Books: 'Cosmos Direkt'

1

Bermudez, Jorge. Acesso a medicamentos: Direito ou utopia? Rio de Janeiro: E-papers, 2014.

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2

Office, Global Environment Facility Evaluation. Evaluation of incremental cost assessment. Washington, DC: Global Environment Facility, Evaluation Office, 2007.

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3

Harders, Wolfgang. Folgekosten der Sozialgesetze: Eine Analyse der direkten und indirekten Zusatzlast. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1988.

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4

Multi-channel video competition: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, April 10, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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5

Stinebrickner, Todd R. The effect of credit constraints on the college drop-out decision: A direct approach using a new panel study. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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6

Bilek, Edward M. CVal: A spreadsheet tool to evaluate the direct benefits and costs of carbon sequestration contracts for managed forests. Madison, WI: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2009.

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7

Anand, Mukesh Kumar. Direct and indirect use of fossil fuels in farming: Cost of fuel price rise for Indian agriculture. New Delhi: National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, 2014.

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8

Cooper, David. Suppressed PHA activation of T lymphocytes in simulated microgravity is restored by direct activation of protein kinase C with phorbol ester. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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9

Cooper, David. Suppressed PHA activation of T lymphocytes in simulated microgravity is restored by direct activation of protein kinase C with phorbol ester. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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10

Roland, Keller. Deckungsbeitragsrechnung in der mittelständischen Bauindustrie: Integrierte Grundrechnungen als Ausgangsbasis für ein effizientes Controlling. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1989.

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11

United States. Congressional Budget Office., ed. The domestic costs of sanctions on foreign commerce. Washington, D.C: Congress of the U.S., Congressional Budget Office, 1999.

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12

Ontario. Ministry of the Environment. Monitoring cost estimates and their implications for direct dischargers in the electric generation sector. [Toronto]: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1989.

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13

Environment, Ontario Ministry of the. Monitoring cost estimates and their implications for direct dischargers in the electric generation sector: Draft. Toronto: Ministry of the Environment, 1989.

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14

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Financial management: Financial reporting issues related to the Navy's Direct Vendor Delivery initiative. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2000.

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15

Es'kov, Evgeniy. Biological effects of electromagnetic fields. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1229809.

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The monograph, based on the use of literary information and research materials of the author, attempts to systematize the influence of natural and anthropogenic electric fields on biological objects of different levels of complexity. The origin of cosmic and terrestrial magnetism is described and the influence of this factor on the physiological state, viability and development of plant and animal objects is analyzed. The biological effects of magnetic storms are investigated. The mechanisms of generation, perception and use of electric fields in signaling and spatial orientation of animals are analyzed. Much attention is paid to the analysis of specific reactions of animals to electromagnetic fields. The prospects of using electromagnetic fields to control the behavior of animals and direct influence on the growth processes of plant objects are considered. For a wide range of readers interested in the possibilities of controlling animal behavior and influencing plant growth.

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16

Satellite television laws in Title 17: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, September 10, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

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17

Office, General Accounting. Direct student loans: Additional steps would increase borrowers' awareness of electronic debiting and reduce federal administrative costs : report to the Honorable James M. Jeffords, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: U.S. GAO, 2002.

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18

Office, General Accounting. Direct student loans: Analyses of borrowers' use of the income contingent repayment option : report to the chairman, Committee on Education and the Workforce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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19

New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Policy and Regulatory Oversight Committee. Public hearing before Assembly Policy and Regulatory Oversight Committee: Testimony on DPCC mapping regulations, NJPDES fee regulations, and "overhead fees" that accompany direct billing of manufacturers for the cost of processing permits. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton): The Committee, 1996.

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20

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power. H.R. 1071, to direct the Secretary of Energy to make incentive payments to the owners or operators of qualified desalination facilities; and oversight on "reducing power and other costs of the desalination process": Legislative and oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, Tuesday, May 24, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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21

Power, United States Congress House Committee on Resources Subcommittee on Water and. H.R. 1071, to direct the Secretary of Energy to make incentive payments to the owners or operators of qualified desalination facilities; and oversight on "reducing power and other costs of the desalination process": Legislative and oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, Tuesday, May 24, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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22

Pinheiro, Luis de Lima. Contrato de empreendimento comum (joint-venture) em direito internacional privado (Coleccao cosmos direito). Edicoes Cosmos, 1998.

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23

Silva, Jose Maria Rodrigues da. O direito portugues no contexto cultural de Macau (Edicoes cosmos). Edicoes Cosmos, 1997.

