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Journal articles on the topic 'Corrosion protection; Offshore structures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Ramachandra Murthy, D. S., P. Gandhi, and G. Raghava. "Fatigue Life of Cathodically Protected Tubular Joints of Offshore Structures." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 120, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829545.

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Steel jacket platforms are widely used for production and processing of oil from offshore fields. Tubular joints of these structures are susceptible to fatigue or corrosion fatigue cracking due to cyclic wave action, stress concentration, and corrosive environment. The submerged part of the structure is cathodically protected against corrosion by fixing sacrificial anodes at various places. The effect of cathodic protection on the fatigue life of tubular joints was studied by conducting fatigue tests on 13 T and Y-joints in air, under free corrosion, and with cathodic protection. The results of the studies are discussed in this paper.

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2

Mei, Bi Xiang. "Corrosion Protection Design of Support Structures for Offshore Wind Turbines with Analysis of Material Properties." Advanced Materials Research 703 (June 2013): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.703.336.

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The paper provides a review about the corrosion ,corrosion protection and material properties of support structures for offshore wind turbines. Firstly, the current state of corrosion protection research on offshore wind turbines is discussed. Secondly, types of the marine corrosion environment, corrosivity categories and material properties are summarized in a systematic way.Finally, practical solutions to the corrosion protection of support structures, including cathodic protection ,coatings and silane impregnation, are discussed.

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3

Kwan, George H. H. "Corrosion Protection for Ballast Tanks of Arctic Offshore Structures." Marine Technology and SNAME News 27, no. 02 (March 1, 1990): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1990.27.2.101.

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Protecting the ballast tanks of Arctic offshore structures from salt-water corrosion is a time-consuming and costly process involving usually the application of such anti-corrosives as coal tar epoxy. This paper points out the drawbacks of relying on these coatings alone, among them the prohibitive cost and difficulty of dry-docking huge Arctic offshore structures for repainting when the original coating deteriorates or fails. A solution to the problem—cathodic protection via the attachment of aluminum anodes to tank surfaces coated with only a light primer—is described along with the results of a full-scale application on a submersible barge in the U.S. Beaufort Sea.

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4

Momber, A. "Corrosion and corrosion protection of support structures for offshore wind energy devices (OWEA)." Materials and Corrosion 62, no. 5 (July 13, 2010): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201005691.

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5

Kuzmin, Yu L., and O. A. Stavitsky. "Electrochemical protection against corrosion for steel bars in reinforced concrete structures exposed to seawater." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 4(96) (January 8, 2019): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2018-96-4-185-190.

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The paper analyzes ways to ensure long service life (up to 50 years) of reinforced concrete marine structures. It has been established that durability and maintenance-free operation of floating and coastal offshore structures for 50 and more years depend on corrosion of steel reinforcement which could be avoided by applying electrochemical protection. The parameters of electrochemical protection against corrosion of steel fittings are given.

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6

Sarhadi, Ali, Asger Bech Abrahamsen, and Mathias Stolpe. "Optimal Design of Galvanic Corrosion Protection Systems for Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures." Corrosion 74, no. 7 (March 14, 2018): 829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2688.

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The current work addresses a mass/cost-optimization procedure for galvanic anode cathodic protection systems based on both cathodic protection (CP) standards and numerical simulation. An approach is developed for optimizing the number and dimensions of the galvanic anodes, distributing the optimized anodes on the support structure, and finally evaluating the protective potential on the structure during the lifetime by using finite element (FE) software. An algorithm based on sequential quadratic programming is used for optimizing the number and dimensions of the anodes. Both simplified and detailed models are suggested for calculating the protective potential on the structure. The simplified model is selected based on its advantages in terms of calculation time and compatibility with DNV standard data. A time-dependent FE model is used to take into account the electrical isolation degradation of the structure coating as well as the mass reduction of the anodes during the CP lifetime. The performance of the proposed optimization process is examined on a mono bucket inspired (with some simplifications) by the Dogger Bank metrological mast in England. The optimized designs for different coating and anode types are compared and the best designs in terms of both cost and protective potential during the lifetime are suggested. The achieved results show that the proposed optimization procedure can reduce the cost of the CP system around 70% compared to the original non-optimized CP design of the Dogger Bank metrological mast. Furthermore, evaluating the time-evolution performance of the CP systems can reduce their lifetime uncertainty.

