Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cortex préfrontal – Imagerie par résonance magnétique'
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Donoso, Maël. "Le cerveau stratège : les fondements du raisonnement dans le cortex préfrontal humain." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066535.
Full textIn order to make appropriate decisions in uncertain and open-ended environments, with varying and possibly recurring contingencies, the human brain should learn behavioural rules and arbitrate between these different rules. If brain imaging studies have provided some light on some of these processes, no work has unified these observations into a coherent system, nor proposed a general model of cerebral implementation of human reasoning, with its essential components that are inference and creativity. This work uses a recent computational model that combines reinforcement learning of rules with the Bayesian calculation of the confidence assigned to these rules, and a hypothesis test on the creation of an exploratory rule. To test whether this model is actually implemented in the human brain, an experiment using functional brain imaging is performed, with a design allowing the subjects to learn and arbitrate between multiple rules, in situations where contingencies are often recurrent. The observation of the brain correlates predicted by the model variables allowed us to identify various structures involved in a general brain system of reasoning. These observations are consistent with various studies in scientific literature, and also provide some new results. These results show a unified implementation of reasoning in the human brain, and contribute to validate the computational model
Pochon, Jean-Baptiste. "Role du cortex préfrontal dans la réalisation de comportements dirigés vers un but : études en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle chez l'homme sain." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066260.
Full textCharron, Sylvain. "L'architecture fonctionnelle intégrant le contrôle cognitif et le contrôle motivationnel dans le cortex préfrontal humain." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00651087.
Full textLandmann, Claire. "Le cortex préfrontal et la dopamine striatale dans l'apprentissage guidé par la récompense : conception et étude d'une tâche cognitive d'exploration guidée par la récompense en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle et en tomographie par émission de positons avec le 11C-raclopride." Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00160868.
Full textOdy, Chrystèle. "L' architecture corticale du contôle cognitif chez l'Homme." Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00202016.
Full textLandmann, Claire. "Le cortex préfrontal et la dopamine striatale dans l'apprentissage guidé par la récompense : conception et étude d'une tâche cognitive d'exploration par essais et erreurs en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle et en tomographie par émission de positons avec le 11C-raclopride." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00160868.
Full textNous avons combiné les méthodes de psychophysique, d'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf), et de tomographie par émission de positons (TEP) avec un antagoniste des récepteurs dopaminergiques D2/D3 (11C-raclopride) afin d'étudier chez l'homme les mécanismes de l'apprentissage d'une séquence motrice guidé par la récompense. L'IRMf nous a permis d'analyser en détail la dynamique de cet effort mental, impliquant un réseau préfrontal, pariétal et striatal distribué qui s'activait rapidement durant les périodes de recherche de séquences par essais et erreurs et s'effondrait durant les périodes suivantes de répétition routinière. Cet effondrement pouvait être conduit par un processus de déduction élémentaire préalable à la réception de la récompense (autoévaluation).
De plus, certaines sous-régions de ce réseau étaient particulièrement engagées dans le traitement de paramètres statistiques de la récompense (l'erreur de prédiction et la quantité d'information).
Parallèlement, nous avons développé une méthode récente d'évaluation dynamique de la libération de dopamine in vivo en TEP, et avons montré que la libération de dopamine augmentait bilatéralement au sein du striatum ventral et du noyau caudé durant la tâche de recherche. Afin de valider ces observations et d'évaluer la sensibilité de cette méthode, nous avons mis en oeuvre un paradigme TEP standard (mesure du « binding potential » du raclopride). Celui-ci nous a en outre permis de mesurer une corrélation entre la libération de dopamine dans le striatum ventral droit et les valeurs comportementales des sujets. Ces résultats sont en accord avec l'hypothèse d'un rôle de la dopamine striatale dans l'apprentissage guidé par la récompense chez l'homme.
Pour la première fois à notre connaissance, l'emploi combiné de l'IRMf et du marquage des récepteurs dopaminergiques en TEP nous a ainsi permis de considérer à la fois la dynamique de l'activation cérébrale et la « neurochimie cognitive » dans une situation d'effort mental et d'apprentissage guidés par la récompense.
Foulon, Chris. "Implementing advanced neo-associationist analyses of the brain Advanced lesion symptom mapping analyses and implementation as BCBtoolkit Reasoning by analogy requires the left frontal pole : lesion-deficit mapping and clinical implications." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS254.
Full textThe new brain imaging techniques, notably the different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities, allow the study of the human brain in vivo for the first time in neuroscience's history. These technologies now make possible to study the symptoms caused by brain lesions in living patients. However, it requires the development of new analyses adapted for this new kind of data which was not available a few decades ago. Most of the classical lesion--symptom analyses are focused on the lesioned area, often neglecting the affected structural and functional connections. In this thesis, we begin by presenting a set of methods, implemented in our software the BCBtoolkit, enabling the study of both structural and functional disconnections and their effect on the behaviour. We applied these analyses to map the impact of focal brain lesions on the performance in category fluency. We then present two studies using this approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms of several cognitive functions associated with creativity. We finally discuss the possible interaction between the different brain structures, which generate human behaviours. Our studies unveil numerous networks, both structural or functional, participating in the different high-level cognitive functions. Ultimately, we propose a theoretical model for these interactions
Clairis, Nicolas. "Βases cérébrales du compromis coûts/bénéfices." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2020SORUS026.pdf.
Full textEvery day we make decisions about the actions we want to perform. These decisions are based on a trade-off between the benefits we hope to obtain from performing these actions, and the costs, in terms of effort, associated with those actions. This thesis examines the neural correlates of the cost/benefit trade-off through three studies conducted in healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the first study, we were able to dissociate the neural correlates of the computation of the cost/benefit trade-off from the neural correlates of the variables regulating this computation. Indeed, in this study, the computation of the cost/benefit trade-off was associated with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, whereas confidence in the decision and the time spent in deliberating were associated with more dorsal parts of the medial prefrontal cortex. With our second study, we observed that, in two tasks, involving a mental or a physical effort, the performance was better explained by a Pavlovian bias than by loss aversion. In other words, as opposed to what has been shown mainly in choice tasks, individuals tended to give more weight to gains than to losses. The third study allowed us to show that, even in a simple reinforcement learning task, the brain areas linked to the exertion of a mental effort were recruited while the cost/benefit trade-off was being computed, suggesting that this task was not carried out purely automatically. All these results allow us to better characterize the brain areas involved in the cost/benefit trade-off and the conditions in which these areas are active
Barbalat, Guillaume. "Architecture du contrôle cognitif au sein du cortex cérébral dans la schizophrénie." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00617958.
Full textReynaud, Emmanuelle. "Mécanismes cérébraux et psychophysiologiques impliqués dans la variabilité de la réponse émotionnelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5020.
