Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cortex moteur primaire M1'
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Rivara, Claire-Bénédicte. "Les cellules de Betz du cortex moteur primaire : analyse stéréologique et fonctionnelle /." Genève : Ed. Médecine et hygiène, 2003. http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/theses2003/RivaraC-B/these.pdf.
Full textAl-Toubi, Aamir Khamis Khalfan. "The role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in volitional and reflexive pharyngeal swallowing." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Communication Disorders, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8087.
Full textCaux-Dedeystère, Alexandre. "Modulation tâche-dépendante des mécanismes inhibiteurs et désinhibiteurs du cortex moteur primaire chez l’homme." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S015/document.
Full textMovements are evoked by muscles contractions whose spatial organization is mediated by both spinal and cortical components. It is important to investigate the underlying circuitry of movements to extend our knowledge on how voluntary movement are controlled and to better understand the pathophysiology of movements disorders. The spinal alpha motoneurons innervating distal muscles are controlled at least in parts by corticomotoneuronal neurons located in the motor cortical areas. Among them, the primary motor cortex is considered as a key structure, performing a complex integration of multi-regional influences leading to appropriate motor behaviors. Axons from corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells of the primary motor cortex reach the spinal cord via descending motor pathway. CM neurons are influenced by local or distant, inhibitory and excitatory components which determine the balance of excitability. The aim of this thesis was to explore changes of some of the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of motor cortex as a function of the task being performed. We assessed the time course of Long-interval Intracortical Inhibition (LICI), Late Cortical Disinhibition (LCD) and Long interval Intracortical Facilitation (LICF), which are mechanisms that potentially act to modulate the output of CM controlling the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle. We compared three conditions : index finger abduction (a simple but not natural task), precision grip between index and thumb ( amore natural and complex task), and rest. We also evaluated the effect of task on interaction between LICI and Short Interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI). Finally, we assessed the time course of LICI in patients suffering from writer’s cramp. For this purpose, we used surface electromyography to record motor potentials evoked by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.We showed a task-dependent change in late inhibitory and disinhibitory components. Compared with abduction task, the LICI induced during precision grip was shorter, suggesting an early disinhibition in more complex task. The disinhibition was followed by a period of facilitation only during the active tasks, i.e. facilitation was not observed when all muscles were at restat rest. However, long interval intracortical facilitation can be observed in a muscle at rest not engaged in an active task if a neighboring muscle is activated. It is therefore likely that mechanisms underlying facilitation are associated with voluntary contraction albeit with lack of topographic specificity. Interaction between LICI and SICI was not modified between tasks, suggesting that it was not involved in task-dependent changes of cortical excitability. Lastly, disinhibition was shown to be delayed in dystonic patients when the FDI was actively engaged in a precision grip but not in index abduction, compared with control subjects. An explanation might be that mechanisms underlying disinhibition are impaired in thumb-index precision grip (a task similar to that inducing unwanted contractions in writer’s cramp). Task-specidic disruption of LICI and late cortical disinhibition may therefore be at least in part responsible for pathophysiology of dystonia. It is likely that during complex task, the efficacy of LICI, and more generally of motor cortex inhibitory mechanisms, is modified to allow adaptation of CM neurons activity to the functional requirements of the motor task being performed
Gauvreau, Claudie. "La TMS pairée associative du cortex moteur primaire et du lobule pariétal inférieur : une évaluation avec l’IRM fonctionnelle." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10648.
