Relevant bibliographies by topics / Corruption - Botswana

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Corruption - Botswana'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Corruption - Botswana"

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Jones, David Seth. "Combating corruption in Botswana: lessons for policy makers." Asian Education and Development Studies 6, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-03-2017-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the success and challenges of the government of Botswana in combating corruption, and the lessons that policy makers may draw from this experience. Design/methodology/approach A range of sources are used including on-line materials from Botswana Government websites, DCEC annual reports, reports and on-line materials of international organisations, press articles, conference papers, two theses, articles in journals and chapters in edited collections. Findings The paper considers the factors that contribute to the success of the Botswana Government in combating corruption. It finds that the role of the anti-corruption body, the Directorate of Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) has been crucial in this endeavour, including its investigative and enforcement work, and also its prevention and education programmes. The progress in combating corruption can also be attributed to procurement reform, measures to reduce red tape and bureaucratic procedures affecting businesses, competition regulation to reduce collusion and bribery, political and parliamentary accountability, and not least political will of Botswana’s leaders to stamp out corruption. In addition, challenges facing the anti-corruption programme are considered, including capacity constraints in the DCEC and the Directorate of Public Prosecutions, and the failure of the courts in some cases to bring to book those in high places who have allegedly committed corruption offences. The paper identifies a number of lessons that can be drawn from Botswana’s experience. In conclusion, the paper points to the need for political will to be sustained in light of evidence that it may have recently weakened. Practical implications The paper provides lessons for policy makers in tackling corruption. Originality/value The paper is a further contribution to the existing scholarly literature on the anti-corruption programme in Botswana.
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Omotoye, Abiodun Marumo Tito. "An Overview of the Role of Non-State Actors in Preventing and Combatting Corruption in Botswana: Challenges and Opportunities." Public Administration Research 5, no. 2 (September 4, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v5n2p6.

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<p>Botswana has been lauded, regionally and internationally, for its commitment towards building a capable, democratic and developmental state. However, the country’s national anti-corruption agency, the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) has reported an increase in the number and complexity of cases of corruption. The objective of this paper is to assess the role of the non-state actors (NSAs) in fighting corruption in Botswana. This assessment is made by way of providing a description and analysis of the underlying challenges and opportunities confronting NSAs, specifically the private (business) sector, the private media and nongovernmental organisations in preventing and addressing corruption in Botswana. NSAs play a pivotal role in the development of any country by providing goods and services, creating awareness and sensitizing communities on political and socio-economic issues affecting them. Whereas NSAs have a key role to play in fighting corruption by monitoring the use of public resources, educating the public, condemning perpetrators, and contributing towards the implementation of anti-corruption instruments, they are confronted by political, legislative and institutional challenges that hinder their effectiveness in this regard. </p>
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Desta, Yemane. "A Comparative Study of Corruption in the Extractive Industries of Nigeria and Botswana: Lessons that can Be Learnt by the Young African Country of Eritrea." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i3.17810.

