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Journal articles on the topic 'Cosmic air shower'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sanyal, S., B. Ghosh, SK Sarkar, A. Bhadra, A. Mukherjee, and N. Chaudhuri. "An Analysis of Cosmic Ray Air Showers for the Determination of Shower Age." Australian Journal of Physics 46, no. 4 (1993): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph930589.

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A sample of 8651 air showers in the size range 104 . 3_106 . 2 has been analysed to determine the distribution of the measured age in terms of (i) the number of showers in a specified size range, and (ii) the radial distances in individual showers. It is shown that the radial age distribution in an individual shower leads to an average shower age approximately the same as the prediction of the electron-photon cascade theory. The other results include a study of the variation of (i) shower age, as measured by the x2-minimisation technique, with shower size of vertically incident showers, and (ii) the measured electron density at any point with its radial distance from the shower axis, as a function of the age of a large shower group with very small spread in size. A comparison of similar measurements with relevant theory is also included.

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2

Haungs, A., W. D. Apel, J. C. Arteaga, T. Asch, A. F. Badea, L. Bähren, K. Bekk, et al. "Cosmic Ray Air Shower Detection with LOPES." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 175-176 (January 2008): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2007.11.003.

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3

ARDOUIN, D., A. BELLETOILE, D. CHARRIER, R. DALLIER, L. DENIS, P. ESCHSTRUTH, T. GOUSSET, et al. "CODALEMA: A COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWER RADIO DETECTION EXPERIMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, supp01 (July 2006): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0603360x.

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The CODALEMA experimental device currently detects and characterizes the radio contribution of cosmic ray air showers : arrival directions and electric field topologies of radio transient signals associated to cosmic rays are extracted from the antenna signals. The measured rate, about 1 event per day, corresponds to an energy threshold around 5.1016eV. These results allow to determine the perspectives offered by the present experimental design for radiodetection of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays at a larger scale.

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4

Schröder, Frank G. "Air Shower Detection by Arrays of Radio Antennas." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 15001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920815001.

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Antenna arrays are beginning to make important contributions to high energy astroparticle physics supported by recent progress in the radio technique for air showers. This article provides an update to my more extensive review published in Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 93 (2017) 1. It focuses on current and planned radio arrays for atmospheric particle cascades, and briefly references to a number of evolving prototype experiments in other media, such as ice. While becoming a standard technique for cosmic-ray nuclei today, in future radio detection may drive the field for all type of primary messengers at PeV and EeV energies, including photons and neutrinos. In cosmic-ray physics accuracy becomes increasingly important in addition to high statistics. Various antenna arrays have demonstrated that they can compete in accuracy for the arrival direction, energy and position of the shower maximum with traditional techniques. The combination of antennas and particles detectors in one array is a straightforward way to push the total accuracy for high-energy cosmic rays for low additional cost. In particular the combination of radio and muon detectors will not only enhance the accuracy for the cosmic-ray mass composition, but also increase the gamma-hadron separation and facilitate the search for PeV and EeV photons. Finally, the radio technique can be scaled to large areas providing the huge apertures needed for ultra-high-energy neutrino astronomy.

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5

Bahmanabadi, Mahmud, Mehdi Khakian Ghomi, Farzaneh Sheidaei, and Jalal Samimi. "Galactic Anisotropy of Cosmic Ray Intensity Observed by an Air Shower Experiment." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 23, no. 3 (2006): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as06015.

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AbstractWe have monitored multi-TeV cosmic rays by a small air shower array in Tehran (35°43′ N, 51°20′ E, 1200 m = 890 g cm−2). More than 1.1 × 106 extensive air shower events were recorded. These observations enabled us to analyse sidereal variation of the galactic cosmic ray intensity. The observed sidereal daily variation is compared to the expected variation which includes the Compton–Getting effect due to the motion of the earth in the Galaxy. In addition to the Compton–Getting effect, an anisotropy has been observed which is due to a unidirectional anisotropy of cosmic ray flow along the Galactic arms.