Full textThe ability to sense and regulate emotions allows us to have an adapted emotional behavior towards our environment. It is regulated by an interaction of the central nervous system (CNS), including the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Yet, our emotional responses can be influenced by a myriad of other factors. They depend for instance on ones' subjective state, and also voluntary conscious intention to control one's emotions. The aim of this thesis is thus to study peripheral and cerebral mechanisms involved in the variability of the emotional response. To do so, we have used five different models susceptibly influencing emotional response: a first model assaying healthy controls in an emotional control task, a second one accounting for their resilience capacity, a third one focused on the impact of neuroticism, a fourth one with acutely stress participants and a last one with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. To better address our objective, we have selected three groups of participants: healthy controls, PTSD patients and fire fighters. We explored responses of the the ANS and the CNS activities using fMRI-based paradigms, specifically tackling the activation of the amygdala and PFC; using an emotional tasks. As hypothesized, our results have shown that voluntary emotional regulation in healthy controls modulates physiological parameters in an emotion-specific manner. For instance the sympathetic system is only activated under those circumstance when processing fearful clips
Leprince, Yann. "Imagerie des couches corticales par résonance magnétique à 7 teslas." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112022/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the development of a methodology for the analysis of the layered structure of the cerebral cortex, using high-field magnetic resonance imaging (7-tesla MRI). While cortical layers are traditionally studied using microscopic imaging of post-mortem tissue slices, the use a non-invasive technique such as MRI will enable in vivo studies, and thus allow new approaches beyond the use of classical architectural atlases such as Brodmann's.Two imaging methodologies have been used to acquire high-resolution images. First, a method based on super-resolution reconstruction from thick slices acquired in different geometries was developed for in vivo imaging. Second, a three-dimensional imaging sequence optimized for post-mortem tissue allowed imaging excised brain specimen.The main contribution of this thesis consists of a pair of methods that perform an automatic extraction of cortical profiles, which characterize the laminar architecture at any cortical location. In order to allow robust extraction of these profiles, an original model of the influence of cortical curvature was developed and implemented.These methods were tested and validated on multiple brain specimen. This work allows envisaging an automatic microarchitectural characterization of cortical areas, and even architectural parcellation, using high-field MRI
Destrieux, Christophe. "Établissement et validation d'un atlas anatomique informatisé du cortex cérébral humain étudié in vivo sur représentation déplissée." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR3123/document.
Full textWe first present different methods used to describe the anatomy of the human cerebral cortex, and various coordinates systems. Then we comment the method we published for a fully automated parcellation of the cortical surface. It is described among various other techniques developed for the same purpose. Our method uses a bayesian approach to include several pieces of information in the labeling process : manual parcellation of 12 cortical surfaces, but also shape of the surface and anatomical classes of neighboring vertices. Finally, we comment the anatomical rules we proposed to parcellate the cortical surface in 74 anatomical classes per hemisphere. This parcellation can be used by the automated method we published, but also remains close enough to the anatomical conventions used in the neuroimaging field. We propose several improvements of the Terminologia Anatomica The software and the database are available and included in the FreeSurfer package (http : //surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/)
Klein, Isabelle. "Etude anatomo-fonctionnelle du cortex visuel primaire au cours de l'imagerie visuelle : approche par imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112291.
Full textVisual imagery is a brain state that gives rise to visual experience on the basis of stored information, not current input from the eyes. Convergent results from psychophysical, neuroimaging and studies of brain damaged patients have shown that mental imagery shares many of the functional properties and cortical structures used in visual perception. However a fundamental question that remains unresolved is whether visual imagery shares the "low-level" neural mechanisms required to perceive the external world. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to detect and characterize the activity in the primary visual cortex (or area V1) during visual imagery. In a first experiment, we tested two general hypotheses: The first was that V1 is activated only when images with many details are formed and used, and the second was that V1 is activated whenever images are formed, even if they are not necessarily used to perform a task. The results revealed reproducible transient activation in this area whenever subjects generated or evaluated a mental image. This transient activation was strongly enhanced when subjects evaluated characteristics of objects, whether or not details actually needed to be extracted from the image to perform the task. In a second experiment, we tested the hypothesis that the orientation of a visualized pattern is directly reflected by the orientation of activity in retinopically organized early visual cortices. The primary visual cortex of primates, including humans, is retinotopically organized; the spatial pattern of light striking the retinas is physically preserved (with some metric distortions) on the surface of cortex itself. We asked subjects to view or visualize a flashing bar either vertically or horizontally. The results show that for most subjects, the topography of the activation produced by imagined stimuli closely matched corresponding cortical representations of the visual field. Although understanding the precise nature of neural mechanisms that causally link activity in area V1 to visual imagery requires further investigation, the present results provides strong evidence that visual mental imagery recruits the earliest stages of the visual system
Philippi, Nathalie. "Mémoire autobiographique et self dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : étude neuropsychologique et en neuro-imagerie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ011/document.
Full textThe present study aimed at studying autobiographical memory (AbM) in patients at early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, as well as at analyzing the link between AbM and the Self components (as defined by Prebble et al., 2013), and finally, at investigating its neuro-anatomical correlates. The results we obtained confirmed AbM is damaged in patients with regards to episodic and emotional components, whatever the age of the memory. The deficit in episodic memory was associated with medial temporal lobe atrophy, with the left hippocampus seemingly involved in the temporal context of the memories and the right amygdala in the emotional component. Conversely, specificity of remaining emotional memories was relatively preserved, as well as semanticized memories, which rely on the temporal neocortex. In the context of the Self more generally, our results highlight a relationship between the conceptual-Self and autobiographical memories, through semanticization and integration processes, which allow the formation of the most abstracted forms of self-representations. Moreover, the subjective sense of Self appears as a prerequisite to all other Self components. Based upon a case study and a volumetric group study, we were able to show that the implication of the medial prefrontal cortex is common to all Self components, suggesting its key role for the subjective sense of Self. Our results point to a potential rehabilitation therapy based on reinforcing self-defining memories to strengthen the Self. This work will be completed by the study of functional and anatomical networks sustaining the Self
Auclair, David. "Neuro-anatomie fonctionnelle et applications thérapeutiques de la modification du rétro-contrôle visuel du mouvement." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10055.
Full textVanquin, Ludovic. "Biomarqueurs de la morphologie du cortex cérébral par imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) anatomique : application à la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30083/document.
