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Jantzen, Elke Simone. "The role of sponsorship marketing in the integrated marketing communication programme with reference to the German insurance company Cosmos Direkt." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53167.
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Assignment (MComm)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sponsorship marketing, as part of the integrated marketing communication programme, is a relatively new field of application. There is still a lack of research in many areas of this field, especially in respect of the measurement of the effectiveness of this communication instrument. Although its roots could be traced back to ancient Greece, substantial growth and development in the field of sponsorship marketing have taken place over the past three decades. More recently the concentration of sponsored events has moved away from sports and has been divided between a number of other areas, notably art and entertainment and also charity events. With the increase in sponsorships, an increase in literary research has also been detected. The analysis of the sponsorship strategy of a German insurance company - Cosmos Direkt - has shown that in practice many companies are still not fully exploiting the potential of their sponsorships. This became even more obvious when it was compared to the approach to sponsorships of some of South Africa's largest insurance companies. The comparison indicated that some of the insurance companies had achieved satisfaction with their sponsorship, while others were still battling to establish the right formula for success. The inconsistency of the success of sponsorships could often be ascribed to a large number of companies being uncertain about sponsorships and reluctant to fully integrate these into their marketing strategies. Sponsorships could only be effective when they are supported by other marketing communication tools, rather than being viewed as a completely separate activity. Sponsorships should be used in synergy with the other communication instruments, so that the company may project a uniform message to its customers and the public.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Borgskappe, as deel van 'n geïntegreerde bemarkingskommunikasie, is 'n redelike nuwe veld van aanwending. Navorsing in baie gebiede van hierdie veld is nog uitstaande, veral waar die meting van hierdie kommunikasie-instrument van belang is. Oor die afgelope drie dekades het wesenlike groei en ontwikkelinge op die gebied van borgskappe plaasgevind, alhoewel die oorsprong teruggevolg kan word tot na die antieke Grieke. Meer onlangs het die fokus van geborgde gebeurtenisse wegbeweeg van sport af en is nou meer versprei oor 'n aantal ander gebiede, byvoorbeeld kuns en vermaak, asook liefdadigheidsorganisasies. Met die toename van borgskappe het daar ook 'n toename in literêre navorsing plaasgevind. Die analise van die borgskapstrategie deur 'n Duitse versekeringsmaatskappy - Cosmos Direkt - het aangetoon dat baie maatskappye in die praktyk nog nie die volle potensiaal van hul borgskappe benut nie. Hierdie bevinding is bevestig nadat dit met die benadering tot borgskappe van verskeie Suid-Afrikaanse versekeringsmaatskappye vergelyk is. Die vergelyking het aangetoon dat sommige versekeringsmaatskappye tevredenheid met hulle borgskappe bereik het, terwyl ander nog steeds op soek was na die regte formule vir sukses. Die teenstrydigheid ten opsigte van die sukses van borgskappe is dikwels die gevolg van maatskappye w~t onseker is oor hulle borgskappe en huiwerig is om dit ten volle met hulle bemarkingstrategieë te integreer. Borgskappe kan egter net effektief wees wanneer hulle ondersteun word deur ander bemarkingskommunikasie-instrumente, en nie as iets heeltemal afsonderliks beskou word nie. Borgskappe behoort in sinergie met die ander bemarkingskommunikasie-instrumente gebruik te word sodat 'n maatskappy 'n eenvormige boodskap aan sy klante en die publiek sal stuur.
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Campbell, Mariam. "Cyclic universes & direct detection of cosmic expansion by holonomy in the McVittie spacetime." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31091.
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This dissertation consists of two parts. They are separate ideas, but both fall into the context of General Relativity using dynamical systems. Part one is titled Cyclic Universes. It is shown that a Friedmann model with positive spatial sections and a decaying dark energy term admits cyclic solutions which is shown graphically by the use of phase planes. Coupling the modified Friedmann model to a scalar field model with cross-sectional terms in order to model the reheating phase in the early universe, it is found that there is a violation of the energy condition, i.e.
when the universe is in the contracting phase and re-collapses again. We suspect that the cause for this violation is due to the asymmetry of the solution of w together with the cross-sectional terms at the bounce preceding slow-roll inflation. Part two is titled Thought Experiment to Directly Detect Cosmic Expansion by Holonomy. Two thought experiments are proposed to directly measure the expansion of the universe by the parallel transfer of a vector around a closed loop in a curved spacetime. Generally, expansion would cause a measurable deficit angle between the vector’s initial and final positions. Using the McVittie spacetime (which describes a spherically symmetric object in an expanding universe) as a backdrop to perform these experiments it is shown that the expansion of the universe can be directly detected by measuring changes in the components of a gyroscopic spin axis. We find these changes to be small but large enough (∆S ∼ 10−7 ) to be measured if the McVittie spacetime were a representation of our universe.
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Colangelo, Doreen Marie. "Correlates of Developmental Disabilities Direct Service Professionals' High Turnover Rate." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1881.
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Workplace turnover is destructive to organizations both financially and operationally. The cost of selecting and replacing the wrong candidate for a position ranges from a few thousand to several million dollars. The goal for this correlational study was to assess the efficacy of an applicant test instrument for identifying key personality traits of direct service professionals (DSP) in the developmental disabilities arena which correlate with successful job tenure and decrease turnover cost. The theoretical framework that grounded this study was the poor job fit theory. The population studied consisted of DSP's hired by an organization in Glynn County, GA. Anonymous candidates' data were obtained by the screening test and stratified into 2 categories: successful employees (48 of those remaining in their position for a year or longer) and unsuccessful employees (48 of those remaining in their position less than 1 year),the secondary historical data from the test instrument were analyzed via a binary multiple logistics regression model. Since inferential statistical analysis results revealed no statistical significance (at the .05 level) of any of the 5 test category variables for predicting successful employment (a year or longer) or unsuccessful employment (less than a year), The analysis revealed that the Talent Acquisition - Healthcare Services Profile - Clinical Test is not a successful screening tool for the subject population. When organizations hire the right candidates for healthcare positions, beneficial social change can occur when a higher quality of care is delivered, making a positive contribution to the lives of the caregivers, patients, and patients' families.
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Klein, Michael, and Kathryn Matthias. "Direct Costs of Unnecessary Antibiotic Prescribing in Patients Administered Imipenem in the Emergency Department." The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614216.
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Class of 2014 AbstractSpecific Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the appropriateness of antibiotic use in the first 48 hours of being admitted to the emergency department in a tertiary care medical center. The purpose was to identify inappropriate usage patterns of antibiotics to limit future misuse and prevent the unintended consequences of overuse of antibiotics. Methods: Patients 18 years and older who were admitted to the emergency department at University of Arizona Medical Center – University Campus who were administered imipenem within 48 hours of admission were included. All antibiotics received by included patient were recorded and assessed for appropriateness by two pharmacists with specialized infectious disease training. Inappropriate use of carbapenems or other antibiotics in conjunction with carbapenems was identified and the acquisition cost of the misused antibiotics was calculated. Main Results: Imipenem use was considered inappropriate in 35/52 (71.1%) of patients included in this study. The direct cost of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing was $914.77. Multiple β-lactam antibiotics were used in 24/52 (46.1%) patients while 18/52 (34.6%) of patients received four or more antibiotics within the first 48 hours of admission. Conclusion: Imipenem was frequently used empirically for in cases did not fit the predetermined criteria of use within 48 hours of admission emergency department of the University of Arizona Medical Center – University Campus, resulting in unnecessary direct costs to the medical center.
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Bödemann, Melanie. "Die direkten und indirekten Kosten adipositasattributabler Krankheiten in Deutschland im Jahr 2002." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-62715.
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Vorliegende Dissertationsarbeit beinhaltet eine Abschätzung der durch adipositasattributable Erkrankungen verursachten direkten und indirekten Kosten für Deutschland im Jahr 2002. Nach Definition durch die WHO handelt es sich bei Adipositas um eine exzessive Vermehrung des Körperfettes mit signifikanten gesundheitlichen Konsequenzen (WHO 2008). Die Graduierung der Adipositas erfolgte nach der international anerkannten Einteilung der WHO mittels Body Mass Index. Diese Einteilung beinhaltet ein Mass welches das Körpergewicht in Relation zur Körpergrösse bewertet.
Adipositasattributable Erkrankungen bezeichnen Krankheitsbilder welche in Ihrer Entstehung in eindeutigem kausalen Zusammenhang mit Adipositas gesehen werden können. Die in vorliegender Arbeit berücksichtigten adipositasattributablen Erkrankungen umfassen insgesamt 14 ICD-10-Diagnosen. Dazu zählen Diabetes mellitus, kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen, Stoffwechselerkrankungen und verschiedene Karzinomerkrankungen. Anhand statistisch belegter Daten zur Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas, sowie relativer Risiken adipositasattributabler Erkrankungen wurden adipositasattributable Fraktionen ermittelt welche als Grundlage zur Berechnung der adipositasassoziierten Kosten dienten. Das relative Risiko gibt an, um welchen Betrag das Risiko an einer Krankheit zu erkranken bei einer exponierten Person gegenüber einer nicht exponierten Person erhöht ist. Die adipositasattributable Fraktion gibt denjenigen Anteil an den Fällen einer Erkrankung an welcher einem jeweiligen Risikofaktor zugeschrieben werden kann.
Zur Berechnung der Kosten wurde der gesundheitsökonomisch anerkannte Top-Down-Ansatz verwendet. Bei dieser Methode der Berechnung der direkten und indirekten adipositasattributablen Kosten werden statistische Daten einer Gesamtpopulation zur Erhebung der globalen Kosten einer Erkrankung für einen bestimmten Zeitraum herangezogen. Die statistischen Daten werden dann auf einzelne Individuen durch Division durch die Gesamtpopulation herunter gerechnet. Die direkten Kosten beinhalten eine Bewertung der adipositasattributablen Morbidität mit Ressourcenverlusten durch unmittelbare finanzielle Aufwendungen. Dazu gehören beispielsweise Krankenhauskosten, Kosten für den Hausarzt und Medikamentenkosten. In vorliegender Studie umfassten die berechneten direkten Kosten Aufwendungen aufgrund von stationärer und ambulanter Versorgung, Rehabilitation und sonstige Kosten im Sinne von Verwaltungs, Forschungs und Ausbildungskosten. Zu den indirekten Kosten werden beispielsweise Kosten aufgrund verminderter Produktivität durch Morbidität und Produktivitätsausfall aufgrund von Mortalität gezählt. Unter indirekten Kosten wird der durch Krankheit, Invalidität oder vorzeitigen Tod entstehende Verlust an Wertschöpfungspotenzial verstanden. Dazu gehören beispielsweise Kosten aufgrund verminderter Produktivität durch Morbidität und Produktivitätsausfall aufgrund von Mortalität.
