrosion environments. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the erosion-corrosion performance of plasma-sprayed nickel aluminide (Ni3Al) coating on nickel- and iron-based superalloys have been evaluated by exposing them to the low temperature primary superheater zone of the coal-fired thermal power plant at the temperature zone of 540°C for ten cycles of 100 h duration. The exposed products were analysed along the surface and cross-section using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron micro probe analysis (EPMA). Findings The XRD, SEM and EPMA analyses have shown the formation of mainly NiO, NiAl2O4 and indicated the presence of Ni3Al, Ni and Al2O3. In the boiler environment, Ni3Al coating partially oxidizes and acts as a perfect barrier against erosion-corrosion of superalloys. The partially oxidised Ni3Al coating remains intact even after 1,000 h cycle exposure. Originality/value The probable mechanism of attack for the plasma-sprayed Ni3Al coating in the given boiler environment is presented.
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Öcal, Mustafa, and Recep Sadeler. "Corrosion fatigue behavior of Al-5Mg coated AISI 316L stainless steel in sodium chloride environments under bending load." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-04-2018-1924.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) of AISI 316L stainless steel as bare and coated cases in several corrosion environments. The main purpose of this study is to extend the lifespan of 316L material under corrosive fatigue in sodium chloride environments. Design/methodology/approach Fatigue tests carried out by using a Schenk type plane bending fatigue machine made by Tokyokoki Co. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the fracture surfaces and tested specimen surfaces. The micro-Vickers hardness of specimens was measured by using a PC-controlled Buehler–Omnimet tester. Findings Under reciprocating bending condition (R = −1) the behavior of 316L SS bare samples and 316L SS coated with Al-5%Mg samples were investigated comparatively at room temperature in ambient air and in several corrosion solutions. The results obtained from the data showed that Al-5Mg coating procedure significantly stabilized the 316L SS even in the most aggressive environment 5 per cent NaCl solution as compared with bare samples. Originality/value Al-5Mg coating showed a stable structure under the corrosion liquids used in the experiments. The coating material served as a stable barrier between the base material and the corrosion fluid, thus ensuring a tightness even in long-term tests below the endurance limit.
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Kim, Jae-Seong, Bo-Young Lee, Woong-Gi Hwang, and Sung-Sik Kang. "The Effect of Welding Residual Stress for Making Artificial Stress Corrosion Crack in the STS 304 Pipe." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/932512.
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The stress corrosion crack is one of the fracture phenomena for the major structure components in nuclear power plant. During the operation of a power plant, stress corrosion cracks are initiated and grown especially in dissimilar weldment of primary loop components. In particular, stress corrosion crack usually occurs when the following three factors exist at the same time: susceptible material, corrosive environment, and tensile stress (residual stress included). Thus, residual stress becomes a critical factor for stress corrosion crack when it is difficult to improve the material corrosivity of the components and their environment under operating conditions. In this study, stress corrosion cracks were artificially produced on STS 304 pipe itself by control of welding residual stress. We used the instrumented indentation technique and 3D FEM analysis (using ANSYS 12) to evaluate the residual stress values in the GTAW area. We used the custom-made device for fabricating the stress corrosion crack in the inner STS 304 pipe wall. As the result of both FEM analysis and experiment, the stress corrosion crack was quickly generated and could be reproduced, and it could be controlled by welding residual stress.
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Khan, Shagufta, Adil Saeed, Mian Hammad Nazir, Muhammad Usman Abdullah, and Zulfiqar Ahmad Khan. "Corrosion Mechanisms of 304L NAG in Boiling 9M HNO3 Containing Cr (VI) Ions." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15020916.
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In this research, the mechanisms of end-grain corrosion of 304L NAG tubes in boiling 9M HNO3-containing Cr (VI) ions are reported to sustainably manage the corrosion of nuclear fuel reprocessing plant components. Specific heat treatments were applied to as-received specimens to produce phosphorus and/or sulphur intergranular segregation. End-grain corrosion on heat-treated specimens and the effect of a Cr (VI) concentration on a 304L NAG tube (as-received) were investigated. It has been reported that an increase in Cr (VI) ions leads to the acceleration of end-grain corrosion due to high electrochemical potential. After systematic heat treatments on the 304L NAG specimens, it is concluded that the primary causes of heat-induced end-grain corrosion are phosphorus or sulphur segregation to the grain boundaries. The key findings of this research are highly significant in terms of understanding the corrosion mechanisms and controlling the end-grain corrosion of NAG steel in boiling HNO3 environments. This research will help to sustainably reduce power plant maintenance costs and will have a significant impact on the delivery of long-term, clean, secure, and tenable energy.
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Singh, Simranjeet, Khushdeep Goyal, and Rakesh Goyal. "PERFORMANCE OF NI3AL AND TIO2 COATINGS ON T22 BOILER TUBE STEEL IN SIMULATED BOILER ENVIRONMENT IN LABORATORY." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46, no. 1 (May 11, 2017): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v46i1.32524.
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The corrosion of boiler steel tube in coal fired boiler is main matter during design and operation of thermal power plant and it leads to both direct and indirect cost and energy lost, including losses due to plant shut down time and inefficiency of operation. One of the feasible solution to solve the problem is providing surface coating on boiler steel tube, which on one hand protect the tube from highly corrosive flue gaseous and on other hand increase their operating life. Ni3Al and TiO2 and coatings were sprayed on ASTM SA213-T22 steel by using the HVOF process. Hot corrosion studies were conducted on the uncoated as well as coated sprayed specimens in molten salt environment of Na2SO4-60%V2O5 at 900ºC for 50 cycles. In the experiment each cycle consist of 1 hr of heating in tube furnace followed by 20 minute of cooling in air. The thermo-gravimetric technique was used in order to establish the kinetics of corrosion. XRD, SEM/EDS testing were used to examine the corrosion specimens. Theresult shows that both the coated samples are beneficial to corrosion resistance over uncoated samples. TiO2 coating was found to be most protective followed by the Ni3Al coating.
