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1
Mandeville, J. C. "Study of Cosmic Dust Particles on Board LDEF and MIR Space Station." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 126 (1991): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100066380.
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AbstractInterplanetary and near-earth space contains solid objects whose size distribution continuously covers the interval from submicron sized particles to km sized asteroids or comets. Two French experiments partly devoted to the detection of cosmic dust have been flown recently in space. One on the NASA Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), and one on the Soviet MIR Space Station. A variety of sensors and collecting devices will make possible the study of cosmic particles after recovery of exposed material. Flux mass distribution is expected to be derived from craters counts, with a good accuracy. Remnants of particles, suitable for chemical identification are expected to be found within stacked foil detectors. Discrimination between extraterrestrial particles and man-made orbital debris will be possible.
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Brownlee, D. E. "Cosmic Dust: Collection and Research." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 13, no. 1 (May 1985): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.001051.
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Burchell, Mark J., Giles Graham, and Anton Kearsley. "COSMIC DUST COLLECTION IN AEROGEL." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 34, no. 1 (May 2006): 385–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.124939.
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Brownlee, D. E. "Collection of Cosmic Dust: Past and Future." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 85 (1985): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100084529.
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The collection of cosmic dust began in the middle of the last century with the recovery of spheres from the ocean floor and from Greenland ice (Murray and Renard 1891). The occurence of native metal in some of the deep sea spheres was the first clue that they were extraterrestrial. The deep sea spheres were described as “chondres” and their origin was attributed to the atmospheric melting of meteors. Polar ice and the ocean floor sediments often contain only minor amounts of magnetic terrestrial particles > 100μm and in these sites it is possible to collect rather large magnetic extraterrestrial particles that fell in historic times. In the intervening century an extensive series of particle searches were carried out in nearly all likely types of terrestrial collection sites. These included glaciers, islands, beaches, deserts, lakes, rooftops, rainwater, and all levels of the atmosphere up to low Earth orbit. Most of these efforts were not successful in collecting particles that were later proven to be extraterrestrial. In addition to the earlier deep sea and polar work, successful recoveries were made from a beach sand, a desert, and the stratosphere. All of these efforts are described in an excellent review by Hodge (1981).
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Levasseur-Regourd, A. Chantal. "Cosmic dust physical properties and theICAPS facility on board the ISS." Advances in Space Research 31, no. 12 (June 2003): 2599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00582-9.
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Fogleman, Guy, Judith L. Huntington, and Glenn C. Carle. "Collection of cosmic dust in earth orbit for exobiological analysis." Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 19, no. 3-5 (May 1989): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02388953.
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Mandeville, J. C. "Cosmic dust and orbital debris: Collection on MIR space station." Advances in Space Research 11, no. 12 (January 1991): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(91)90548-x.
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Salama, Farid, Ella Sciamma-O’Brien, Cesar S. Contreras, and Salma Bejaoui. "Recent Progress in Laboratory Astrophysics Achieved with NASA Ames’ COSmIC Facility." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S332 (March 2017): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317011619.
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AbstractWe describe the characteristics and the capabilities of the laboratory facility, COSmIC, that was developed at NASA Ames to generate, process and analyze interstellar, circumstellar and planetary analogs in the laboratory. COSmIC stands for ’Cosmic Simulation Chamber’ and is dedicated to the study of neutral and ionized molecules and nanoparticles under the low temperature and high vacuum conditions that are required to simulate various space environments such as diffuse interstellar clouds, circumstellar outflows and planetary atmospheres. Recent results obtained using COSmIC will be highlighted. In particular, the progress that has been achieved in the domain of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) and in monitoring, in the laboratory, the formation of circumstellar dust grains and planetary atmosphere aerosols from their gas-phase molecular precursors. Plans for future laboratory experiments on interstellar and planetary molecules and grains will also be addressed, as well as the implications of the studies underway for astronomical observations and past and future space mission data analysis.
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Auer, Siegfried. "Accuracy of a Velocity/Trajectory Sensor for Charged Dust Particles." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 150 (1996): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110050164x.
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AbstractA VELOCITY/TRAJECTORY cosmic dust sensor of the CHARGE-SENSING type was tested at the Heidelberg dust accelerator facility, using micronsized particles. The full-scale (0.4m x 0.4m x 0.3m) model displayed capabilities for providing accuracies to 0.1% in speed and 0.1° in angle relative to the spacecraft at high signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios. The particle's trajectory within the sensor can be located with an accuracy of 0.3mm.
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Walker, R. M., and E. Zinner. "Prospects for Cosmic Dust Experiments on the Planned Reflight of LDEF." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 85 (1985): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100084475.
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AbstractThe Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF-I), which contains a number of cosmic dust experiments, is due to be launched in the spring of 1984 and recovered about a year later. Current plans call for re-fitting the LDEF spacecraft with a large area of plastic nuclear track detectors and relaunching (LDEF-II) for a flight that will last about 2 years. The main purpose of the mission is to extend primary cosmic ray abundance measurements to the actinide region. A meeting was held at Washington University in December 1983 to discuss the problems and prospects for cosmic dust experiments on LDEF-II. Most participants were drawn from the LDEF-I community of investigators. The meeting resulted in a report which treated the scientific rationale for LDEF-II dust experiments, discussed various implementation options, and concluded with a set of summary recommendations. We discussed this report and summarized the status of LDEF-II as of this meeting. It is important to note that the report serves equally well as a basis for discussion of dust experiments on future space stations.