Full textAbstract : Noninvasive neuroimagery and neurostimulation methods can be combined to further the understanding of the human brain connections. For the first time, resting state functional MRI (RS-fMRI) and paired associative cortico-cortical TMS (TMS-PAScc) of the motor cortex (M1) and the cortex of the inferior parietal lobule (LPI) of the left hemisphere are combined in a serial manner. Is TMS able to modify the neurovascular coupling as to facilitate LPI-M1 functional connectivity and change the fMRI BOLD signal? 10 right-handed and healthy subjects did a LPI-M1 TMS-PAScc session of short duration (180 paired pulses at 0.02 Hz, 15 min total). The same subjects underwent 2 fMRI sessions, before and after TMS-PAScc LPI-M1. Results show that the BOLD signal correlation between LPI-M1 does not change significantly before and after PAS (prePAS=0.10±0.07 et postPAS=0.09±0.07, p=0.64). TMS measures of motor evoked potentials (PEM) were taken before and after PAS LPI-M1. The paired pulse PEM measures did not change significantly from the start of PAScc to 25 minutes postPAS (PASstart=0.71 ± 0.46 mV, PASpost25min=0.72±0.89 mV, p=0.338). Paired PEM measures are statistically reduced from PAS PEM single measures, before and afterPAS (sPEM_pre et PASstart, significant 0.32mV reduction, p=0.05; PEMs_post et PASpost25min, 0.39mV reduction, p=0.008). PAScc did not show any significant neuroplasticity effect after 20 minutes because paired pulses did not change before and after PAScc. The PEM reduction of paired pulses is most likely related to the inhibiting effect of the conditioning stimulus of LPI on the test stimulus of M1 at 8ms. This inhibition is an effect limited to the measure itself and does not increase significantly with time (pairedpulse/singlepulsemeasures prePASratio=0.9 and postPASratio=0.6, p=0.257). TMSPAScc did not show a sustained effect on cerebral connectivity as measured by RS-fMRI although stimulation of LPI showed an acute inhibiting effect on M1 during paired measures. LPI-M1 TMS-PAScc did not show sustained connectivity and it could be because no task was involved in our study to actively solicit both cerebral regions during PAS. It is also possible that the number of paired stimulation was not enough to bring a change of connectivity and that PAS needs to be repeated on different days to eventually have a sustainable effect.
Vacherot, François. "Les anomalies d'excitabilité du cortex moteur primaire et leurs relations avec les troubles locomoteurs dans la maladie de Parkinson." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22075/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to study the relationships between motor cortex impairment and locomotor disorders in Parkinsonian patients (PP). Most of the previous studies have focused on the upper limb cortical areas showing the existence of an imbalance in cortical excitability, which mainly evolves towards a state of impaired intracortical inhibition. However, just a few studies have been devoted so far to the exact cortical abnormalities responsible for Parkinsonians’ gait disorders. The transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies presented here demonstrate that the excitability abnormalities occurring in PP differ between the cortical areas associated with the lower and upper limbs, since defective intracortical facilitation (ICF) processes were mainly detected in the lower limbs cortical areas. Furthermore, these specific excitability abnormalities identified seem to be involve in the genesis of the hypokinetic locomotor component since correlations were established between the ICF level and the shortened stride length (and by correlates, with the reduced velocity). Patients were assessed with and without dopaminergic substitution treatment (DST). We found that DST modified significantly both the cortical excitability abnormalities and the defective locomotor parameters. Impaired facilitatory processes in lower limbs cortical areas may be involved in the pathophysiology of gait disorders in PD. This hypothesis should be addressed in an experiment coupling repetitive TMS and neuronavigation
Wamain, Yannick. "Quel est le rôle fonctionnel du cortex moteur primaire dans la perception visuelle de traces graphiques ? : études comportementale et neurophysiologique." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1647/.
Full textSince 80's, lots of behavioral studies demonstrated that motor representation participate to visual perception of biological motion or of its results. In the same time, with the discovery of mirror neuron system, another research field revealed that stimuli perception implying motion activate motor cortical region like primary motor cortex (M1). Although the combination between these two literatures is simple and allows us to speculate on the direct role of M1 on visual perception of motion implied stimuli, this relationship remain to be directly tested. To investigate the functional role of M1 in visual perception, we used a dual-task paradigm (perceptual and motor task) in order to manipulate the level of activation of M1. Consequences of this manipulation on visual perception of graphic traces were measured both at behavioral (studies 1 and 2) and neurophysiological levels (studies 3 and 4). Behavioral studies revealed that during the visual discrimination task of graphic traces, the discrimination sensitivity evolved as function of two parameters: participants own motor preferences in production of graphic traces, but also M1 "availability" during perceptual task. Neurophysiological studies manage to highlight that the level of M1 activity during visual observation of letter is related to the motor familiarity of the letter observed. Moreover, thanks to the motor familiarity concept, we revealed that the M1 activity impacts visual processing of letter. This impact occurs around at 300 ms after letter presentation. Together, these results give strong evidence of the involvement of M1 in visual processing of graphic traces
Bhatt, Mrudul B. "Computational modelling of laminar dynamics in human primary motor cortex (M1) : a dynamic causal modelling study of the healthy and post-stroke brain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10042817/.