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Loto, Roland Tolulope, Precious Chukwuebuka Okpaleke, and Ufansi Udoh. "Inhibition Reaction Behaviour of Combined Grapefruit and Lemongrass Plant Distillates on Plain Carbon Steel Degradation." Solid State Phenomena 338 (October 28, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-s135ee.
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Applications of harmless fluid derivative for the sustenance of carbon steel in corrosive environments are more appropriate for environmental sustainability and safety of personnel. Admixture of grapefruit and lemongrass distillates was assessed for their protective performance on plain carbon steel within 0.5 M of H2SO4 and HCl solution through weight loss analysis and optical macroscopy studies. Results shows the plant extracts effectively stifled corrosion in both acids with inhibition value range (lowest to highest) of 98.65%-99.5% in H2SO4 solution and 96.31%- 98.39% in HCl. PCS in H2SO4 and HCl electrolyte at 0% extract concentrate were 5.330 mm/y and 2.701 mm/y. Inclusion of the distillate to the electrolyte significantly reduced the corrosion rates in both acids to midpoint values of 0.0448 mm/y and 0.072 mm/y at 240 h of test. The oil extract strongly adsorbed unto the steel surface by means of chemisorption with midpoint Gibbs free energy value above -44 Kjmol-1 signifying strong covalent bonding. The extract adsorption aligned with Langmuir and Frumkin adsorption isotherms with interaction coefficient above 0.9. Optical images of steel surface without inhibitor showed a severely corroded morphology and significant reduction in thickness. The protected steel substantially differs the earlier observation due to the presence of the oil extract which passivated the steel exterior.
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Fontinha, Isabel Rute, and Elsa Eustáquio. "Influence of Exposure Conditions and Particulate Deposition on Anodized Aluminum Corrosion." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 3, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 770–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd3040040.
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Anodizing is commonly used for corrosion protection of aluminum and its alloys in the construction industry. The anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) coating has a high ability to prevent the development of extensive pitting corrosion in aluminum substrates, particularly in marine sites, as was observed during a 10-year atmospheric corrosion study carried out in several marine and industrial sites. However, this study also evidenced that this coating can be highly affected by the deposition of particulate material in industrial polluted environments, sometimes in unexpected ways. This study presents information on the atmospheric corrosion of anodized aluminum exposed at two different chemical industrial complexes: a fertilizer production plant and a pulp and paper mill. Visual assessment of surface changes, pitting depth and mass variation with exposure were determined to quantify the degradation suffered. Additionally, SEM/EDS analyses were carried out on the exposed surfaces. Based on the results obtained, the role played by the deposition of airborne particles present in the two environments with respect to the type and level of damage observed is discussed. Deposits of roasted pyrite ash and phosphates or of wood chips and lime particles enhanced pitting corrosion or caused dissolution of the AAO coating.
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Ghanem, Mohamed Mosalam, Hamed A. Abdul Aleem, and Khalid M. Hafez. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of High-Pressure Scrubber in Urea Plant: A Case Study." Key Engineering Materials 835 (March 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.123.
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This current work investigates the failure of high pressure (HP) scrubber lining in urea fertilizer production plant after 20 years in service. AISI 316L urea grade (UG) stainless steel scrubber lining was showed severe damage. In order to find out the root cause of failure, cracks were observed by visual inspection together with microstructure examination Chemical analysis of the base metal and corrosion products were analyzed Chemical analysis of the lining base alloy is conformed to the AISI 316L UG. Results revealed existence of chloride assisted stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiated from pitting formed in the inner surface of the scrubber lining. Corrosion products analysis revealed existence of chloride (Cl-). Localized pitting corrosion is attributed to Cl attack. The expected sources of chloride are water during hydrostatic testing, water vapor during passivation, chloride containing atmosphere during transportation or storage the base alloy in coastal areas and water vapor in carbamate gasses (process fluid). Pits initiated at the lining inner surface act as stress concentration sites assisted SCC initiation. Chloride SCC is caused by simultaneous action of both tensile stresses and a corrosive environment containing chloride. To overcome the scrubber failure, chloride must be eliminated and residual stresses must be controlled. Upgrading the scrubber base alloy using high-alloy duplex stainless steel (Safurex) is highly recommended.
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Arivazhagan, N., P. R. Hari, M. Nageswara Rao, and A. H. V. Pavan. "Hot Corrosion of Alloy 617 OCC in Simulated USC Power Plant Environment." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1748.
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Alloy 617 OCC, a variant of INCONEL 617 with optimised chemical composition, has been produced in India for manufacture of superheater and reheater tubing in boilers operating in advanced ultrasupercritical (A-USC) power plants. The tubing encounters intense hot corrosion conditions during service. The present study deals with hot corrosion behaviour of 617 OCC in A-USC environment. The environment occurring in A-USC plants was simulated in the laboratory by exposing the material coated with a mixture of salts at 700°C in a flowing gas mixture. For use in A-USC boiler technology, the metal loss due to fireside corrosion of the material should be less than 2 mm in 200,000 hours. The loss obtained in the present study was nearly 5 times this value. The corrosion processes were studied using SEM/EDAX, XRD and thermogravimetry. The degradation mechanisms coming into play, disqualifying the material for use in A-USC plants, would be discussed.