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7

Price, Seth, and Rita Figueira. "Corrosion Protection Systems and Fatigue Corrosion in Offshore Wind Structures: Current Status and Future Perspectives." Coatings 7, no. 2 (February 11, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings7020025.

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8

Maghet, Teodora, Jörg Mährlein, Thomas Wilhelm, Monica Sallai, Susanne Friedrich, Romy Regenspurger, and Ralf Feser. "Thermally Sprayed Coatings as Corrosion Protection for Steel Structures – Influence of the Manufacturing Processes on the Coating Quality." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.171.

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The use of technical construction parts in corrosive environments frequently leads to costly damage and sometimes to a loss of the functionality of the component parts. Particularly to be noted in this regard are steel structures exposed to industrial and maritime weather conditions (e.g. steel towers, tower flanges for the wind energy industry, primarily in coastal and offshore regions, supports and arch parts used in bridge construction, etc.). These require an especially high corrosion resistance.

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9

Khodabux, Waseem, and Feargal Brennan. "Objective Analysis of Corrosion Pits in Offshore Wind Structures Using Image Processing." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 5428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175428.

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Corrosion in the marine environment is a complex mechanism. One of the most damaging forms of corrosion is pitting corrosion, which is difficult to design and inspect against. In the North Sea, multiple offshore wind structures have been deployed that are corroding from the inside out. One of the most notable corrosion mechanisms observed is pitting corrosion. This study addresses the lack of information both in the literature and the industry standards on the pitting corrosion profile for water depth from coupons deployed in the North Sea. Image processing was therefore conducted to extract the characteristics of the pit, which were defined as pit major length, minor length, area, aspect ratio, and count. The pit depth was measured using a pit gauge and the maximum pit depth was found to be 1.05 mm over 111 days of exposure. The goal of this paper is to provide both deterministic models and a statistical model of pit characteristics for water depth that can be used by wind farm operators and researchers to inform and simulate pits on structures based on the results of a real field experiment. As such, these models highlight the importance of adequate corrosion protection.

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10

Oryshchenko, A. S., and Yu L. Kuzmin. "Development of electrochemical cathodic protection against corrosion of ships, vessels, and offshore structures." Inorganic Materials: Applied Research 6, no. 6 (November 2015): 612–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s207511331506012x.

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11

Olajire, Abass A. "Recent advances on organic coating system technologies for corrosion protection of offshore metallic structures." Journal of Molecular Liquids 269 (November 2018): 572–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.053.

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12

Klinge, Reidar. "Altered specifications for the protection of Norwegian steel bridges and offshore structures against corrosion." Steel Construction 2, no. 2 (June 2009): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.200910015.

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13

López-Ortega, Ainara, Raquel Bayón, and José Luís Arana. "Evaluation of Protective Coatings for High-Corrosivity Category Atmospheres in Offshore Applications." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 23, 2019): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081325.

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The interest in renewable energies obtained from the resources availed in the ocean has increased during the last few years. However, the harsh atmospheric conditions in marine environments is a major drawback in the design of offshore structures. The protective systems that are employed to preserve offshore steel structures are regulated by several standards (ISO 12944, NORSOK M-501), which classify the corrosivity category of offshore installations as C5-M and Im2. In this work, three coatings employed in offshore components protection have been evaluated according to these standards by performing weathering aging tests in different climatic cabinets. The coatings studied were a thermally sprayed carbide coating with an organic sealant (C1), a thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA) coating with an organic topcoat (C2), and an epoxydic organic coating reinforced with ceramic platelets (C3). The only coating that reached the higher categories in all the tests was the C2 coating. The C1 coating presented ferric corrosion products coming from the substrate in some of the tests, and blistering was detected in the C3 coating.