Insgesamt bildeten die adipositasattributablen direkten und indirekten Kosten im Jahr 2002 ein Gesamtvolumen von 8.530.630.770 Euro. Dieser Betrag entsprach cirka 0,5% des Bruttoinlandproduktes desselben Jahres mit cirka 2107,3 Mrd. Euro sowie cirka 3.8 % der gesamten Krankheitskosten für Deutschland im Jahr 2002. Diese beliefen sich auf einen Gesamtbetrag von 223,6 Mrd. Euro (statistisches Bundesamt).
Die direkten Kosten bildeten mit 4.548.510.697 Euro (53%) einen etwas grösseren Anteil im Gegensatz zu den indirekten Kosten welche sich auf insgesamt 4.079.515.331 Euro (47%) beliefen. Die direkten adipositasattributablen Kosten wurden bei beiden Geschlechtern zum größten Teil durch ambulante Behandlung verursacht. Insgesamt entstand dabei im Jahr 2002 ein Betrag von 2.676.233.336 Euro was einem Anteil von 61% an den gesamten direkten Kosten entsprach. Bei den indirekten Kosten entfiel der grösste Anteil adipositasattributabler Kosten bei bezahlter sowie unbezahlter Tätigkeit auf Mortalität. Bei bezahlter Arbeit belief sich der Betrag auf 801.277.741 Euro und bei unbezahlter Arbeit auf einen Betrag von 2.007.341.715 Euro.
Bei einer Analyse der direkten und indirekten Kosten nach ICD-10-Diagnose zeigte sich, dass bei den direkten Kosten der grösste Anteil der finanziellen Aufwendungen auf Diabetes Mellitus (E11) mit 1.404.943.170 Euro (31%) und auf Hypertonie (I10-I15) mit 1.190.444.553 Euro (26%) entfiel. Weitere 15% der Kosten wurden mit 712.546.029 Euro durch Adipositas und sonstige Überernährung (E65-E68) verursacht, wobei Frauen mit 450.982.438 Euro (65%) gegenüber Männern mit 261.563.591 (35%) etwa doppelt so viele Kosten verursachten. 14% der Kosten entfielen auf die ICD-10-Diagnose Koronare Herzkrankheit (I20-I25) mit insgesamt 643.601.949 Euro.
Die adipositasattributablen indirekten Kosten wurden zum größten Teil durch koronare Herzkrankheit (I20-I25) mit 1.539.009.232.198 Euro verursacht. Dieser Betrag entsprach einem Anteil von 37% an den gesamten indirekten Kosten. Gefolgt wurde die Diagnose koronare Herzkrankheit (I20-I25) von der ICD-10-Diagnose Hypertonie (I10-I15), welche mit 535.794.685 Euro (12%) lediglich ein Drittel der Kosten für koronare Herzkrankheit betrug. Den drittgrössten Posten innerhalb der indirekten Kosten bildete die ICD-10-Diagnose Diabetes Mellitus (E11) mit 441.400.365 Euro (9%).
Insgesamt zeigte sich dass Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen und Diabetes Mellitus bei Männern und Frauen zu den Hauptverursachern der adipositasattributablen direkten und indirekten Kosten zählten. Speziell für diese Krankheitsgruppen weisen die Ergebnisse dieser Studie darauf hin, dass in Deutschland ein relevantes Potential für langfristige Kosteneinsparungen durch Präventionsmaßnahmen zur Vermeidung oder Verminderung von Übergewicht besteht. Daher sollte vorliegende Studie dazu anregen kosten-effektive Präventionsmaßnahmen weiter zu entwickeln, zu vertiefen und schnellstmöglich umzusetzen.
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Mongsawad, Prasopchoke. "Debt and foreign direct investment in a small developing economy /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025639.
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Remmer, Leonard. "A Methodology for Identifying Opportunities for Direct Shipping." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1128719056.
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Haak, Christopher J. "Direct-to-DVD: From Syfy to the Majors." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1292465802.
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Hijazi, Bassem. "Bank Loans as a Financial Discipline: A Direct Agency Cost of Equity Perspective." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5411/.
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In a 2004 study, Harvey, Lin and Roper argue that debt makers with a commitment to monitoring can create value for outside shareholders whenever information asymmetry and agency costs are pronounced. I investigate Harvey, Lin and Roper's claim for bank loans by empirically testing the effect of information asymmetry and direct agency costs on the abnormal returns of the borrowers' stock around the announcement of bank loans. I divide my study into two main sections. The first section tests whether three proxies of the direct agency costs of equity are equally significant in measuring the direct costs associated with outside equity agency problems. I find that the asset utilization ratio proxy is the most statistically significant proxy of the direct agency costs of equity using a Chow F-test statistic. The second main section of my dissertation includes and event study and a cross-sectional analysis. The event study results document significant and positive average abnormal returns of 1.01% for the borrowers' stock on the announcement day of bank loans. In the cross sectional analysis of the borrowers' average abnormal stock returns, I find that higher quality and more reputable banks/lenders provide a reliable certification to the capital market about the low level of the borrowers' direct agency costs of equity and information asymmetry. This certification hypothesis holds only for renewed bank loans. In other words, in renewing the borrowers' line of credit, the bank/lender is actually confirming that the borrower has a low level of information asymmetry and direct costs of equity. Given such a certificate from the banks/lenders, shareholders reward the company/borrower by bidding the share price up in the capital market.
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Pozzi, Flavio Alves. "Indicadores de posição econômica para sistemas com unidade central administrativa e várias unidades de negócios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-11122006-151719/.
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O trabalho apresenta um modelo econômico para auxílio à tomada de decisão em nível tático e estratégico, podendo ser aplicado tanto a empresas do setor industrial como de serviços que possuem uma sede administrativa com várias unidades de negócios dispersas ou não geograficamente. O modelo pode retratar a situação passada, presente e futura da empresa, mostrando claramente como os valores econômicos foram obtidos e como se compuseram para formar o resultado final. Os resultados podem ser utilizados para a simulação de possíveis alterações, avaliando os resultados através dos cenários propostos podendo servir como referencial para o planejamento estratégico. Para tanto, este trabalho propõe a utilização de medidas de posição econômica no intuito de medir a situação econômica de cada Produto/Unidade Estratégica de Negócio através da Margem de Segurança, do Grau de Alavancagem Operacional, do Grau de Alavancagem Operacional Combinado e da Análise de Equilíbrio da empresa, tendo como conseqüência, a situação econômica da sede administrativa medida através das contribuições advindas de cada Unidade Estratégica de Negócio. O cálculo dos indicadores de posição econômica torna-se muito importante no âmbito da quantificação da posição econômica da empresa, medindo o impacto dos subsistemas em sua situação econômica através da análise das posições econômicas relevantes e diferenciadas. Os indicadores podem ser comparados com indicadores de outras empresas do mesmo setor, com outras Unidades Estratégicas de Negócios da mesma empresa, com dados passados da mesma Unidade Estratégica de Negócio etc.This work presents an economic model towards helping take a tactical and strategic decision which can be applied either to the industrial or service sector companies that have an administrative headquarter with various business units geographically spread out or not. The model can portray the company?s past, present or future situation, clearly showing how the economic figures were obtained and how they have come together to form the final result. The results can be used to simulate possible alterations, evaluating the results through the proposed scenarios which can serve as a reference for the strategic planning. To that effect, this work proposes the use of measures of economic position in order to measure the economic situation of each Product/Business Units Through the Security Margin, the Degree Operational Leverage, the Combined Degree Operational Leverage and the Analysis of the Company?s Equilibrium, having, as a consequence, the administrative headquarter?s economic situation measured through the contributions obtained from each Business Units. The calculation of the economic position indicators becomes very important in the quantification range of the company?s economic position, measuring the impact of the subsystems in an economic situation through the analysis of the relevant and differentiated economic positions. The indicators can be compared to other companies? indicators of the same sector, to other Business Units of the same company, to the past data of the same Business Units, etc.
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Daltio, Claudiane Salles [UNIFESP]. "Custo Direto Médico-Hospitalar da recaída em esquizofrenia em três serviços na cidade de São Paulo no ano de 2006." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2009. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9289.
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Previous issue date: 2009-11-26A esquizofrenia apresenta elevado custo de doença e a recaída é um dos seus aspectos mais importantes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o Custo Direto Médico- Hospitalar da recaída em esquizofrenia, em três diferentes serviços de admissão em saúde mental na cidade de São Paulo utilizados por pacientes quando da reagudização da doença: a) um hospital público estadual (HP); b) um hospital contratado conveniado com o SUS (HCC); e c) um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). METODOLOGIA: Foram revisados 90 prontuários de pacientes portadores de esquizofrenia atendidos durante o ano de 2006 em internação hospitalar ou atendimento intensivo no CAPS. Foram levantados e valorados os recursos utilizados durante a permanência nos serviços: medicação, exames e diárias – onde foram incluídos os custos com recursos humanos. RESULTADOS: o Custo Direto Médico-Hospitalar médio da recaída em esquizofrenia, por paciente foi de R{dollar} 8.167,58 no HP; R{dollar} 4.605,46 no CAPS e de R{dollar} 2.397,74 no HCC sendo o principal componente, o custo com diárias, a maior delas no HP. O custo com medicação diferiu quanto à utilização de antipsicóticos típicos ou atípicos, sendo os típicos mais utilizados no HCC e os atípicos no CAPS. Nos três serviços poucos exames complementares foram realizados. CONCLUSÃO: O investimento em medicações antipsicóticas e em estratégias que diminuam a recaída e a necessidade de diárias nos serviços, especialmente hospitalares, são justificáveis pela proporção dos custos que estas representam. O maior custo ocorreu no HP e o menor custo no HCC. Tratar a recaída no CAPS apresentou um custo intermediário com o benefício de não privar o paciente do convívio familiar, usando medicação com menor potencial de efeitos adversos e com impacto positivo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes.