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Алмагамбетова, Сауле, and Saule Almagambetova. "Analysis of the ways of anticorrosive influence on food industry equipment protection." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 48, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2018-2-129-135.
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Nowadays there is a significant engineering and technical issue which is corrosion of structural materials, metal equipment and installations. Inhibitors are one of the effective, universal and economical means of protection against corrosion. The author justifies the relevance of the problem connected with selection of corrosion inhibitors for food industry companies. The aim of the work is to study the effect of inhibitors based on plant raw materials on increasing the corrosion resistance of food industry equipment in technological corrosive media. A literature review showed that the use of synergistic inhibitory compositions is more effective than using inhibiting additives separately. A specified inhibitor is a modified plant raw material. It has biocidal and bactericidal properties that provide for high efficiency of corrosion protection of structural steels in neutral and acid media and is used to improve protective and physico-mechanical properties of coatings. The author studied the effect of concentrate inhibitor in the working environment on the basis of technological regulations to justify recommendations on the use of this concentrate in protecting equipment against corrosion. As a result of the study, the author determined that the greatest effect took place when a modified concentrate inhibitor was used. The plant-based concentrate inhibitor does not have lower corrosion protection effectiveness than the industrial inhibitor PB-5. On the contrary, it has a number of definite advantages such as environmental safety, multiple action directions as well as a positive effect on the sanitary and hygienic conditions in the process of inhibitor preparation and use. The author gives recommendations on the possibility of using this inhibitor to protect the mechanisms used in food industry against corrosion.
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Al-Saadi, Saad, and R. K. Singh Raman. "Silane Coatings for Corrosion and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Resistance of Mild Steel: A Review." Materials 15, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 7809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217809.
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Mild steel continues to be the most extensively used construction material in several industries and constructions. However, corrosion of mild steel in aggressive environments is a major concern. Under the tremendously increasing demand for improving the coatings strategies because of the environmental concerns due to some of the traditional coatings, silane pre-treatments have been emerging as one of the effective solutions, among other strategies. Different approaches, such as adding particles of metal oxide (such as SiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, TiO2 and CeO2), incorporating plant extracts and impregnating 2D materials into the coatings, have been employed for durable corrosion resistance, including for mitigating enhanced corrosion due to the presence of bacteria. This review discusses the critical mechanistic features of silane coatings such as the role of hydrolysis and condensation in the bonding of silanes with metal surfaces. The factors that influence the performance of the silane coatings for corrosion resistance of mild steel are discussed. In particular, this review provides insight into silane coatings for mitigating microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of mild steel.
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Okeniyi, Joshua Olusegun, Jacob Olumuyiwa Ikotun, Esther Titilayo Akinlabi, and Elizabeth Toyin Okeniyi. "Anticorrosion Behaviour of Rhizophora mangle L. Bark-Extract on Concrete Steel-Rebar in Saline/Marine Simulating-Environment." Scientific World Journal 2019 (August 19, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6894714.
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This paper investigates anticorrosion behaviour of the bark-extract from Rhizophora mangle L. on steel-rebar in concrete slabs in 3.5% NaCl medium of immersion (for simulating saline/marine environment). Corrosion-rate, corrosion-current, and corrosion-potential were measured from the NaCl-immersed steel-reinforced concrete cast with admixture of different plant-extract concentrations and from positive control concrete immersed in distilled water. Analyses indicate excellent mathematical-correlation between the corrosion-rate, concentration of the bark-extract admixture, and electrochemical noise-resistance (ratio of the corrosion-potential standard deviation to that of corrosion-current). The 0.4667% Rhizophora mangle L. bark-extract admixture exhibited optimal corrosion-inhibition performance, η = 99.08±0.11% (experimental) or η = 97.89±0.24% (correlation), which outperformed the positive control specimens, experimentally. Both experimental and correlated results followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm which suggests prevalent physisorption mechanism by the plant-extract on the reinforcing-steel corrosion-protection. These findings support Rhizophora mangle L. bark-extract suitability for corrosion-protection of steel-rebar in concrete structure designed for immersion in the saline/marine environmental medium.
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Moreton, Alan J. "Corrosion Investigation, Evaluation, and Pier Replacement Scheme for the Long Key Bridge." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1610, no. 1 (January 1998): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1610-02.
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Reconstruction of U.S. Highway 1 from Miami to Key West, Florida, marked the first use of epoxy-coated reinforcing in several new bridges in Florida, including the Long Key Bridge. Since then, increasing corrosion has been found in all splash zones. The novel V-piers of the Long Key Bridge received much attention; nevertheless, the superstructure, upper parts of the V-piers, and fully submerged and cased drilled shaft foundations have no corrosion at all. In 1996, a corrosion investigation was undertaken to determine the mechanisms and rate of corrosion, develop prognoses, and evaluate various courses of action. The corrosion conditions and rate were established by on-site and laboratory analyses. Historical records provided corrosion damage with time. Chloride penetration and corrosion damage were correlated with resistivity and other observations to give a relationship between the corrosive conditions and time to initial corrosion, first cracking, and critical damage. Prognoses were developed and evaluated by life cycle cost-benefit analyses for various courses of action, from “do nothing” to full-scale replacement of the piers for a service life in excess of 75 years. The techniques developed for this project could benefit maintenance monitoring and prognoses for other structures in similar corrosive environments. Contingency plans were prepared for pier replacement with precast modified V-piers to respect both the structural configuration and the historical significance of this bridge. A temporary support system was designed for rapid removal and replacement of each pier while the structure remains open to traffic on this sole route to the Florida Keys.