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6

Wada, T., N. Ochi, T. Kitamura, W. Unno, M. Chikawa, Y. Kato, T. Konishi, et al. "Observation of time correlation in cosmic air shower network." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 75, no. 1-2 (March 1999): 330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(99)00282-0.

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7

HUEGE, TIM, and HEINO FALCKE. "SIMULATIONS OF RADIO EMISSION FROM COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWERS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6831–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05030223.

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Radio emission from cosmic ray air showers has the potential to become an additional, cost-effective observing technique for cosmic ray research, being largely complementary to the well-established particle detector and air fluorescence techniques. We present Monte Carlo simulations of radio emission from extensive air showers in the scheme of coherent geosynchrotron radiation from electron-positron pairs gyrating in the earth's magnetic field. Preliminary results of our simulations are the predicted frequency, primary particle energy, shower zenith angle, shower azimuth angle and polarization dependence of the radio emission. These properties can be directly related to data measured by LOPES and other experiments.

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8

WERNER, K., and O. SCHOLTEN. "Macroscopic treatment of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers based on shower simulations." Astroparticle Physics 29, no. 6 (July 2008): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2008.04.004.

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9

Meyhandan, R., and R. W. Clay. "Improving the Angular Resolution of the Buckland Park Air Shower Array." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 1 (1991): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000025121.

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AbstractAir showers initiated by primary cosmic rays and gamma rays produce shower fronts which are curved. However, the arrival directions of air shower events have normally been fitted assuming a planar shower front. We present a technique which takes the average shower front shape into account to assign an improved shower direction after a first analysis assuming a plane front. We then examine the resulting angular resolution of the Buckland Park array.

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10

KANG, DONGHWA, W. D. APEL, J. C. ARTEAGA, F. BADEA, K. BEKK, M. BERTAINA, J. BLÜMER, et al. "THE EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWER EXPERIMENT KASCADE-GRANDE." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 01 (January 2011): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194511000183.

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The extensive air shower experiment KASCADE-Grande (KArlsruhe Shower Core and Array DEtector and Grande array) is located on site of the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in Germany. The original KASCADE experiment consisted of a densely packed scintillator array with unshielded and shielded detectors for the measurement of the electromagnetic and muonic shower component independently, as well as muon tracking devices and a hadron calorimeter. The Grande array as an extension of KASCADE consists of 37 scintillation detector stations covering an area of 700×700 m2. The main goal for the combined measurements of KASCADE and Grande is the investigation of the energy spectrum and composition of primary cosmic rays in the energy range of 1016 to 1018 eV. In this paper an overview of the KASCADE-Grande experiment and recent results will be presented.

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11

Ohnishi, Teruaki. "Is the cosmic-ray hadron shower a fractal?" Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 906–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-127.

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The possible fractal nature of trajectories drawn by cosmic-ray particles in the atmosphere is investigated. In the course of the propagation of a primary cosmic-ray particle from the top of the atmosphere to sea level, it develops a ramified hadron shower, which is constituted mainly of pions and kaons. These hadrons are multiply produced at every collision of the hadron with an air nucleus. If the cross section corresponding to a definite multiplicity of hadrons decreases with the increase of energy E, in such a manner as to be reciprocally proportional to some powers of E, the resultant pattern of the shower possibly becomes fractal. Since the total interaction cross section is considered to be a superposition of many fundamental cross sections each of which corresponds to a definite multiplicity, the actual hadron shower can be interpreted as a superposition of many fractals each of which has an unique fractal dimension. The total energy of the shower has appeared to obey Laplace's equation under a quasi-stationary condition. Some ramified patterns of the cosmic-ray hadron shower are derived with computers.

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12

Smith, A. G. K., and R. W. Clay. "Cosmic Ray Anisotropy Studies with a Small Air Shower Array." Australian Journal of Physics 50, no. 4 (1997): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96066.

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A small cosmic ray extensive air shower (EAS) array for anisotropy studies has been built and operated in the southern hemisphere for a full year. The operation of such an array is discussed as a possible prototype for a multiarray system which would be simple and reliable to operate. Data from the array are presented to add to the sparse southern hemisphere data set below energies of about 1 PeV.