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Parashar, Krishnakant, M. Shyam Prasad, and S. S. S. Chauhan. "Investigations on a Large Collection of Cosmic Dust From the Central Indian Ocean." Earth, Moon, and Planets 107, no. 2-4 (October 6, 2010): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11038-010-9362-3.
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Della Corte, Vincenzo, Pasquale Palumbo, Alessandra Rotundi, Simone De Angelis, Frans J. M. Rietmeijer, Ezio Bussoletti, Alessandra Ciucci, Marco Ferrari, Valentina Galluzzi, and Ernesto Zona. "In Situ Collection of Refractory Dust in the Upper Stratosphere: The DUSTER Facility." Space Science Reviews 169, no. 1-4 (July 25, 2012): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9918-9.
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Fechtig, H., F. Hörz, E. Igenbergs, E. Jessberger, H. Kuczera, G. Lange, N. Pailer, et al. "Measurements of the Elemental and Isotopic Composition of Interplanetary Dust Collected on LDEF." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 85 (1985): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100084463.
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AbstractA passive interplanetary dust collection experiment, currently in orbit aboard LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility), is described. The collectors, germanium target plates covered by metallized Mylar foils, are designed for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements of the elemental and isotopic compositions of residues resulting from micrometeoroid (> 10−10 grams) impacts. Impact simulation experiments have demonstrated the validity of the collection concept. Quantitative elemental analyses are complicated by the non-uniform distribution of projectile-derived elements.
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Wibig, Tadeusz, and Arnold W. Wolfendale. "Cosmic ray contributions to the WMAP polarization data on the cosmic microwave background." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 03 (March 2016): 1650029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816500292.
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We have updated our analysis of the 9-year WMAP data using the collection of polarization maps looking for the presence of additional evidence for a finite ‘cosmic ray (CR) foreground’ for the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We have given special attention to high Galactic latitudes, where the recent BICEP2 findings were reported although very recent Planck data claims that dust is prevalent, thus nullifying the BICEP2 results. The method of examining the correlation with the observed gamma ray flux proposed in our earlier papers and applied to the polarization data shows that the foreground related to CRs is still observed even at high Galactic latitudes and conclusions about gravitational waves are not yet secure. Theory has it that there is important information about inflationary gravitational waves in the fine structure of the CMB polarization properties (polarization vector and angle) and it is necessary to examine further the conclusions that can be gained from studies of the CMB maps, in view of the disturbing foreground effects.
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Hsu, Hsiang-Wen, Jürgen Schmidt, Sascha Kempf, Frank Postberg, Georg Moragas-Klostermeyer, Martin Seiß, Holger Hoffmann, et al. "In situ collection of dust grains falling from Saturn’s rings into its atmosphere." Science 362, no. 6410 (October 4, 2018): eaat3185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat3185.
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Saturn’s main rings are composed of >95% water ice, and the nature of the remaining few percent has remained unclear. The Cassini spacecraft’s traversals between Saturn and its innermost D ring allowed its cosmic dust analyzer (CDA) to collect material released from the main rings and to characterize the ring material infall into Saturn. We report the direct in situ detection of material from Saturn’s dense rings by the CDA impact mass spectrometer. Most detected grains are a few tens of nanometers in size and dynamically associated with the previously inferred “ring rain.” Silicate and water-ice grains were identified, in proportions that vary with latitude. Silicate grains constitute up to 30% of infalling grains, a higher percentage than the bulk silicate content of the rings.
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Oleinik, T. A., V. I. Mulyavko, and V. I. Lyashenko. "Development and implementation of new generation cyclone facilities to improve efficiency of iron ore beneficiation and dust collection during its processing." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 1209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-12-1209-1218.
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Average iron content in industrial ores decreases from year to year. To use them in the processes of agglomeration and pelletizing, enrichment is necessary, accompanied by abundant emission of dust. A significant amount of iron is lost in tailings at existing magnetic enrichment technologies. Therefore, the development and implementation of new generation cyclone facilities to increase the efficiency of iron ore beneficiation and dust collection during its processing is an urgent scientific, practical and social task. The results of the of new generation cyclone facilities implementation for enrichment of iron ore and dust collection during its processing at the mining and processing factories of Kryvbas (Ukraine) are presented. It has been established that dry magnetic separation of finely crushed ore makes it possible to isolate a magnetic product with an iron content of 64-65%. The yield is up to 45%, the extraction of iron into the magnetic product is 73-75% in two-stage schemes. The degree of dust collection by the new generation cyclone facility is exponentially dependent on the speed of the cleaned flow, number and size of coaxial shells, as well as the diameter of dust particles) and is 1.23 times higher comparing with the previously used cyclone of the same size and capacity. The mobile magnetic field in the recommended cyclone allows to capture magnetic dust with an efficiency of up to 95%, and at the same time the dust is separated into a magnetic component (with an iron content of up to 65%) and a non-magnetic component (up to 12% of Fe) with an initial total iron content of up to 33%.
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Sepadi, Maasago M., Martha Chadyiwa, and Vusumuzi Nkosi. "Platinum Mine Workers’ Exposure to Dust Particles Emitted at Mine Waste Rock Crusher Plants in Limpopo, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020655.