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24

Aslan, Reza. Cosmic War in Religious Traditions. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0015.

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This chapter provides a discussion on cosmic war in religious traditions, focusing on the development and evolution of cosmic war in the Hebrew Bible. Cosmic war can allow belief in the direct intervention of a deity on the battlefield on behalf of the deity's tribe, nation, or peopl, and is a concept that is profoundly settled in the religious traditions of the ancient Near East. The major themes found in most cosmic war traditions are elaborated. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq rapidly play the tenor of a cosmic conflict against demonic forces. It must be noted that behind the cosmic impulse, there often lurks very real and earthly grievances that must be considered if the drive toward cosmic war, which remains such a destructive factor in contemporary religious disputes, is to be stemmed.

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25

Direct cost of silvicultural treatments on national forests, 1975-78. 1985.

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26

Lyster, Dale M. A model for determining the direct costs of workers compensation in a self-insured company. 1992.

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27

Municipal Industrial Strategy for Abatement Program (Ontario) and Ontario. Ministry of the Environment. Policy and Planning Branch., eds. Monitoring costs and their implications for direct dischargers in the Ontario industrial minerals sector: Final report. Ontario: Queen's Printer for the Ontario,1990., 1990.

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28

Ferreira-Pinto, Fernando Brandao. Codigo das custas judiciais: Tabelas das custas nos tribunais administrativos : Custas no tribunal constitucional e legislacao complementar (Coleccao Direito e Ciencia Politica). Editora Internacional, 1998.

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29

Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.8. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0177.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). According to Art 9.1.8, the obligor has a right to be compensated by the assignor or the assignee for any additional costs caused by the assignment. The additional costs for which the obligor claims compensation must be caused by the assignment of a right; that is, they must be a direct consequence of it. In particular, additional costs may be caused by the fact that performance has to be rendered at a different place or to more than one obligee in the case of a partial assignment. This commentary discusses additional costs relating to change of place of performance and partial assignments, as well as the obligor's right to choose to claim compensation from either the assignor or the assignee.

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30

D, Farmer Richard, and United States. Congressional Budget Office., eds. The domestic costs of sanctions on foreign commerce. Washington, D.C: Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office, 1999.

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31

Yabroff, K. Robin, Gery P. Guy, Matthew P. Banegas, and Donatus U. Ekwueme. The Economic Burden of Cancer in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0010.

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With an aging and growing population and improved early detection and survival following diagnosis in the United States, the number of cancer survivors and prevalence of survivorship are expected to increase. Based on population trends, national expenditures for cancer care are projected to increase from $124.6 billion in 2010 to $157.8 billion in 2020. This chapter describes the economic burden of cancer, including direct costs, resulting from the use of resources for medical care for cancer; indirect costs, resulting from the loss of economic resources and opportunities associated with morbidity and mortality due to cancer and its treatment; and psychosocial or intangible costs, such as pain and suffering. Consistent with the intensity of treatment for initial care, recurrence, and end-of-life care, costs are highest in the initial period following diagnosis and, among patients who die from their disease, at the end of life, following a U-shaped curve.

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32

Board, Financial Accounting Standards, and Financial Accounting Standards Board, eds. Public record (Statement of financial accounting standards no. 91, Accounting for nonrefundable fees and costs associated with originating or acquiring loans and initial direct costs of leases). Stamford, Conn. (High Ridge Park, Stamford 06905-0821): Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1987.

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33

Quelch, John A., and Carin-Isabel Knoop. Johnson & Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190235123.003.0001.

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Every company has a public health footprint and should strive to insure that this is as positive as possible. The public health footprint stems from (a) the benefits and costs associated with using the company’s products and service, (b) the wellness of the company’s direct employees and those workers engaged in the company’s supply chain, and (c) the environmental impact of the company’s activities.

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34

Quelch, John A., and Margaret L. Rodriguez. Colgate-Palmolive Company. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190235123.003.0002.

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Every company has a public health footprint and should strive to insure that this is as positive as possible. The public health footprint stems from (a) the benefits and costs associated with using the company’s products and service, (b) the wellness of the company’s direct employees and those workers engaged in the company’s supply chain, and (c) the environmental impact of the company’s activities.

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35

Quelch, John A., and Margaret L. Rodriguez. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190235123.003.0003.

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Every company has a public health footprint and should strive to insure that this is as positive as possible. The public health footprint stems from (a) the benefits and costs associated with using the company’s products and service, (b) the wellness of the company’s direct employees and those workers engaged in the company’s supply chain, and (c) the environmental impact of the company’s activities.