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13

Sanjeewa, Hakmana, Xiaochun He, and Christopher Cleven. "Air shower development simulation program for the cosmic ray study." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 261, no. 1-2 (August 2007): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.281.

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14

Heck, D. "Importance of forward interactions for cosmic ray air shower simulations." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 122 (July 2003): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(03)80438-3.

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15

Dembinski, Hans. "Investigating cosmic rays and air shower physics with IceCube/IceTop." EPJ Web of Conferences 145 (2017): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201614501003.

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16

Dembinski, Hans. "Investigating cosmic rays and air shower physics with IceCube/IceTop." EPJ Web of Conferences 145 (2017): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714501003.

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17

Kampert, Karl-Heinz, and Michael Unger. "Measurements of the cosmic ray composition with air shower experiments." Astroparticle Physics 35, no. 10 (May 2012): 660–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.02.004.

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18

de Vries, Krijn D., Stijn Buitink, Nick van Eijndhoven, Thomas Meures, Aongus Ó Murchadha, and Olaf Scholten. "The cosmic-ray air-shower signal in Askaryan radio detectors." Astroparticle Physics 74 (February 2016): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2015.10.003.

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19

Sciutto, S. J. "Air showers, hadronic models, and muon production." EPJ Web of Conferences 210 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921002007.

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We report on a study about some characteristics of muon production during the development of extended air showers initiated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Using simulations with the recent new version of the AIRES air shower simulation system, we analyze and discuss on the observed discrepancies between experimental measurements and simulated data.

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20

Doostmohammadi, Saeed. "Estimation of mass composition of high energy cosmic rays via modeling a relation between lateral distribution parameters and shower age." International Journal of Modern Physics D 26, no. 14 (December 2017): 1750161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271817501619.

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Lateral distribution function of extensive air showers of energetic cosmic rays, indicate how secondary particles spread over a surface detectors. There are many different universal formulas between lateral distribution parameters and shower age parameter which can be used to infer about maximum development of extensive air shower (which is a key parameter to estimate the mass composition of primary cosmic rays). At present work, an estimated percent of mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is investigated by comparison between Ivanov et al. modeling of simulated data, which has been done by CoRSiKa, and Yakutsk experimental data.

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21

HUEGE, T., and H. FALCKE. "MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF RADIO EMISSION FROM COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWERS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, supp01 (July 2006): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06033374.

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As a basis for the interpretation of data gathered by LOPES and other experiments, we have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of geosynchrotron radio emission from cosmic ray air showers. The simulations, having been verified carefully with analytical calculations, reveal a wealth of information on the characteristics of the radio signal and their dependence on specific air shower parameters. In this article, we review the spatial characteristics of the radio emission, its predicted frequency spectrum and its dependence on important air shower parameters such as the shower zenith angle, the primary particle energy and the depth of the shower maximum, which can in turn be related to the nature of the primary particle.

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22

Zhang, Ying, J. Huang, D. Chen, L. M. Zhai, Xu Chen, Y. H. Lin, Jian-Hua Fang, and Yoshiaki Nakamura. "Towards a better estimation of energy and species of primary cosmic rays in the knee region with the Tibet hybrid experiment: Utilization of refined EAS lateral distributions." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920803004.

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A new hybrid experiment (YAC-II+Tibet-III+MD) located at Yangbajing has started to improve the capability of explicit measurements of the cosmic-ray components (P, He, CNO, Fe, etc) at the knee energy region since 2014. Considering the different features of air shower development for different primary cosmic-ray nuclei, using a full Monte Carlo simulation, we modified the lateral distribution functions for proton-induced, helium-induced and iron-induced air showers, respectively. The results show that the air shower size of different nuclei obtained by the modified Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen function is consistent with the true shower size within 5% systematic errors. Furthermore, we studied the Extensive Air Shower age parameter determination from the lateral distribution functions of charged particles near the air shower core with the Tibet hybrid experiment. The derived age parameter can be well used to estimate the particle type of the incident primary cosmic rays.