Full textDegardin, Adrian. "Etude de l'intégration sensori motrice dans la maladie de Parkinson et modulation par la stimulation thêta burst intermittente du cortex moteur primaire." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00635249.
Full textGagné, Martin. "Organisation fonctionnelle du cortex moteur primaire liée au contrôle dynamique d'une synergie musculaire interarticulaire : études TMS du modèle de la pince pouce/index avec mouvements du poignet." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25028/25028.pdf.
Full textDal, Maso Fabien. "Implication du cortex moteur primaire dans la régulation de la coactivation musculaire. Etude de la modulation des oscillations corticales et des interactions cortico-musculaires." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911700.
Full textDal, Maso Fabien. "Implication du cortex moteur primaire dans la régulation de la coactivation musculaire : étude de la modulation des oscillations corticales et des interactions cortico-musculaires." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3292/.
Full textMuscular coactivation is fundamental in stabilizing and protecting the articulations during voluntary contractions and plays an important role in movement control. Numerous studies have shown the contribution of supraspinal and spinal mechanisms to the regulation of muscular coactivation but the implication of the primary motor cortex (M1) is still unclear. We studied the modulation of cortical oscillations and cortico-muscular interactions during isometric contractions in athletes having different levels of muscular coactivation as a consequence of their training orientation (strength (ST) vs. Endurance (ED). We found that in ST, reduced muscular coactivation was associated with greater M1 activation, which could be explained by the control of a greater number of muscles, including antagonist muscles. Using a novel method to analyze cortico-muscular interactions, we show that M1 is directly involved in the control of antagonist muscles in all participants. However, the magnitude of cortico-muscular interactions with antagonist muscles was lower than in agonist muscles, which could be explained by a greater involvement of spinal mechanisms in the regulation of muscular coactivation. The estimation of agonist and antagonist muscle group moments opens the perspective to investigate the cerebral correlates of the modulation of muscular torque. Our results obtained through an approach combining biomechanics and neurosciences highlighted the involvement of M1 in the regulation of the muscular coactivation during isometric voluntary contractions
Ahdab, Rechdi. "Plasticité des représentations corticales motrices après accident vasculaire cérébral." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST0031.
Full textFollowing stroke, reorganization of the motor cortical maps takes places and involves both the primary motor cortex (M1) and the premotor cortex (PMC) on the affected hemisphere. The relative contribution of each of these two cortical areas in the process of post-stroke plasticity and motor recovery remains uncertain. The present project was designed to study the cortical changes that follow a motor stroke, namely those involving M1 and the PMC, and their implications for motor recovery. For this purpose we used MRI-guided (neuronavigated) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). First, we defined the anatomical limits of the cortical areas and the reliable cortical landmarks within each region of interest. We then defined a normal motor map in a group of healthy subjects. Our “probabilistic” map was based on the probability of obtaining motor responses in a given area and therefore accounted for inter-subject variability of motor representations. Thereafter we studied the modifications of the motor cortical representations in a group of patients having recovered from a motor stroke. Finally, we prospectively followed a group of patients presenting with a motor stroke. By comparing the neurophysiological and clinical data at admission and three months later, we were able to characterize the anatomo-functional cortical changes that accompany motor recovery following stroke. Our results are consistent with a major role of M1 in motor recovery. To conclude, we propose a model of how the motor cortex works in healthy subjects and during post-stroke recovery process
Mhalla, Alaa. "Evaluation des effets analgésiques et mécanismes d’action de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétitive (rTMS)." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066036.
Full textQuesada, Charles. "L'effet antalgique de stimulations corticales non invasives par stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée (rTMS). : Confirmation de l'intérêt antalgique de la stimulation du cortex moteur primaire et exploration du potentiel d'une nouvelle cible corticale : le cortex somatosensoriel secondaire." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES056/document.