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Qiu, Wen, and Yi Zhao. "Dynamic Simulation Test on Scale Inhibition of Secondary Effluent of Sewage Treatment Plant Directly Reused in Power Plant Circulating Cooling Water System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 473 (December 2013): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.473.125.
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Secondary effluent of sewage treatment plant directly reused in power plant circulating cooling water system was the main cause of scale inhibition in the system.Facing this serious scaling problem,static scale inhibition experiment was carried out to filter out the efficient compound formulation.Corrosion inhibition performance by rotary coupon experiment was studied.Scale and corrosion inhibition effect under the field condition by homemade dynamic simulation experiment and the environment toxicity were tested. The result showed that this water treatment agent gain the high scale and corrosion inhibition effect, with low phosphorus,non-toxic,friendly to environment.
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Shamsudin, Shaiful Rizam, Mohd Harun, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Hafizal Yazid, and Mohd Noor Mazlee. "Failure Investigation on Rusty Mesh Strainer of Petrochemical Plant." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.488.
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The wire material of filter mesh is made of 304 grade stainless steel. The failure to run properly was due to the impact of burst and torn. The client also expects that the failure was due to corrosion problems. A visual inspection on the strainer mesh was found covered by brownish rust layers and some scratches at the damaged area. The rusty wire mesh that was washed with pickling acid showed a clean and smooth surface. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) examination of the rusty wire mesh surface indicated that it was only normal oxide precipitates. Thus, it's proven that there were no signs of severe corrosion attack on the failed sample. SEM micrographs showed the unidirectional scratch effects exist in the damaged area. The fractography study was found there was a typical ductile structure on the fracture surface of the wire. It is proven that the wire mesh was actually still in good condition and has not experienced any embrittlement problems as if it exposed to any corrosive environment. The root cause of the failure is shown by the effect of scratches in which it is usually caused by a mechanical forceful push by a hard object or in other words, it is caused by human error factor.
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Kumar, Sudesh, and Suraj Prakash Mathur. "Corrosion Inhibition and Adsorption Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Calotropis for Corrosion of Aluminium in Acidic Media." ISRN Corrosion 2013 (March 5, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/476170.
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The corrosion inhibition of aluminium in sulfuric acid solution in the presence of different plant parts, namely, leaves, latex, and fruit was studied using weight loss method and thermometric method. The ethanolic extracts of Calotropis procera and Calotropis gigantea act as an inhibitor in the acid environment. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in inhibitor concentration. The plant parts inhibit aluminium, and inhibition is attributed, due to the adsorption of the plant part on the surface of aluminium.
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B. P. Garg and Navdeep Kumar. "Protection of SAE 213 T-22 Boiler Steel Tube Material with Various Power Coatings using HVOF Spray Technique." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 2, (Special Issue) (January 11, 2022): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2013.02.nciset35.
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Corrosion is an unintentional gradual degradation of metal that occurs because of chemical or electrochemical attach. The corrosive nature of the gaseous environment at high temperature may cause rapid material degradation and result in premature failure of components. Boiler tubes in power plant are subjected to a wide variety of failure due to high temperature corrosion fatigue. For the reduction of corrosion either a material of required mechanical properties is used, which is impossible for a single material to have all these properties or provide the coating to existing material with surface coating methods, which improves the existing properties in economical way and reduce the cost of replacement. In this paper an attempt has been made by conducting the experimental work on SAE213 T-22 boiler steel tubes with different coating powders having composition of WC-10% CO-4% Cr and WC-12% Cr by adopting the High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray technique to protect the boiler tubes from hot corrosion in gaseous environment and do the various calculations to made the comparison between uncoated and coated tube materials, by creating the artificial environment in the lab.
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Wang, Taolei, Chao Lin, Dan Batalu, Jingzhou Hu, and Wei Lu. "Tunable Microstructure and Morphology of the Self-Assembly Hydroxyapatite Coatings on ZK60 Magnesium Alloy Substrates Using Hydrothermal Methods." Coatings 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010008.
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Hydroxyapatite coatings have been widely used to improve the corrosion resistance of biodegradable magnesium alloys. In this paper, in order to manufacture the ideal hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on the ZK60 magnesium substrate by hydrothermal method, formation mechanism of enhanced hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings, influence of pH values of the precursor solution on the HA morphology, corrosion resistance and cytotoxicity of HA coatings have been investigated. Results show that the growth pattern of the HA is influenced by the local pH value. HA has a preferential c-axis and higher crystallinity in the alkaline environment developing a nanorod-like structure, while in acid and neutral environments it has a preferential growth along the a(b)-plane with a lower crystallinity, developing a nanosheet-like structure. The different morphology and microstructure lead to different degradation behavior and performance of HA coatings. Immersion and electrochemical tests show that the neutral environment promote formation of HA coatings with high corrosion resistance. The cell culture experiments confirm that the enhanced corrosion resistance assure the biocompatibility of the substrate-coating system. In general, the HA coating prepared in neutral environment shows great potential in surface modification of magnesium alloys.
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Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Afiq Afandi, Esah Hamzah, and Malek Selamat. "Performances of plant based corrosion inhibitors in controlling corrosion of mild steel in sodium chloride environment." Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022): 1344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.385.
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Murungi, Pearl Isabellah, and Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon. "Ideal corrosion inhibitors: a review of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors for metal surfaces." Corrosion Reviews 40, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2021-0051.