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36

S, Lynch Christopher, and Financial Accounting Standards Board, eds. A Guide to implementation of Statement 91 on accounting for nonrefundable fees and costs associated with originating or acquiring loans and initial direct costs of leases: Questions and answers. Stamford, Conn. (High Ridge Park, P.O. Box 3821, Stamford 06905-0821): Financial Accounting Standards Board of the Financial Accounting Foundation, 1987.

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37

Tsai, Po-Heng. Cognitive Enhancers for Alzheimer’s Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0003.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. In the United States, an estimated 5.3 million people had AD dementia in 2015, including 200,000 individuals younger than age 65 years. The number of people who are affected by AD is projected to reach 16 million in 2050. There is a tremendous cost associated with caring for people with AD. In 2015, the direct costs to US society of caring for those with AD totaled an estimated $226 billion, and if no effective disease-modifying treatments become available, this could increase to $1.1 trillion in 2050. In addition to medical costs, in 2014, caregivers of people with AD and other dementias provided an estimated 17.9 billion hours of unpaid assistance, which translates to a value of $217.7 billion. Therefore, cognitive enhancers for AD by improving cognition could address symptoms associated with AD, reduce caregiver burden, and limit health care costs.

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38

Anderl, Sibylle. Astronomy and Astrophysics. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.45.

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This article looks at the philosophical aspects and questions that modern astrophysical research gives rise to. Other than cosmology, astrophysics particularly deals with understanding phenomena and processes operating at “intermediate” cosmic scales, which has rarely aroused philosophical interest so far. Being confronted with the attribution of antirealism by Ian Hacking because of its observational nature, astrophysics is equipped with a characteristic methodology that can cope with the missing possibility of direct interaction with most objects of research. In its attempt to understand the causal history of singular phenomena, it resembles the historical sciences, while the search for general causal relations with respect to classes of processes or objects can rely on the “cosmic laboratory”: the multitude of different phenomena and environments naturally provided by the universe. Furthermore, the epistemology of astrophysics is strongly based on the use of models and simulations and a complex treatment of large amounts of data.

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39

Hannon, Breffni. Cost Savings Associated with Palliative Care (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0007.

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Although the clinical benefits associated with hospital-based palliative care (PC) consultation teams are well established, few studies address the potential economic impact of these services. This study aimed to examine the effect of hospital-based PC teams on hospital costs for patients who died in the hospital, as well as for those discharged alive. Eight diverse hospital settings with established PC teams were chosen, and administrative data relating to direct costs (including laboratory, diagnostic imaging, pharmacy, and intensive care unit [ICU] costs) were analyzed. Propensity scoring was used to match PC patients with usual care (UC) patients. Of 2,630 PC patients who were discharged alive, net savings of $2,642 per admission were calculated, compared with 18,427 UC patients. For the 2,278 PC patients who died in the hospital, savings of $4,908 per admission were seen, when compared with 2,124 UC patients, confirming the additional economic benefits associated with hospital-based PC teams.

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40

Hawley, Katherine. How To Be Trustworthy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843900.001.0001.

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The book articulates and defends a core notion of trustworthiness as avoiding unfulfilled commitments. This is motivated via accounts of both trust and distrust in terms of perceived commitment. Avoiding unfufilled commitments is crucial both to practical trustworthiness, and to trustworthiness in speech; on this picture, assertion involves promising to speak truthfully, and simultaneously either keeping that promise or breaking it. Both assertion and the incurring of practical commitments are governed by competence norms, as well as norms of sincerity. So what should we do if we want to be trustworthy? Two perspectives are important: we need to act in line with our existing commitments, but in addition we need to approach potential new commitments with care. We can become untrustworthy by taking on too many—or over-challenging—commitments, no matter how well-meaning we are. Considered narrowly, trustworthiness typically directs us away from new commitments, but this creates significant costs both for ourselves and for those around us. Moreover, we cannot always avoid new commitments, and encounter uncertainty about how we become committed. We face obstacles to being trustworthy, and trustworthiness can direct us to act in ways which are ungenerous, or otherwise unlikeable. Moreover, those of us who live in challenging personal circumstances, whether through material impoverishment, poor health, social exclusion, or power imbalances, face greater obstacles to being trustworthy. This is compounded by the fact that such circumstances—and their impact on the pursuit of trustworthiness—are not always visible to other people.

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41

Crow, Scott. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness in Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.22.