Aims: Significant cost is associated with schizophrenia and relapses are one significant cost element. Objective: Assess the direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses at three mental health services in the city of São Paulo: a public state hospital (HP); a hospital affiliated with the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System -SUS (HCC); a Community Psychosocial Service Center (CAPS). Methods: We reviewed the charts of 90 patients with schizophrenia who had been i n services in 2006. We evaluated the r esources used dur ing the time these patients were in services. Results: The Mean Direct Medical Cost of schizophrenia relapses was, per patient, R{dollar} 8.167,58 i n HP; R{dollar} 4.605,46 at the CAPS and R{dollar} 2.397,74 in HCC ( R{dollar} 2 / 1 US{dollar}). The most significant component in all cases was the daily rate. The cost of medication differed depending on whether typical or atypical antipsychotics were used. CAPS making more use of atypical drugs. Conclusion: The costs associated with schizophrenia relapses justify investments in antipsychotic drugs and strategies to reduce the need for mental health services, especially hospitals. The cost associated with treating patients in a CAPS is intermediate and has the added benefit of not depriving patients from their family life.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
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Obdržálek, Oto Bc. "Návrh opatření na zvýšení atraktivity ČR pro vstup zahraničních investorů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-1809.
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Diplomová práce je postavena na třech hlavních kapitolách, z nich první dvě se staly východiskem pro vytvoření třetí kapitoly a to projektu. První část práce je zaměřena na teoretické poznatky, které jsou spojené s tématem diplomové práce. Druhá část práce je věnována analýze jednotlivých faktorů, jež ovlivňují rozhodování zahraničních investorů při vstupu do České republiky. Analýza je zaměřena na faktor lidských zdrojů, infrastruktury, surovin a připravenosti území, státní regulace, finančních a výrobních trhů. Východiskem této analýzy je SWOT analýza, stanovení silných a slabých stránek a také příležitostí a hrozeb, týkajících se České republiky. V této části práce je zhodnocena i práce agentury CzechInvest a systém investičních pobídek. Analytická část se stala východiskem pro třetí část práce, kde je navržena soustava opatření vedoucí ke zvýšení atraktivity České republiky pro vstup zahraničních investorů. Projektová část práce vychází jak z teoretických tak i z analytických poznatků, které vedly ke stanovení navržených opatření.
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Obdržálek, Oto. "Návrh opatření na zvýšení atraktivity ČR pro vstup zahraničních investorů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-13916.
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Diplomová práce je postavena na třech hlavních kapitolách, z nich první dvě se staly východiskem pro vytvoření třetí kapitoly a to projektu. První část práce je zaměřena na teoretické poznatky, které jsou spojené s tématem diplomové práce. Druhá část práce je věnována analýze jednotlivých faktorů, jež ovlivňují rozhodování zahraničních investorů při vstupu do České republiky. Analýza je zaměřena na faktor lidských zdrojů, infrastruktury, surovin a připravenosti území, státní regulace, finančních a výrobních trhů. Východiskem této analýzy je SWOT analýza, stanovení silných a slabých stránek a také příležitostí a hrozeb, týkajících se České republiky. V této části práce je zhodnocena i práce agentury CzechInvest a systém investičních pobídek. Analytická část se stala východiskem pro třetí část práce, kde je navržena soustava opatření vedoucí ke zvýšení atraktivity České republiky pro vstup zahraničních investorů. Projektová část práce vychází jak z teoretických tak i z analytických poznatků, které vedly ke stanovení navržených opatření.
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Thulin, Per. "Essays on Regional Growth, Comparative Advantages and Foreign Direct Investments." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transporter och samhällsekonomi (stängd 20110301), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11846.
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This thesis consists of four essays, covering four different topics. The first essay investigates the relationship between inter-firm labor mobility and regional productivity growth. Previous studies have shown that density is positively correlated with growth. I claim that it is not density in itself, but rather the attributes associated with it that drives economic growth. One such attribute is the increased possibility for labor mobility and knowledge diffusion that follows when firms and individuals locate in close proximity to each other. This hypothesis is tested using density as an instrument for labor mobility. The result shows that labor mobility increases regional growth rates. The second essay examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. The empirical analysis finds that FDI has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage costs across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The third essay looks at the impact of FDI on home country investments. Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effects on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. We argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The fourth, and final, essay of this thesis analyses how increased R&D expenditures and market size influence the distribution of comparative advantage. Previous studies report ambiguous results and also refer to periods when markets were much more segmented and production factors less mobile. The empirical analysis comprises 19 OECD-countries and spans the period 1981 to 1999. It is shown how an increase in R&D-expenditures by one percentage point implies a three-percentage point increase in high-technology exports, whereas market size fails to attain significance. In addition, institutional factors influence the dynamics of comparative advantage.
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Baptista, Cleide Maria Caetano. "Levantamento do custo direto do procedimento com Bota de Unna em pacientes com úlcera venosa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7131/tde-08052009-114934/.
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As úlceras Venosas (UV) produzem modificações radicais na vida dos indivíduos em decorrência de sua etiopatogenia. Estas são as formas mais comuns de úlceras de perna e causam um impacto significante na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, pois reduzem a produtividade no trabalho, além dos custos associados a tratamentos de longa duração, em virtude da cronicidade, tempo de cicatrização e freqüentes recidivas das lesões. Este trabalho teve como objetivos identificar as características sócio-demográficas da clientela, incluindo a caracterização da UV, calcular o custo total direto(CTD) dos materiais e de pessoal de enfermagem utilizados na realização do procedimento com bota de unna em pacientes portadores de UV, por um método baseado nas médias(CTDM) e um método baseado nas observações(CTDO) e correlacionar o CTDO, Circunferência do joelho e tornozelo, área e tempo de procedimento entre si e com as demais variáveis quantitativas do estudo. Como referencial teórico para aferição dos custos utilizou-se o sistema de custeio por absorção por procedimento ou produto. A pesquisa é do tipo exploratória, descritiva, comparativa, correlacional, com abordagem quantitativa. Foi realizada na unidade de ambulatório da clínica cirúrgica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP). A amostra foi constituída de 65 procedimentos com bota de unna realizados em nove pacientes portadores de UV. Para coleta de dados, foi utilizado um instrumento contendo dados demográficos e clínicos da clientela, caracterização da lesão e relativos ao tempo e consumo de material. Os resultados mostraram que os pacientes com UV 5 (55,55%) apresentavam idade igual e abaixo de 64 anos, com faixa etária predominante entre 49 a 56 anos (33,33%) e de 65 a 72 anos (33,33%). Foi verificado o predomínio do sexo feminino com 7 (77,78%) pacientes. Com relação à doença associada houve predomínio de HAS (33,33%) seguida de DM (22,22%), um mesmo paciente apresentou mais de uma patologia associada e que 5(55,55%) pacientes não apresentavam doenças associadas. O tempo de existência da úlcera mostrou um predomínio de menos de 2 anos (44,44%) e de mais de 5 anos (44,44%). As úlceras estavam localizadas preferencialmente na região maleolar 7 (77,77%) pacientes. Houve um predomínio de circunferência de joelho de 32 a 35,9 cm, circunferência de tornozelo entre 24,5 a 25,5 cm e de áreas de lesão de 2,0 e 61,0 cm2. O custo total direto médio (CTDM), relacionado ao procedimento com bota de unna foi de R$ 139,48 e a média do custo total direto observado(CTDO) foi R$ 96,47 (DP = 16,22) com variação de R$ 76,84 a 184,65. A média do custo da mão de obra do procedimento foi R$ 15,39 (DP = 3,28) com variação de R$ 8,00 a 22,50. Em relação às correlações foi evidenciado que custos elevados estão associados a procedimentos com maiores áreas de lesão, maiores Cj, com maior consumo de gaze n, rayon, zobec, fita adesiva, soro, faixa elástica, gaze, zobec e faixa crepe domiciliar, que maiores Ct tendem a estar associadas ao menor consumo de rayon e maior consumo de luva proc, que grandes áreas de lesão tendem a estar associadas a maior consumo de gaze e, rayon, zobec, luva proc e zobec domiciliar e tendem a estar associadas ao menor consumo de tempo e de faixa elástica, que maior tempo de procedimento a estar associado a maior consumo de gaze e soro e a menor consumo de luva de procedimentos. Acreditamos que os enfermeiros precisam ter conhecimento e meios para tomar decisões, baseados em evidências científicas, a respeito do tratamento mais apropriado para o paciente e que essa escolha deve estar baseada no custo-efetividade, lembrando que no cotidiano das atividades gerenciais, esses dados são imprescindíveis. Desta forma , podem respaldar seus argumentos em relação à necessidade de gastos frente aos diversos tipos de produtos, bem como suas decisões sobre alocação de recursos para as diferentes atividades junto à administraçãoThe veined ulcers (UV) bring forth radical modifications in the life of the individuals resulting from their condition. The most common forms of ulcers are of the leg and it causes significant impact in the quality of life of the patients, reducing the work productivity, beside the costs associated with the long treatments, due to the chronic condition, time of healing and the frequent reappearance of the lesions. This work has the objective to identify the typical traits social-demographic of the clientele, including the characterization of the UV, calculate the total direct cost (CTD) of the materials and the nursing staff used to realize the procedure with the boot of unna in patients bearing the UV, by a method based in the medium (CTDM) and a method based in the observations (CTDO) establishing a relationship with the CTDO. Circumference of the knee and ankle, area and time of the procedure, alone and with the other variable quantity of study. As a theoretical reference to check the costs, we utilize the system of the cost by absorption of the procedure or product. The search is of the exploratory type, descriptive, establishing a relationship, comparative with a quantitative approach. It was realized in the ambulatory unit of the surgery clinic of the University Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo (HU-USP). The sample was formed of 65 procedures with the boot of unna, realized in nine patients affected with UV. To collect the data it was utilized an instrument containing demographic data and physicians of the clientele, characterized of the lesion and related to the time and use of the material. The results showed that the patients with UV 5 (55,55%) presented age equal and below of 64 years old, with etaria band predominantly between 49 and 56 years (33,33%) and between 65 and 72 years old (33,33%) It was verified the predominance of the feminine sex with 7 (77,78%) patients. In regards to the disease associated there was a predominance of HAS (33,33%) following of DM (22,22%), one patient presented more than one associated pathology and that 5 (55,55%) patients did not appear with associated deceases. The time that the ulcer demonstrated a predominance of less than 2 years (44,44%) and above 5 years old (44,44%) The ulcers were mainly localized in the malleolus region 7 (77,77%) patients. There was a predominance of the knee circumference of 32 to 35.9 cm, circumference of the ankle between 24, 5 to 25,5 cm and of the areas of lesion of 2,0 and 61,0 cm2. The total direct medium cost (CTDM), related to the procedure with the boot of unna was of R$ 139,48 and the medium total cost directly observed (CTDO) was of R$ 96,47 (DP = 16,22) with variation of R$ 76,84 to 184,65. The medium cost of the labor of the procedure was RS 15,39 (DP=3,28) with a variation of R$ 8,00 to 22,50. In regards to the correlations it was evident that the high costs were associated with procedures with major areas of lesion, major Cj, with more use of gauze, rayon, zobec, adhesive tape, serum, elastic band, gauze, zobec and crape band to domiciliate, and the major Ct have the tendency of being associated to the least usage of rayon and more use of glove proc, that large areas of lesion have the tendency to be associated to a bigger consume of gauze e, rayon, zobec, glove proc and zobec and have the tendency to be associates to the least consume of time and the elastic band, that large time of procedure to be associated with a major consume of gauze and serum and the lesser consume of glove of procedures. We believe that the nurses need to have knowledge and means to make decisions, based in scientific evidences, related to the best appropriated treatment to the patient and that this choice must be based in a cost effective, remembering of the daily general vital activities. Therefore, they can polish theirarguments in relation to the necessity of future expenses with the various types of products, as well as their decisions about allocating the source for the different activities along with the administration
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Reichhart, Lea. "ZEPLIN-III direct dark matter search : final results and measurements in support of next generation instruments." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7914.