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14

Eom, Sung-Hyun, Seong-Soo Kim, and Jeong-Bae Lee. "Assessment of Anti-Corrosion Performances of Coating Systems for Corrosion Prevention of Offshore Wind Power Steel Structures." Coatings 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100970.

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The anti-corrosion performance of coating systems (cathode protection, organic coating, and duplex coating) applied to prevent the corrosion of offshore wind power plants was assessed. As an assessment method, the adhesion strength of each coating system was evaluated after exposing the coatings to the marine environment and an indoor salt spray test. It was confirmed that the adhesion strength varied depending on the exposure period, and the deterioration of adhesion strength was related to the fracture type of each coating layer. In addition, the fracture type of each coating system was analyzed and the adhesion strength was corrected according to the fracture type. The corrosion rates after exposure to the marine environment and indoor salt spray were compared and examined using the corrected values.

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15

Han, Min Su, Jae Cheul Park, Seok Ki Jang, and Seong Jong Kim. "The Investigation on Optimum Corrosion Protection Potential of STS 316L in Seawater." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.596.

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Austenitic stainless steels have problem such as pitting, intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking, which causes severe damage of structure in spite of high toughness and mechanical strength. To minimize these disadvantages in offshore structures demand of STS 316L which has small amount of C and has Mo is increasing. In this paper, the electrochemical experiments are executed to evaluate the durability at various protection potentials on stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement of STS 316L in natural sea water environment. The polarization trend for STS 316L shows the effects of concentration polarization due to dissolved oxygen reduction reaction and activation polarization due to hydrogen gas generation. The turning point of two reactions in the polarization curve presented -0.92 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The lowest current densities in the potentostatic test and non-correded surface condition of specimens by SEM analysis presented at potentials of 0 ~ -0.9 V and 0.4 ~ -0.9 V, respectively. Synthetically, the optimum corrosion protection range without stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement is concluded with the potential range of -0.56 V ~ -0.92 V.

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16

Jakubowski, Marek. "Influence of Pitting Corrosion on Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue of Ship and Offshore Structures, Part II: Load - Pit - Crack Interaction." Polish Maritime Research 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2015-0057.

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Abstract In the paper has been discussed influence of stresses on general corrosion rate and corrosion pit nucleation rate and growth , whose presence has been questioned by some authors but accepted by most of them. Influence of roughness of pit walls on fatigue life of a plate suffering pit corrosion and presence of the so called „ non-damaging” pits which never lead to initiation of fatigue crack, has been presented. Possibility of prediction of pit-to-crack transition moment by two different ways, i.e. considering a pit a stress concentrator or an equivalent crack, has been analyzed. Also, influence of statistical distribution of depth of corrosion pits as well as anticorrosion protection on fatigue and corrosion fatigue has been described.

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17

Hong, M. S., J. H. Hwang, and J. H. Kim. "Optimization of the Cathodic Protection Design in Consideration of the Temperature Variation for Offshore Structures." Corrosion 74, no. 1 (August 9, 2017): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2492.

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The temperature effect on the current density which closely related to cathodic protection (CP) design was examined using electrochemical tests. A case study of an optimized CP design for the floating production storage and offloading using a computational analysis tool was also performed. The electrochemical test results showed that the current density and the surface resistance of the specimen (EH36) at 28°C are lower and higher, respectively, compared with the 5°C condition; this phenomenon is the result of a calcareous deposit that was verified by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy surface analyses. The polarization curves which contained the effect of calcareous deposits according to the temperature were used as the computational analysis input data. The simulation results showed that the structure under the 5°C condition did not satisfy the CP criteria (−800 mVSCE to −1,050 mVSCE) at the bottom shell and the mooring chain. It had higher potential than −800 mVSCE. Although the structure at 28°C satisfied the protective potential range, it was sufficiently unstable for the prediction of the corrosion damage. To optimize and resolve the identified problems, the CP design was changed by CP methods, anodes quantities, and anodes distribution. Consequently, the structure at 5°C is sufficient for the satisfaction of the protective-potential criteria (< −800 mVSCE) at the bottom shell and the mooring chain. In the case of the structure at 28°C, a more-even potential distribution was achieved.