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The South African mining industry is one of the largest producers of platinum (Pt) in the world. Workers in this industry are exposed to significant amounts of dust, and this dust consists of particles sizes that can penetrate deep inside the respiratory region. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate dust exposure risk at two Pt mine waste rock crusher plants (Facility A and B) in Limpopo, South Africa. Workers’ demographic and occupational information was collected through a structured questionnaire, a walk-through observation on facilities’ processes, and static dust sampling for the collection of inhalable and respirable dust particles using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOH) 7602 and the Methods for Determination of Hazardous Substance (MDHS) 14/4 as guidelines. Only 79% of Pt mine workers, used their respiratory protective equipment (RPE), sixty-five percent were exposed to work shifts exceeding the recommended eight hours and 8.8% had been employed for more than ten years. The mean time-weighted average (TWA) dust concentrations between Facility A and B showed a significant difference (p < 0.026). The Pt mine’s inhalable concentrations (range 0.03–2.2 mg/m3) were higher than the respirable concentrations (range 0.02–0.7 mg/m3), however were all below the respective international and local occupational exposure limits (OELs). The Pt mine’s respirable crystalline silica (SiO2) quartz levels were all found below the detectable limit (<0.01 mg/m3). The Pt miners had increased health risks due to accumulated low levels of dust exposure and lack of usage of RPE. It is recommended that an improved dust control program be put in place which includes, but is not limited to, stockpile enclosures, tire stops with water sprays, and education on the importance of RPE usage.
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Murr, L. E., C.-S. Niou, J. M. Rivas, S. Quinones, and A. H. Advani. "SEM studies of fracture phenomena and wall structure in micrometeoroid impact craters in spacecraft metals." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131292.
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There has been a considerable effort over nearly a decade to examine the size frequencies, compositions, and origins of particles producing impact craters in a variety of materials surfaces on the Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft, retrieved communications satellites (such as Palapa-B2), and more recently the LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) spacecraft. Three regimes of particles have emerged: natural cosmic dust or interplanetary dust particles (IDP's), man-made orbital debris (including paint or other spacecraft component or coating chips having compositions different from the impacted materials); and orbital debris, often spacecraft debris or secondary (ejecta) debris, having the same composition as the impacted material. However more than 50% of all LDEF impacts into metallic targets did not yield sufficient projectile residue to permit analysis using EDS techniques in electron beam instruments (SEM or STEM in particular).There have been very few attempts to investigate the microstructural and microchemical nature of the micrometeoroid crater walls, especially in the context of the integrity of the wall in relation to the target metal, and the propensity for cracking and crack nucleation within the crater wall.
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Rogantini, D., E. Costantini, S. T. Zeegers, C. P. de Vries, W. Bras, F. de Groot, H. Mutschke, and L. B. F. M. Waters. "Investigating the interstellar dust through the Fe K-edge." Astronomy & Astrophysics 609 (December 22, 2017): A22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731664.
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Context. The chemical and physical properties of interstellar dust in the densest regions of the Galaxy are still not well understood. X-rays provide a powerful probe since they can penetrate gas and dust over a wide range of column densities (up to 1024 cm-2). The interaction (scattering and absorption) with the medium imprints spectral signatures that reflect the individual atoms which constitute the gas, molecule, or solid. Aims. In this work we investigate the ability of high resolution X-ray spectroscopy to probe the properties of cosmic grains containing iron. Although iron is heavily depleted into interstellar dust, the nature of the Fe-bearing grains is still largely uncertain. Methods. In our analysis we use iron K-edge synchrotron data of minerals likely present in the ISM dust taken at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We explore the prospects of determining the chemical composition and the size of astrophysical dust in the Galactic centre and in molecular clouds with future X-ray missions. The energy resolution and the effective area of the present X-ray telescopes are not sufficient to detect and study the Fe K-edge, even for bright X-ray sources. Results. From the analysis of the extinction cross sections of our dust models implemented in the spectral fitting program SPEX, the Fe K-edge is promising for investigating both the chemistry and the size distribution of the interstellar dust. We find that the chemical composition regulates the X-ray absorption fine structures in the post edge region, whereas the scattering feature in the pre-edge is sensitive to the mean grain size. Finally, we note that the Fe K-edge is insensitive to other dust properties, such as the porosity and the geometry of the dust.
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Rogantini, D., E. Costantini, S. T. Zeegers, M. Mehdipour, I. Psaradaki, A. J. J. Raassen, C. P. de Vries, and L. B. F. M. Waters. "Magnesium and silicon in interstellar dust: X-ray overview." Astronomy & Astrophysics 641 (September 2020): A149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936805.
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Context. The dense Galactic environment is a large reservoir of interstellar dust. Therefore, this region represents a perfect laboratory to study the properties of cosmic dust grains. X-rays are the most direct way to detect the interaction of light with dust present in these dense environments. Aims. The interaction between the radiation and the interstellar matter imprints specific absorption features on the X-ray spectrum. We study them with the aim of defining the chemical composition, the crystallinity, and structure of the dust grains that populate the inner regions of the Galaxy. Methods. We investigated the magnesium and the silicon K-edges detected in the Chandra /HETG spectra of eight bright X-ray binaries, distributed in the neighbourhood of the Galactic centre. We modelled the two spectral features using accurate extinction cross-sections of silicates, which we measured at the synchrotron facility Soleil, France. Results. Near the Galactic centre, magnesium and silicon show abundances similar to the solar ones and they are highly depleted from the gas phase (δMg > 0.90 and δSi > 0.96). We find that amorphous olivine with a composition of MgFeSiO4 is the most representative compound along all lines of sight according to our fits. The contribution of Mg-rich silicates and quartz is low (less than 10%). On average we observe a percentage of crystalline dust equal to 11%. For the extragalactic source LMC X-1, we find a preference for forsterite, a magnesium-rich olivine. Along this line of sight we also observe an under-abundance of silicon ASi∕ALMC = 0.5 ± 0.2.