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Astrophysical observations give convincing evidence for a vast non-baryonic component, the so-called dark matter, accounting for over 20% of the overall content of our Universe. Direct dark matter search experiments explore the possibility of interactions of these dark matter particles with ordinary baryonic matter via elastic scattering resulting in single nuclear recoils. The ZEPLIN-III detector operated on the basis of a dualphase (liquid/gas) xenon target, recording events in two separate response channels { scintillation and ionisation. These allow discrimination between electron recoils (from background radiation) and the signal expected from Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) elastic scatters. Following a productive first exposure, the detector was upgraded with a new array of ultra-low background photomultiplier tubes, reducing the electron recoil background by over an order of magnitude. A second major upgrade to the detector was the incorporation of a tonne-scale active veto detector system, surrounding the WIMP target. Calibration and science data taken in coincidence with ZEPLIN-III showed rejection of up to 30% of the dominant electron recoil background and over 60% of neutron induced nuclear recoils. Data taking for the second science run finished in May 2011 with a total accrued raw fiducial exposure of 1,344 kg days. With this extensive data set, from over 300 days of run time, a limit on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-section of 4.8 10-8 pb near 50 GeV/c2 WIMP mass with 90% confidence was set. This result combined with the first science run of ZEPLIN-III excludes the scalar cross-section above 3.9 10-8 pb. Studying the background data taken by the veto detector allowed a calculation of the neutron yield induced by high energy cosmic-ray muons in lead of (5.8 0.2) 10-3 neutrons/muon/(g/cm2) for a mean muon energy of 260 GeV. Measurements of this kind are of great importance for large scale direct dark matter search experiments and future rare event searches in general. Finally, this work includes a comprehensive measurement of the energy dependent quenching factor for low energy nuclear recoils in a plastic scintillator, such as from the ZEPLIN-III veto detector, increasing accuracy for future simulation packages featuring large scale plastic scintillator detector systems.
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Araoz, Cabrera Roberto Carlos, Escalante Kildare Jussety Ascue, Cajigas Liz Llerena, and Rabelo José Luis Ríos. "Incumplimiento de plazos e incremento de costos en obras por administración directa en la ciudad del Cusco - caso de estudio: nueva sede institucional de la EPS SEDACUSCO." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625280.
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El presente trabajo de investigación busca implementar el Sistema de Gestión de Riesgos basados en el PMBOK 5ta Ed, empleando el Software Risky Project Profesional para evaluar el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de dichos riesgos en cuanto a costos y tiempos, el cual permita a la EPS SEDACUSCO mejorar su eficiencia en la ejecución de sus obras. Los problemas que se presentan en obras que se ejecuta bajo la modalidad de Administración Directa, no cumplen con los plazos de ejecución ni con el presupuesto original, por lo que se recurre a ampliaciones de plazo y presupuesto, lo que genera pérdidas a la entidad. De las conclusiones, podemos resumir: En el caso piloto de la nueva sede institucional, se tiene un presupuesto al Costo Directo de S/.10´601,438.00, con los riesgos que se identificaron, el nuevo costo se incrementó en S/.2`964,154.46 que hace un total de S/.13`565,592.46, con un porcentaje de incidencia del +27.95% y que generaría perdidas sustanciales a la EPS. El plazo contractual de la construcción es de 640 días calendarios; del 01/05/2014 al 10/02/2016, con los riesgos que se identificaron, la nueva conclusión sería de 1029 días calendarios, siendo su nueva conclusión, el 10/03/2018, existiendo una diferencia de 389 días calendarios, que seria una ampliación de plazo, teniendo un porcentaje de incidencia del +60.78%, que generaría atrasos en la entrega del proyecto.The present research work, seeks to implement the Risk Management System based on the PMBOK 5th Ed, using the Risky Project Professional Software to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of said risks in terms of costs and times, which allows EPS SEDACUSCO to improve its efficiency in the execution of its works. The problems that arise in works that are executed under the modality of Direct Administration, do not comply with the execution deadlines or with the original budget, which is why we resort to extensions of term and budget, which generates losses to the entity. From the conclusions, we can summarize in: In the pilot case of the new institutional headquarters, there is a budget at the Direct Cost of S/.10,601,438.00, with the risks identified, the new cost was increased by S/.2,964,154.46 which makes a total of S/.13`565,592.46, with an incidence percentage of + 27.95% and that would generate substantial losses to the EPS. The contractual term of the construction is 640 calendar days; from 01/05/2014 to 02/10/2016, with the risks that were identified, the new conclusion would be 1029 calendar days, with its new conclusion, on 03/10/2018, there being a difference of 389 calendar days, which it would be an extension of the term, having a percentage of incidence of + 60.78%, which would generate delays in the delivery of the project.
Trabajo de investigación
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Rostro, Bruno Montanari. "Contribuições da análise econômica do direito para a fase pré-contratual." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/168612.
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As negociações na fase pré-contratual permitem às partes determinarem de que forma certa operação econômica será concretizada e cumprida por cada um dos particulares, materializando-se como importante ferramenta para as partes estabelecerem, consensual e racionalmente, as melhores alternativas em termos de eficiência que estão à disposição. Inexistem rigidez e regramento específico no processo negocial, estando seu desenvolvimento submetido aos interesses e às pretensões de cada um dos negociantes, e o seu resultado varia de acordo com o tipo de negociação, as estratégias adotadas e o poder de barganha individual. Não obstante, há outros fatores que também condicionam o desenrolar e o desfecho deste processo, mas em geral impedindo a obtenção de resultados tão benéficos quanto os que poderiam ser alcançados em um paralelo livre de ineficiências. Em um mundo factual as partes precisam lidar com as adversidades existentes nas negociações se desejarem concluir o contrato e dele se beneficiar, seja por meio de medidas particulares ou por intermédio de soluções regulatórias, as quais têm a missão de fornecerem adequados incentivos para sua aplicação tornar-se socialmente desejável. Além disso, em virtude de as negociações serem norteadas pela autonomia de vontade e liberdade contratual, sem deveres de vinculação, os atos de exercício destes direitos devem ser medidos para que não produzam lesões ao patrimônio jurídico dos demais envolvidos nas tratativas. Tal controle é exercido pela incidência da boa-fé objetiva na fase pré-contratual, a qual impõe deveres de conduta aos particulares durante as negociações. Também é a regra da boa-fé o supedâneo da responsabilidade civil para recomposição dos prejuízos advindos de situações que malfiram a confiança gerada ao longo das tratativas, daí que o conteúdo da indenização nestas hipóteses deve considerar as justas expectativas criadas pelas partes e ser balizado para que o lesado não acabe em situação melhor do que estaria se o eventual contrato tivesse sido concluído e integralmente cumprido.Negotiations in the pre-contractual stage allow the parties to determine how a certain economic operation will be carried out and fulfilled by each of the individuals, and is an important tool for the parties to establish, in a consensual and rational manner, the best alternatives available in terms of efficiency. There is no rigidity or specific regulation in the negotiation process, in such way that its development is submitted to the interests and the pretensions of each one of the traders, and its result varies according to the type of negotiation, strategies adopted and individual bargaining power. There are other factors that also condition the unfolding and outcome of this process, but generally preventing the achievement of results as beneficial as those that could be achieved in an inefficiency-free parallel. In a factual world, the parties need to deal with the adversities in the negotiations if they wish to conclude the contract and benefit from it, either through particular measures or through regulatory solutions, which have the task of providing adequate incentives so that their implementation is socially desirable. Moreover, because the negotiations are guided by the autonomy of will and contractual freedom, without binding obligations, the exercise of these rights must be measured so that they do not produce damages to the legal patrimony of others involved in the negotiations. Such control is exercised by the incidence of objective good faith in the pre-contractual phase, which imposes conduct duties on individuals during the negotiations. It is also the rule of good faith the foundation of civil liability for the recovery of damages arising from situations that mislead the confidence generated during the negotiations, hence the content of compensation in these cases must consider the fair expectations created by the parties and be restricted so that the injured party does not end up in a better situation than it would have been if the contract had been completed and fully complied with.
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Pragmácio, Filho Eduardo. "Teoria da empresa para o direito do trabalho brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20734.