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Abstract Corrosion, a gradual destruction of metals as they react to their environment, is a daunting issue faced by the oil and gas industry since it has negative impacts on both life and industry applications. Attempts to tackle this problem have involved a myriad of techniques among which, corrosion inhibitors have been found to be the most effective. Corrosion inhibitors adsorb onto metallic surfaces and insulate them from deterioration. Plants being green and abundant in nature, offer a cost-effective replacement to toxic, chemical inhibitors on the market. Investigations of several plant extracts using different variables to quantify their effectiveness reveal that most of them exhibit an excellent inhibition potential, usually above 90%. These outstanding results prove their efficiency compared to traditional methods and necessitate further studies so as to enable implementation on large scale.
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Oshomogho, Frederick Okhakumhe, Thelma Ejiro Akhihiero, Osariemen Edokpayi, and Joy Ehimwenma Ossai. "Green corrosion inhibition of mild steel using Prunus Dulcis seeds extract in an acidic medium." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 26, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v26i2.9.
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Synthetic inhibitors use by industries often have adverse effect on the environment. This work therefore investigates the use of plant extract as an inhibition to mild steel corrosion in an acidic environment. Weight loss method was adopted to evaluate inhibition efficiency by plant extract as corrosion inhibitors. Almond seeds (Prunusdulcis) was extracted with the aid of Soxhlet apparatus. The corrosion inhibition experiment was performed by setting up reactors containing mild steel coupon with variable concentrations of plant extract and 200ml of 1.5M HCl solution. The study revealed that the extract was an efficient inhibitor and was most effective as the concentration increased from 0.81% at 0.01g/ml to 69.95% at 0.15g/ml respectively. Adsorption study on mild steel surface showed that the experimental data fitted better into the Temkin isotherm with regression R2 closer to unity. Arrhenius constant and activation energy estimated at temperatures 308K to 328K revealed that activation energy aE increased with increasing inhibitor concentration from 5348.23J/mol at 0.01g/ml to 6151.44J/mol at 0.05g/ml. The outcome of the study revealed that mild steel is susceptible to corrosionwhich is capable of destroying the material and increasing inhibitor concentration and temperature has significant influence on the corrosion.
Keywords: Mild steel, Corrosion, Inhibitor, Plant Extract, Adsorption
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Tamalmani, Kausalya, and Hazlina Husin. "Review on Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Corrosion Issues." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103389.
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The pipeline system in the oil and gas industry is the heart for transportation of crude and refined petroleum. Nevertheless, continuous exposure of the pipeline surfaces to impurities and sources of corrosion such as sulfur and chromate is totally unavoidable. Vast employment of commercial corrosion inhibitors to minimize the corrosion is being restrained due to toxicity towards the environment. The emergence of “green” chemistry has led to the use of plant extracts and fruit wastes which have proven to be good corrosion inhibitors. This paper aims to provide insight into carrying out further investigation under this research theme for accurate inhibition efficiency measurement.
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Tayactac, Reylina Garcia, and Edward B. O. Ang. "ASSESSMENT OF CORROSION RESISTANT ALLOY (CRA) CLAD MATERIAL FOR GEOTHERMAL WELLHEAD PIPING SYSTEM." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.16773.
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The geothermal power industry has reported a wide range of corrosion problems. Given the extremely corrosive conditions to be treated in the geothermal sector and the benefits of reduced unplanned downtime when used, operating cost savings would be expected if more CRAs clad products were used. The selection of suitable Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA) material is vital for plant operability, especially in challenging well conditions with low pH value and carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, and hydrogen chloride content. The primary examined material alloy 625 given its exceptional erosion and corrosion resistance. Alloy 625 was selected based on a preliminary material selection review of its mechanical and chemical properties to withstand a corrosive environment. The study method emphasizes selected material from dissimilar alloying steel grades (e.g. Backing Steel + CRA material) based on its mechanical properties, chemical composition, macro and micro examination, and corrosion resistance using the common industrial standards. The study focuses on using Alloy 625 cladding using the overlay method to determine the weld overlay's suitability for the geothermal production system. The weld overlay cladding is performed to increase the components' life and as a replacement using an expensive corrosion resistant solid material. In many cases, only the surface of the material requires corrosion resistance and carbon or alloy steel can be clad with a more corrosion-resistant alloy. Up to 50% of the cost of using the solid alloy can be saved by cladding. This study also describes the technical and economic advantages of using Alloy 625 clad material in the present condition
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Zhou, Linjun, Jie Dai, Yang Li, Xin Dai, Changsheng Xie, Linze Li, and Liansheng Chen. "Research Progress of Steels for Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessels." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 8761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248761.
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The nuclear reactor pressure vessel is an important component of a nuclear power plant. It has been used in harsh environments such as high temperature, high pressure, neutron irradiation, thermal aging, corrosion and fatigue for a long time, which puts forward higher standards for the performance requirements for nuclear pressure vessel steel. Based on the characteristics of large size and wall thickness of the nuclear pressure vessel, combined with its performance requirements, this work studies the problems of forging technology, mechanical properties, irradiation damage, corrosion failure, thermal aging behavior and fatigue properties, and summarizes the research progress of nuclear pressure vessel materials. The influencing factors of microstructures evolution and mechanism of mechanical properties change of nuclear pressure vessel steel are analyzed in this work. The mechanical properties before and after irradiation are compared, and the influence mechanisms of irradiation hardening and embrittlement are also summarized. Although the stainless steel will be surfacing on the inner wall of nuclear pressure vessel to prevent corrosion, long-term operation may cause aging or deterioration of stainless steel, resulting in corrosion caused by the contact between the primary circuit water environment and the nuclear pressure vessel steel. Therefore, the corrosion behavior of nuclear pressure vessels materials is also summarized in detail. Meanwhile, the evolution mechanism of the microstructure of nuclear pressure vessel materials under thermal aging conditions is analyzed, and the mechanisms affecting the mechanical properties are also described. In addition, the influence mechanisms of internal and external factors on the fatigue properties, fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation of nuclear pressure vessel steel are analyzed in detail from different perspectives. Finally, the development direction and further research contents of nuclear pressure vessel materials are prospected in order to improve the service life and ensure safe service in harsh environment.