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18

Grinon-Echaniz, Rosa, Shiladitya Paul, Rob Thornton, Philippe Refait, Marc Jeannin, and Alvaro Rodriguez. "Prediction of Thermal Spray Coatings Performance in Marine Environments by Combination of Laboratory and Field Tests." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030320.

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Cost-effective corrosion mitigation of offshore steel structures can be achieved by thermal spray coatings. These coatings, when comprised of Al, Zn and their alloys, provide a physical barrier against the environment when intact, and cathodic protection to underlying steel when damaged. Due to the complexity of marine environments, laboratory tests should be combined with field work in order to understand the corrosion protection offered by these coatings. The work presented here was carried out with thermal spray coatings of aluminum alloys (AA1050, AA1100, Al-5Mg) and Zn-15Al prepared by Twin Wire Arc Spray onto low carbon steel substrates. The resulting coatings were ~300 μm in thickness, and 5% of surface area defects were artificially machined in order to expose the steel substrate, simulating mechanical damage or erosion of the coating. Electrochemical data collected over a 90 days period showed a good correlation between laboratory and real marine environment results. Aluminum alloys showed better corrosion protection in fully immersed conditions, while zinc alloys performed better in atmospheric and splash zones. Overall, these results aim to improve design of thermal spray coatings to protect carbon steel in marine environments.

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19

Stavitsky, O. A., Yu L. Kuzmin, and V. N. Troshchenko. "New ice-resistant platinum-niobium anodes for cathodic protection systems against erosion-corrosion damage of icebreakers and offshore structures." Inorganic Materials: Applied Research 8, no. 6 (November 2017): 899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2075113317060144.

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20

Salama, Mamdouh M. "Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V and Weldment." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 123, no. 3 (February 20, 2001): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1371233.

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Optimization of weight, cost, and performance of deepwater offshore structures demands the increased utilization of high strength, light weight, and corrosion resistant materials such as titanium alloys. Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V has been considered for several critical components such as risers and taper joints. Because of the novelty of use of titanium alloys in the offshore industry, there is currently no standard governing design of titanium components for offshore structures. Since these structural components are subjected to a complex spectrum of environmental loading, assessment of defect tolerance using fatigue crack growth analysis is generally considered an important design parameter. In this paper, more than 60 crack growth data sets from 20 independent laboratories were collected and analyzed to develop crack growth rate equations for use in defect assessment. These data include the results of fatigue testing of both base material and welded joints in air and seawater with and without cathodic protection and at different R-ratios and test frequencies. The results suggest that for crack growth rates above 10−7 in./cycle, crack growth of Ti-6Al-4V appears to be independent of testing condition and materials processing. At the low crack growth rate (below 10−7 in./cycle), the review revealed that data are very limited. These limited data, however, suggest that the crack growth threshold is dependent on the R-ratio and slightly dependent on material processing. Comparison between crack growth rates of steel and titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) showed that the two materials have very similar behavior.

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21

Liang, Guo Ming, Zhao Yang Zhang, Yong Ming Chen, and Zhi Min Xu. "Investigation of Laser Shock Processing on the Key Weld Zone of Offshore Platform." Key Engineering Materials 464 (January 2011): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.464.532.

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Effects of laser power and spot diameter on residual stress and micro-hardness of the welding of ship plate (ASTM A 131) by laser shock processing (LSP) has been investigated. While laser power is 45.9J, spot diameter less thanφ3 mm, the distribution of residual stress in welding line occurs obvious variation, which residual stress compressive increase obviously with spot diameter decrease. When power density is bigger than 1.2×1010 W/cm2, the surface residual stresses and micro-hardness of the welded specimen occur change by LSP. The results show that mechanical properties of the welded joints will be improved by LSP. Laser shock processing produced a residual compressive stress layer on the surface of the target, which is an effective method for protecting the welded steel structures against stress corrosion.