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Costs and cost-effectiveness are now well recognized as important aspects of the burdens of and treatment for eating disorders. Ample evidence indicates that, leading up to and following diagnosis, the cost burdens associated with eating disorders are high; this is true whether viewed from the perspective of a healthcare payer or from a societal perspective. On the other hand, it is important to note that studies involving cost modeling and direct cost collection in treatment have shown that treatment of eating disorders is quite cost-effective. Cost is now increasingly examined as an outcome in eating disorder treatment trials. This remains an area of great need for further research.

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42

Merkesdal, Sonja, and Wilfried Mau. Health economics. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0031.

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The economic burden of rheumatic diseases for society, various payers, and last but not least the individual patient has been increasingly recognized. In addition to the well-known impact of back pain and osteoarthritis, the upcoming new and expensive therapies have made this issue especially intriguing in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A mean international estimate of the total annual costs of RA, mainly consisting of direct resource consumption and indirect costs due to productivity losses relating to paid work, comes to about €5600. Other inflammatory rheumatologic diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus erythematosus) generate similar costs. The implementation of expensive biological drugs in rheumatic care has also led to the pressing need to determine the relation of their costs and clinical outcome (e.g. quality-adjusted life-years, QALYs) in order to compare different treatment strategies in defined patient groups. In RA the health-economic evidence for the cost-effectiveness of biologicals is already quite substantial in terms of treatment of early and advanced RA, as last option treatment of patients refractory to TNF inhibitors. Their cost-effectiveness as first line treatment is less clear. All biologicals have proved their cost-effectiveness in various settings depending on patient selection. It has been clearly demonstrated that adherence to the current guidelines, including monitoring of their effectiveness. leads to cost-effective scenarios. In TNF-refractory RA, abatacept and rituximab have proved to be economically favourable strategies. Economic data on other inflammatory rheumatic entities is relatively sparse. Incomplete long-term and observational data are still the most prominent gaps in health-economic evidence relating to rheumatic disorders.

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43

Levien, Michael. Dispossession. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859152.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the dispossession of Rajpura for the Mahindra World City. It shows, first, how the Rajasthan government used real estate to produce compliance to dispossession. It then examines the initial consequences of this dispossession for both the village and the SEZ’s investors. Dispossession enabled Mahindra to arbitrage on the discrepancy between the cost of dispossessed land and its ultimate value as residential and commercial real estate, and to establish a tax-free enclave for India’s already booming “knowledge economy.” Conversely, it generated a cascading disaccumulation of agrarian assets within Rajpura. Dispossession undermined direct access to means of production and subsistence, destroyed a remunerative livestock economy, worsened already acute water shortages, and imposed disproportionate costs on women. It was against these substantial losses that Rajpura’s villagers weighed any gains from the SEZ.

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44

Trivedi, Madhukar H., and Steven M. Strakowski, eds. Depression. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190929565.001.0001.

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Major depressive disorder is a serious, debilitating, life-shortening illness that affects many persons of all ages and backgrounds. The point prevalence is high (2.3%–3.2% in men, 4.5%–9.3% in women) and the lifetime risk is 7% to 12% for men and 20% to 25% for women. Major depression is a disabling disorder that costs the United States over $200 billion per year in direct and indirect costs. Depression also has detrimental effects on all aspects of social functioning, such as self-care, social role, and family life, including household, marital, kinship, and parental roles. While there have been several treatments that are efficacious, many individuals suffering from depression experience life-long challenges due to the often chronic and episodic nature of the disease. Identifying strategies to find the right treatments for the right patients is critical. Ongoing research has explored the importance of examining physiologic biomarkers as well as clinical characteristics to gain a better understanding of subtypes of depression, which will lead to improved treatments and better outcomes. This book provides an introduction to the etiology and pathophysiology of depression, common comorbidities and differential diagnoses, pharmacotherapy strategies, psychotherapeutic and neuromodulation interventions, novel and nontraditional treatment strategies, and considerations in special populations.

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45

Metcalf, Gilbert E. Paying for Pollution. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694197.001.0001.

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In a book written for a general audience with no special knowledge of economics or environmental science, a prominent economist makes the case for the United States to enact a carbon tax. While a policy to reduce emissions has costs, the book shows in simple and direct language that failing to act on climate change is more costly. Other possible ways to reduce emissions are reviewed and the argument made that a carbon tax is preferable to those alternatives. The book also explains how Congress should design and implement the tax and how Congress should ensure that the carbon tax revenue is returned to taxpayers. Common objections to a carbon tax are addressed, showing that either these come from a misunderstanding of the science of climate change and how a carbon tax works or they can be easily addressed in carbon tax legislation.

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46

Turney, Ben, and John Reynard. Epidemiology of stone disease. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0012.