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LEE, GYU YOUNG, and DONG HO BAE. "THE SULFIDE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PIPE WELD IN THE PETROCHEMICAL PLANT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210065076.
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Sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) in crude oil field environment including hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S ) has been recognized as a materials failure mechanism. Welding residual stress generation and metallurgical change by fusion welding process increase the cracking driving force and reduce the resistance of brittle fracture as well as environmental fracture. On the base of this understanding, firstly, we analyzed welding residual stresses of welded ASTM A 106 Gr B steel pipe using in the petrochemical plant. And next, SSCC tests were conducted to assess SSCC resistance of the weld with smooth specimens. From the result, influence of temperature on corrosion rate was sensitive in order of HAZ, base metal and weld metal. Therefore, the most sensitive region in the weld is HAZ, and its corrosion rate increases with the temperature of corrosion environment increase. And failure positions of the most cases among failed specimens were at HAZ of the weld. Low limit (σ SSCC ) of A 106 Gr B steel pipe was assessed as 0.6 σ y (7271.6N)
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Blond, Eric, Tarek Merouki, Nicolas Schmitt, Emmanuel de Bilbao, and Alain Gasser. "Multiphysics Modelling Applied to Refractory Behaviour in Severe Environments." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.301.
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It is a common practice to design refractory linings with the help of thermal computations, thermochemistry analyses and strong workman know-how. Their mechanical design is often limited to simple thermo-elastic computations. Sometimes computations are refined considering non-linear mechanical behaviour, even if corrosion often induces additional chemical strain and strong change in service of the mechanical behaviour of the refractory. The aim of this presentation is to briefly recast the irreversible thermodynamic framework in order to underline the implications of some basic thermodynamic concepts in term of refractory behaviour modelling. Then, the use of these concepts to develop fully 3D finite element simulations accounting simultaneously for thermal, mechanical and chemistry phenomena will be illustrated on the particular case of SiC-based refractory. Comparison between long duration oxidation test at high temperature and model prediction allows the validation of the proposed approach. Then, an extension to the industrial case of refractory lining in Waste to Energy plant will be illustrated. The interest of taking into account the thermo-chemo-mechanical coupling effects is shown.
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Oguzie, E. E. "Adsorption and corrosion inhibitive properties of Azadirachta indica in acid solutions." Pigment & Resin Technology 35, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420610711335.
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PurposeTo assess the protective effect and adsorption behaviour of Azadirachta indica extract in controlling mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 and 2 M HCl.Design/methodology/approachThe inhibitive effect of the plant extract was monitored using the gas‐volumetric technique. The inhibition mechanism was inferred by curve fitting of the experimental data to known adsorption isotherms and the trend of inhibition efficiency with temperature.FindingsAzadirachta indica extract effectively inhibited steel corrosion in the acid media studied by virtue of adsorption. The inhibitor adsorption characteristics were approximated by Langmuir isotherm. The extract functioned as a mixed inhibitor, depending on its concentration. The prime effect at lower concentration was mitigation of the cathodic reaction by physical adsorption of protonated species in the extract and at higher concentration the anodic reaction was inhibited by chemisorption of molecular species.Originality/valueThis paper provides novel information on the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for steel in highly acidic environments as well as possible mechanisms of the inhibitive action.
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Montgomery, Melanie, Ole Biede, and Ole Hede Larsen. "Experiences with Inconel 625 in Biomass and Waste Incineration Plants." Materials Science Forum 522-523 (August 2006): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.522-523.523.
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Inconel 625 is utilised in both biomass and waste incineration plants in Denmark. In both cases, the performance is good however the morphology of corrosion attack is different which indicates different corrosion mechanisms. In waste incineration plants there is general attack and shallow pitting, and in some cases dendritic attack especially on the fins of waterwalls. The dendritic attack is in the dendritic core. The presence of pits or dendritic attack is linked to the temperature of the metallic surface and the molten salt composition. In a woodchip biomass plant, chromium depletion was observed on the surface of the weld overlay leaving behind a nickel and molybdenum rich porous structure. The corrosion attack was not related to the dendritic microstructure of the weld. In two straw-fired biomass plants, co-extruded Sanicro 63 (alloy 625 type) as well as Inconel 625 weld overlay revealed the same type of attack, again chromium depletion. This indicates that the corrosion mechanism in woodchip and straw power plants are similar. Another interesting result in straw-fired boilers was that Nibas welds (alloy 625 composition) could provoke excessive corrosion in adjacent 18-8 stainless steels indicating a galvanic reaction. The corrosion mechanisms observed in each case are discussed in relation to temperature and corrosive environment.
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Khan, Merajuddin, Mahmood M. S. Abdullah, Adeem Mahmood, Abdullah M. Al-Mayouf, and Hamad Z. Alkhathlan. "Evaluation of Matricaria aurea Extracts as Effective Anti-Corrosive Agent for Mild Steel in 1.0 M HCl and Isolation of Their Active Ingredients." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 14, 2019): 7174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247174.