Full textMorphological alterations of the cortical mantle in early stage of Alzheimer's disease have led to an increasing interest towards morphological biomarkers of the cerebral cortex. By providing a quantitative measure of the cortical shape, morphological biomarkers could provide better understanding of the impact of the disease on the cortical anatomy and play a role in early diagnosis. Therefore, as a primary goal in this study, we developed cortical surface curvature and fractal dimension estimation methods. We then applied those methods, together with the estimation of cortical thickness, to investigate the impact of Alzheimer's disease on the cortical shape as well as the contribution of cortical thickness and cortical curvature to the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The originality of this work lies in the estimation of sulcal and gyral curvature of the internal (gray matter/white matter boundary) and external (gray matter/cerebrospinal fluid boundary) cortical surfaces in addition to the fractal dimensions of these boundaries. Our results showed significant impact of Alzheimer's disease on sulcal and gyral shapes of the internal and external cortical surfaces. In addition, cortical thickness was found to have better ability than cortical curvature for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease; no significant ability for the early diagnosis was found using fractal dimension. However, we found significant improvement in early diagnosis by combining cortical thickness and cortical curvature
Wotawa, Nicolas. "Low-level visual cortex and motion perception : an MRI study." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4008.
Full textThe evolution of cerebral imaging technologies combined with specific image processing algorithms contribute to improving our knowledge of the brain functioning, in particular regarding visual perception. This thesis contributes to current understanding implied in visual motion perception in humans, based on complementary information brought by different Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) modalities. The first part of this work focuses on functional MRI (fMRI) identification of low-level visual areas. We detail the fMRI retinotopic mapping procedure we developed, from the stimulus design to the final anatomo-functional analysis. A specific functional localization of the hMT/V5+ complex is also obtained with a block design. These methods, optimized according to some stimulation parameters, allow the extraction of individually defined and homogeneous Regions Of Interest (ROI). In the second part, we characterize functionally these previously identified low-level visual areas. Based on the recent fMR-Adaptation paradigm, which allows to investigate the sensitivity of a cortical region to quantitative variations of a given feature, we demonstrate a functional differentiation across areas regarding their relative sensitivity to visual direction of motion. Lastly, we combine fMRI and Diffusion Tensor MRI (DTI) to study the anatomical connectivity within the low-level visual cortex. Based on state of the art white matter fibers mapping algorithms, this characterization gives insights on the network of areas implied, among others, in visual motion processing
Simon, Stéphane. "IRM fonctionnelle du traitement visuel associatif : processus d'identification des visages familiers et transformations visuo-motrices." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE19018.
Full textSeveral processing systems, which are hierarchically organized, are involved in the associative function. The present experiments deal with the functional organization of visual associative processing in two examples. The functional neuroimaging méthode, which was used, is functional MRI. FMRI allows to correlate small variations of regional cerebral blood flow with the performance of a specific task. It thus allows to map cerebral function, taking into account several specific hypothese. In chapter I, the significance of the fMRI signal is discussed. Chapter II deals with experiments aimed at studying the processing of familiar face identification. First, we determined the neural correlates of the processing of familiarity from faces or from the corresponding proper names. Second, we determined the correlates of the access to people's identity. The nature of the tasks performed by the subjects was manipulated, so that they required a familiarity judgment or the search for semantic informations, or so that the detection of familiarity became implicit. The study has revealed the recruitment of a large neuronal network including occipitotemporal and prefrontal cortices, during the processing of face familiarity. It is worth noting that the involvement of this network depends on the studied parameters. Chapter III is about the segregation of the neural correlates of visuo-spatial attention/working memory and visually guided motor intention. This experiment is inspired by a paradigm, wich was used in electrophysiological studies in the macaque. It has revealed an anatomical distinction within the premotor cortex, with respect to its involvement in the two functional domains. These results are thus in line with neurophysiological data from monkeys
Anton, Jean-Luc. "De l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle aux activations des populations de neurones chez l'homme : étude du cortex sensori-moteur dans l'exploration tactile." Paris, EHESS, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996EHES0302.
Full textFunctional resonance magnetic imaging (fmri) is one of the most efficient techniques for understanding the cerebral functions in human (non-invasive, spatial and temporal resolutions, individual analysis in relation with the cortical anatomy), but it presents important variabilities. We defined an original method of analysis of the functional signal, which allows to extract robust informations on cerebral functions. We took into account the noise of the images, the temporal drift, as well as the influence of large vessels. We developed and applied an original statistical method (conditional analysis) and thresholding techniques that allow to reveal compact zones which are activated by the execution of a behavioural task. The spatial extension of these compact zones enables to quantify the activations revealed in different regions of interest that were defined on the basis of the cortical anatomy of each subject. We developed a method of comparison between tasks that permits to eliminate the individual variability thanks to a linear regression. We quantified thus the degree of overlap between activation zones involved in two tasks sharing common functional components, and we relate it to the operations of populationsticulartical neurons. In particular, we studied four tasks of the hand which present common sensorial and motor components: finger movements, haptic exploration, tactile stimulation, and proprioceptive stimulation. We found that these tasks produce activations in the primary and associative sensorimotor areas. Quantitative analysis in the region of the controlateral central sulcus revealed zones of overlap between the activations induced by the different tasks, and allowed to precisely define the spatial distribution of these activations
Moulier, Buchbinder Virginie. "Etude en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle des corrélats cérébraux de l’excitation sexuelle chez des patients pédophiles." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066747.
Full textDinomais, Mickael. "Etude du cortex sensori-moteur en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Fonctionnelle : du sujet sain à l'enfant avec paralysie cérébrale." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01021084.
Full textDinomais, Mickaël. "Etude du cortex sensori-moteur en imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Fonctionnelle : du sujet sain à l'enfant avec paralysie cérébrale." Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01021084.
Full textCerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive injury to the developing central nervous system resulting in permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation. Therefore physical and rehabilitation medicine has a particular interest in the study of organization and reorganization of the sensorimotor cortex following early brain injury in order to propose new methods for motor rehabilitation. We first showed that motor cortex could be analyzed in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using action-observation and passive movement tasks. We then demonstrated in patients with unilateral CP that resting state analysis could study functional connectivity in sensorimotor system. Moreover, our work showed that observing hand movement produced, in CP patients, large bilateral activations in temporo-parieto-fronto-occipital network, comprising most of the nodes of the well described action-observation network. For either side, observing hand movements recruits the primary motor cortex, contralateral to the viewed hand, as would be expected in healthy persons. In addition, we showed that the combination of observation of congruent hand movement simultaneously to passive movement of the paretic hand recruits more motor areas, giving neuronal substrate to propose video-guided passive movement of paretic hand in CP rehabilitation. Finally we present the perinatal stroke as a well suited model to analyze the postlesional neural plasticity notably the "mal-adaptive" plasticity
Seizeur, Romuald. "Etude du faisceau cortico-spinal en tractographie déterministe." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B153.