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In developed countries, the lifetime prevalence of kidney stones is around 10% and most commonly affects people in the working age-group. The incidence is increasing internationally. After passage of a first stone, the risk of recurrence is high. Direct and indirect costs involved in treating stones are considerable. Intrinsic risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and metabolic syndromes. The incidence of stone disease peaks between the ages of 20 and 60 years. While historically the male to female ratio was around 3:1, the gender gap is closing. The reasons for increased incidence are due in part to increased detection through better imaging but also due to environmental factors (e.g. diet, obesity, diabetes, dehydration) which put more people with an underlying genetic predisposition at risk. Despite the increasing prevalence of kidney stones, the majority are categorized as idiopathic.

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47

Bowman, Alan. The State and the Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0002.

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The main fiscal instruments the Roman government could use to affect economic behaviour and performance were currency, taxation, and regulation of markets. This chapter is primarily concerned with taxation, and considers the central features of the relationship between direct and indirect taxation and trade, taking Hopkins’s taxes-and-trade model as a point of departure. It argues that, before AD 300, taxation was fairly low, but not as low as Hopkins thought, when we consider the things he omitted. Various fiscal stimuli, the government use of coin, and taxation all affected trade positively in different ways. After Diocletian, by re-establishing the currency as central to government fiscal operations and by reducing the transaction costs that fell directly upon central government, rates of taxation could effectively be lowered without significant loss of revenue, and that institutionalization of the relationship between imperial and municipal taxation was broadly beneficial from a fiscal viewpoint.

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48

Foreman, Judy. The Global Pain Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190259242.001.0001.

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Hundreds of millions around the world live in chronic pain - many in such severe pain they are disabled by it. The Institute of Medicine estimates that chronic pain costs the U.S. alone $560 to $635 billion a year in direct medical costs and lost productivity. Morphine, an effective painkiller, costs only three cents a dose, yet because of excessive regulation in many countries, it is unavailable to millions of people who need it, even at the end of life. The World Health Organization notes that in addition to the one million end-stage AIDS/HIV patients who can’t get morphine and other controlled medications, 5.5 million terminal cancer patients, nearly a million people suffering from accidents or violence, and an incalculable number of people living with chronic illnesses and recovering from surgery can’t get it, either. Women, children, older people, and the poor are disproportionally affected by inadequate pain relief. Physicians know almost nothing about chronic pain, much less how to treat it, for two reasons: medical schools barely teach it and government institutions allot almost nothing to the pain research budget. In The Global Pain Crisis: What Everyone Needs to Know®, renowned health journalist Judy Foreman addresses the most important questions about chronic pain: what is it, who does it affect most, what works and what doesn’t for pain relief in Western and alternative medicines, what are the risks and benefits for opioids and marijuana, and how can the chronic pain crisis be resolved for good? Foreman’s book is a wake-up call for a health problem that affects all people across the globe, at all stages of life. Written in the classic, easy-to-read and quick reference style of the What Everyone Needs to Know® series, The Global Pain Crisis is a must for anyone whose life or work is affected by chronic pain.

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49

US GOVERNMENT. H.R. 1071, to Direct the Secretary of Energy to Make Incentive Payments to the Owners or Operators of Qualified Desalination Facilities; And Oversight. Government Printing Office, 2005.

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50

Wakely, Patrick. Vivienda en el desarrollo urbano. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21789/9789587253047.

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Vivienda en el desarrollo urbano examina la gama de políticas estratégicas alternativas que han sido empleadas por las agencias de vivienda estatales para este fin. Estas van desde la entrada del sector público en el mercado de la vivienda urbana a través de la construcción directa de “vivienda pública” (“convencional”) que se arrienda o transfiere a beneficiarios de bajos ingresos a tasas inferiores a las del mercado, hasta la provisión de apoyo financiero (subsidios) e incentivos no financieros para productores y consumidores del sector privado de viviendas urbanas, y para la administración de programas (“no convencionales”) de apoyos sociales, técnicos y legislativos que permitan la producción, mantenimiento y gestión de viviendas socialmente aceptables a precios y costos que sean asequibles para familias y comunidades urbanas de bajos ingresos. Se concluye con una breve revisión de la dirección que las políticas de vivienda pública han tomado durante el comienzo del siglo xxi y una reflexión sobre “adónde ir ahora”, haciendo una distinción entre las estrategias de “vivienda pública” y “vivienda social” y cómo pueden ser combinadas en un paradigma de “asociación” para el siglo XXI.

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Books on the topic 'Cosmos Direkt'

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