Full textCentral neuropathic pain is a common sequelae after central nervous system injury. Its negative consequences on the quality of life and the moderate efficacy (40% of responders) of first-line treatments make the search for alternative therapies a major clinical challenge. For several years, the technique of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is presented as an interesting tool to relieve this sort of pain even though its clinical efficacy has not been clearly demonstrated. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effectiveness of rTMS to relieve central neuropathic pain.We first demonstrated, in an observational study, that a minimum of 4-5 sessions over two months of rTMS at 20HZ on the primary motor cortex (M1) produces pain relief that can be maintained even after a year of stimulation. In order to rule out a possible placebo effect, we objectified the analgesic efficacy by replicating this protocol in a randomized, controlled, cross-over clinical study. The results obtained confirm those of the observational study since the analgesic effect of the active rTMS was significantly greater than the placebo stimulation for the main criterion (% of pain relief, +33%) or pain intensity (VAS, -19%), with 47% of responders. For patients who did not respond to M1 stimulation, we also tested the efficacy of an alternative target in a randomized study: the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2). None of the patients were relieved by this stimulation, but the small size of this study does not allow us to definitively conclude that there is no analgesic effect. Finally, given the increasing use of new deeper cortical targets in rTMS for pain treatment, we have from the recording of the magnetic field produced by the rTMS in different media (air and ex-vivo model), proposed a magnetic-field distribution model according to the depth of the target and the type of stimulation coils used.To conclude, this work objectify the analgesic effect of 4 rTMS sessions at 20 Hz of M1 to relieve central neuropathic pain, validating its use when first-line treatments have failed. The results obtained by S2 stimulation as well as magnetic field modeling should allow future studies to explore new cortical targets for patients who are still failing treatment
Vitrac, Clément. "Contrôle dopaminergique de la motricité au niveau cortical et striatal." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2282/document.
Full textPrimary motor cortex and striatum are involved in movement planification and selection. Dopamine regulates the neuronal activity of these two structures. The motor impairments observed in Parkinson's disease originates from the loss of dopamine neurons projecting from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the striatum.We characterized the dopaminergic control of the neurons of primary motor cortex in mice and we demonstrated that dopaminergic fibers preferentially innervate the forelimb representation map in the deep cortical layers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that dopamine locally modulates the electrophysiological activity of the cortico-striatal neurons through D2 receptors. These results show that dopamine can directly control motor function by influencing neuronal activity in primary motor cortex.Thereafter, we determined the potential of cell replacement therapies in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. In most studies, the transplanted dopamine neurons have been placed within the striatum. We have chosen an alternative approach by grafting neurons into the lesioned nucleus, substantia nigra. We showed in mice that the lesion of dopaminergic neurons impaired the electrophysiological properties of the striatal neurons. Whereas these properties are not fully restored with an intra-striatal transplant, all the electrophysiological characteristics are recovered with an intra-nigral graft. This result opens new perspectives to study the homotopic graft effects on the activity of the other structures controlling motor function
Carron, Romain. "Hypersynchronisation précoce des réseaux du cortex moteur chez la souris modèle génétique de la maladie de Parkinson : Impact de la stimulation à haute fréquence du noyau subthalamique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4071.
Full textThe excess of synchronization of neuronal activities within the cortico-basal ganglia network is a hallmark of the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. High frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) applied to various basal ganglia nuclei dampens the synchronized activity in the whole network, and brings about a significant motor improvement. However it is not to date established whether an early presymptomatic abnormal pattern of synchronization is present in the primary motor cortex long before motor signs, nor whether its antidromic modulation via the hyperdirect cortico-subthalamic pathway is sufficient to remove its excess of synchronization. To answer these questions we studied the synchronization of spontaneous activities in the primary motor cortex of PINK-/- mice (genetic rodent model of Parkinson’s (PARK6), a progressive model) and compared it with age-matched control mice (P14-16 (wild-type)) by means of two-photon calcium imaging. Secondly, we analyzed in vitro the impact of the high frequency stimulation of cortico-subthalamic fibers on the pattern of synchronization of cortical networks. We show that, (1) at an early stage of development, there is an excess of synchronized activity in primary motor cortical networks and that, (2) antidromic modulation of cortical activity is a key mechanism to account for the normalization of hyper synchronized activity. These results show that a neurodegenerative adult pathology may begin early during development (neuroarcheology) though clinical signs appear late in adulthood. Moreover, antidromic invasion of a network seems to be a key mechanism of deep brain stimulation
Sewerin, Sebastian. "Steigerung der Effektivität repetitiver Doppelpuls-TMS mit I-Wellen-Periodizität (iTMS) durch individuelle Adaptation des Interpulsintervalls." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-156657.