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23

Petropoulos, Michael, Antonios Leisos, and Apostolos Tsirigotis. "μNet: Towards the first array of educational air shower detectors in Greece." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 34n35 (December 18, 2020): 2044022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20440224.

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We report on the design and the pilot phase of the [Formula: see text]Net project that aims for the active involvement of Greek high school students in the experimental procedures of astroparticle physics and especially in cosmic ray physics. Through the anticipated educational program, the students from the geographical area of Peloponnese will construct and operate educational cosmic ray telescopes deployed at their school laboratory and/or perform distant educational activities utilizing the extensive air shower array and the relevant remotely operated experimental setups of the Hellenic Open University Physics Laboratory.

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24

IVANOV, A. A., M. I. PRAVDIN, and A. V. SABOUROV. "MODELING A RELATION BETWEEN SHOWER AGE AND LATERAL DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS OF COSMIC RAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 20, no. 09 (August 31, 2011): 1539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271811019463.

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The lateral distribution (LD) of particles in extensive air showers (EAS) of cosmic rays (CRs) broadens as the cascade propagates in the atmosphere. A universal relation between LD parameters and shower age can be used to estimate the age and/or maximum depth, Xmax, basing on EAS measurements with surface arrays. We have simulated this relation using a Monte Carlo method implemented in the CORSIKA code. Our aim is to specify an algorithm applicable in particular to Yakutsk array data analysis.

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25

Al-Rubaiee, A. A., Uda Hashim, Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad, A. Rahim Ruslinda, R. M. Ayub, A. Wesam Al-Mufti, Y. Al-Douri, and A. J. Altaiee. "Investigating the Characteristics of Longitudinal Profile of Primary Particles in Extensive Air Showers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.859.

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One of the characteristics of longitudinal development of extensive air showers is the number of charged particles and depth of shower maximum in extensive air showers as a function of primary energy, which is often used to reconstruct the elemental composition of primary cosmic rays. Studying of extensive air shower characteristics was performed by investigating the longitudinal development parameters depending on Heitler model for different primary particles. The simulation of the number of charged particles and depth of shower maximum (NandXmax) in extensive air showers of particle cascades was performed using AIRES code for SIBYLL hadronic model for different primary particles like electron, positron, gamma quanta and iron nuclei at the energy range 1014-1019eV. The comparison between the simulated longitudinal development ofNandXmaxusing SIBYLL hadronic model with two hadronic models (QGSJET99 ans SIBYLL16) has shown an opportunity for determination of cosmic ray cascade interactions in extensive air showers.

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26

Rybczyński, Maciej, and Zbigniew Włodarczyk. "Puzzle of muons in extensive air showers." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 08 (June 2019): 1950097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819500974.

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In order to examine a muon excess observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory, detailed Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for primary protons, iron nuclei and strangelets (hypothetical stable lumps of strange quark matter). We obtained a rough agreement between the simulations and the data for ordinary nuclei without any contribution of strangelets in primary flux of cosmic rays. Our simulations suggest that the shower observables are dominated by details of hadronic interaction models.

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27

Roy, S., S. Chakraborty, S. Chatterjee, S. Biswas, S. Das, S. K. Ghosh, A. Maulik, and S. Raha. "Plastic scintillator detector array for detection of cosmic ray air shower." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 936 (August 2019): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.09.109.

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28

Topor Pop, V., M. Gyulassy, and H. Rebel. "Specific interactions at cosmic ray energies for extensive air shower experiments." Astroparticle Physics 10, no. 2-3 (March 1999): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-6505(98)00050-4.

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29

Schwarzschild, Bertram. "Giant Air Shower Array Shows Cosmic‐Ray Spectrum Violating Greisen Cutoff." Physics Today 51, no. 10 (October 1998): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.882394.