Full textMRI allows brain structures study in vivo. Tensor diffusion imaging permits the study of white matter fibres; tractography provides a visualization of fibres bundles. Anatomic validation is challenging for diffusion models and tractography algorithms. This validation is necessary for images (from DTI and tractography) of nervous system pathologies understanding. We studied corticospinal tract (CST) with determinist tractography algorithms used in clinical routine. CST is the major tract of voluntary movement and its lesions can result in varying levels of palsy. The crossing fibre regions make the tractography study difficult. We performed three studies on CST tractography. Four deterministic algorithms were used. We used two regions of interest, one was segmented by anatomical knowledge, the second was segmented using functional MRI (hand motor activation). The first study (on 15 right-handed subjects) tried to evaluate tractography provided by algorithms via comparative analysis by expert neuroradiologists. The second study the fractional anisotropy, the mean diffusivity and the planar coefficient tensor to try to find a CST asymmetry. The third study was performed on 15 right-handed and 10 left-handed subjects. We tried to corroborate the asymmetry to laterality index. The concordance between expert neuroradiologists did not ranked first the mathematically most robust algorithm. The results showed an asymmetry correlated to the laterality index
Ranjeva, Jean-Philippe. "Détermination de l'activité corticale, de la connectivité fonctionnelle et de la connectivité effective cérébrale par IRM [Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique] fonctionnelle : application à l'étude des processus cérébraux compensatoires au stade précoce de la sclérose en plaques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20697.
Full textRousseau, Pierre-François. "Etude des mécanismes d'actions neurobiologiques de la thérapie EMDR dans le trouble de stress post-traumatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0527/document.
Full textPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common condition affecting nearly 8% of the general population. This psychiatric pathology is expressed by a symptomatic square including a syndrome of repetition, avoidance, neurovegetative hyperactivation and a negative alteration of cognitions and mood. One of the most effective treatments in this pathology is a psychotherapy called EMDR for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Although this therapy no longer needs to prove its effectiveness, its mechanisms of action are still at the hypothesis stage today. The objective of our thesis work was to explore the mechanism of action of EMDR therapy through different paradigms in EEG, PET-scanner and fMRI, comparing brain activity before and after treatment or during bilateral alternating stimuli. We were able to demonstrate that EMDR therapy altered the brain activity of a brain network involved in emotional treatment and memory and of a particular structure, the precuneus. The alternating bilateral stimuli underlying the action of EMDR also activate part of this network explaining the impact of EMDR on traumatic memory. For the first time, we also have shown that the activity of the precuneus before treatment is able to predict the magnitude of the decrease in PTSD symptoms. The length of REM sleep before treatment can predict the number of sessions needed to reach remission
Operto, Grégory. "Analyse structurelle surfacique de données fonctionnelles cétrébrales." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30060.
Full textFunctional data acquired by magnetic resonance contain a measure of the activity in every location of the brain. If many methods exist, the automatic analysis of these data remains an open problem. In particular, the huge majority of these methods consider these data in a volume-based fashion, in the 3D acquisition space. However, most of the activity is generated within the cortex, which can be considered as a surface. Considering the data on the cortical surface has many advantages : on one hand, its geometry can be taken into account in every processing step, on the other hand considering the whole volume reduces the detection power of usually employed statistical tests. This thesis hence proposes an extension of the application field of volume-based methods to the surface-based domain by adressing problems such as projecting data onto the surface, performing surface-based multi-subjects analysis, and estimating results validity
Michel, Vincent. "Understanding the visual cortex by using classification techniques." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112202.
Full textLn this thesis, we present different approaches for statistical learning that can be used for studying the neural code of cognitive functions, based on brain functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data. Ln particular, we study the spatial organization of the neural code, i. E. The spatial localization and the respective weights of the different entities implied in the neural coding. Ln this thesis, we focus on the visual cortex. Ln the first part of this thesis, we introduce the notions of functional architecture, neural coding and functional imaging. Then, we study the limits of the classical approach for the characterization of the neural code fram fMRI images, and the advantages of a recent method of analysis, namely inverse inference. Finally, we detail the statistical learning approaches used for inverse inference, and we evaluate them on real data. Ln a second part, we describe the three main contributions of this thesis. First, we introduce a Bayesian framework for sparse regularization, that generalizes two reference approaches. Then, we propose a supervised clustering method, that takes into account the spatial structure of the images. The resulting weighted maps are easily interpretable, and this approach seems particularly interesting in the case of inter-subjects inference. The last contribution of this thesis aims at including the spatial information into the regularization framework. This regularization is th us used in both regression and classification settings, and extracts clusters of predictive voxels. This approach is well suited for the decoding problem addressed in this thesis
Chahboune, Halima. "Observation du cortex cérébral par résonance magnétique nucléaire au cours du cycle veille-sommeil du rat : développements méthodologiques, instrumentaux et monitorage des signaux physiologiques." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10154.
Full textBodin, Clémentine. "Le cortex vocal chez le primate : une investigation anatomo-fonctionnelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0647.
Full textVocal communication, which is integrated into human language, can also be found in the behavior of other primates. The question is whether these similarities are reflected in similar cerebral processes of this information. This thesis aimed to explore the anatomical and functional substrates of voice perception in primates by adopting a comparative approach. It was structured around two main research axes: I. The anatomical-functional investigation of temporal voice areas (TVAs) in relation to the anatomy of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in humans. In this perspective, functional activity in the TVAs was found maximal in the deepest region of the STS bilaterally. However, this relationship was less systematic at the individual level, mainly due the presence of plis de passage (PP) that constitute an important source of variability. Investigation of the underlying structural connectivity revealed that they constituted preferential white matter crossing places connecting the two banks of the sulcus. II. In a second axis, we performed a comparative study of voice areas in humans and monkeys through functional imaging. Several voice areas (brain areas more sensitive to human voice in humans and to monkey vocalizations in monkeys compared to vocalizations of other species or non-vocal sounds) were found in both species, mainly in the temporal lobe. Together, the results suggest the existence of a complex cortical network dedicated to the processing of conspecific vocalizations, relatively conserved across primates and exhibiting a high individual variability inherent in its high-level social functions
Querbes, Olivier. "Mesure de l'épaisseur corticale en IRM : application au diagnostic précoce individuel de la maladie d'Alzheimer et à la notion de réserve cognitive." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1597/.