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22

Ce, Nataly Araujo, and Shiladitya Paul. "Protection of hot subsea risers by using thermally sprayed aluminium." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 64, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-02-2016-1643.

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Purpose In spite of the high interest in thermally sprayed aluminium (TSA) to protect offshore structures, pipelines, risers, etc., data correlating the exposure of TSA-coated steel in hot seawater to its performance are lacking. No information is available on the performance of TSA in hot seawater, especially when damaged. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap and report the corrosion performance of damaged TSA on carbon steel exposed to boiling synthetic seawater for different periods (up to 5,000 h). It also attempts to understand the mechanism of formation of calcareous deposits in boiling synthetic seawater by using various characterisation tools. Design/methodology/approach Twin wire arc spray was used to coat carbon steel specimens with commercially pure aluminium. Holiday was drilled on the coated surface to expose the underlying steel, amounting to 4 per cent of the specimen surface area. These specimens were then exposed to boiling synthetic seawater for different periods: 2, 68, 188, 335 and 5,000 h. During exposure, the potential was monitored (vs standard calomel electrode [SCE]) and linear polarisation resistance (LPR) method was used to calculate the corrosion rate (CR). After exposure, these specimens were analysed by using characterisation tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Findings The TSA-coated steel samples with 4 per cent holiday showed a CR of approximately 0.008-0.015 mm y−1 and a stable potential (Ecorr) around −800 mV (SCE), when exposed to boiling synthetic seawater for approximately 5,000 h. Microstructural characterisation established that the deposits comprised brucite [Mg(OH)2] only (this is very different to what has been reported at ambient temperatures). The stable potentials obtained after 5,000 h suggest that the brucite layers provided effective corrosion mitigation. Thus, TSA seems to show the potential to protection hot carbon steel risers, even when damage exposing the external steel surface to the seawater is present. Originality/value The mechanism of calcareous deposit formation has been studied for many years, but most of the previously reported studies concentrate on low or ambient temperature behaviour. The reported studies mainly concentrate on the application of cathodic protection, rather than the effect of TSA. This is the first journal paper where the behaviour of damaged TSA in boiling synthetic seawater has been reported. The formation of brucite-only layer in the damaged area adjacent to the steel surface in boiling synthetic seawater is novel. And the mechanism of formation of this layer has been explained in the paper.

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23

Margheritini, Lucia, Giuseppina Colaleo, Pasquale Contestabile, Trine Larsen Bjørgård, Morten Enggrob Simonsen, Caterina Lanfredi, Antonio Dell’Anno, and Diego Vicinanza. "Development of an Eco-Sustainable Solution for the Second Life of Decommissioned Oil and Gas Platforms: The Mineral Accretion Technology." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 3742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093742.

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With the approaching end of the productive lives of offshore oil and gas platforms, the issue about decommissioning and what to do with existing structures arises. In this regard, this study aims to test solutions, at a preliminary level, for the eco-sustainable reuse of platforms at the end of their extraction phase. In particular, mineral accretion technology is applied by low-voltage electrolysis of seawater due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate on a cathode material in order to assess the protection capacity of the platforms against corrosion. This approach allows the extension of a platform’s “life” under a more sustainable purpose. The results, derived from laboratory and field experiments, will allow us to reduce uncertainties and define the best operating conditions to increase the efficiency of the mineral accretion technology in the marine ecosystem. The data collection on the main parameters that influence the process (i.e., temperature, salinity, and applied current) and the quantitative analysis of the collected material allowed us to acquire a better knowledge about mineral composition and deposition rate.

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24

Kerins, Patrick P. J. "Corrosion protection of steel structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-090.

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Harding, J. E. "Corrosion protection of steel structures." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 6, no. 4 (January 1986): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(86)90012-x.