Full textSewerin, Sebastian. "Steigerung der Effektivität repetitiver Doppelpuls-TMS mit I-Wellen-Periodizität (iTMS) durch individuelle Adaptation des Interpulsintervalls." Doctoral thesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften, 2012. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13022.
Full textMarty, Brice. "Etude des bases neurales du couplage entre cinématique du mouvement et activités neuromagnétiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/267635.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
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Addou, Touria. "Mécanismes psychophysiques et neuronaux de la compensation dynamique de multiples champs de force : facilitation et anticipation liée à des indices de couleur." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15996.
Full textIn this thesis, we addressed motor control by two experimental approaches: psychophysical studies in human subjects and neurophysiological recordings in non-human primates. We identified unresolved issues concerning interference in motor learning during adaptation of subjects to two or more anti-correlated force fields. We designed paradigms in which arbitrary color stimuli provided contextual cues that allowed subjects to predict the nature of impending external force fields before encountering them physically during arm movements. This contextual knowledge helped to facilitate adaptation to the force fields by reducing this interference. According to one computational model of motor learning (MOdular Selection And Identification model for Control; MOSAIC), the color context cues made it easier for subjects to build “internal models” of each force field, to recall them and to switch between them with minimal interference. In our first experiment, four groups of human subjects performed elbow flexion/extension movements against two anti-correlated viscous force fields. We combined two different colors for the computer monitor background with two forces: resistive (Vr) and assistive (Va). The first two groups were control subjects. In those subjects, the color of the computer monitor changed at regular intervals but the force field remained constant; Vr was presented to the first group while the second group only experienced Va. As a result, the color cues were irrelevant in the two control groups. All control subjects adapted well to the single experienced force field (Vr or Va). In the two experimental groups, in contrast, the anti-correlated force fields and the monitor colors changed repeatedly between short blocks of trials. In the first experimental group (Reliable-cue subjects), there was a consistent relationship between the force and the stimulus (color of the monitor) - the red colour always signalled the resistive force while the green colour always signalled the assistive force. Adaptation to the two anti-correlated forces for the Reliable-cue group was significant during 10 days of training and almost as good as in the Irrelevant-cue groups who only experienced one of the two force fields. Furthermore, the Reliable-cue subjects quickly demonstrated predictive adaptive changes in their motor output whenever the monitor color changed, even during their first day of training, showing that they could use the reliable color context cues to recall the appropriate motor skills. In contrast, the monitor color also changed regularly between red and green in the second experimental group, but the force fields were not consistently associated with the color cue (Unreliable-cue group). These subjects took longer to adapt to the two force fields than the other three groups, and could not use the unreliable color cue change to make predictive changes to their motor output. Nevertheless, all Unreliable-cue subjects developed an ingenious strategy of making a specific “default” arm movement to probe the type of force field they would encounter in the first trial after the monitor color changed and used the proprioceptive feedback about the nature of the field to make appropriate predictive changes to their motor output for the next few trials, until the monitor color changed again, signifying the possibility of a change in force fields. This strategy was effective since the force remained constant in each short block of trials while the monitor color remained unchanged. This showed that the Unreliable-cue subjects were able to extract implicit and explicit information about the structure of the task from the color stimuli and use that knowledge to reduce interference when adapting to anti-correlated forces. The results of this first study encouraged us to advance our understanding of how subjects can recall multiple motor skills coupled to color context stimuli can be recalled, and how this phenomenon can be reflected by the neuronal activity in monkeys. Our aim was to elucidate how neurons of primary motor cortex (M1) can contribute to adaptive compensation for a wide range of different external forces during single-joint elbow flexion/extension movements. At the same time, we aimed to test the hypothesis evoked in the MOSAIC model, whereby multiple controller modules located in the cerebellum may predict each context and produce appropriate adaptive output signals for a small range of task conditions. Also, according to this hypothesis, M1 neurons may receive inputs from many specialized cerebellar controllers and show appropriate response modulations for a wide range of task conditions. We trained two monkeys to adapt their flexion/extension elbow movements against 5 different force-field conditions: null field without any external force disturbance, two anti-correlated viscous forces (assistive and resistive), which depended on movement speed and resembled that used in the human psychophysical study, a resistive elastic force which depended on elbow-joint position and finally, a visco-elastic field that was the linear sum of the elastic and viscous forces field. Each force field was reliably coupled to 5 different computer monitor background colors. The monkeys properly adapted to the 5 different force-field conditions and used the color context cues to recall the corresponding motor skill for the force field associated with each color, so that they could make predictive changes to their motor output before they physically encountered the force fields. EMG recordings eliminated the possibility that a co-contraction strategy was used by the monkeys to adapt to the force fields, since the EMG patterns were appropriate to compensate for each force-field condition. In parallel, M1 neurons showed systematic changes in their activity at the single-neuron and population level in each force-field condition that could signal the required changes in the direction, magnitude and time course of muscle force output required to compensate for the 5 force-field conditions. The patterns of response changes in each force field were consistent enough across M1 neurons to suggest that most M1 neurons contributed to the compensation for all force field conditions, in line with the predictions of the MOSAIC model. Also, these response changes do not support a strongly modular organization for M1.