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The Brazilian employment law does not reflect a relationship to economics. The first objective of this thesis is to show the relationship between economics and labor law since the Brazilian Labor Code considers the firm as an employer. The second objective is to point out new directions concerning employers’ responsibilities with respect to business practices based on the notions of risk and power. The methodology adopted is the bibliographic research. This thesis depicts some of the most important economic approaches of firm theory, such as the neoclassical, the principal-agent, the transaction costs (Ronald Coase), the nexus of contracts and the property rights (Oliver Hart). The four profiles of the enterprise (Asquini) and the business risks (Simon Deakin), notions from corporate law, are also discussed. Then, the firm is discussed in relation to the workplace in order to identify some examples of what David Weil called the "fissured workplace", such as supply chains and franchises. As an employer, the firm exercises five functions through one or several legal entities, according to Jeremias Prassl’s theory. The employer’s functional approach is (in an implicit way) reflected in the Brazilian Labor Code and can be perfectly applied to Brazilian employment law for a better assignation of responsibilities to the various entities that carry out one or more of the employers’ functions. The firm is a power, it has a political profile and needs to self-regulate through codes of conduct or through a new system of responsibility. Finally, the conclusion reached is that the notions from law and economics, regarding transaction costs, nexus of contracts, property rights, the profiles of the enterprise found in Asquini’s theory, and the notions of power and risk create new legal tools to produce an innovative employment relationship responsibility
O direito do trabalho brasileiro não dialoga com a economia. O primeiro objetivo desta tese é promover o necessário diálogo entre economia e direito do trabalho, para uma melhor compreensão do que é uma empresa, uma vez que a CLT considera como empregador a empresa. O segundo objetivo é apontar novos rumos da responsabilidade trabalhista para a atividade empresarial, a partir das noções de risco e de poder. A metodologia adotada é a pesquisa bibliográfica. Inicia-se com a apreciação das várias teorias econômicas da firma, como a neoclássica, a do agenciamento, a dos custos de transação de Ronald Coase, a do nexo de contratos e a dos direitos de propriedade consolidada por Oliver Hart. Abordam-se também as noções comercialistas da empresa de Asquini e o risco empresarial de Simon Deakin. Em seguida, a empresa é contextualizada no ambiente de trabalho, para se identificar os ambientes “fissurados” a que se refere David Weil, a exemplo das cadeias de abastecimento e das franquias. Como empregadora, a empresa exerce cinco funções, por meio de um ou de vários entes legais, de acordo com a teoria de Jeremias Prassl. Essa noção funcional do empregador é implicitamente adotada na CLT e pode perfeitamente ser trasladada ao direito do trabalho brasileiro, para uma melhor imputação de responsabilidades aos vários entes que exercem uma ou mais de uma função de empregador. A empresa é um poder, detém um perfil político e precisa exercer o autocontrole, por meio dos códigos de conduta ou de uma nova sistemática de responsabilidade. Por fim, a conclusão a que se chegou é que as noções, oriundas do law and economics, a respeito de custos de transação, nexo de contratos, direitos de propriedade, somadas aos perfis da empresa de Asquini, e acrescidas das noções de poder e de risco, tudo isso cria novas ferramentas para se imputar uma inovadora responsabilidade empresarial trabalhista
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Redecha, Martin. "Režijní náklady v cenách stavebních prací." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226824.
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The first part deals with the issue of overhead costs in a construction company. The theoretical part describes the project management, the issue of pricing and costing in civil engineering. In the practical part of the analysis is performed management overheads construction company and prepared a draft optimized management overheads. Subsequently been developed analysis of the selected company in terms of costs, revenues and profits. A questionnaire survey regarding calculations in construction companies on the basis of these analyzes was performed proposals for new surtax mode of construction company. Subsequently, the construction budget was drawn artwork using the old regime extras to construction companies as well as the budget has been prepared based on the works of new extras to directing construction company. Subsequently, the two budgets compared.
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Santiago, Kamilla GilÃ. "Estudo da viabilidade econÃmica de revestimentos com as ligas de nÃquel AWS ER NiCrMo-3 e AWS ER NiCrMo-4 em chapas de aÃo ASTM 516 GR60 pelo processo MIG/MAG duplo arame." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11562.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel SuperiorA soldagem de revestimentos de ligas de nÃquel à utilizada pelas indÃstrias de petrÃleo e gÃs como opÃÃo de construÃÃo e reparo de estruturas e equipamentos submetidos em ambiente de condiÃÃes severas com o intuito de apresentar desempenhos necessÃrios de resistÃncia à corrosÃo. Muitos trabalhos foram desenvolvidos com superligas de nÃquel AWS ERNiCrMo-3, AWS ERNiCrMo-4 e AWS ERNiCr-Mo14, para avaliar resistÃncias à corrosÃo e a Ãltima se mostrou bem superior, porÃm o seu custo tambÃm à bem mais elevado que as outras duas. Assim, o trabalho vem aliar a alta produtividade do processo de soldagem MIG/MAG â DA atravÃs da soldagem de revestimentos com as ligas AWS ERNiCrMo-3 e AWS ERNiCrMo-4 na intenÃÃo de se obter uma mistura que apresente tanto a composiÃÃo quÃmica prÃxima a da liga AWS ER NiCr-Mo-14 como desempenho de resistÃncia a corrosÃo, porÃm com menor custo. Estudos exploratÃrios foram realizados por meio de soldagem com simples deposiÃÃo para determinaÃÃo da faixa de velocidade de soldagem entre 50 e 100 cm/min, modo de operaÃÃo da fonte em corrente constante pulsada e gÃs de proteÃÃo ArgÃnio puro. Os revestimentos foram soldados com menor energia (7,5 kJ/cm), tecimento triangular, eletrodos posicionados um atrÃs do outro em relaÃÃo a velocidade de soldagem e sem defasagem entre as correntes. Nessa etapa variou-se Ãngulo de ataque e o percentual de sobreposiÃÃo dos cordÃes. A melhor condiÃÃo apresentada foi menor diluiÃÃo, 9,75%, e elevado reforÃo, 3,92 mm, sendo essa obtida utilizando-se a tocha inclinada de 15Â, e sobreposiÃÃes de 50%. A relativa baixa diluiÃÃo encontrada e o elevado reforÃo reduziram a necessidade de uma segunda camada, o que torna o processo uma boa opÃÃo para operaÃÃes de revestimento para indÃstria de petrÃleo e gÃs.
Weld overlayâs Nickel based alloy are used by the oil and gas industry as an option for construction and repair of structures and equipment subjected to severe environment conditions with the purpose to provide performance required like for corrosion resistance. Many works have been developed with Nickel based superalloys AWS ERNiCrMo-3, AWS ERNiCrMo-4 e AWS ERNiCrMo-14, evaluating among several characteristics the last alloy proved to be upper, but their cost is also higher than the other two. Therefore the present work intends to combine the high productivity of GMAW double wire for welding overlay applications using alloy with AWS ERNiCrMo-3, AWS ERNiCrMo-4 with the intention of obtain a mixture presenting both chemical composition similar to the AWS ER NiCrMo-14 such as corrosion resistance performance, but with less cost. Exploratory studies were performed by means of welding with simple deposition to determine the range of welding speed between 50 and 100 cm / min, the operating mode of the source constant current and pulsed pure argon shielding gas. The coatings were welded with low energy (7,56 kJ/cm), triangle weaving, electrodes positioned one behind the other in relation to the welding speed, without out of phase the currents. This step was varied angle of attack and the percentage of overlap the weld beads. The best condition was presented lower dilution, 9.75%, and a high thickness 3.92 mm and that obtained using the torch inclined at 15 Â and overlap of 50%. The relatively low dilution and high thickness found reduced the need for a second coating, which makes the process a good option for coating operations.
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Vondálová, Ludmila. "Režijní náklady ve stavebním podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409911.
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This thesis deals with overheads in the construction business. The theoretical part of the work is focused on costs and their types, on cost management in the con-struction business and its overheads. In the practical section, the management of the overhead costs of the surveyed company is analyzed, a different method of calculation is proposed, and a subsequent comparison of the method used by the company and the method proposed. In conclusion, the company's recommenda-tions are for more effective monitoring of overheads.
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Martin, André. "Representação direta voluntária na conclusão de contratos: delineamento histórico e de custos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-02042013-112816/.
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Esta dissertação analisa a representação direta voluntária a partir de três âmbitos: (i) histórico, (ii) estrutural e (iii) econômico. O perfil histórico é abordado a partir de uma breve construção historiográfica do desenvolvimento da representação desde o período clássico romano, passando pela Idade Média e suas transmutações, com concessões ao brocardo romano alteri stipulari nemo potest, até a construção proposta pela pandectística germânica na figura de Laband. A construção labandiana, lapidada por Hupka, é analisada, posteriormente, sob a perspectiva civilista atual, retomando algumas propostas do modelo idealizado por Laband-Hupka e algumas críticas a este modelo, trazendo como ponto central a questão da abstração da representação em relação ao contrato de mandato e outras figuras gestórias. A figura representativa é, então, colocada sob análise econômica, sob a lupa da Análise Econômica do Direito. A análise ultrapassa a questão de economia de custos que a representação oferece, e que é de meridiana clareza, para analisar, sob a perspectiva da Teoria de Agência e da Teoria de Custos de Transação, os custos gerados por esta figura na negociação e conclusão de contratosThis dissertation analyzes the direct and voluntary representation from three different scopes: (i) historical, (ii) structural, and (iii) economical. The historic profile is broached from a brief historiographical construction of the development of representation from tha classical Roman period, through the Middle Ages and its transmutations, with concessions made to the Roman maxim alteri stipulari nemo potest, until the construction proposed by German Pandect author, Laband. The Laband construction, improved by Hupka, is analyzed, subsequently, under the present civil perspective, retaking some of the proposals of the model idealized by Laband-Hupka and some criticism to this model, bringing as central point of discussion the abstraction of representations towards the contract of mandate and other management relationships. The representative figure is, then, put under economical analysis, under the magnifying glass of Law and Economics. The analysis exceeds the matter of economy of costs that is offered by representation, and which is rather explicit, to analyze, under the perspective of the Agency Theorie and the Costs of Transaction Theorie, the costs generated by this figure in transaction and closing of contracts
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Mendonça, Maria Angelica Lopes Chaves. "Estimativa de custo direto de lesões traumáticas maxilofaciais em crianças e adolescentes em um hospital público do Município de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-03072010-103139/.