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Ferrari, Franco, and Ewa Szuszkiewicz. "Introduction to the Special Collection of Papers from EANA 2013: The 13th European Workshop on Astrobiology (“Through Cosmic Dust to DNA”)." Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 44, no. 3 (September 2014): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11084-014-9364-7.
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Kim, Dong Jun, Dae Heon Ham, Jong Soo Choi, Jung Min Lee, and Jung Ho Lee. "Analysis on Cost-Benefit of Rainwater Storage Facility through Water Balance Analysis." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.361.
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The installation of rainwater storage facilities is mandatory for public buildings over a certain size. However, the standards for determining the capacity of rainwater storage facilities vary by ministries and agencies. Even within the same institution, various unifying standards are often applied. In addition, rainwater storage facilities generally have a low B/C (Benefit-Cost ratio), which is negatively evaluated in terms of economy. Therefore, this study sought to improve the existing non-standard capacity reference problem for rainwater storage facilities and to suggest more efficient capacity determination measures. To this end, the study proposed a plan for calculating the benefits and determining the capacity of the reservoir through the analysis of the water balance in order to take into account the utility of the rainwater reservoir in terms of actual use. The empirical analysis was conducted on rainwater storage facilities in the Korea Land and Housing Institute, and the water balance analysis was conducted based on the actual rainfall data of 2019 by Daejeon Metropolitan City. Among the factors to evaluate the benefit and cost of rainwater storage facilities were the reduction of rainwater runoff, reduction of heat waves, reduction of fine dust, and use of landscaping water. In addition, the benefit analysis was conducted by the reservoir capacity and collection area, and the guide for determining the optimum capacity of the rainwater reservoir was presented accordingly.
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Laney, Christine, Katherine LeVan, Claire Lunch, and Katherine Thibault. "Sample Management Across the National Ecological Observatory Network." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (May 18, 2018): e25351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25351.
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From 81 study sites across the United States, the US National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), generates >75,000 samples per year. Samples range from soil and dust deposition material, tissue samples (e.g., small mammals and fish), DNA extracts, and whole organisms (e.g., ground beetles and ticks). Samples are collected, processed, and documented according to protocols that are standardized across study sites and according to the needs of the ecological research community for future studies. NEON has faced numerous challenges with managing data related to these many diverse physical samples, particularly when data are gathered at numerous steps throughout processing. Here, we share these challenges as well as solutions, including innovative semantically driven software tools and processing pipelines that manage data from each sample's point of collection to its ultimate fate (consumption, archive facility, or partnering data repository) while maintaining links across sample hierarchies.
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Alvarado, Alvin C., and Bernardo Z. Predicala. "Occupational Exposure Risk for Swine Workers in Confined Housing Facilities." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 25, no. 1 (2019): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.12990.
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Abstract. Extended exposure of swine barn workers to noise and airborne contaminants has been reported to be associated with various health problems. In this study, the actual exposure of workers to respirable dust, gases (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide), and noise in swine production operations was monitored in order to determine the contribution of specific activities in the barn to potential adverse health impacts to swine workers. Selected workers in a swine barn facility were outfitted with a personal monitoring system that included a respirable dust sampler, ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas monitors, and a noise dosimeter as they performed their regular duties during their workday. From a total of 50 monitoring days spanning winter and summer months, results showed that the occupational exposure of swine workers to respirable dust, NH3, H2S, and noise while performing their daily assigned tasks was generally below the respective time-weighted average exposure limits for each hazard. However, a number of tasks showed high likelihood for elevated occupational exposure risk. Respirable dust concentrations exceeded the time-weighted average limit of 3 mg m-3 while feeding and weighing pigs. These activities also exceeded the short-term exposure limit (35 ppm) for NH3. Dangerous levels of H2S were generated when draining manure from manure collection pits in the production rooms. Noise levels exceeded the recommended 15 min exposure limit (100 dBA) when weighing and loading pigs for market. The occupational exposure risks for workers to barn contaminants can be reduced through measures that control the generation of contaminants at their source, by removing generated contaminants from the work environment, as well as by outfitting the workers with protective devices that prevent personal exposure to contaminants. Keywords: Ammonia, Barn worker, Dust, Hydrogen sulfide, Noise, Occupational exposure, Risk, Swine.
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Tasser, Christian, Dave Jackson, Khalil Kairouz, and Peter Bokor. "Landfill gas condensate treatment options to eliminate odor issues and to use water for dust control." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.044.