Dea, Melvin. "Origine des projections sensorimotrices dans des sous-régions du cortex moteur primaire chez le singe capucin." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13417.
Full textHamel-Pâquet, Catherine. "Comparaison de la décharge de cellules dans l'aire 5 du cortex pariétal postérieur et le cortex moteur primaire dans des tâches motrices." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14891.
Full textJean-Charles, Loyda. "Étude des interactions interhémisphériques entre les représentations des muscles de l'épaule et du tronc dans le cortex moteur primaire." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13120.
Full text"Organisation fonctionnelle du cortex moteur primaire liée au contrôle dynamique d'une synergie musculaire interarticulaire. Études TMS du modèle de la pince pouce/index avec mouvements du poignet." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25028/25028.pdf.
Full textCôté, Sandrine. "Interactions corticales impliquées dans la production des mouvements de la main chez le singe capucin." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24594.
Full textIn primates, the refinement of hand movements is associated with the appearance of additional cortical premotor areas. Each of these premotor areas appears to have a specialized function in the motor control of the hand, supporting the idea that they have appeared during evolution to support an increased behavioral repertoire. In order to participate in the execution of this vast repertoire, it is suggested that the premotor areas modulate the motor outputs of the primary motor cortex (M1), a cortical area that plays a key role in the production of voluntary movements. Indeed, thanks to their numerous cortico-cortical projections to M1 as well as their projections to sub-cortical structures also innervated by M1, premotor areas are in an ideal position to modulate the motor outputs of M1. Nevertheless, the contribution of these anatomical projections to the production of hand movements is still unclear. The function of these projections, however, is important to investigate in order to better understand the cortical interactions that underlie the increased motor repertoire of primates. As an integral part of this research context, the experiments presented in this thesis aim to characterize the cortical interactions between the premotor areas and M1 involved in hand movements in the capuchin monkey. In a first study, the modulatory effects of ventral premotor cortex (PMv) on M1 outputs were investigated (Chapter I). In a second study, the modulatory effects of the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) were studied and compared to those of PMv (Chapter II). Lastly, in a third study, the modulatory effects of the supplementary motor area (SMA) were examined and compared to those of PMv and PMd (Chapter III). In summary, the results presented in this thesis offer a new perspective on the cortical interactions linking the premotor areas to M1. It is shown that each premotor area influences the outputs of M1 in a unique way. This supports the idea that each premotor area plays a specialized role in the motor control of the hand and is able to accomplish this function, in part, through its modulation of M1 outputs. These results contribute to a better understanding of the cortical interactions that underlie the refinement of hand movements accompanying the evolution of the motor system.
Coallier, Émilie. "Étude du cortex prémoteur et préfrontal lors de la prise de décision pendant l'intégration temporelle des informations." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11803.