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This article examines the nature of corruption in the extractive industries of two Sub-Saharan countries, namely Nigeria and Botswana. It explained the root causes of the high levels of corruption present in the case of oil and gas-rich Nigeria and the reasons that account for the minimal levels of corruption prevailing in diamond-rich Botswana. This article identified corrupt political leadership; the legacy of the divide and rule policies introduced by the former British colonial masters; lack of transparent and accountable public institutions, political patronage networks; poverty-driven desire to meet the basic necessities of life; massive inflows of petrodollars producing the “resource curse”; chronic political disruptions characterized by several military coups; the supremacy of familial, ethnic and religious loyalties over national interest and poor public sector pay as the main drivers of pervasive corruption in Nigeria. On the other hand the primary factors that contributed to the remarkable achievement of Botswana in the fight against corruption include ethical political leadership; sound pre-independence traditional institutions; relatively homogenous population; respect for rule of law and property rights; high degree of transparency; cultural intolerance to graft, establishment of democratic institutions at independence; good economic management; ability to manage ethnic diversity; and a competent, a meritorious bureaucracy. This article also identified the key elements of anticorruption strategy that would help prevent and combat corruption as well enhance integrity in the Eritrean public sector based on the experiences of Nigeria and Botswana. They include sound ethical political leadership; transparency and accountability in government; merit-based and adequately paid civil service; independent, empowered and well-resourced anticorruption commission; and prudent natural resource management.
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Quah, Jon S. T. "Five success stories in combating corruption: lessons for policy makers." Asian Education and Development Studies 6, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-03-2017-0031.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain why Botswana, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, New Zealand, Rwanda and Singapore have succeeded in combating corruption and identify the lessons for policy makers in other countries. Design/methodology/approach The five countries are compared to identify the reasons for their success in combating corruption and the lessons that can be learnt by policy makers elsewhere. Findings Political will of the five governments is critical because combating corruption effectively requires them to provide the anti-corruption agencies (ACAs) with the necessary powers, budget, personnel and independence to enforce the anti-corruption laws impartially. New Zealand has succeeded in curbing corruption without an ACA because it relies on other institutions to maintain its good governance. Singapore’s rejection of the ineffective British colonial government’s method of using the police to curb corruption and its reliance on a single ACA was emulated by Hong Kong, Botswana and Rwanda. However, having a single ACA does not guarantee success unless it has the powers, budget, personnel and independence to perform its functions impartially as a watchdog instead of an attack dog against the government’s political opponents. As combating corruption remains a work in progress in the five countries, their policy makers must sustain their effective ACAs to meet the rising threat of private sector corruption. Originality/value The paper will be useful to scholars and policy makers concerned with improving the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures in those countries where corruption is rampant.
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Ghebremusse, Sara. "Application of Y.S. Lee’s General Theory of Law and Development to Botswana." Law and Development Review 12, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0017.

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Abstract Botswana has achieved significant socio-economic development despite its low-income status in 1966 when colonial rule ended, earning it the status of an “African success story” and “African miracle”. Botswana’s development was achieved in great part to its abundance of natural resources (diamonds), in contrast to other African countries that displayed conditions affiliated with the “resource curse”: corruption, rent-seeking behaviour by the ruling class, Dutch disease, declining terms of trade, the absence of economic diversification, and even civil conflict. Despite its extensive coverage in political economy and development studies literature, Botswana’s socio-economic development has yet to be interrogated through a law and development lens. Yong-Shik Lee offers a theoretical framework to conduct such an analysis in his article, General Theory of Law and Development, which proposes that law directly impacts development through three categorical Regulatory Impact Mechanisms: regulatory design; regulatory compliance; and quality of implementation. This article applies Lee’s theory to Botswana, making it one of the first applications of Lee’s theory to an African case study.
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Quansah, E. K. "The Corruption and Economic Crime Act, 1994 of Botswana." Journal of African Law 38, no. 2 (1994): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300005532.

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Good, Kenneth. "Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: a Best-Case Example?" Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 3 (September 1994): 499–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00015202.

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Independent Botswana has developed on three main pillars: rapid and sustained economic growth (over the decade to 1992, for example, at 8.4 per cent a year, third-highest among all developing countries, and far in excess of any other in Africa); multi-party or liberal democracy; and an efficient central state, the main features of which have been identified and praised by observers. With growth, an accompanying build-up of a relatively strong governmental system took place, with activities especially focused on finance and planning. The civil service was maintained at a high level, according to Ravi Gulhati, by avoiding rapid localisation, by providing high compensation for officials, and by keeping well-defined lines of authority and accountability. Able people were placed in key positions and kept there for extended periods. The political elite fairly consistently sought expert advice from leading bureaucrats, and the two groups have displayed a closeness and mutuality of interest built upon their common involvement in cattle and commerce, and the not uncommon tendency for cabinet ministers to arise from the ranks of the senior bureaucracy.
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Agyei-Mensah, Ben Kwame. "The relationship between corporate governance, corruption and forward-looking information disclosure: a comparative study." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 17, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 284–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-11-2015-0150.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between corporate governance, corruption and disclosure of forward-looking information in listed firms in two African countries, Botswana and Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The study uses 174 firm-year observations between the period of 2011-2013 for listed firms in the two countries. Each annual report was individually examined and coded to obtain the disclosure of forward-looking information index. Descriptive analysis was performed to provide the background statistics of the variables examined. This was followed by regression analysis which forms the main data analysis. Findings The findings show that firms in the least corrupt country, Botswana, disclose more forward-looking information than firms in Ghana, one of the most corrupt countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This confirms the relationship between the transparency level of a country and the transparency level of the listed firms in that country. Originality/value This is one of the few studies in sub-Saharan Africa that considered the impact of corporate governance factors on transparency and disclosure of forward-looking information. This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between corporate governance and disclosure by showing that disclosure of forward-looking information in Ghana is associated with the proportion of independent board members. The disclosure of forward-looking information in Botswana on the other hand is influenced by board ownership concentration. The findings of this study will help market regulators in Ghana, Botswana and sub-Saharan Africa, Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Sub-Sahara African Exchanges in evaluating the adequacy of the current disclosure regulations in their countries.
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Theobald, Robin, and Robert Williams. "Combating corruption in Botswana: Regional role model or deviant case?" Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 37, no. 3 (November 1999): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662049908447799.