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Abstract A large landfill-gas-to-power facility retained the authors to provide process evaluation and development support for a conceptual design of a landfill gas condensate (LFGC) treatment system to eliminate odor issues and reduce organic loads to the sewer or use the water for dust control. Based on the operational observations and water quality data, the source of the LFGC is moisture from gas generated by the decay of waste in the landfill that is transmitted to the power generation facilities by way of the landfill gas (LFG) collection system. As part of this project, the authors reviewed the data, and this presentation includes recommendations for long-term treatment solutions so that a permanent system can be designed, bid, procured, and installed. The purpose of the abstract is to present the findings of this analysis of LFGC treatment system alternatives to identify practical, commercially available solutions with the primary goal to reduce odor issues related to LFGC both on-site and in the sewer system, and to reduce water usage at the site for dust control. The method to evaluate the various treatment options was based on treatment efficiency, and capital and life-cycle costs. The conclusion was to continue with pilot testing of the most suitable options, which was anaerobic treatment followed by polishing with a moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) to reuse the product water in cooling towers or for dust control.
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Mailhiot, Darya, Allison M. Ostdiek, Kerith R. Luchins, Chago J. Bowers, Betty R. Theriault, and George P. Langan. "Comparing Mouse Health Monitoring Between Soiled-bedding Sentinel and Exhaust Air Dust Surveillance Programs." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000061.
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To monitor rodent colony health in research facilities, soiled-bedding sentinel (SBS) animals have traditionally been used. SBS can be tested by various methods, which may include serology, PCR analysis, and necropsy. Several pathogens are unreliably detected by using SBS or transmitted poorly through soiled bedding, and collection and evaluation of SBS samples can be time-intensive. Recently, exhaust air dust (EAD) testing through PCR analysis has emerged as an adjunct or replacement method for rodent colony health monitoring. EAD monitoring may provide a more efficient, sensitive, and humane method for monitoring health status. Using both EAD and SBS health monitoring, we evaluated colony health over the course of 1 y in 3 research barrier rooms in which mice were housed exclusively on IVC racks. Three pathogens—Helicobacter spp., Rodentibacter spp. (previously Pasteurella pneumotropica), and murine norovirus (MNV)—were not excluded in 2 of the rooms, and we expected that these mice would test positive with some regularity. EAD monitoring was significantly more sensitive than SBS for detection of the bacterial agents. SBS failed to detect Helicobacter spp. at time points when EAD had 100% detection in the rooms that did not exclude the bacteria. The detection of MNV did not differ between health monitoring systems at any time point. The findings suggest that EAD is especially valuable in detecting bacteria poorly transmitted through soiled bedding. In addition, the corresponding results with MNV detection suggest that EAD surveillance can reliably be implemented as an alternative to SBS monitoring in a facility in which mice are housed exclusively on IVC racks.
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Scarborough, Patrick T., Howard L. Hendrix, Matthew D. Davidson, Xiaofeng Guan, Robert S. Dahlin, and E. Carl Landham. "Power Systems Development Facility: High Temperature, High Pressure Filter System Operations in a Combustion Gas1." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 4 (May 15, 2000): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287491.
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The Power Systems Development Facility (PSDF) is a Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored engineering scale demonstration of two advanced coal-fired power systems. Particulate cleanup is achieved by several High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) gas filtration systems. The PSDF was designed at sufficient scale so that advanced power systems and components could be tested in an integrated fashion to provide confidence and data for commercial scale-up. This paper provides an operations summary of a Siemens-Westinghouse Particulate Control Device (PCD) filtering combustion gas from a Kellogg, Brown, and Root (KBR) transport reactor located at the PSDF. The transport reactor is an advanced circulating fluidized bed reactor designed to operate as either a combustor or a gasifier. Particulate cleanup is achieved by using one of two PCDs, located downstream of the transport reactor. As of the end of 1998, the transport reactor has operated on coal as a combustor for over 3500 h. To date, filter elements from 3M, Blasch, Coors, Allied Signal (DuPont), IF&P, McDermott, Pall, Schumacher, and Specific Surface have been tested up to 1400 °F in the Siemens-Westinghouse PCD. The PSDF has a unique capability for the collection of samples of suspended dust entering and exiting the PCD with Southern Research Institute’s (SRI) in-situ particulate sampling systems. These systems have operated successfully and have proven to be invaluable assets. Isokinetic samples using a batch sampler, a cascade impactor and a cyclone manifold have provided valuable data to support the operation of the transport reactor and the PCD. Southern Research Institute has also supported the PSDF by conducting filter element material testing. [S0742-4795(00)02203-1]
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Bulat, E. S., V. A. Celmovich, J. R. Petit, I. M. Gindilis, and S. A. Bulat. "SNOW COVER OF THE CENTRAL ANTARCTICA (VOSTOK STATION) AS AN IDEAL NATURAL TABLET FOR COSMIC DUST COLLECTION: PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF MICROMETEORITES OF CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE TYPE." Ice and Snow 52, no. 4 (November 14, 2015): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2012-4-146-152.
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Mancinelli, R. L. "The affect of the space environment on the survival ofHalorubrum chaoviatorandSynechococcus(Nägeli): data from the Space Experiment OSMO on EXPOSE-R." International Journal of Astrobiology 14, no. 1 (November 17, 2014): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147355041400055x.