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O presente estudo procurou obter uma estimativa dos custos diretamente ligados ao atendimento de lesões traumáticas maxilofaciais em crianças e adolescentes, comparados com a população adulta acometida do mesmo agravo, bem como o perfil sóciodemográfico da população atendida em um Hospital Público do Município de São Paulo, Brasil,com o intuito de fornecer evidências para avaliação quantitaiva do dano em perícias odontolegais,. Material e Método. Os dados dos prontuários foram colhidos, no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2008 dos pacientes atendidos no serviço de Cirurgia Buco-Maxilofacial de um hospital do município de São Paulo. As variáveis classificatórias foram descritivamente apresentadas em tabelas de contingência contendo frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%). A associação entre elas foi avaliada com o teste Qui-quadrado ou teste da razão de verossimilhança. Para a análise dos custos diretos foram utilizados os valores de referência da Tabela do Sistema de Informações de Tratamento Ambulatorial do Sistema Único de Saúde- SIA-SUS do Ministério da Saúde. Resultados Do1.200 casos analisados, 419preencheram os requisitos da pesquisa. O grupo caso obteve 108 registros (faixa etária até 19 anos), e os demais foram classificados, como grupo controle (acima de 20 anos de idade). O grupo caso apresentou uma incidência de 1,5% ao ano de lesões traumáticas, e a média de idade no grupo caso foi de 14,35 +- 4,76 e no grupo controle foi de 33,65 +- 11,73 anos de idade. Em relação ao sexo predominaram os indivíduos do sexo masculino em ambos os subgrupos O tipo de tratamento cirúrgico prevaleceu em ambos os subgrupos, e o tempo de internação em dias foi cerca de duas vezes maior no grupo controle em relação ao grupo caso, entretanto as complicações foram mais freqüentes no grupo caso em relação ao grupo controle. Os tipos de lesões mais freqüentes no grupo caso foram as fraturas nasais/dentárias, seguidas das fraturas e mandíbula, e que no grupo controle o quadro inverteu-se. A distribuição de custos teve o maior número de casos na faixa de custos até R$500,00 em ambos os subgrupos amostrais A freqüência de ocorrência de complicações foi significativamente maior no grupo caso, em relação ao grupo controle, da mesma forma que os retornos ambulatoriais foram também significativamente maiores neste grupo. Conclusões A distribuição de custos teve o maior número de casos na faixa de custos até R$500,00 em ambos os subgrupos amostrais; esses custos foram calculados com base no repasse de verbas da Tabela de Valores do Sistema Único de Saúde, onde não esta discriminado o custo dos honorários profissionais. A valoração do dano nas atividades periciais deve considerar, além dos custos diretamente envolvidos com o atendimento do traumatizado, as consequências para suas atividades diárias especialmente quando se trata de criança ou adolescentes cuja função social ainda está por se definirThe aim of this study is to provide evidence for the quantitative assessment of injury in forensic dentistry investigation, thorough the estimate of costs directly linked to the care of maxillofacial trauma lesions in children and adolescents, compared to adults who suffered the same injuries, as well as trace a social demographic profile of the patients admitted in a public hospital in Sao Paulo. Material and Method. The hospital chart data were collected from January 2002 to December 2008 and the charts belonged to patients cared for by the Buco-Maxillofacial Surgery Department of a hospital in Sao Paulo. Classification variables were described in contingency tables which comprise absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. Their association was assessed using the chi-square test. Reference prices from the Ambulatory Care Price Table, provided by the Unified Health System (SIA-SUS), the government managed Public Health System in Brazil, were used to determine direct costs. Outcome: out of the 1200 cases analyzed, 419 matched the requisites of this survey. The case group comprised 108 cases (up to 19 years old) and the other 311 were classified as the control group (above 20 years old). The incidence rate of trauma lesions was of 1,5% per year in the case group and the average age was of 14,35 +-4,76, while in the control group, the average age was 33,65 +- 11,73. Male individuals prevailed in both groups and so did the surgical treatment. The number of days of hospital stay was about twice as big in the control group in relation to the case group. Complications, however, were more frequent in the case group. The most frequent kinds of lesion in the case group were the dental or nasal fractures, followed by jaw fractures, and this was directly opposite to what happened in the control group. The Unified Health System (SUS) reimbursed treatments of up to 500 reais in both groups. The frequency of complications and returns to the Ambulatory Care facilities were significantly higher in the case group. Conclusion: The reimbursement of expenses happened more frequently when treatment cost up to 500 reais in both sample groups. These costs were calculated taking reference prices from the Ambulatory Care Price Table, provided by Unified Health System (SUS). The prices dont include professional fees. When calculating how much to refund, the Government should take into account not only the direct costs involved in caring for the injured patient, but also the consequences such treatments have on their daily activities, especially when we consider that children and adolescents do not have a their social roles defined yet.
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Pereira, Leandro Barradas [UNESP]. "Adubação nitrogenada e fosfatada na cultura da mamona cultivada na safrinha em sistema de semeadura direta." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98716.
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O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar doses de nitrogênio e fósforo combinadas com cultivar e híbrido de mamona semeados no sistema plantio direto, e realizar análise econômica através de custos de produção e rentabilidade. O mesmo foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP – Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria (MS), apresentando como coordenadas geográficas 51o 22’ W e 20o 22’ S, e altitude aproximadamente de 335 m, em LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico, e o delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualisados. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de um híbrido e um cultivar (Lyra e IAC-2028) respectivamente, 2 doses de fósforo (0 e 309 kg ha-1 de super fosfato simples) e 5 doses de nitrogênio (0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1 sulfato de amônio). A semeadura ocorreu em 07/06/2009, e a cultura foi irrigada pelo sistema de pivô central, utilizando o espaçamento de 0,9 m entre linhas e 0,9 m entre plantas. Conclui-se que a adubação nitrogenada e fosfatada aplicada na sua maior dose (120 kg ha-1) e (309 kg ha-1), respectivamente, obtiveram maiores produtividades, o híbrido ou cultivar não influenciaram a produtividade e o lucro operacional no tratamento mais oneroso foi negativo R$ -430,11/ha, apresentando a cultura uma dificuldade de subsistir nesse sistema de cultivo
The objective was to determine nitrogen and phosphorus combined with hybrid and the castor bean cultivar planted in conservation tillage, and carry through economic analysis of production costs and profitability. It was developed at the Experimental Farm UNESP - Single Island, located in Selvíria (MS), presenting as geographic coordinates 51 o 22 'W and 20 o 22' S, altitude approximately 335 m in Haplorthox. The experimental design was randomized blocks. The treatments were a combination of a hybrid and a cultivar (Lyra and IAC-2028) respectively, 2 P rates (0 and 309 kg ha-1 of single super phosphate) and five nitrogen rates (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1). Sowing occurred on 07/06/2009 and crop was irrigated by center pivot system using the espaçamneto 0.9 m between rows and 0.9 m between plants. It is concluded that nitrogen and phosphorus applied in its highest dose (120 kg ha-1) and (309 kg ha-1), respectively, achieved higher yields, hybrid or cultivar did not influence the productivity and financial returns averaged approximately R $ 503.56 / ha, the economic viability of crop in this cropping system
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Caers, Brecht. "Conditions for Passenger Aircraft Minimum Fuel Consumption, Direct Operating Costs and Environmental Impact." Master's thesis, Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO), Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1204494622.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose - Find optimal flight and design parameters for three objectives: minimum fuel consumption, Direct Operating Costs (DOC), and environmental impact of a passenger jet aircraft. ---
Approach - Combining multiple models (this includes aerodynamics, specific fuel consumption, DOC, and equivalent CO2 mass) into one generic model. In this combined model, each objective's importance is determined by a weighting factor. Additionally, the possibility of further optimizing this model by altering an aircraft's wing loading is analyzed. ---
Research limitations - Most models use estimating equations based on first principles and statistical data. ---
Practical implications - The optimal cruise altitude and speed for a specific objective can be approximated for any passenger jet aircraft. ---
Social implications - By using a simple approach, the discussion of optimizing aircraft opens up to a level where everyone can participate. ---
Value - To find a general answer on how to optimize aviation, operational and design-wise, by using a simple approach.
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Bagolin, Izete Pengo. "Desempenho econômico do sistema plantio direto no munícipio de Cruz Alta-RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14032.
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Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a evolução dos custos de produção e produtividade em lavouras do município de Cruz Alta - RS, que cultivam soja, milho, trigo e aveia sob plantio direto por um longo período de tempo. A permanência na adoção do plantio direto poderia, além dos benefícios comumente citados de melhorias ambientais, reduzir os custos e aumentar a produtividadedas lavouras, principalmente a partir do quinto ano. Para verificar a veracidade desta suposição, foram coletadas informações referentesa safra 96/97 junto a produtores que se encontram em diferentes anos de adoção de plantio direto. Os resultados mostram que para a cultura da soja a hi~ótese se confirmou pois, os custoslha caíram e a produtividade aumentou consideravelmente. O milho apresentou custos relativamente constantes, mas a ProdutiVi~ aumentou. O trigo por não ser cultivado em número significativo de propriedades, não apresentou tendência definida e, a aveia evidenciou aumento nos custos, isto se justifica pela intensificação dos tratos culturais. A produtividade desta cultura não foi mensurada na íntegra pois a produção de grão é apenas uma das formas de receita auferida pelos produtores. Posteriormente foram feitas simulações para analisar a atratividade do investimento na agricultura com a utilização de plantio direto. Observou-se, que, independente do sistema de rotação adotado, o investimento só é viável quando não se considera o custo de oportunidade da terra. Quando este é incluído o retomo sobre o capital investido não ultrapassa a taxa de 6% a. a.This study aimed at analyzing the evolution of costs of production and productivity of farms in the municipality of Cruz Alta - RS, where soybean, com, wheatand oats have been cultivated with no tilling techniques for a long time. The continuous adoption of no tilling could reduce costs and increase productivityof the farms, mainly after the fifth year, besides its common benefits in improvingthe environment. To verify the truthfulness of this assumption, data were collected in relation to the 96/97 harvest, trom producers who are in different stages of adoption of no tilling. The results show that for soybeans the hypothesis was confirmed, since costs per hectare dropped and productivity increased considerably~ Com presented relatively constant costs, but the productivity increased. Wheat didn't showany definite tendency, since it is not cultivated in a significant number of properties, and oats showed some increase in costs, due to more intensive cultivation methods. The productivity of this culture was not completely measured, as the output of the grains is only one form of measuring the income received by producers. Thereafter, some simulations were made to analyze the ability to attract investment in agriculture with the use of no tilling. It was observed that the investment is viable only when you do not consider the opportunity cost of the land, independent of the rotation system adopted. When this is included the return over capital investment doesn't exceed the rate of 6% annually.
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Mayet, Frédéric. "Détection directe et indirecte de matière sombre supersymétrique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10110.