Full textBrain atrophy measured by magnetic resonance structural imaging has been proposed as a surrogate marker for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Studies on large samples are still required to determine its practical interest at the individual level, especially with regards to the capacity of anatomical magnetic resonance imaging to disentangle the confounding role of the cognitive reserve in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. One hundred and thirty healthy controls, 122 subjects with mild cognitive impairment of the amnestic type and 130 Alzheimer's disease patients were included from the ADNI database and followed up for 24 months. After 24 months, 72 amnestic mild cognitive impairment had converted to Alzheimer's disease (referred to as progressive mild cognitive impairment, as opposed to stable mild cognitive impairment). For each subject, cortical thickness was measured on the baseline magnetic resonance imaging volume. The resulting cortical thickness map was parcellated into 22 regions and a normalized thickness index was computed using the subset of regions (right medial temporal, left lateral temporal, right posterior cingulate) that optimally distinguished stable mild cognitive impairment from progressive mild cognitive impairment. We tested the ability of baseline normalized thickness index to predict evolution from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease and compared it to the predictive values of the main cognitive scores at baseline. In addition, we studied the relationship between the normalized thickness index, the education level and the timeline of conversion to Alzheimer's disease. Normalized thickness index at baseline differed significantly among all the four diagnosis groups (P_0. 001) and correctly distinguished Alzheimer's disease patients from healthy controls with an 85% cross-validated accuracy. Normalized thickness index also correctly predicted evolution to Alzheimer's disease for 76% of amnestic mild cognitive impairment subjects after cross-validation, thus showing an advantage over cognitive scores (range 63-72%). Moreover, progressive mild cognitive impairment subjects, who converted later than 1 year after baseline, showed a significantly higher education level than those who converted earlier than 1 year after baseline. Using a normalized thickness index-based criterion may help with early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease at the individual level, especially for highly educated subjects, up to 24 months before clinical criteria for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis are met
Foubet, Ophélie. "Characterization of the Ferret Neocortical Development using Structural Magnetic Resonnance Imaging." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC171/document.
Full textThe human neocortex is highly folded. Its folding pattern has been associated with neurodevelopmental conditions, like autism or schizophrenia. It is still difficult, however, to understand what theses differences may imply, beyond being a marker of underlying variations in cortical organization. During development, folds appear during the last semester of gestation in human, synchronously with connective development. Nowadays, researchers recognize the existence of a relationship between the geometry of neocortical folds, and its cytoarchitectonic and functional organization. We have developed a hypothesis considering the role that mechanical stress can play in the determination of neocortical organization. The ferret appears as an ideal animal model to study the link between folding and cortical organization, as both processes in the ferret take place after birth. We segmented and reconstructed the pial and white matter cortical surfaces from 28 ferret brain structural MR images, and used them for surface and cortical thickness analysis. We highlight an unexpected significant presence of folds at postnatal day 4 (P4), on curvature maps of the pial surface. Besides, longitudinal analyses of the pial folding using meshes registration suggest the presence of a gradient in surface expansion that can be related to gyrification. The larger rostral areas — that turn to be more folded in adult brains — seem to expand earlier and faster than caudal regions with smaller surface area. In cortical thickness analysis, the correlation between pial surface curvature and thickness reveals a variation of cortical thickness in gyri and sulci. However, this correlation appears after postnatal day 8, thus after the emergence of folds around P4.Together, our results suggest a possible mechanical causal effect of folding on the thickening of the cortex and on its cytoarchitectonic and connective development
Lenglet, Christophe. "Geometric and variational methods for diffusion tensor MRI processing." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4083.
Full textThis thesis deals with the development of new processing tools for Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DT-MRI). This recent MRI technique is of utmost importance to acquire a better understanding of the brain mechanisms and to improve the diagnosis of neurological disorders. We introduce new algorithms relying on Riemannian geometry, partial differential equations and front propagation techniques. The first part of this work is theoretical. After a few reminders about the human nervous system, MRI and differential geometry, we study the space of multivariate normal distributions. The introduction of a Riemannian structure on that space allows us to define statistics and intrinsic numerical schemes that will constitute the core of the algorithms proposed in the second part. The properties of that space are important for DT-MRI since diffusion tensors are the covariance matrices of normal laws modeling the diffusion of water molecules at each voxel of the acquired volume. The second part of this thesis is methodological. We start with the introduction of original approaches for the estimation and regularization of DT-MRI. We then show how to evaluate the degree of connectivity between cortical areas. Next, we introduce a statistical surface evolution framework for the segmentation of those images. Finally, we propose a non-rigid registration method. The last part of this thesis is dedicated to the application of our tools to two important neuroscience problems: the analysis of the connections between the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia, implicated in motor tasks, and the study of the anatomo-functional network of the human visual cortex
Gros, Hélène. "Mise au point et validation d'un paradigme expérimental en imagerie fonctionnelle événementielle par résonnance magnétique : application au traitement perceptif visuel de stimuli linguistiques." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30060.
Full textWe propose an experimental design based on a priming paradigm with single visual stimuli to study the role of extrastriate cortex in the perceptual processing of simple linguistic stimuli. We used two sets of stimuli, a linguistic one that consisted of single letters, and a non-linguistic one that consisted of familiar geometric figures; in addition, the ambiguous stimulus "O", which could be categorized either as a letter or as a familiar geometric figure, was primed by both categorical sets. A first study was conducted with an event-related fMRI protocol. The group analysis and the individual analysis on both the extend and intensity of activations showed that the left occipito-temporal cortex was specifically involved in grapheme processing. .
Hoffart, Louis. "Etude de la dynamique des conséquences fonctionnelles périphériques et centrales de lésions oculaires focales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20671/document.
Full textThe brain shows a high ability to reorganize following alteration of sensorial input that may result from modification of the environment or disease of sensorial organs. Modern functional imagery techniques allow to examine the impact on the visual system of such alterations. The aim of this thesis was to develop new approaches for studying at the cortical level, functional consequences of ocular disease associated with a significant visual scotoma. In the first section of this thesis, we used high-field (3T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the cortical functional architecture. Our goal was to map the retinotopic organization of human early visual cortical areas (V1, V2, V3). By this method, we identified modifications of retinotopic organization induced by a focal loss of retinal stimulation (artificial scotoma) and we observed the cortical projections of artificial scotoma on healthy subjects by the mean of a specific stimulus. In the following part of the experimentation, this protocol was used on a patient who showed a maculopathy at the acute stage and after recovery. This study confirms the ability to evaluate the cortical representation (size and location) of a focalized modification of the retinal sensibility threshold and could serve as a basis for the future investigation of cortical plasticity in the visual cortex following retinal diseases. The second section of this thesis was directed to the development of optical imaging intrinsic signals on small animals. Our goals were to characterize the retinotopic organization of rat’s visual cortex. With this method, we will investigate the kinetics of cortical remapping and modifications of the neuronal activity level following retinal lesion. These results will be compared to the data previously acquired by fMRI in humans. Another application of our method will be to study the functional impact of retinal prosthesis. Ocular lesions are associated with local modifications of retinal tissue, and especially with neovascular ingrowth, for which functional consequences have not been totally clarified. We therefore developed models of peripheral lesions, which allow to study the effect of scotoma on retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex after peripheral sensory lesion. This thesis gives some new directions in the functional exploration in retinal disease as Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)
Chabanne, Vanessa. "Codage des caractéristiques de l'espace et propriétés des représentations : implication du lobe temporal interne ?" Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30199.