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26

Doran, S. R., P. Robery, Henry Ong, and S. A. Robinson. "Corrosion protection to buried structures." Construction and Building Materials 1, no. 2 (June 1987): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(87)90005-5.

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27

LIAO, Haixue. "Galvanic Corrosion Protection for Bridge Structures." IABSE Symposium Report 106, no. 11 (May 8, 2016): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137816819258573.

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Sreevatsa, Sreeya, Yan Zhang, and Haim Grebel. "Corrosion Protection With Transistor-Like Structures." ECS Transactions 13, no. 27 (December 18, 2019): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3040295.

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Makita, Minoru. "Corrosion Protection Technology of Marine Structures." CORROSION ENGINEERING 35, no. 8 (1986): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1974.35.8_471.

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30

Wilson, Adam. "Passive-Fire-Protection Optimization in Offshore Topside Structures." Journal of Petroleum Technology 69, no. 02 (February 1, 2017): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0217-0055-jpt.

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Wang, Xiutong, Zhigang Lan, Jiwen Song, Zaifeng Wang, Shengli Chen, and Baorong Hou. "Multichannel Cathodic Protection Monitoring System for Offshore Structures." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.1.8.

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AbstractA cathodic protection (CP) monitoring system with multichannel technology has been used for an offshore oil jacket. The design, installation, data transfer, and processing have been described. The monitoring potential and current from the anodes showed that the system is in good operating condition and that the offshore jacket has adequate protection.

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Jakubowski, Marek. "Influence of pitting corrosion on fatigue and corrosion fatigue of ship structures Part I Pitting corrosion of ship structures." Polish Maritime Research 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0009.

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ABSTRACT The present paper is a literature survey focused on a specific kind of corrosion, i.e. pitting corrosion and its influence on fatigue of ship and offshore steels. Mechanisms of a shortand long-term pitting corrosion in marine environment have been described including pit nucleation and growth phases. Some models of pit growth versus time of exposure have been presented. Some factors which influence the pit growth rate have been discussed briefly

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Feng, Miaoke, Kaining He, and Yanhong Zhao. "Corrosion and protection of island and offshore oil storage tank." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 03035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125203035.

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This article is mainly based on the characteristics of the marine environment of islands and coastal seas and the current corrosion problems of storage tanks as well as their main locations, analyse the reasons for their formation and consider the potential safety hazards, so as to propose several effective storage tank corrosion protection methods, which has important positive significance for the long-term development of islands and coastal seas oil storage tanks.

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Gurrappa, I., I. V. S. Yashwanth, and I. Mounika. "Cathodic Protection Technology for Protection of Naval Structures Against Corrosion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences 85, no. 1 (December 25, 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40010-014-0182-0.

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Zapevalov, Dmitry, and Ruslan Vagapov. "Possibilities and limitations of the organization of anticorrosion protection at gas production facilities." E3S Web of Conferences 225 (2021): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122503002.

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Products of several going and promising onshore and offshore hydrocarbon extraction sites both in Russia and foreign countries are known due to elevated level of corrosive СО2. The article analyzes present procedures aimed at rating corrosive hazard of extracted fluids, selection and implementation of measures for protection of equipment and pipelines against of inner corrosion. Onshore and offshore facilities work within specific environment, which affects arrangement of corrosion protection and corrosion monitoring systems. Presence of СО2 in the extracted products together with other factors stimulate intensive growth of corrosion, and require attentive and reasonable attitude to choose engineering solutions providing safe and reliable operation of production facilities.

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Lohaus, Ludger, and Hannes Weicken. "Polymer-Modified Mortars for Corrosion Protection at Offshore Wind Energy Converters." Key Engineering Materials 466 (January 2011): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.466.151.