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Warf, Barney. "Geographies of African corruption." PSU Research Review 1, no. 1 (April 13, 2017): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prr-12-2016-0012.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the uneven geographies of corruption on the African continent. Corruption is an entrenched part of African political culture. However, the degree and impacts of corruption vary widely across the continent, ranging from failed states such as Somalia to the region’s bright spot Botswana. This paper first defines corruption and discusses its causes and effects. It then delves into the specifics of African corruption, including its causes and effects such as patrimonial political cultures, clientelism and the role of natural resource exports. Design/methodology/approach The study uses data from Transparency International to assess African corruption empirically and geographically, and links its levels of severity using correlations to gross domestic product per capita, literacy, income inequality and freedom of the media. Findings The major findings are that while the vast majority of the continent’s one billion people live under very corrupt regimes, the impacts of corruption on economic growth are questionable. Few geographic studies of corruption exist. Originality/value The paper’s novelty stems in part from being the first to explore African corruption from a spatial perspective, illustrating its widely varying contexts and consequences.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Corruption - Botswana"

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Matlhare, Boitshoko. "An evaluation of the role of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) Botswana." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8172_1182746682.

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In this research report, I evaluate the role of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) which was established by the Government of Botswana in 1994 to play a major role in the fight against corruption and economic crime in the country. I establish what led to the formation of the DCEC and assess whether the DCEC has met its aims and objectives. I also evaluate the legislation that gives the DCEC the powers to fight corruption and economic crime and ascertain if it is sufficient and effective.
I explore the challenges and constraints faced by the DCEC, and assess the effectiveness of the three-pronged strategy adopted by it in combating corruption and economic crime in Botswana. I critically evaluate the successes and failures of the DCEC and find whether the public expectations for the DCEC have been met.

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Ogwang, Lando Victor Okoth. "Rethinking Kenya's anti-corruption strategies : lessons from Botswana." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5750.

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The main objective of this study is to isolate the loopholes in Kenya’s anti-corruption machinery and explore mechanisms of sealing them. This study is particularly momentous as it seeks to explore and outline what lessons Kenya could derive from Botswana in order to realign its anti-corruption strategies so that it can achieve high levels of integrity in the public service. It is believed that this study will positively contribute to efforts by the Kenyan government, and by other African states similarly situated, to comprehensively address the high prevalence of corruption in the continent.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Paulo Comoane od the Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mocambique.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Sebudubudu, David. "Combatting corruption in Southern Africa : an examination of anti-corruption agencies in Botswana, South Africa and Namibia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/379/.