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Plant extracts have shown promising corrosion inhibitive actions for different metals in diverse corrosive climate. In numerous studies, it has been demonstrated that corrosion inhibitive features of plant extracts are due to the presence of complex mixtures of phytomolecules in their composition. However, rare efforts have been made to identify those phytomolecules accountable for the activity of the extracts. Therefore, in this paper, several Matricaria aurea extracts were prepared and assessed for their anticorrosive actions for mild steel (MS) in corrosive media (1.0 M HCl). Among the tested extracts, the methanolic extract showing the utmost anticorrosive activity was selected and processed further to identify its active phytomolecules, which led to the identification of a novel green corrosion inhibitor, MAB (Apigetrin). Furthermore, the anticorrosive properties of MAB on MS were evaluated comprehensively involving gravimetric, linear polarization, Tafel plots, EIS, and techniques like SEM and EDS. These findings expose that MAB performs like a mixed-type inhibitor and conforms the isotherm of Langmuir adsorption model. Moreover, the MS surface via SEM techniques exhibits a remarkable advanced surface of the MS plate in the company of MAB. The outcome of results through electrochemical analysis and weight loss methods were in good consonance, which depicts remarkable inhibition properties of the novel green inhibitor MAB.
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BAE, DONG HO, GYU YOUNG LEE, KWANG JIN PARK, and SUN KYU PARK. "STRESS CORROSION CRACKING RESISTANCE OF CF8A STEEL USED IN THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 11 (May 10, 2008): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015796.
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In this investigation, stress corrosion cracking characteristics due to pipe material degradation in the primary stage environment of the nuclear power plant was evaluated. Firstly, after artificially degrading the CF8A steel during 2, 4, and 6 months at elevated temperature, 400°C, assessed the corrosion susceptibility of the degraded material following ASTM G5 standard. And next, stress corrosion cracking (S.C.C.) tests using smooth specimens fabricated with degraded material were conducted in the 2wt.% H 2 BO 3+ Li 7 OH solution at 60°C, and static stress of 0.8 σ y (σ y : yield strength of artificially degraded material). From the results, corrosion rates linearly increased with increasing of degradation period and solution temperature. And both the raw material and the degraded materials were not failed during the S.C.C. test period. In spite of long time test (about 3,900 hrs) under S.C.C. test condition, surface pits or surface corrosion by the electro chemical reaction were not observed. Consequently, CF8A steel using as one of the pipe material in the primary stage of the nuclear power plant showed good S.C.C. resistance in 2wt.% H 2 BO 3+ Li 7 OH solution.
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Vallejo Vitaller, Ana, Ueli Angst, and Bernhard Elsener. "Corrosion Behaviour of L80 Steel Grade in Geothermal Power Plants in Switzerland." Metals 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030331.
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In Switzerland, deep geothermal energy can give a promising contribution to the future energy scenario. However, the expertise in operational issues of deep geothermal power plants is limited, and technical challenges, such as corrosion, are a determining factor for their reliable and long-term operation. In this work, two representative fluids of optimal geothermal conditions in Switzerland were studied. The corrosiveness of the solutions was assessed using two experimental setups that allow investigating the range of temperatures and pressures that apply to the reservoir and power plant conditions. The corrosion behaviour of API L80 steel was analyzed by means of electrochemical measurements (at 100 and 200 ∘ C ) and of gravimetric tests (at 100 ∘ C ). After the tests, the morphologies and composition of the corrosion products were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that corrosion rates are significantly high at 100 ∘ C in environments with a chloride concentration of around 600 mg/L and pH around 7. The corrosion products deposited on the metal surface mainly consist of magnetite and/or hematite that might potentially form a protective layer. This study gives a first insight of the potential corrosiveness of geothermal fluids in Switzerland.
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Baitule, Payal, and R. Manivannan. "Corrosion Protection in Acidic Medium for Mild Steel Using Various Plants Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor - A Review." Key Engineering Materials 882 (April 2021): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.882.50.
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Acidic solutions is widely adapted in industries for various operations whereas green corrosion inhibitors is used for the elimination of corrosion / deposition of scales. By using inhibitors, control of metal corrosion occurs in aggressive environment. Various types of natural composites were designed for finding out corrosion inhibition efficiency. Organic compounds possessing nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen exposed excellent inhibition effectiveness. Nevertheless, large number of natural compounds have toxic effect on environment as well as on living organism. Hence, it is necessary to point out cheap, easily available, biodegradable and eco-friendly inhibitor to corrosion with high inhibition efficiency. This article deliberates the properties of inhibitor, adsorption mechanism of inhibitor, inhibition mechanism and inhibitor efficiencies of plant extract in aggressive acidic environment.
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Tironi, Manuel. "Hypo-interventions: Intimate activism in toxic environments." Social Studies of Science 48, no. 3 (June 2018): 438–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312718784779.
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Chemical toxicity is part of everyday life in Puchuncaví. The most polluted industrial compound in Chile, Puchuncaví is home of fourteen industrial complexes, including the largest copper smelting plant in the country and four thermoelectric plants. Stories of biological mutation, corrosion and death among plants, humans, fishes and cattle are proliferate in Puchuncaví. Engaging with the growing interest in care and affective modes of attention within STS, this paper examines how ill, intoxicated or otherwise affected people in Puchuncaví act upon and know about their chronic sufferings. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I focus on what I call ‘hypo-interventions’, or the minimal and unspectacular yet life-enabling practices of caring, cleaning and healing the ailments of their significant others, human and otherwise. By minutely engaging with somatic and affective alterations in the domestic spaces of the body, the home and the garden, Puchuncavinos render industrial harm visible and knowable, and hence a type of political action is invoked. While outside technical validation and alien to conventional politics, these actions have proved crucial for people in Puchuncaví striving to persevere in the face of industrial violence and institutional abandonment. I coin the term ‘intimate activism’ to describe the ethical and political affordances of the subdued doings and engagements deployed in Puchuncaví. Intimate activism, I claim, draws its political power on its capacity to create minimal conditions for ethical and material endurance.