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30

Aartsen, M. G., R. Abbasi, Y. Abdou, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, et al. "OBSERVATION OF COSMIC-RAY ANISOTROPY WITH THE ICETOP AIR SHOWER ARRAY." Astrophysical Journal 765, no. 1 (February 15, 2013): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/765/1/55.

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31

Scholten, Olaf, Krijn D. de Vries, and Klaus Werner. "What the radio signal tells about the cosmic-ray air shower." EPJ Web of Conferences 53 (2013): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20135308005.

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32

Marin, Vincent, and Benoît Revenu. "Simulation of radio emission from cosmic ray air shower with SELFAS2." Astroparticle Physics 35, no. 11 (June 2012): 733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.03.007.

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33

Cassiday, G. L., R. Cooper, S. C. Corbató, B. R. Dawson, J. W. Elbert, B. E. Fick, K. D. Green, et al. "Measurement of cosmic ray air shower development at energies above 1017eV." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 14, no. 1 (March 1990): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(90)90448-4.

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34

Bird, D. J., and R. W. Clay. "Development of the Buckland Park Air Shower Array for Anisotropy Measurements." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 8, no. 1 (1989): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000022888.

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AbstractThe cosmic ray array at Buckland Park is being developed to extend its useful collecting area at 1016 eV to ∼105m2 so that anisotropy measurements can be made at higher energies than previously possible with that system. A new array is also being designed to assist with this investigation. Design considerations for the new arrays are discussed.

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35

Lidvansky, Alexander S. "Baksan Air Shower Array: new prospects for old facility." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 15003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920815003.

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The Carpet air shower array of the Baksan Neutrino Observatory is in operation for a long time, and it was modernized more than once. A short review of important results obtained with this array is given, as well as future prospects, since at the moment the new project called Carpet-3 is in progress, using the old array as its basis. The purpose of the new project is to substantially increase the muon detector area (quite soon up to 400 m2 and later up to 600 m2). This improvement will allow one to reach a very good sensitivity to diffuse cosmic photons by selecting muon-poor showers. The energy range where the new experiment will be competitive with other experiments of gamma-ray astronomy is near and below 100 TeV.

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36

Plaisier, I., A. Bonardi, S. Buitink, A. Corstanje, H. Falcke, B. M. Hare, J. R. Hörandel, et al. "A new parametrization for the radio emission of air showers applied to LOFAR data." EPJ Web of Conferences 216 (2019): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921603011.

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The energy and mass composition of cosmic rays influence how the energy density of the radio emission of air showers is distributed on the ground. A precise description of the radio profiles can, therefore, be used to reconstruct the properties of the primary cosmic rays. Here, such a description is presented, using a separate treatment of the two radio-emission mechanisms, the geomagnetic effect and the charge excess effect. The model is parametrized as a function that depends only on the shower parameters, allowing for a precise reconstruction of the properties of the primary cosmic rays. This model is applied to cosmic-ray events measured with LOFAR and it is capable of reconstructing the properties of air showers correctly.

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37

Nonis, Stavros, George Bourlis, Ioannis Gkialas, Antonios Leisos, Ioannis Manthos, Kostas Papageorgiou, Apostolos Tsirigotis, and Spyros Tzamarias. "Studies for high energy air shower identification using RF measurements with the ASTRONEU array." EPJ Web of Conferences 210 (2019): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005010.

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The Hellenic Open University (HOU) Cosmic Ray Telescope (ASTRONEU) consists of 9 large scintillator detectors and 3 RF antennas arranged in three autonomous stations operating at the Hellenic Open University campus in the city of Patras. High energy showers that are detected simultaneously by two distant stations and in coincidence with the RF antennas are used to study the RF signature of cosmic events. In previous studies we have shown that the timing of the RF signals as well as the measured electric field at the antennas position are in very good agreement with the simulation predictions. In this work we concentrate on the transfer functions of the antennas which are strongly frequency and angular dependent. We show that the RF spectra (at frequencies 30-80 MHz) of the detected showers are exhibiting features of the antenna response as predicted by detailed Monte Carlo simulation suggesting that a single antenna RF spectrum gives access to the cosmic ray arrival direction.