Full textMechouche, Ammar. "Représentation et partage de connaissances en neuroanatomie : application à l'annotation sémantique des images IRM du cerveau." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1B123.
Full textIn the context of biomedical Semantic Web, this thesis adresses two problems : the first one concerns knowledge modeling and sharing in the neuroimaging domain, and the second one concerns the interpretation and the semantic annotation of the human brain anatomical images. Hence, the thesis proposes an ontology of the human adult cerebral cortex, and its use in the semantic annotation of anatomical structures corresponding to parts of gyri and of sulci, extracted from regions of interest selected by the user on brain MRI images
Blaize, Kevin. "Cartographier le traitement de l'information visuelle cérébrale grâce aux ultrasons fonctionnels." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS114.
Full textIn the brain, the visual system includes the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, the Superior Colliculus and the visual cortex. These structures have been studied since the 50’s and these studies have relied on functional MRI but also on the development of functional surface microscopic imaging techniques. To examine the spatiotemporal resolution of the ultrafast ultrasound imaging technique, we measured visual responses in in the cerebral structures on anesthetized rats in one imaging plan or with a 3D reconstruction. After having validated our technology on rodents, we have applied the technique to awake non-human primate visual cortex. We reconstructed the retinotopic maps of visual cortex, at the surface and in depth. In addition, we could resolve the ocular dominance columns within V1, which represent a major functional structuration in the primary visual cortex. This functional observation suggests the presence of ocular dominance beyond layer 4 in layers 3 and 5 of V1. In conclusion, this thesis work has demonstrated that the functional ultrafast ultrasound imaging can measure activity in the visual system for both rats and non-human primates, anesthetized and awake. This new imaging technique can provide functional measures with a high spatiotemporal resolution in the deep tissue. This illustration on the visual system highlights the potential of the technique to measure functional units not accessible to optical surface analysis and below the resolution of fMRI. Future studies will have to define if this technique can still provide a better resolution than fMRI in deeper structures than 1cm
Rotgé, Jean-Yves. "Rôle des voies thalamo-corticales dans le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif : approches méta-analytique et physiopathologique chez l'homme et l'animal." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21783/document.
Full textObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a frequent and disabling anxiety disorder. Available treatments are effective for most patients but impairing residual symptoms and treatment resistance are common in OCD patients. Therefore, a better understanding of OCD pathophysiology is essential for further improvement of therapeutic strategies. The main goal of my thesis was to assess the anatomical and funtional thalamocortical alterations associated with OCD. Concerning the anatomical thalamocortical alterations associated with OCD, we conducted two meta-analyses of anatomical neuroimaging studies and an original volumetric neuroimaging study. We reported a smaller thalamic volume and a greater orbitofrontal volume, but also an inverse relationship between the volume changes in OCD patients compared with healthy subjects. Furthermore, we showed that gray matter density within the orbitofrontal cortex and the putamen were enhanced in OCD. Concerning the functional thalamocortical alterations associated with OCD, we reported data coming from a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies, an experimental study in subhuman primates using local brain pharmacological manipulations and an event-related neuroimaging study in OCD patients. In our meta-analysis, we showed that the orbitofrontal cortex, the thalamus and the striatum were involved in the mediation of OCD symptoms. In subhuman primates, the pharmacologically induced overactivity within the ventralanterior thalamic nucleus leaded to the emergence of compulsive-like behaviors. Then, in our neuroimaging study, we found that doubt-related orbitofrontal dysfunctions were not modulated by neither error signals nor compulsive-like behaviors in OCD patients, compared with healthy subjects. Finally, we described by using meta-analytic data that anatomical and functional brain alterations overlap with the lateral orbitofrontal cortex in OCD. In conclusion, our results suggest that the thalamo-orbitofrontal network may play a primary role in the genesis and mediation of OCD symptoms
Rima, Samy. "Visuotopie et traitement du flux optique chez le singe : une investigation par IRMf." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30330/document.
Full textFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows addressing the functional organization of the human brain with minimal invasiveness and in healthy individuals. The implementation of that technique in non-human primates represents an important achievement in systems neuroscience. On the one hand, monkey fMRI contributes to the reduction and refinement of invasive approaches in non-human primates, by revealing the regions of interest in which focal electrophysiological and/or anatomical investigations should be carried out. On the other hand, the knowledge acquired with such invasive approaches can be more safely transposed to humans, once inter-species homologies and differences have been identified through the use of similar fMRI protocols in human and non-human primates. The first part of this thesis reviews the most common approaches that have been used to study brain functions, either in humans or in non-human primates. It is shown that despite progresses in the human approaches, invasive studies in monkeys remain necessary for understanding the neuronal mechanisms underlying cognitive functions. Then follows a description of the evolution of the monkey fMRI techniques and some of its achievements in bridging the gap between non-invasive human studies and invasive animal studies, notably for deciphering the neural mechanisms supporting visually-guided grasping. The end of this first part is purely methodological. It undertakes the description of the monkey facilities and the MR platform in Toulouse, and details the necessary milestones for conducting fMRI research in macaque monkeys. The second part of the thesis presents the 4 studies we have conducted with monkey fMRI. The first study is a preparatory experiment for characterizing the monkey hemodynamic response function, which is a prerequisite for proper analysis of subsequent monkey fMRI data. The second study addresses the visuotopic organization of the primate dorsal visual cortex with a novel technique of wide-field (80°) phase-encoded visual stimulation, coupled with a state of the art surface-based analysis of population receptive fields. The results obtained in 2 animals uncover a new cluster of visuotopic areas in the posterior parietal cortex of the macaque monkey, bringing a fresh view to the functional organization of this piece of cortex and opening a promising avenue for inter-species comparisons. The third study unveils the cortical network involved in optic flow processing in non-human primates and it compares this network to that recently described in humans. To that end, we replicated in macaque monkeys an experiment previously conducted in human subjects with optic flow stimuli that are either consistent or inconsistent with egomotion. Besides confirming the involvement of areas previously identified through electrophysiological recordings, our results reveal new cortical areas involved in the processing of optic flow, drawing the picture of a network sharing many similarities, but also striking differences, with that documented in the human brain. In summary, the ambition of this thesis is two-fold: (1) providing guidelines for setting-up monkey fMRI techniques, drawn from our own experience and (2) exposing a set of studies we have conducted with this approach, dealing with the visuotopic organization of the dorsal visual cortex and its involvement in the processing of visual motion. Besides bringing a fresh view to the functional organization of the dorsal visual pathway in non-human primates, these studies illustrate how monkey fMRI bridges the gap between electrophysiological studies in non-human primates and functional imaging studies in humans
Michel, Vincent. "Améliorer la compréhension du cortex visuel à l'aide de techniques de classification." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00550047.