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De nombreux arguments astrophysiques sont en faveur de l'existence de matière sombre non-baryonique dans l'Univers. Le neutralino, postulé par les extensions supersymétriques du modèle standard de la physique des particules, constitue l'un des candidats privilégiés à cette masse manquante. La détection de neutralinos peut être directe, par interaction dans le détecteur, ou indirecte, via la recherche des produits d'annihilation. Dans le cadre de la détection indirecte, le travail a été effectué au sein de la collaboration AMS dont la première phase a eu lieu en juin 1998 à bord de la navette Discovery. Le spectromètre AMS est équipé d'un détecteur Cherenkov à seuil (ATC) dont les performances ont été étudiées dans le but d'optimiser la sélection d'antiprotons. Le spectre de ces derniers peut en effet signer la présence de neutralinos. Une analyse des données antiprotons d'AMS est également présentée. Finalement, une étude phénoménologique permet d'évaluer le potentiel de découverte par cette méthode. D'autre part, cette thèse porte sur le développement d'un projet de nouveau détecteur (MACHe3) pour la détection directe de neutralinos. Il s'agit d'un bolomètre à He3 superfluide, fonctionnant à ultra-basses températures. L'analyse des données expérimentales de la cellule prototype est présentée. Afin d'optimiser la configuration du détecteur pour la détection directe, une simulation Monte Carlo a été développée, permettant d'évaluer ses performances futures. La confrontation de la simulation et des prédictions des modèles supersymétriques démontre le potentiel de découverte de MACHe3 et souligne sa complémentarité avec les détecteurs existantsA substantial body of astrophysical evidence supports the existence of non-baryonic dark matter in the Universe. One of the leading dark matter candidates is the neutralino predicted by the supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics. Different detectors have been designed for the detection, either indirect or direct, of the neutralino. Related to indirect detection, the present work has been performed in the context of the AMS experiment. A precursor version of the spectrometer was flown on the space shuttle Discovery in June 1998. The detector included an Aerogel Threshold Cherenkov (ATC) counter to identify antiprotons, whose spectrum may be used to infer a neutralino signal. The analysis of the ATC data is presented including an evaluation of the flight performance and a description of the optimization of the antiproton selection. An antiproton analysis is also reported. A phenomenological study allows to investigate the discovery potential of this indirect method. This thesis also includes the development of a new detector (MACHe3) designed for direct neutralino search using a superfluid He3 bolometer operated at ultra low temperatures. The data analysis of the prototype cell is presented. A Monte Carlo simulation has been developed, in order to optimize the detector design for direct neutralino search. These results are compared with theoretical predictions of supersymmetric models, thus highlighting the discovery potential of this detector and its complementarity with existing devices
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Midea, Leonardo Granada. "Análise econômica financeira comparativa da autoprodução direta ou conectada no SIN - um estudo de caso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-20072009-162454/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal verificar a viabilidade econômica financeira da autoprodução direta e interligada, isto é, elaborar uma comparação entre uma usina hidrelétrica ligada diretamente à unidade de consumo, e uma usina ligada ao Sistema Interligado Nacional, com potência e energia asseguradas. Para isso, foram utilizados, como premissas, uma indústria de alumínio que, como parte integrante dos grandes consumidores de energia brasileira, é um tipo de indústria eletro-intensiva, e emprega milhares de pessoas direta e indiretamente; também uma usina hidrelétrica, que neste trabalho foi a UHE Piraju, usina de concessão da CIA BRASILEIRA DE ALUMÍNIO, que gentilmente cedeu os dados de geração física real. Foram adotadas as seguintes metodologias para comparação da viabilidade, utilizando um cenário de geração e preços SPOT dos anos de 2006 e 2007: (i) Autoprodução Direta: Geração física real, comercializando excedentes e comprando energia do mercado ao preço SPOT quando necessário, e considerando todos os encargos e benefícios deste tipo de ligação; (ii) Autoprodução Conectada no SIN: Energia Assegurada Sazonalizada em 3 cenários distintos, Flat, com sazonalização moderada e sazonalização otimizada, considerando também os custos de conexão e encargos pertinentes para cada cenário. Os resultados apresentados mostram que, por pouca margem de diferença, foi mais vantajoso o cenário com a energia assegurada otimizada, porém, é possível verificar que, ponderando os resultados apresentados nos diversos cenários, verificamos que é mais viável a usina ligada diretamente à carga, pois a previsibilidade do mercado de preços de curto prazo é pequena, e dificilmente se acertaria com precisão os PLD´s registrados no ano seguinte ao da sazonalização. Contudo, o Decreto no 5.163, de 30 de Julho de 2004, através do Artigo 71, somente permite que usinas sejam ligadas diretamente à carga se estiverem dentro do mesmo sítio. O proposto é a inclusão de um novo parágrafo no Artigo 71 com condições de economicidade para a permissão da ligação da usina diretamente ao consumo.The main goal of this study is to verify the economic financial feasibility of the direct self production, it means, of a hydropower unit directly connected to a consumption unit and to a hydropower unit connected to the SIN, with guaranteed power and energy. For this purpose, the study used as pattern an aluminum industry, which, as part of the Brazilian hall of the major energy users, a type of electric-intensive industry, and that involves thousands of employees directly and indirectly, as well as an hydroelectric power unit, which in this study was the UHE Piraju, the energy authorized supplier unit of the CIA BRASILEIRA DE ALUMÍNIO, who gently provided the real generation data. The following methodology were adopted to compare the feasibility, using a generation scenario and SPOT values of 2006 and 2007: (i) Direct Self Production: Real generation, trading leftovers and acquiring market energy at SPOT values, when required, and considering all costs and benefits of this type of connection; (ii) SIN Connected Self production: guaranteed seasoned energy in different scenarios, Flat, with seasonalization moderated and seasonalization optimized, also considering the connection and applicable costs for each scenario. The presented results indicated that, for a small difference, the most advantageous scenario was the one with optimized guaranteed energy, however, it is possible to verify that evaluating the presented results in the different cases, it was verified that is more feasible the unit directed connected to a demand, since the forecast of short term values market is small, and it would hardly precise ascertain with the registered PLD (Settlement Price for the Differences) in the following year of the seasonalization. However, the Act n. 5.163, July 30, 2004, through the Article 71 only allows power units to be connected to the demand if they are in the same site. The proposal is the inclusion of a new paragraph in the Article 71 with economic conditions in order to allow the connection between the power unit to the consumption.
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Chiquinta, Campos Miluska Alejandra. "Análisis comparativo entre el costeo directo y absorbente para determinar el costo de producción y su impacto en la rentabilidad de Lácteos Norteños EIRL, periodo 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12423/2878.
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La presente investigación se realizó con el fin de que Lácteos Norteños E.I.R.L, empresa dedicada a la crianza, producción y venta de leche de vaca, cuente con un sistema de costeo que se adapte a la actividad empresarial, por lo que se analizó la comparación entre el costeo directo y absorbente para determinar el costo de producción y su impacto en la rentabilidad de la empresa.
Para ello se utilizó una metodología de enfoque mixto y de tipo aplicada al considerar las bases teóricas de ambos sistemas de costeo para proponer una estructura de costos y la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad 41 Agricultura para distinguir entre el costo de un activo biológico y el costo de producción. La investigación fue descriptiva y no experimental, empleando las técnicas de la encuesta y la observación.
Además, se identificaron los costos pecuarios mediante un flujograma de procesos productivos, luego se distinguió cuál era el ganado productivo mediante la NIC 41 así como los costos de producción y de crianza relacionados con el activo biológico, para después plantear
las estructuras de costos según las metodologías del costeo absorbente y directo, determinar los costos de producción de leche y elaborar los respectivos Estados de Resultados.
Concluyendo que al comparar los ratios de rentabilidad y la relación beneficio costo, la
mejor metodología fue el costeo variable pues permitió que la empresa obtenga una mayor
rentabilidad, además de considerar la información más relevante para tomar decisiones
estratégicas y facilitar el control de los costos.
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Ribeiro, Vanessa. "O impacto económico da obesidade em Portugal : custos directos com internamento." Master's thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6239.
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RESUMO - A prevalência da obesidade não teve alterações significativas em Portugal. Uma vez que os
recursos são escassos e é cada vez mais premente distribuí-los de forma racional, torna-se
importante conhecer o impacto económico da obesidade para o país e perceber se os
custos se alteraram.
Objectivo: Actualizar, à luz de evidência mais recente, a estimativa dos custos directos com
internamento hospitalar atribuíveis à obesidade, em Portugal, no ano 2008.
Metodologia: Foi estimado o custo directo da obesidade, na componente internamento, a
partir da metodologia custo da doença, utilizando uma abordagem baseada na prevalência.
Os dados da prevalência advém do estudo epidemiológico mais recente em Portugal
(14,4%). Os valores de risco relativo utilizados provêm da meta análise epidemiológica mais
completa. Foi calculado, a partir destes dados, o risco atribuível populacional (RAP) de cada
patologia.
Através da base de dados nacional dos episódios de internamento, fez-se uma pesquisa de
todos os episódios de internamento relativos às comorbilidades associadas à obesidade e
aplicou-se o respectivo RAP. Com base na portaria n.º 839-A/2009 de 31 Julho atribuíramse
os custos.
Resultados: Os custos directos com a obesidade, na componente internamento, no ano
2008 foram de 85,9 milhões de euros, o que corresponde a 0,92% da despesa total em
saúde. Os três maiores contribuintes para esta despesa são as patologias do sistema
circulatório e cerebrovascular, a osteoartrite e os episódios relativos ao tratamento da
obesidade em si.
Conclusões: O impacto económico relativo ao internamento da obesidade diminuiu em
Portugal. Este estudo surge então, como ponto de partida para estudar os custos totais com
a obesidade e a efectividade das estratégias de prevenção.ABSTRACT - The prevalence of obesity has no significative change in Portugal. Once resources are scarce, and it becomes important to deliver them in a rational manner, it is relevant to know the economic impact of obesity in the country, and discover if the costs had changed. Objective: To update, with the current evidence, the estimation of direct costs associated with hospital inpatient stays attributable to obesity, in Portugal, in the year 2008. Methodology: The direct costs of obesity related to hospital inpatient stays was estimated, using cost of illness methodology with prevalence based approach. Prevalence data becomes from the more recent epidemiologic study in Portugal (14, 4%). Relative risk values were taken from a key epidemiologic meta analysis. Population attributable risk (PAR) for each disease was calculated through these data. An investigation of all hospital inpatient episodes, related to comorbidities associated with obesity, through the inpatient hospital national database has been done and the respective PAR has been applied. Costs were attributed based on the portaria n. º 839-A/2009 de 31 Julho. Results: Obesity direct costs, inpatient hospital, year 2008, were 85,9 million euros, which corresponds to 0,92% of total health expenditure. The three major contributors for this expenditure are circulatory system and cerebrovascular diseases, osteoarthritis and obesity itself. Conclusion: The economic impact of obesity related to inpatient hospital has decreased in Portugal. This study arise as starting point to study total costs of obesity and the efectiveness of prevention strategies.
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Lima, Gilvânklim Marques de. "O direito à saúde na constituição federal de 1988: entre a concretização e a inviabilidade." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8333.