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Lee, Byoung Ho, Min Ho Jo, and Yun Ha Yoo. "The Effect of Flue Gas Environment on the Corrosion Behavior of the Sulfuric Acid Dew-Point Corrosion Resistant Steel." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1705.
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In order to compare the corrosion resistance of conventional low carbon steel, Cu containing low carbon steel for sulfuric acid dew-point corrosion inhibition, and stainless 409L, immersion tests were carried out in 50 wt.% sulfuric acid. The effects of HCl concentraion on the corrosion behavior in a fixed sulfuric acid concentration (16.9 vol.%) was also investigated by immersion test. In addition to immersion test, field test in a thermal plant was carried out for 10 months. As a result, it was confirmed that Cu-containing dew-point corrosion resistent steel has the highest corrosion resistance compared with other materials. To verify superior corrosion resistence of dew-point corrosion resistant steel, surface morpology after various test was observed by SEM. It was found that surface corroded product of the dew-point corrosion resistant steel was much denser and thicker compared with the other steel.
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Ko, Sang-Jin, Seok-Ryul Choi, Min-Sung Hong, Woo-Cheol Kim, and Jung-Gu Kim. "Effect of Imidazole as Corrosion Inhibitor on Carbon Steel Weldment in District Heating Water." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164416.
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Many research studies have been conducted on the corrosion inhibition performance of imidazole in acidic environments such as in the piping of a petrochemical plant. However, there has been no study on the effect of imidazole in alkaline conditions such as a local district water heating environment. Therefore, in this study, the effect of imidazole as a corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel weldment was investigated in alkaline district heating water. Inhibition efficiency and electrochemical properties were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. As the concentration of imidazole increased up to 500 ppm, inhibition efficiency increased up to 91.7%. At 1000 ppm, inhibition efficiency decreased. Atomic force microscopy showed that surface coverage of imidazole at 1000 ppm is lower than that of imidazole at 500 ppm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that with 500 ppm of imidazole, the amount of pyrrole type interaction is 4.8 times larger than pyridine type interaction. At 1000 ppm of imidazole, the amount of pyridine type interaction is 3.49 times larger than pyrrole type interaction. Depending on the concentration of imidazole, the ratio of interaction between carbon steel and imidazole affected inhibition efficiency.
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Ahmed E S, Junaid, and G. Mohan Ganesh. "A Comprehensive Overview on Corrosion in RCC and Its Prevention Using Various Green Corrosion Inhibitors." Buildings 12, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101682.
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Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is a versatile material that deteriorates over time due to corrosion when exposed to any surrounding aggressive environment. In order to avoid this ramification, many researchers have carried out different work to find the most feasible way to reduce corrosion. To tackle this at the initial stage itself, one such convenient method is through the application of inhibitors. These inhibitors have most applications in their use as an admixture. This review paper mainly focuses on the inhibitor and its types, the drawbacks of inorganic, commercial organic, and hybrid inhibitors, and application to RCC, and also provides detailed information on green corrosion inhibitors (GCI). In recent years, widespread attention has been paid towards the utilization of different natural plant components/parts in concrete structures. This review paper consolidates the work done by various researchers using different GCIs with the main focus on plant extracts as an additive to concrete or RCC specimens which will be significant to sustainable progress in the field of corrosion.
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V., Rajesh, E. U. B. Reddi, T. Byragi Reddy, Ch Durga Prasad, and B. Prasanna Kumar. "AERVA LANATA LEAF EXTRACT AS A CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR CARBON STEEL IN CHLORIDE ENVIRONMENT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 11 (December 31, 2018): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i11.2018.1084.
Full textAbstract:
The present study was initiated with an objective of investigating a plant extract as an effective corrosion inhibitor useful for protection of carbon steel in aqueous environment containing chloride ions. For this purpose, the leaf extract of the plant ‘Aerva lanata’ belonging to Amaranthaceae family of genus Aerva was chosen. The required optimum concentration of the extract for an effective inhibition was found to be 5 %, resulting in the inhibition efficiency of 95 % against corrosion of carbon steel in 200 ppm of NaCl solution. The extract introduced as a corrosion inhibitor was found to be effective in the pH range from 4.0 to 9.0. The extract could retain its inhibition efficiency for about an immersion period of 60 days and also up to a temperature of 333 K. The 5 % extract was found to control corrosion of carbon steel in highly aggressive medium containing 300 ppm of NaCl also. In order to maintain the protective nature, the required concentration of the extract was 2 %. From these studies, it was inferred that the Aerva lanata leaf extract exhibits good inhibitive properties for carbon steel in aqueous environment in wide ranges of pH, temperature and aggressiveness of medium.
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Guo, Xiao Yan. "Application of Carbon Fiber Reinforcement Technology in Humidity Environment for Weave and Power Plant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 1370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.1370.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon fiber material is a strengthened repair material that is new and efficient, and it has so many advantages such as excellent strength, efficiency, construction easily and extensive use. Corrosion-resistant and little section are the most important characteristics. Carbon fiber strengthened technology affix carbon fiber sheet to the surface of a member with epoxy binder of transferring character, thus causing the strengthened member and the improvement force of the member. The strengthened plan, design principle and construction courses are demonstrated by using carbon fiber composite reinforcement technology on little side and moisture condition. Carbon fiber is a kind of material which is extensive uses, endurance and corrosion-resistant according to project illustration, and it is exampled in similarity projects.