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AbstractWe have shown using ESA's Biopan facility flown in Earth orbit that when exposed to the space environment for 2 weeks the survival rate ofSynechococcus(Nägeli), a halophilic cyanobacterium isolated from the evaporitic gypsum–halite crusts that form along the marine intertidal, andHalorubrum chaoviatora member of the Halobacteriaceae isolated from an evaporitic NaCl crystal obtained from a salt evaporation pond, were higher than all other test organisms exceptBacillusspores. These results led to the EXPOSE-R mission to extend and refine these experiments as part of the experimental package for the external platform space exposure facility on the ISS. The experiment was flown in February 2009 and the organisms were exposed to low-Earth orbit for nearly 2 years. Samples were either exposed to solar ultraviolet (UV)-radiation (λ > 110 nm or λ > 200 nm, cosmic radiation (dosage range 225–320 mGy), or kept in darkness shielded from solar UV-radiation. Half of each of the UV-radiation exposed samples and dark samples were exposed to space vacuum and half kept at 105pascals in argon. Duplicate samples were kept in the laboratory to serve as unexposed controls. Ground simulation control experiments were also performed. After retrieval, organism viability was tested using Molecular Probes Live–Dead Bac-Lite stain and by their reproduction capability. Samples kept in the dark, but exposed to space vacuum had a 90 ± 5% survival rate compared to the ground controls. Samples exposed to full UV-radiation for over a year were bleached and although results from Molecular Probes Live–Dead stain suggested ~10% survival, the data indicate that no survival was detected using cell growth and division using the most probable number method. Those samples exposed to attenuated UV-radiation exhibited limited survival. Results from of this study are relevant to understanding adaptation and evolution of life, the future of life beyond earth, the potential for interplanetary transfer of viable microbes via meteorites and dust particles as well as spacecraft, and the physiology of halophiles.
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Hopkins, Andrew. "Galaxy Metabolism." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 27, no. 3 (2010): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as10012.
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‘Galaxy Metabolism' was the second in the annual ‘Southern Cross Astrophysics Conference Series’ (http://www.aao.gov.au/AAO/southerncross/), supported by the Anglo-Australian Observatory and the Australia Telescope National Facility. It was held at the Australian National Maritime Museum in Darling Harbour, Sydney, from 22 to 26 June 2009, and was attended by 91 delegates from around the world.Over the past decade, both the star formation history and stellar mass density in galaxies spanning most of cosmic history have been well constrained. This provides the backdrop and framework within which many detailed investigations of galaxy growth are now placed. The mass-dependent and environment-dependent evolution of galaxies over cosmic history is now the focus of several surveys. Many studies are also exploring the role of gas infall and outflow in driving galaxy evolution, and the connection of these processes to massive star formation within galaxies.The aims of ‘Galaxy Metabolism’ were to bring together the global constraints on galaxy evolution, at both low and high redshift, with detailed studies of well-resolved systems, to define a clear picture of our understanding of galaxy metabolism: How do the processes of ingestion (infall), digestion (ISM physics, star formation) and excretion (outflow) govern the global properties of galaxies; how do these change over a galaxy's lifetime; and are the constraints from nearby well resolved studies consistent with those from large population surveys at low and high redshift?The conference was a great success, with an extensive variety of topics covered spanning many aspects of galaxy evolution, and brought together eloquently in a comprehensive conference summary by Warrick Couch. The four papers by De Lucia (2010), Cole (2010), Vlajić (2010) and Stocke et al. (2010) presented in this special collection of PASA are just a sampling of the depth and variety of the resentations given during the conference.
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Natale, U., L. Pagano, M. Lattanzi, M. Migliaccio, L. P. Colombo, A. Gruppuso, P. Natoli, and G. Polenta. "A novel CMB polarization likelihood package for large angular scales built from combined WMAP and Planck LFI legacy maps." Astronomy & Astrophysics 644 (November 26, 2020): A32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038508.
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We present a cosmic microwave background (CMB) large-scale polarization dataset obtained by combining Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) in the K, Q, and V bands with the Planck 70 GHz maps. We employed the legacy frequency maps released by the WMAP and Planck collaborations and performed our own Galactic foreground mitigation technique, relying on Planck 353 GHz for polarized dust and on Planck 30 GHz and WMAP K for polarized synchrotron. We derived a single, optimally noise-weighted, low residual foreground map and the accompanying noise covariance matrix. These are shown through χ2 analysis to be robust over an ample collection of Galactic masks. We used this dataset, along with the Planck legacy Commander temperature solution, to build a pixel-based low-resolution CMB likelihood package, whose robustness we tested extensively with the aid of simulations, finding an excellent level of consistency. Using this likelihood package alone, we are able to constrain the optical depth to reionization, τ = 0.069−0.012+0.011 at 68% confidence level, on 54% of the sky. Adding the Planck high-ℓ temperature and polarization legacy likelihood, the Planck lensing likelihood, and BAO observations, we find τ = 0.0714−0.0096+0.0087 in a full ΛCDM exploration. The latter bounds are slightly less constraining than those obtained by employing the Planck High Frequency Instrument’s (HFI) CMB data for large-angle polarization, which only include EE correlations. Our bounds are based on a largely independent dataset that includes TE correlations. They are generally compatible with Planck HFI, but lean towards slightly higher values for τ. We have made the low-resolution Planck and WMAP joint dataset publicly available, along with the accompanying likelihood code.