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The importance of renewable energy for our world’s energy supply is steadily increasing. Starting last year, offshore wind parks are being developed along the German coastline following the success achieved in the onshore wind energy. The first German offshore wind energy park is be erected on the Alpha Ventus test field near the isle of Borkum, where the depth of the sea amounts to 30 meters. Due to the hazardous conditions associated with the sea water, many challenges regarding corrosion control have to be met. With the combined effects of sea water, varying moisture conditions and impact damages caused by ice and flotsam, the conventional methods of corrosion protection with mean thicknesses of 1000 μm will not suffice to protect the steel for an operating life expectancy of 25 years. As a result, the thickness of the various construction elements need to be increased beforehand leading to an excessive usage of steel. For the new corrosion protection system presented in this paper, a layer made of high performance mortar with a thickness of about ten millimeters will be sufficient to protect the steel. To unfold its protecting effect, the mortar needs to comply with stringent requirements such as exhibiting high resistance to chloride ingress, frost and abrasion.

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Yun, Hae-Bum, and Jin-Won Nam. "Corrosion detection system using mobile Raman spectroscopy for offshore structures." Computers and Concrete 18, no. 4 (October 25, 2016): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.4.555.

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38

Morley, John. "The corrosion and protection of steel‐piled structures." Structural Survey 7, no. 2 (February 1989): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006308.

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39

Amonovich, Isoyev Yusufjon, and Xoliqova Irodaxon Karimovna. "Corrosion protection of foundations of buildings and structures." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 11, no. 5 (2021): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.01377.x.

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Son, Do. "A method of technical diagnostics for offshore structures." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 16, no. 2 (June 30, 1994): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/10166.

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This paper describes the results of measurements and analysis of the parameters, characterizing technical state of offshore platforms in Vietnam Sea. Based on decreasing in time material characteristics because of corrosion and local destruction assessment on residual life time of platforms is given and variants for its repair are recommended. The results allowed to confirm advantage of proposed technical diagnostic method in comparison with others and have been used for oil and gas platform of Joint Venture "Vietsovpetro" in South Vietnam.

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Paik, Jeom Kee, Anil K. Thayamballi, and Robert E. Melchers. "Some Recent Developments in Corrosion Assessment and Management for Steel Ships and Offshore Structures." Marine Technology and SNAME News 45, no. 02 (April 1, 2008): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2008.45.2.94.

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While it has been reportedly recognized that most casualties of marine structures including total losses have involved corrosion degradation, corrosion is one of the most important factors influencing safety and integrity of aging structures. Corrosion wastage also causes significant issues in terms of health, the environment, and financial expenditure. While the loss of a total system typically causes great concern, maintenance and repair of damaged structures is costly to society and the environment in general and important to the economic viability of the enterprises involved in particular. It is thus essential to develop advanced technologies that can allow for the proper assessment and management of corrosion. An overview of some recent developments in corrosion assessment and management for steel ships and offshore structures is addressed in the present paper. Relevant corrosion mechanisms, corrosion wastage models, design considerations (design corrosion-margin values), and preventive measures with the emphasis on marine structures are presented.

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Adedipe, Oyewole, Feargal Brennan, and Athanasios Kolios. "Review of corrosion fatigue in offshore structures: Present status and challenges in the offshore wind sector." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61 (August 2016): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.017.

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Lan, Zhi Gang, Bao Rong Hou, and Xiu Tong Wang. "BEM Numerical Modeling and Experimental Verification of Cathodic Protection for Offshore Structures." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.617.

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The progresses and theoretical methodology of computer modeling of cathodic protection using the boundary element method (BEM) are outlined. To test the effectiveness and accuracy of BEM numerical modeling of cathodic protection for offshore structures, a miniature model offshore jacket with a sacrificial anode was built and put in a test pool full of seawater. Cathodic protection potentials on different positions were measured and compared with the values obtained from computer modeling. The results show good agreement between measured value and numerical simulated value. The factors that led to discrepancy in the two groups of data were discussed.

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Wei, Shi Cheng, Bin Shi Xu, Xiu Bing Liang, Yu Jiang Wang, and Yi Liu. "Research on Corrosion-Resistance of High Velocity Arc Spray Coatings on Surface of Steel Structure in Splash Zone Environment." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.1291.