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38

Escudie, Antony, Didier Charrier, Richard Dallier, Daniel García-Fernández, Alain Lecacheux, Lilian Martin, and Benoît Revenu. "Multi-wavelength observation of cosmic-ray air-showers with CODALEMA/EXTASIS." EPJ Web of Conferences 210 (2019): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921005003.

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Since 2003, significant eﬀorts have been devoted to the understanding of the radio emission of extensive air shower in the range [20-200] MHz. Despite some studies led until the early nineties, the [1-10] MHz band has remained unused for 20 years. However, it has been measured by some pioneering experiments that extensive air shower emit a strong electric field in this band and that there is evidence of a large increase in the amplitude of the radio pulse at lower frequencies. The EXTASIS experiment, located within the Nançay Radioastronomy Observatory and supported by the CODALEMA experiment, aims to reinvestigate the [1-10] MHz band, and especially to study the so-called “Sudden Death” contribution, the expected electric field emitted by shower front when hitting the ground level. Currently, EXTASIS has confirmed some results obtained by the pioneering experiments, and tends to bring explanations to the other ones, for instance the role of the underlying atmospheric electric field. Moreover, CODALEMA has demonstrated that in the most commonly used frequency band ([20-80] MHz) the electric field profile of EAS can be well sampled, and contains all the information needed for the reconstruction of EAS: an automatic comparison between the SELFAS3 simulations and data has been developed, allowing us to reconstruct in an almost real time the primary cosmic ray characteristics.

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39

HORNEFFER, A., W. D. APEL, F. BADEA, L. BÄHREN, K. BEKK, A. BERCUCI, M. BERTAINA, et al. "RADIO DETECTION OF COSMIC RAYS WITH LOPES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, supp01 (July 2006): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0603357x.

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Measuring radio pulses from cosmic ray air showers offers various new opportunities. New digital radio receivers allow measurements of these radio pulses even in environments that have lots of radio interference. With high bandwidth ADCs and fast data processing it is possible to store the whole waveform information in digital form and analyse transient events like air showers even after they have been recorded. Digital filtering and beam forming can be used to suppress the radio interference so that it is possible to measure the radio pulses even in radio loud environments. LOPES is a prototype station for the new digital radio interferometer LOFAR and is tailored to measure air showers. For this it is located at the site of the KASCADE-Grande air shower experiment. Already with the first phase of LOPES we have been able to measure radio pulses from air showers and show correlations between the radio pulse height and air shower parameters. The first part gives an introduction and presents the science results of LOPES, while the second part presents the hard- and software that enables LOPES to detect air short pulses.

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40

Basak, D. K., S. K. Sarkar, N. Mukherjee, S. Sanyal, B. Ghosh, and N. Chaudhuri. "Lateral distribution and energy spectra of high-energy muons in cosmic-ray air showers." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-006.

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The energy spectra and the lateral distribution of muons in cosmic-ray air showers, in the size range 104–106 particles as measured by two magnetic spectrographs each of full detection efficiency for muons in the energy range 2.5–500 GeV, are presented along with the derived muon size vs. shower size results. Comparisons with similar recent experimental data and calculations are given to infer the cosmic-ray primary composition.

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Noda, C., A. Iyono, H. Matsumoto, M. Masuda, M. Okita, K. Okei, T. Morita, et al. "The anisotropy of cosmic ray flux in Large Area Air Shower experiments." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 175-176 (January 2008): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2007.11.052.

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Sciascio, Giuseppe Di. "Future Extensive Air Shower arrays: From Gamma-Ray Astronomy to Cosmic Rays." EPJ Web of Conferences 121 (2016): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201612104005.

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de Vries, Krijn D., Stijn Buitink, Nick van Eijndhoven, Thomas Meures, Aongus O’Murchadha, and Olaf Scholten. "Interpretation of the cosmic-ray air shower signal in Askaryan radio detectors." EPJ Web of Conferences 135 (2017): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201713505001.