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DeMott, Paul J., Ottmar Möhler, Daniel J. Cziczo, Naruki Hiranuma, Markus D. Petters, Sarah S. Petters, Franco Belosi, et al. "The Fifth International Workshop on Ice Nucleation phase 2 (FIN-02): laboratory intercomparison of ice nucleation measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 6231–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6231-2018.
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Abstract. The second phase of the Fifth International Ice Nucleation Workshop (FIN-02) involved the gathering of a large number of researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology's Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics of the Atmosphere (AIDA) facility to promote characterization and understanding of ice nucleation measurements made by a variety of methods used worldwide. Compared to the previous workshop in 2007, participation was doubled, reflecting a vibrant research area. Experimental methods involved sampling of aerosol particles by direct processing ice nucleation measuring systems from the same volume of air in separate experiments using different ice nucleating particle (INP) types, and collections of aerosol particle samples onto filters or into liquid for sharing amongst measurement techniques that post-process these samples. In this manner, any errors introduced by differences in generation methods when samples are shared across laboratories were mitigated. Furthermore, as much as possible, aerosol particle size distribution was controlled so that the size limitations of different methods were minimized. The results presented here use data from the workshop to assess the comparability of immersion freezing measurement methods activating INPs in bulk suspensions, methods that activate INPs in condensation and/or immersion freezing modes as single particles on a substrate, continuous flow diffusion chambers (CFDCs) directly sampling and processing particles well above water saturation to maximize immersion and subsequent freezing of aerosol particles, and expansion cloud chamber simulations in which liquid cloud droplets were first activated on aerosol particles prior to freezing. The AIDA expansion chamber measurements are expected to be the closest representation to INP activation in atmospheric cloud parcels in these comparisons, due to exposing particles freely to adiabatic cooling. The different particle types used as INPs included the minerals illite NX and potassium feldspar (K-feldspar), two natural soil dusts representative of arable sandy loam (Argentina) and highly erodible sandy dryland (Tunisia) soils, respectively, and a bacterial INP (Snomax®). Considered together, the agreement among post-processed immersion freezing measurements of the numbers and fractions of particles active at different temperatures following bulk collection of particles into liquid was excellent, with possible temperature uncertainties inferred to be a key factor in determining INP uncertainties. Collection onto filters for rinsing versus directly into liquid in impingers made little difference. For methods that activated collected single particles on a substrate at a controlled humidity at or above water saturation, agreement with immersion freezing methods was good in most cases, but was biased low in a few others for reasons that have not been resolved, but could relate to water vapor competition effects. Amongst CFDC-style instruments, various factors requiring (variable) higher supersaturations to achieve equivalent immersion freezing activation dominate the uncertainty between these measurements, and for comparison with bulk immersion freezing methods. When operated above water saturation to include assessment of immersion freezing, CFDC measurements often measured at or above the upper bound of immersion freezing device measurements, but often underestimated INP concentration in comparison to an immersion freezing method that first activates all particles into liquid droplets prior to cooling (the PIMCA-PINC device, or Portable Immersion Mode Cooling chAmber–Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber), and typically slightly underestimated INP number concentrations in comparison to cloud parcel expansions in the AIDA chamber; this can be largely mitigated when it is possible to raise the relative humidity to sufficiently high values in the CFDCs, although this is not always possible operationally. Correspondence of measurements of INPs among direct sampling and post-processing systems varied depending on the INP type. Agreement was best for Snomax® particles in the temperature regime colder than −10 ∘C, where their ice nucleation activity is nearly maximized and changes very little with temperature. At temperatures warmer than −10 ∘C, Snomax® INP measurements (all via freezing of suspensions) demonstrated discrepancies consistent with previous reports of the instability of its protein aggregates that appear to make it less suitable as a calibration INP at these temperatures. For Argentinian soil dust particles, there was excellent agreement across all measurement methods; measures ranged within 1 order of magnitude for INP number concentrations, active fractions and calculated active site densities over a 25 to 30 ∘C range and 5 to 8 orders of corresponding magnitude change in number concentrations. This was also the case for all temperatures warmer than −25 ∘C in Tunisian dust experiments. In contrast, discrepancies in measurements of INP concentrations or active site densities that exceeded 2 orders of magnitude across a broad range of temperature measurements found at temperatures warmer than −25 ∘C in a previous study were replicated for illite NX. Discrepancies also exceeded 2 orders of magnitude at temperatures of −20 to −25 ∘C for potassium feldspar (K-feldspar), but these coincided with the range of temperatures at which INP concentrations increase rapidly at approximately an order of magnitude per 2 ∘C cooling for K-feldspar. These few discrepancies did not outweigh the overall positive outcomes of the workshop activity, nor the future utility of this data set or future similar efforts for resolving remaining measurement issues. Measurements of the same materials were repeatable over the time of the workshop and demonstrated strong consistency with prior studies, as reflected by agreement of data broadly with parameterizations of different specific or general (e.g., soil dust) aerosol types. The divergent measurements of the INP activity of illite NX by direct versus post-processing methods were not repeated for other particle types, and the Snomax® data demonstrated that, at least for a biological INP type, there is no expected measurement bias between bulk collection and direct immediately processed freezing methods to as warm as −10 ∘C. Since particle size ranges were limited for this workshop, it can be expected that for atmospheric populations of INPs, measurement discrepancies will appear due to the different capabilities of methods for sampling the full aerosol size distribution, or due to limitations on achieving sufficient water supersaturations to fully capture immersion freezing in direct processing instruments. Overall, this workshop presents an improved picture of present capabilities for measuring INPs than in past workshops, and provides direction toward addressing remaining measurement issues.