Full textA variety of models of the decision-making process in many different contexts suggest that subjects sample, accumulate and integrate sensory evidence for and against different alternative choices, until one of those signals exceeds a decision criterion threshold. Early models assumed that this process is static and does not change during a trial or even between trials, but only between blocks of trials when task demands such as speed versus accuracy change. However, newer models suggest that the decision-making process is dynamic and factors that influence the evidence accumulation process might change both between trials in a block and even during a trial. This thesis project aims to demonstrate that decisions about reaching movements emerge from a mechanism of integration of sensory evidence to a decision criterion threshold. We developed a paradigm for decision-making about reach direction based on ambiguous sensory input to search for neural correlates of the decision-making process in primary motor cortex (M1), premotor cortex (PMd) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFc). We first tested several versions of the task with human subjects before developing a task (“Choose and Go”) that showed ideal behavior from the subjects to test our hypothesis. The task required subjects to choose between two color-coded targets in different spatial locations by deciding the predominant color of a central “decision cue” that contained different amounts of colored squares of the two target colors. The strength of the evidence was manipulated by varying the relative numbers of squares of the two colors. The response times and error rates both increased in parallel as the strength of the sensory evidence in the decision cue (its color bias) became increasingly weaker. Computational modelling showed that the choice behaviour of the subjects could be captured by different variants of the drift-diffusion model for accumulation of sensory evidence to a decision threshold. We then recorded cells from M1, PMd and DLPFc in 2 macaques while they performed the task. Behavioral data showed that response times and error rates increased with the amount of ambiguity of the decision cues. M1 cells discharged in correlation with movement onset and were not influenced by the ambiguity of the decision cues. In contrast, the discharge of PMd cells increased more slowly with increased ambiguity of the decision cues and took increasingly more time to signal the movement direction chosen by the monkeys. The changes in activity reflected the monkeys’ reach choices. These data support a role for PMd in the choice of reach direction. DLPFc data are preliminary but reveal a stronger effect of the color-location conjunction rule in the neuronal discharge than in PMd. Our conclusion is that PMd is involved in the evaluation of evidence for and against different alternatives and about target spatial location independent of the color of the targets. DLPFC neurons play a greater role in processing information about the color and location of the spatial targets and decision cue to resolve the color-location conjunction rule required to decide on the reach target direction.
Serrano, Eleonore. "Behavioral and muscular deficits induced by Muscimol injection into the primate primary motor cortex during a reach-to-grasp task." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24534.
Full textFine digit movements contribute to many different aspects of our daily life and require appropriate muscle coordination. The main pathway through which M1 sends motor commands to spinal motor neurons is via the corticospinal tract. The rhesus macaque, like humans, have this direct corticomotoneuronal pathway of M1, making it a useful model to study this system. Although the effect of M1 inactivation on the control of the hand in term of behavioral changes has been studied in monkeys, little is known of how muscle activation patterns of the upper limb during reaching and grasping in monkeys becomes altered. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a partial inactivation of the primary motor cortex (M1) in rhesus macaques on both behavioral performance and muscle activations. To do so we performed intra-cortical injections of Muscimol, a GABA agonist, to inactivate the hand area of M1. Monkeys performed a reach-to-grasp task that required a precision grip to retrieve a food pellet from a well. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the proximal and distal muscles of the contralateral upper limb were recorded and quantified relative to the behavioral performance. We found that depending on the severity of the impairment, the Muscimol injection could induce several different movement abnormalities, such as decrease in the success rate, loss of independent finger movements, longer duration of the first flexion of the index finger, and use of alternate types of grasp to retrieve the food pellet. In cases of severe impairment, monkeys displayed all these movement abnormalities concurrently. In addition, we observed that behavioral deficits were associated with muscle discoordination. Indeed, EMG analysis revealed that the latencies and the muscle activation patterns were altered during the reach, hand preshaping and the grasp phases of the movement. These inappropriate EMG activities were visible on both proximal and distal muscles of the upper limb. In cases of mild impairment, monkeys had fewer behavioral deficits, but still showed some changes in the temporal muscle activation patterns. In contrast to the severe cases, the muscle activation patterns were more preserved. Interestingly, in the mild cases, the muscle activation patterns were altered if a rotation of the forearm was required by the task. Thus, we found that behavioral and muscular activation changes were dependent on the severity of the impairment and/or the difficulty of the task (i.e. required a rotation of the forearm).
Morin-Moncet, Olivier. "Investigation de l’effet du polymorphisme Val66Met du gène BDNF sur les mécanismes neurophysiologiques qui sous-tendent les apprentissages moteurs procéduraux et sensorimoteurs, de même que sur le transfert intermanuel des apprentissages." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20776.
Full textRaptis, Alkisti Helli. "Contributions des voies vestibulospinale et corticospinale au contrôle des mouvements du bras." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12048.
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