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This thesis examines the work of anti-corruption agencies in Botswana, South Africa and Namibia. It argues that these agencies have produced disappointing results in terms of investigating and prosecuting high-level corruption. It suggests five main reasons for this failure. First, anti-corruption agencies have suffered from a lack of resources resulting from lack of political support and the general problem of economic underdevelopment. Second, there is a lack of political will' to prosecute high-level corruption. Third, even if there was such a will, anticorruption agencies, by their very. nature, are unable to affect the underlying political pressures which promote corruption and, therefore, their successes need to be limited to individual cases. Fourth, the model on which such agencies have been based is inappropriate to the African setting and assumes conditions that cannot be replicated in the subcontinent. And finally, these factors suggest that the purpose of anti-corruption agencies in Africa might possibly have more to do with reassuring investors and aid donors in an age of globalisation. than with actually attacking high-level corruption, an activity that would, after all, undermine the fragile political elites of these countries. The dissertation first evaluates the destructive character of corruption in Africa and attempts to control it through anti-corruption reform. It then proceeds to an analysis of the problem, and the agencies set up to deal with it, in each of the three country cases. The dissertation concludes with a comparison of the effectiveness of the anti-corruption agencies in the three countries.
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Moremong, Leruo. "Evaluating public sector reforms in Botswana : performance management, privatization and anti-corruption reforms." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11955.

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This study sought to examine Botswana’s most recent attempts at public sector reform, which, to a greater extent than its previous endeavours have reflected global trends. Specifically, it sought to evaluate the impact of performance management, privatization and anti-corruption reforms on the country’s public sector. The dissertation has primarily consisted of desktop documentary review of relevant literature and provides an extensive assessment of public sector reforms trends in developed and developing countries, as the background against which examination of the three reform initiatives undertaken by Botswana is made.
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Eloka, Alain. "La "lutte contre la corruption" au prisme des contextes nationaux : Étude comparative du Botswana, du Cameroun, de Singapour et de la Suisse." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0031.

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Cette étude explique les différences de mises en œuvre de la « lutte contre la corruption » aux échelles nationales. Elle explore l’hypothèse que les différences systématiques de mises en œuvre nationales de la « lutte contre la corruption » s’expliquent par des jeux et des enjeux politiques autour des instruments préconisés contre la corruption. À la lumière des connaissances établies par la sociologie de l’action publique, elle propose une explication à deux niveaux d’analyse dont le premier niveau (son essence théorique) suggère que tout instrument concrètement envisagé pour éradiquer la corruption dans n’importe quel pays est susceptible de mobiliser des soutiens et/ou de se heurter à des oppositions et des résistances diverses; et cela parce que les acteurs en présence sont diversement (1) habités par des idées sur la « corruption » et la nécessité de l’éradiquer, (2) animés par des intérêts (dé)favorablement relatifs à la définition officielle de la « corruption » et aux choix des options d’éradication les plus « appropriés » dans leur espace social, et enfin (3) dépendants des ressources (institutionnelles et non institutionnelles) dont ils disposent à la fois collectivement et les uns par rapport aux autres pour choisir et imposer à tous (ou alors pour empêcher) des options particulières d’éradication de la corruption. Au deuxième niveau d’analyse, le modèle explicatif suggère que les constellations d’acteurs en présence aux échelles nationales, en tant que configurations particulières d’idées, d’intérêts et de ressources, sont conditionnées par deux aspects fondamentaux du contexte national : le niveau de développement socio-économique et le système politique. Cette explication est empiriquement validée par quatre cas d’étude dissemblables en termes de système politique et de niveau de développement socio-économique : le Botswana, le Cameroun, Singapour et la Suisse
This study explains why broadly recommended anti-corruption tools are differently implemented at country levels. It explores the general hypothesis that the systematic differences in national anti-corruption policing are explained by actor-games around the recommended anti-corruption tools. By using established knowledge and concepts of policy studies, the study proposes a two-level explanatory model. The first level, the theoretical essence of the model, suggests that any tool which is concretely considered for eradicating corruption in any given country is likely to mobilize supports and/or oppositions because social actors (1) have different views on “corruption” and the necessity of its eradication, (2) are driven by different interests which may be (un)favourably linked to the official definition of corruption and the most “appropriate” ways of combating it, and (3) depend on different (institutional and non-institutional) resources enabling them (or not) to impose their own views and interests in the collective process of choosing and using the tools against corruption in their country. The second level of the model suggests that the actor-constellations at country levels, as particular configurations of ideas, interests and resources, are conditioned by two fundamental aspects of national contexts: the political system and the level of socio-economic development. That explanation is empirically confirmed by four case studies with differences in terms of political systems and levels of socio-economical development: Botswana, Cameroon, Singapore and Switzerland
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Fulton, Mark Hugh John. "Why has South Africa been relatively unsuccessful at attracting inward foreign direct investment since 1994?" Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013056.