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Gruppioni, C., L. Ciesla, E. Hatziminaoglou, F. Pozzi, G. Rodighiero, P. Santini, L. Armus, et al. "Tracing the Evolution of Dust Obscured Star Formation and Accretion Back to the Reionisation Epoch withSPICA." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 34 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pasa.2017.49.
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AbstractOur current knowledge of star formation and accretion luminosity at high redshift (z> 3–4), as well as the possible connections between them, relies mostly on observations in the rest-frame ultraviolet, which are strongly affected by dust obscuration. Due to the lack of sensitivity of past and current infrared instrumentation, so far it has not been possible to get a glimpse into the early phases of the dust-obscured Universe. Among the next generation of infrared observatories,SPICA, observing in the 12–350 µm range, will be the only facility that can enable us to trace the evolution of the obscured star-formation rate and black-hole accretion rate densities over cosmic time, from the peak of their activity back to the reionisation epoch (i.e., 3 <z≲ 6–7), where its predecessors had severe limitations. Here, we discuss the potential of photometric surveys performed with theSPICAmid-infrared instrument, enabled by the very low level of impact of dust obscuration in a band centred at 34 µm. These unique unbiased photometric surveys thatSPICAwill perform will fully characterise the evolution of AGNs and star-forming galaxies after reionisation.
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McCubbin, Francis M., Christopher D. K. Herd, Toru Yada, Aurore Hutzler, Michael J. Calaway, Judith H. Allton, Cari M. Corrigan, et al. "Advanced Curation of Astromaterials for Planetary Science." Space Science Reviews 215, no. 8 (November 7, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0615-9.
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Abstract Just as geological samples from Earth record the natural history of our planet, astromaterials hold the natural history of our solar system and beyond. Astromaterials acquisition and curation practices have direct consequences on the contamination levels of astromaterials and hence the types of questions that can be answered about our solar system and the degree of precision that can be expected of those answers. Advanced curation was developed as a cross-disciplinary field to improve curation and acquisition practices in existing astromaterials collections and for future sample return activities, including meteorite and cosmic dust samples that are collected on Earth. These goals are accomplished through research and development of new innovative technologies and techniques for sample collection, handling, characterization, analysis, and curation of astromaterials. In this contribution, we discuss five broad topics in advanced curation that are critical to improving sample acquisition and curation practices, including (1) best practices for monitoring and testing of curation infrastructure for inorganic, organic, and biological contamination; (2) requirements for storage, processing, and sample handling capabilities for future sample return missions, along with recent progress in these areas; (3) advancements and improvements in astromaterials acquisition capabilities on Earth (i.e., the collection of meteorites and cosmic dust); (4) the importance of contamination knowledge strategies for maximizing the science returns of sample-return missions; and (5) best practices and emerging capabilities for the basic characterization and preliminary examination of astromaterials. The primary result of advanced curation research is to both reduce and quantify contamination of astromaterials and preserve the scientific integrity of all samples from mission inception to secure delivery of samples to Earth-based laboratories for in-depth scientific analysis. Advanced curation serves as an important science-enabling activity, and the collective lessons learned from previous spacecraft missions and the results of advanced curation research will work in tandem to feed forward into better spacecraft designs and enable more stringent requirements for future sample return missions and Earth-based sample acquisition.
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Phan, Long Thanh, Gia Thanh Nguyen, Quynh Anh Dac Nguyen, Hieu Song Nguyen, Tin Trung Nguyen, and Toru Watanabe. "Quality of Life and Factors Affecting It: A Study Among People Living Near a Solid Waste Management Facility." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (September 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.720006.
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Background: The amount of waste generated has been increasing over the years. Meanwhile, the capacity of solid waste management facilities (SWMFs) for waste disposal does not meet the needs, resulting in adverse consequences on the natural environment and health of residents living near these plants, which can significantly degrade their quality of life (QoL). This study aims to evaluate the QoL of residents living near an SWMF and the potential impacts it has on the residents.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted involving 801 subjects, aged 18 and above, who live near the SWMF of Hue City, Vietnam. The QoL of the subjects was quantitatively assessed using the WHO QoL assessment scale (WHOQOL-BREF). The general, health, and environmental factors influencing QoL were identified using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results: About 22.6% of the subjects had a good QoL. In particular, the proportions for good psychological health (6.9%) and environment (13.6%) were low, indicating an influence of the SWMF. Significant factors that degraded the QoL of residents were less education defined by not graduating from high school (odds ratio, OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.09–7.06), poor health status (OR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.56–4.01), dissatisfaction with water quality (OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.10–5.25), and unacceptance of the SWMF presence (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.11–2.60). Moreover, subjects living within 2 km of the plant had dermatological diseases and digestive disorders more frequently than those who lived away from the plant. They also reported more complaints regarding water, air, and soil quality, which were likely due to the operation of the SWMF.Conclusions: Burying and disposing of solid waste at the SWMF might lead to the degradation of the surrounding water and soil environments, and its collection and transportation are considered to cause odor and dust. The efforts of responsible authorities to strictly supervise and inspect these activities at the SWMF are essential, not only to protect the surrounding environment but also to improve the QoL of those who live nearby these plants.