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The most severe corrosion of offshore steel structure occurs in splash zone. There are many factors affecting the steel structure corrosion in the splash zone, such as corrosion problems caused by seawater and effect of impacted brought by the ocean wave. Considering the corrosion characteristics in splash zone and the corrosion invalidity behaviors of offshore steel structure, the Zn-15Al, Al-RE, Zn-Al-Mg-RE and FeBSiNb uncrystal coatings were prepared by automatic high velocity arc spraying. The different anti-corrosion behaviors of the four coatings were studied through the corrosion comparative tests and the microstructures analyzed of the coatings before and after the corrosion tests. The anti-corrosion coating systems suitable for using on surface of steel structure corrosion in the splash zone were found, which provided technique guarantee for extending the using life of offshore steel structures.

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Willis, Andrew D. "Remote potential monitoring for offshore structures protected by cathodic protection systems." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 34, no. 8 (August 1987): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb020575.

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46

Damgaard, N., S. Walbridge, C. Hansson, and J. Yeung. "Corrosion protection and assessment of weathering steel highway structures." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 66, no. 10 (October 2010): 1174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.04.012.

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Momber, A. W., P. Plagemann, and V. Stenzel. "The adhesion of corrosion protection coating systems for offshore wind power constructions after three years under offshore exposure." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 65 (March 2016): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.11.011.

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Esteban, M. Dolores, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro, and Luciano Sanz. "Riprap Scour Protection for Monopiles in Offshore Wind Farms." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120440.

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The scour phenomenon is critical for monopile structures in offshore wind farms. There are two possible strategies: allowing the development of scour holes around the monopile or avoiding it by placing scour protection. The last one is the most used up to now. This paper is focused on the determination of the weight of the stones forming the scour protection. There are some formulas for the design of these parameters, having a lot of uncertainties around them. Some of them were created for fluvial environment, with a different flow to the marine one. Other formulas were elaborated specifically for coastal structures, closer to the coast than offshore wind farms, and with dimensions completely different. This paper presents the analysis of three formulas: Isbash, corresponding to fluvial environment, and Soulsby, and De Vos, corresponding to marine environment. The results of the application of those formulas are compared with real data of scour protection systems showing good results in five offshore wind facilities in operation (Arklow Bank phase 1, Egmond aan Zee, Horns Rev phase 1, Princess Amalia, and Scroby Sands), giving conclusion about the uncertainties of the use of these formulas and recommendations for using them in offshore wind.

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Li, Zheng, Lei Jiang Yao, and Xiao Yan Tong. "Development and Utilization of Database on Corrosion of Ocean Engineering Materials and Structures." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1331.

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Corrosion of ocean engineering structures leads huge economic loses each year. Corrosion protection technology has already become a very important method for design and manufacture of ocean engineering structures. To decrease corrosive loses and guarantee the safety of engineering structures, extensive studies are invested to understand corrosion mechanisms and rules of engineering materials, and to develop technologies on corrosion control and protection. These research projects have produced and are producing a great amount of test data, reports, products, experiences, and so on. If all these data resources can be collected and organized in a unified platform, it will take great advantages for products design or manufacture on corrosion protection. A database, named Database on Corrosion of Ocean Engineering Materials and Structures (CDOSDB), was planned. For a designer or manufacturer, it should be considered in serving environment, corrosion property of material, methods on corrosion protection, and experiences on protection of real engineering structures. So, the CDOSDB is mainly include ocean environmental information, test data in real sea, simulating test data in lab, methods and products on corrosion protection, survey on corrosion status and protection of real engineering structures, corrosion knowledge and corrosion models. Because the related data and information were collecting from different research institutes and publications, in order to make full use of them, a uniform specification are arranged and standardized. A website is designed and the web addresses is http://www.dematers.com. It makes the database sharable.

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Momber, A. W. "Quantitative performance assessment of corrosion protection systems for offshore wind power transmission platforms." Renewable Energy 94 (August 2016): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.059.

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