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Nigl, A., W. D. Apel, J. C. Arteaga, T. Asch, J. Auffenberg, F. Badea, L. Bähren, et al. "Frequency spectra of cosmic ray air shower radio emission measured with LOPES." Astronomy & Astrophysics 488, no. 3 (July 9, 2008): 807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20079219.

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GERANIOS, A., E. FOKITIS, S. MALTEZOS, K. PATRINOS, and A. DIMOPOULOS. "SIMULATIONS OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS TRIGGERED BY PROTON, IRON AND GAMMA PRIMARIES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6814–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0503017x.

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Using the AIRES code, we have generated a large number of Extensive Air Showers corresponding to Ultra high energy cosmic ray gammas, protons and iron nuclei with energy range 1015 – 1022 eV. These simulations clearly show the different atmospheric depths of the Extensive Air Shower maxima in this energy range.

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RISSE, MARKUS, and PIOTR HOMOLA. "SEARCH FOR ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS USING AIR SHOWERS." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 11 (April 10, 2007): 749–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307022864.

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The observation of photons with energies above 1018 eV would open a new window in cosmic-ray research, with possible impact on astrophysics, particle physics, cosmology and fundamental physics. Current and planned air shower experiments, particularly the Pierre Auger Observatory, offer an unprecedented opportunity to search for such photons and to complement efforts of multimessenger observations of the universe. We summarize motivation, achievements, and prospects of the search for ultra-high energy photons.

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47

Clay, RW. "The Knee of the Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum." Australian Journal of Physics 41, no. 5 (1988): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph880729.

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An examination is made of possible primary cosmic ray energy spectra which are consistent with observed air shower size spectra. At the size spectrum knee, it is necessary to have a very sharp primary spectrum break in order to be consistent with both the size spectrum and also air shower ftuctuations. Such a break may be due to energy loss at the cosmic ray source.

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Leisos, Antonios, Apostolos Tsirigotis, George Bourlis, Michael Petropoulos, Leonidas Xiros, Ioannis Manthos, and Spyros Tzamarias. "Hellenic Lyceum Cosmic Observatories Network: Status Report and Outreach Activities." Universe 5, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5010004.

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The HELYCON project aims at the installation of cosmic air-shower detectors on the roofs of high-school buildings in western Greece. During the last four years, the HELYCON project made a substantial progress. Three HELYCON stations were installed and are still in operation at the Hellenic Open University (HOU) campus, while a small-scale air-shower detector ( μ Cosmics detector), suitable for in classroom operation, was developed. During the construction and operation of these detectors, many experimental tests and calibration procedures were established, offering the framework for the educational activities of the HELYCON project. In this work, we present the recent developments of the HELYCON project and describe the main aspects of the methodology we use in a five-day training program that introduces the Greek education community to the experimental procedures of HELYCON.

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Béné, S., P. Boivin, E. Busato, C. Cârloganu, C. Combaret, P. Dupieux, F. Fehr, et al. "Air shower simulation for background estimation in muon tomography of volcanoes." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 2, no. 1 (January 11, 2013): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-11-2013.

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Abstract. One of the main sources of background for the radiography of volcanoes using atmospheric muons comes from the accidental coincidences produced in the muon telescopes by charged particles belonging to the air shower generated by the primary cosmic ray. In order to quantify this background effect, Monte Carlo simulations of the showers and of the detector are developed by the TOMUVOL collaboration. As a first step, the atmospheric showers were simulated and investigated using two Monte Carlo packages, CORSIKA and GEANT4. We compared the results provided by the two programs for the muonic component of vertical proton-induced showers at three energies: 1, 10 and 100 TeV. We found that the spatial distribution and energy spectrum of the muons were in good agreement for the two codes.

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MA, BO-QIANG. "MUON CHARGE RATIO OF ULTRAHIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 17n20 (June 28, 2008): 1443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308027813.

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The muon charge ratio of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays may provide information to detect the composition of the primary cosmic rays. We propose to extract the charge information of high energy muons in very inclined extensive air showers by analyzing their relative lateral positions in the shower transverse plane.

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