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows into South Africa have been very low for several decades, and this research examines the reason(s) why this has been the case since 1994. There is a common belief amongst economists that there is a positive relationship between the amount of FDI received and economic growth, thus the desire to attract greater FDI inflows. A literature review was conducted to establish the determinants of FDI globally and then data were collected and assessed to test which causes are most important. The performance of developing nations in attracting FDI was first compared with that of the developed nations. Thereafter, a regional breakdown of FDI flows was presented, with a particular focus on the Southern African region. FDI inflows to South Africa since 1994 were compared against the identified determinants of FDI, as well as with FDI inflows into two other major mining economies, Chile and Botswana. The friendliness of the government towards business was identified as a significant determinant of FDI inflows and the importance of this factor in explaining FDI inflows into environment in South Africa was looked at in more depth. It was found that many investors perceive the South African government as hostile towards business and as corrupt and/or inefficient. The empirical results show that this negative perception helps explain the FDI inflows attracted by South Africa since 1994. Therefore, increased friendliness to business by the government should increase future inward FDI flows into South Africa.
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Mwamba, Leon Tshimpaka. "An evaluation of the anti-corruption initiatives in Botswana and their relationship to Botswana's development." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14218.

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The study focuses on an evaluation of the anti-corruption initiatives in Botswana and their relation to Botswana’s development. An evaluation was needed to find out whether the anti-corruption initiatives were effective and whether there were a correlation between the effectiveness of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes (DCEC) and the level of development in Botswana. This study showed that, the DCEC has succeeded to low corruption in Botswana through its most successful public education mandate and debatable good governance. The DCEC has helped to enhance service delivery in the public sector through the establishment of the Anti-Corruption Units (ACUs) within the Ministries aimed at tackling corruption in-house. Consequently, a significant slight improvement was registered in both public health and education sectors. However, that improvement was still minimal to the extent that it has been hampered by the challenging working conditions of the DCEC attributable to the inadequacy of legislation, lack of manpower, shortage of required skills and slow criminal justice system as well as the debatable independence of the DCEC, evidenced by its reporting and appointing lines. This implies that the impact of the DCEC in the development of Botswana has been minimal, as the country is still devastated by socio-economic disparities especially in rural areas.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
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Komboni, Gabriel Gadzani. "Good governance in Botswana : fighting corruption and maladministration / Gabriel Gadzani Komboni." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11484.

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Ittner, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Fighting corruption in Africa : a comparative study of Uganda and Botswana / vorgelegt von Stefan Ittner." 2009. http://d-nb.info/995491127/34.

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Montesh, Moses. "A critical analysis of crime investigative system within the South African criminal justice system: a comparative study." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1272.

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With the establishment of the Directorate of Special Operations (Scorpions), the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), the Special Investigating Unit (SIU) and the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU), questions were asked as to whether this is a creation of new units of the Police Service. These questions were exaggerated by the fact that the media uses the term "Scorpions" whenever the Scorpions, the AFU, SIU and the DIU perform their functions. South African legislation that governs organised crime does not demarcate activities to be dealt with by the SAPS, AFU, DIU, Scorpions and the SIU. The Constitution of South Africa lays down the objects of the police, but it is silent about the objectives of the Scorpions, AFU, SIU, DIU and other investigative institutions except that it only mentions the creation of a single National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). A literature study was used as the basis for this study. In addition, unstructured interviews and observation were used to gather evidence from the relevant stakeholders. An analysis of the SAPS Detective Service, the Special Investigating Unit (SIU), the Scorpions, the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU) of the Department of Correctional Services and the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), was done in order to establish the overlapping of functions. Indeed, overlapping was discovered between the Scorpions and the SAPS Detective Service, the AFU and the SIU, as well as between the SAPS and the DIU. In order to make a proper finding, an analysis was done of anti-corruption agencies in Botswana, Nigeria, Malawi and Hong Kong. The findings indicate that the better way of fighting corruption, fraud, economic and financial crimes, is through the establishment of a single agency that will work independently from the police, with a proper jurisdiction.
Criminology
D.Litt. et Phil.(Police Science)
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Books on the topic "Corruption - Botswana"