Full textAbboud, Sami. "Les fonctions cognitives du cortex visuel dans la cécité précoce." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS038/document.
Full textBlindness early in life leads to major changes in the functional architecture of the brain. The occipital lobes, no longer processing visual information, turn to processing auditory and tactile input and high-order cognitive functions such as language and memory. This functional reorganization offers a window into the influence of experience on brain development in humans. We studied the outcomes of this reorganization and its potential precursors. First, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in order to delineate regions in the visual cortex according to their sensitivity to high-order cognitive functions. Then, using functional connectivity, we demonstrated distinct connections from those regions to the rest of the brain. Crucially, we found a functional correspondence between the visual regions and their connected brain networks. Then, using functional connectivity in neonates, we provided preliminary evidence in support of the proposition that innate connectivity biases underlie functional reorganization. Second, we focused on language, one of the reorganized functions in blindness, and used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate verbal semantic processing. We found temporally equivalent but spatially different activation across the blind and the sighted. In the blind, the occipital cortex had a unique contribution to semantic category discrimination. However, the cerebral implementation of semantic categories was more variable in the blind than in the sighted. Our results advance the knowledge about brain
Mazzola, Laure. "Rôle du cortex operculo-insulaire dans la somesthésie et la douleur chez l'homme." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10208/document.
Full textThis work aims at assessing the role of operculo-insular cortex in somesthesia and pain in Humans, using intracerebral electrical stimulations and fMRI. Two distinct functional zones were highlighted; the insular cortex on one hand, in which 60% of stimulations induced somato-sensory responses (10% painful), with a clear antero-posterior gradient in terms of localization and pain stimulation threshold, and where receptive fields were large and pain evoked sensations showed a rough somatotopic organization. The inner part of the parietal operculum (second somatosensory area SII) on the other hand, where electrical stimulation induced almost exclusively somato-sensory sensations, of which 10% were painful, in more restricted cutaneous territories. SII and posterior insula are the only cortical regions where electrical stimulation can elicit painful sensation. Functional segregation in SII and insula was found using fMRI, showing that specific patterns of activation do exist, depending on the type of somato-sensory stimulations, including sub-regions specifically activated during pain stimulation. These characteristics confer to these regions a crucial and special role, which consists in triggering the building of pain 'experience' by the pain matrix
Graulieres, Eliane. "Valeur prédictive des anomalies d'imagerie tensorielle de diffusion détectées dans la substance blanche apparemment normale et la substance grise de patients atteints de sclérose en plaques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/350/.
Full textUntil now, cMRI have shown limitations about the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) because there is not correlation between lesion load visible on MRI images and clinical score EDSS that defines the severity of handicap of a patient with multiple sclerosis. The diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), by quantifying mean diffusivity of water and the degree of anisotropy of tissues characterized by fractional anisotropy in the central nervous system, gives in vivo information about physiopathological modifications of MS. But to this day, no marker can predict with certitude the evolution of pathology. Hence, robust markers that may surely describe the disease process are needed in order to improve the physiopathological comprehension of MS and establish a prognostic. The objective of this thesis was to realise a DTI study in NAWM and GM of patients with remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis by using new mathematic indices: the Skewness (S) and the Kurtosis (K) and compare them with usual histograms quantifications: peak position and peak height. From a methodological point of view, the results of a first short term study: 3 months have shown that whereas there was not clinical evolution, the S index may reflect a significant alteration of GM over this short period. A group of healthy subjects did not show such modifications. The modifications of S, if the clinical evolution was confirmed, may be a marker of the disease evolution before repercussion on clinical score EDSS. .
Tissier, Cloélia. "Imagerie cérébrale du développement du contrôle inhibiteur et de son entraînement intensif à l'adolescence." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB212.
Full textExecutive functions (EF), including Inhibitory Control (IC), play a major role in academic and professional achievement, as well as in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric disorders. Adolescence is a critical period in IC development as it is underlain by the protracted maturation of prefrontal cortex until early adulthood. The first objective of this thesis was to examine the neural bases of IC during development and to evaluate their specificities by comparing them with the working memory (WM), another key component of EF. Based on a meta-analysis of IC and WM fMRI studies including 845 children, 1377 adolescents and 10235 adults, we identified changes in functional activity with a shift from a diffuse to a more focal and specialized network with age. These results support the model of dynamic neurofunctional development. Moreover, a large overlap of fronto-parietal regions was found for IC and WM, which raises issues regarding the specificities of IC and WM processes and tasks. Second, we analyzed the long-term effect of early neurodevelopment on IC based on the sulcus morphology, an anatomical brain feature determined during fetal life. We showed, using a longitudinal analysis of 243 MRIs, that folding patterns are fixed from childhood to adulthood. Subsequently, we established that the sulcal polymorphisms of the anterior cingulate cortex and the inferior frontal sulcus complementary contributed to IC efficiency in both children and adults. Finally, we studied IC training in adolescence, a period of high brain plasticity and environmental sensitivity. We examined the effects of an intensive IC training (25 sessions of 15 minutes per day) versus active control training group on touchscreens in 49 adolescents (16-17 years-old) on cognitive and brain levels (fMRI: stop-signal, dot matrix, attentional network and delayed gratification tasks). We also assessed the effect of early neurodevelopmental factors on IC training receptivity. This thesis is part of a new field of interdisciplinary research, at the interface between neurosciences and psychology. It includes translational educational and therapeutic perspectives, with aims at evaluating as finely as possible, using anatomical and functional brain imaging, what pedagogical and therapeutic interventions are likely to help the brain to overcome cognitive difficulties
Fonteneau, Clara. "Impact of a single frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on the dopaminergic network in healthy subjects." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1079/document.
Full textTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used to modulate neuronal activity in the brain. It consists in applying a small constant current between two electrodes placed over the scalp. Two frontal tDCS montages have shown promises in modulating cognitive abilities and/or helping to alleviate clinical symptoms. However, the effects of tDCS on brain physiology are still poorly understood. The aim of this thesis work was to clarify brain mechanisms underlying frontal tDCS in healthy subjects, specifically in relation to the dopaminergic system. Using a double blind sham-controlled design, we combined a single session of tDCS online with several imaging techniques (PET or simultaneous PET-MRI) with the subject at rest. A first study (n=32, 2mA, 20min) showed that bifrontal tDCS induced an increase in extracellular dopamine in the ventral striatum, involved in the reward-motivation network, after the stimulation period. A second study (n=30, 1mA, 30min) showed that fronto-temporal tDCS induced an increase in extracellular dopamine in the executive part of striatum as well as a decrease in perfusion in a region part of the default mode network (DMN), after the stimulation period. The data analysis of this study is still ongoing. Overall, the present work provides evidence that a single session of frontal tDCS impacts the dopaminergic system in regions connected to the stimulated cortical areas. Therefore, levels of dopamine activity and reactivity should be new elements to consider for a general hypothesis of brain modulation by frontal tDCS
Le, Guen Yann. "Etude en imagerie-génétique des asymétries des structures du lobe temporal : association de leurs caractéristiques propres à l'homme avec des données génétiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS268/document.
Full textThe asymmetrical structure of the temporal lobe has already been demonstrated. These structural asymmetries are often assumed to contribute to the human language lateralization. One noticeable asymmetry is the one of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) depth observed from birth in humans, but not in chimpanzee. In this thesis, we were interested in the genetic roots underlying this asymmetry. To this aim, we used automated extraction method of asymmetrical structures such as the sulcal roots or transverse gyri (so called plis de passage, PPs). First, we reproduced the STS rightward depth asymmetry in two large cohorts (HCP and UK Biobank) and we demonstrated that the left STS is more often interrupted by a PP than its counterpart. Second, the heritability estimates of depth and convexity of sulcal roots in the STS and the presence of PP are higher in the left hemisphere. This suggests asymmetric genetic cues contributing to the formation of these asymmetrical structures in the temporal lobe. In addition, we have shown that the functional activations in the angular gyrus have a significant shared genetic variance with the human cognitive performance. Finally, we have identified a cis-regulating region of the KCNK2, as being significantly associated with the width and cortical thickness of the brain sulci, which are features of brain ageing
Pron, Alexandre. "Etude de la connectivité structurelle des faisceaux d'association courts de la substance blanche du cerveau humain en IRM de diffusion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0391.
Full textShort association fibres (U-shaped fibres) of the white matter connect cortical territories located in adjacent gyri. In vivo estimation of the spatial extent of these fibres requires diffusion-weighted MRI data (dMRI) with high spatial and angular resolution to limit the effect of partial volume at the cortex/white substance interface and to capture the complexity of the fibre patterns. Such data require appropriate pre-processing methods. In addition, the quantitative study of the connectivity of these fibres requires the implementation of advanced tractography and filtering strategies for the tractograms obtained. In this context, we have developed Diffuse (https://github.com/MecaLab/Brainvisa-Diffuse), a toolbox dedicated to dMRI data processing that interfaces state-of-the-art methods for pre-treatment, local modelling and estimation of fibre trajectories by tractography. Using Diffuse, we quantified the impact of six artefact correction chains typically used in dMRI data processing on subsequent local modelling and tractography steps (Brun et al. 2019). The second contribution to this thesis proposes to describe the connectivity of the U-shaped fibres of a sulcus by defining a new continuous representation space (Pron et al. 2018). This space was used to characterize the anatomical connectivity of the short association fibers of the central sulcus of 100 right-handed subjects from the Human Connectome Project's high-quality MRI database
Lefranc, Sandrine. "Parcellisation de la surface corticale basée sur la connectivité : vers une exploration multimodale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112149/document.
Full textRésumé anglais :Diffusion MRI is a medical imaging modality of great interest in neuroimaging research. Thismodality enables the characterization in vivo of neuronal organization and thus providinginformation on the white matter fibers. In addition, each cortical region has been shown to have aspecific signature, which can be described by connectivity measures. Our research has focused onthe design of a whole cortex parcellation method driven by these metrics. Based on the previouswork of P. Roca 2011, a new group analysis is proposed to achieve an individual or populationaveraged segmentation. This is a difficult problem due to the interindividual variability present inthe data. The method was tested and evaluated on the 80 subjects of the ARCHI database.Multimodal aspects were investigated to compare the proposed structural parcelliations with otherparcellations or morphological characteristics derived from the modalities present in the database. Aconnection between the variability of cortical anatomy and parcellations of the functional MRI datawas demonstrated, providing a first neuroscientist validation
Saoud, Houda. "Effets de la latéralisation corticale auditive dans la perception de la parole : application à l'implantation cochléaire bilatérale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10122.
Full textSpeech perception consists of a set of bilateral computations that take continuously varying acoustic waveforms as input and generate discrete representations. Hypothesis of ‘asymmetric sampling in time’, suggests that auditory functional asymmetries can be explained by differences in temporal sampling between the two auditory cortices. We suggest that asymmetry in auditory cortical oscillations could play a role in speech perception by fostering hemispheric triage of information across the two hemispheres. Due to this asymmetry, fast speech temporal modulations, could be best perceived by the left auditory cortex, while slower modulations would be better captured by the right one. The aim of this thesis was to study and to test the validity of the predictions of the AST theory by investigating psychophysical and neurophysiological approach. They focus on the cortical activation in both hemispheres according to the nature of the auditory signal presented to both ears. Our results show that when we provide a different part of the speech envelope to each ear, word recognition is facilitated when the temporal properties of speech match the rhythmic properties of auditory cortices. We further show that the interaction between speech envelope and auditory cortices rhythms translates in their level of neural activity (as measured with fMRI). In the left auditory cortex, the neural activity level related to stimulus/brain rhythm interaction predicts speech perception facilitation. This interaction impacts speech perception performance. We propose that this lateralization effect could have practical implications in the framework of bilateral cochlear implants
Ken, Soléakhéna. "Recalage multimodal en neuroimagerie : application à l'épilepsie réfractaire." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/309/.
Full textIn a very invasive neurosurgical context, neuroimaging becomes an indispensable diagnosis tool and multimodal image registration represents a major issue in the process of surgical planning elaboration for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Our manuscript brings a contribution in the assessment of relevant multimodal registration for the precise spatial localization of the epileptogenic area, using three-dimensional volumetric MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) modality for cortical features determination along with high-resolution CT (Computerized Tomography) modality for subdural electrodes localization. We propose a detailed registration method, articulated around the following steps: resampling with linear interpolation, rigid-body transformations, Downhill Simplex optimization of MI (Mutual Information) as measure similarity. The proposed registration method gave excellent results after consistency analysis : the shift, defined as the difference between the generated parameters and the retrieved parameters reaches 0. 14 mm with a mean error of 0. 27 mm for the translation and 0. 03° with a mean error of 0. 14° for the rotation. The vector of position is computed for the voxels of skull surface and for the voxels of the center of the brain volume, it describes the accuracies of the registration method which are respectively, 1. 42+/-0. 61 mm and 1. 15+/-0. 53 mm for the two categories of voxels. Results are considered reliable so as the registration method for surgical planning in all studied patients