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Briscoe, Andrew. Combating corruption in Botswana: A review of the relevant policies, laws and institutional capacity to combat corruption in Botswana. Gaberone, Botswana: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2001.

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Botswana. White paper on report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into the Alleged Financial and Administrative Irregularities and Corruption at the Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC). Gaborone: Republic of Botswana, Ministry of Communications, Science, and Technology, 2007.

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Zibani, Maundeni, Institute for Development in Southern Africa., and Democracy Research Project (University of Botswana), eds. Transparency, accountability & corruption in Botswana. Rosebank, Cape Town: Made Plain Communications, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Corruption - Botswana"

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Holm, John D. "Curbing Corruption through Democratic Accountability: Lessons From Botswana." In Corruption and Development in Africa, 288–304. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333982440_16.

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Kaboyakgosi, Gape. "Botswana." In Tackling Corruption in Commonwealth Africa, 17–40. Commonwealth, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/cd228fb6-en.

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"Combating Corruption in Botswana: Regional Robin Theobald Role Model or Deviant Case? and Robert Williams." In Corruption and Democratisation, 123–40. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315039602-9.

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Fox, Eleanor M., and Mor Bakhoum. "Eastern and Southern Africa." In Making Markets Work for Africa, 41–88. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190930998.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on the competition policies of selected countries in Eastern and Southern Africa, specifically Kenya, Namibia, Botswana, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and the island of Mauritius. The eastern and southern countries’ competition authorities span a range of functionality, from very high to almost inert. Even the highest functioning competition authorities face severe challenges in terms of financial and human capital, corruption, political pressure to favor government cronies and vested interests, and sometimes war and bankruptcy. Other challenges that competition authorities face concern the privileges of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), corruption through government procurement, and a plethora of not always transparent cross-border restraints. Even though their agendas are crowded by mandatory duties of vetting mergers and authorizing agreements, the best of agencies carve out precious time to identify the most harmful market obstructions and develop strategies to solve them.
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Collier, Paul. "Cursed by Nature? The Politics of Natural Assets." In The Plundered Planet. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195395259.003.0008.

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Are natural assets a curse? In The Bottom Billion I argued why I thought they often did more harm than good to the poorest countries. But the real measure is not just the damage they cause, but their harm relative to their potential. Natural resources are the largest assets available to these societies. Their known natural capital has been estimated to be worth double their produced capital. The failure to harness natural capital is the single-most important missed opportunity in economic development. Since writing The Bottom Billion I have accumulated more research on the subject, as have many others. Indeed, whether an abundance of natural assets is a blessing or a curse is currently one of the disputes raging among economists. There are some high-visibility instances of natural assets appearing to ruin a country: Sierra Leone’s diamonds, for example, seemed to shred the fabric of that society to pieces; Nigeria’s oil fueled the corruption of the political class. But are these just outliers? After all, Botswana harnessed its diamonds to produce the fastest growing economy in the world, and Norway used its oil to achieve the world’s highest living standard. The question becomes whether there really is a “resource curse,” and whether, if it does exist, it is limited to countries with deeper problems. I have come to regard this as the most crucial issue in the struggle to transform the poorest societies. The revenues that they could get from natural assets are enormous, dwarfing any conceivable flows of aid. They could certainly be transformative. If they deliver, any efforts to inhibit the extraction of natural assets from the poorest countries are not simply counterproductive but irresponsible, impeding the path out of poverty. If, on the other hand, natural assets backfire, then there is an argument for leaving them in the ground. There would indeed be the basis for an alliance between the environmental lobby, pressing for natural assets to be conserved, and the development lobby, fighting to end mass poverty.
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