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The inclusion of the right to universal and comprehensive care to health in the text of the 1988’s Federal Constitution innovated in relation to the Constitutions prevailing in Brazil previously. This is because in previous normative situation not dispensed to public health due attention, leaving to the discretion of public officials the implementation of health policies they deemed relevant. Thus, in most of Brazilian history, they are circumscribed to the supply of a poor service, especially for the large portion of the population that was not affiliated to the social security system and also does not have the financial resources to pay for private care. However, the constitutionalization of the right to full and universal health care in the 1988 Constitution brought important challenges in implementing this right, mainly due to the significant amount of financial resources necessary for satisfactory service. Within a context of limited budget resources and growing aspirations of people around the realization of the right to health, the Judiciary has assumed an increasingly participatory role, granting, in place of individual demands, deliverables involving the right to health. But the growing interference of the Judicial Branch in managing public health policies has caused some difficulties in managing the budget portion allocated to the financing of health care, interfering in the planning of public health policies outlined by managers. In this context, the present work is sought by the adoption of a methodological basis backed by literature searches and evaluation of jurisprudential and doctrinal context related to the theme, analyzing how research problem is the interference of the judiciary - which has been increasing to over time and leaning to recognize the right to health as a supply of absolute nature, to have an intimate relationship with the right to life - is legitimate and if it brings or no benefits for the realization of the right in question, starting from the assumption, that the end is confirmed, that it is actually more an instrument that deepens inequalities, far making the constitutional objective of ensuring everyone access to public health care universal and equitable manner.
A inclusão do direito à assistência universal e integral à saúde no texto da Constituição Federal de 1988 inovou em relação aos sistemas constitucionais que vigoraram no Brasil anteriormente. Isso porque, na conjuntura normativa antecedente, não se dispensava à saúde pública a devida atenção, deixando ao critério dos gestores públicos a implementação das políticas sanitárias que julgassem relevantes. Com isso, na maior parte da história brasileira, essas políticas se circunscreveram à dispensa de um atendimento precário, em especial para a grande parcela da população que não se encontrava filiada ao sistema previdenciário e também não dispunha de recursos financeiros para custear o atendimento privado. No entanto, a constitucionalização do direito à assistência integral e universal à saúde na Carta de 1988 trouxe importantes desafios na implementação desse direito, principalmente em decorrência do importante volume de recursos financeiros necessário para um atendimento satisfatório. Dentro de um contexto de recursos orçamentários limitados e anseios crescentes da população em torno da concretização do direito à saúde, o Poder Judiciário vem assumindo um papel cada vez mais participativo, outorgando, em sede de demandas individuais, prestações concretas envolvendo o direito à saúde. Mas, a crescente interferência do Poder Judiciário no gerenciamento de políticas públicas de saúde tem provocado algumas dificuldades na gestão da parcela orçamentária destinada ao custeio da assistência sanitária, interferindo no planejamento das políticas públicas de saúde delineadas pelos gestores. Diante desse contexto, no presente trabalho se busca, mediante a adoção de uma base metodológica lastreada em pesquisas bibliográficas e na avaliação da conjuntura jurisprudencial e doutrinária relacionada ao tema, analisar como problema de pesquisa se a interferência do Poder Judiciário - que vem se acentuando ao longo do tempo e se inclinando a reconhecer o direito à saúde como uma prestação de natureza absoluta, por ter uma íntima relação com o direito à vida - é legítima e se ela traz ou não benefícios para a concretização do direito em análise, partindo-se da hipótese, que ao final se confirma, de que ela se constitui, na verdade, em mais um instrumento que aprofunda iniquidades, tornando distante o objetivo constitucional de assegurar a todos um acesso à saúde pública de forma universal e igualitária.
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Flesia, Magali. "Le langage diplomatique : dire et écrire, convaincre et agir : Les lettres de Piero Soderini et Cosimo dei Pazzi en France (1498-1499) Édition critique et commentée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3130/document.
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Les documents retranscrits dans ce travail sont inédits. Il s’agit de 128 lettres manuscrites conservées à l’Archivio di Stato de Florence dans les fonds Signori, Dieci di Balia, Otto di Pratica, Cart. Legazioni e commissarie, missive e responsive 31, Dieci di Balia, Cart. Responsive 57 et 59 et Signori, Cart. Responsive 10 à 14. Piero Soderini et Cosimo dei Pazzi, envoyés en ambassade en France auprès de Louis XII, écrivent à la République du Lys entre le 16 juillet 1498 et le 8 octobre 1499. Le contenu de leurs plis a été retranscrit d’après des critères de modernisation précis. L’apparat critique permet de souligner d’éventuelles erreurs et offre une comparaison des différentes versions retrouvées, lorsque cela est le cas. Les notes explicatives apportent des éclaircissements d’ordre linguistique et des précisions sur l’identité des personnages dont il est question, sur les lieux mentionnés ou les événements auxquels il est fait référence. L’étude de ce recueil nous permet d’affirmer que l’écriture d’ambassade, outil de la République, est représentative du langage politique qui naît et se développe dès la chute des Médicis, en 1494. Elle est un moyen de dire la politique, dans le principal but de convaincre pour agir. Le langage diplomatique est l’expression d’une langue commune aux historiographes ou historiens contemporains, aux écrits de chancellerie ou encore aux œuvres théoriques de MachiavelDocuments transcribed in this work are unpublished. They are 128 handwritten letters preserved in the Archivio di Stato of Florence in the funds Signori, Dieci di Balia, Otto di Pratica, Cart. Legazioni e commissarie, missive e responsive 31, Dieci di Balia, Cart. Responsive 57 and 59 and Signori, Cart. Responsive 10 to 14. Piero Soderini and Cosimo dei Pazzi, sent in embassy in France to Louis XIIth king of France, write to the Republic of Florence between the July 16, 1498 and theOctober 8, 1499. The content of their letters has been transcribed thanks to specific criteria of modernization. The critical apparatus helps to point out prospective errors and offers a comparison of the different versions found, when such is the case. The explanatory notes provide a clarification of language and details concerning the identity of the characters cited or on the places and events mentioned. Thanks to this study we can say that the embassy writing, tool of the Republic, is representative of the political language that was born and developed after the overthrow of the Medici dynasty in 1494. It is a way of saying policy, whose main purpose is to convince in order to act. The diplomatic language is the expression of a language shared by contemporary historians, the writings of Chancery and the theoretical works of Machiavelli
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Pereira, Leandro Barradas. "Adubação nitrogenada e fosfatada na cultura da mamona cultivada na safrinha em sistema de semeadura direta /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98716.
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Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar doses de nitrogênio e fósforo combinadas com cultivar e híbrido de mamona semeados no sistema plantio direto, e realizar análise econômica através de custos de produção e rentabilidade. O mesmo foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria (MS), apresentando como coordenadas geográficas 51o 22' W e 20o 22' S, e altitude aproximadamente de 335 m, em LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico, e o delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualisados. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de um híbrido e um cultivar (Lyra e IAC-2028) respectivamente, 2 doses de fósforo (0 e 309 kg ha-1 de super fosfato simples) e 5 doses de nitrogênio (0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1 sulfato de amônio). A semeadura ocorreu em 07/06/2009, e a cultura foi irrigada pelo sistema de pivô central, utilizando o espaçamento de 0,9 m entre linhas e 0,9 m entre plantas. Conclui-se que a adubação nitrogenada e fosfatada aplicada na sua maior dose (120 kg ha-1) e (309 kg ha-1), respectivamente, obtiveram maiores produtividades, o híbrido ou cultivar não influenciaram a produtividade e o lucro operacional no tratamento mais oneroso foi negativo R$ -430,11/ha, apresentando a cultura uma dificuldade de subsistir nesse sistema de cultivoAbstract: The objective was to determine nitrogen and phosphorus combined with hybrid and the castor bean cultivar planted in conservation tillage, and carry through economic analysis of production costs and profitability. It was developed at the Experimental Farm UNESP - Single Island, located in Selvíria (MS), presenting as geographic coordinates 51 o 22 'W and 20 o 22' S, altitude approximately 335 m in Haplorthox. The experimental design was randomized blocks. The treatments were a combination of a hybrid and a cultivar (Lyra and IAC-2028) respectively, 2 P rates (0 and 309 kg ha-1 of single super phosphate) and five nitrogen rates (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1). Sowing occurred on 07/06/2009 and crop was irrigated by center pivot system using the espaçamneto 0.9 m between rows and 0.9 m between plants. It is concluded that nitrogen and phosphorus applied in its highest dose (120 kg ha-1) and (309 kg ha-1), respectively, achieved higher yields, hybrid or cultivar did not influence the productivity and financial returns averaged approximately R $ 503.56 / ha, the economic viability of crop in this cropping system
Orientador: Silvia Maria Almeida Lima Costa
Coorientador: Edson Lazarini
Banca: Maria Aparecida Anselmo Tarsitano
Banca: Gustavo Pavan Mateus
Mestre
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Kulich, Jan. "Rozpočet pro ocenění veřejné zakázky na stavební práce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227035.
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This master's thesis follows up a theme of budgeting for valuation of public construction contracts. It examines in details how to draw up a budget and optimize it to the concrete public construction contract. The thesis is structured in three fundamental chapters. The opening chapter describes theoretical grounds of public construction contracts from the contractor's point of view. Also basic methods how to draw up a budget are described in the first chapter. The second chapter covers a description of a systematic approach how to draw up a cost effective budget, throughout structural cost saving activities. In the third chapter the systematic approach is put in place on concrete public construction contract. The goal of the thesis is to draw up a competitive budget which won't be rejected from the competition for its exceptionally low price at the same time.
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Pires, Ana Beatriz Mateus. "Custo direto da passagem de cateter central de inserção periférica por enfermeiros em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica e Neonatal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7140/tde-18102017-172449/.
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Introdução: Os pacientes críticos necessitam de um acesso venoso central (AVC) para realização de terapia intravenosa (TIV) prolongada. Dentre as opções de AVC, o cateter central de inserção periférica (CCIP) vem conquistando espaço, progressivamente, nas organizações hospitalares brasileiras. A passagem de CCIP requer recursos humanos especializados, materiais, medicamentos e soluções específicas tornando-se fundamental a apuração dos custos envolvidos para subsidiar a eficiência alocativa destes insumos. Objetivo: Identificar o custo direto médio (CDM) do procedimento de passagem de CCIP, realizado por enfermeiros, em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica e Neonatal (UTIPN). Método: Trata-se de pesquisa quantitativa, exploratório-descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso único. O procedimento objeto de estudo foi estruturado em três fases: pré-inserção do cateter, inserção do cateter e pós-inserção do cateter. A amostra constituiu-se da observação não participante de 101 passagens de CCIP na UTIPN. O CDM foi calculado multiplicando-se o tempo (cronometrado) despendido por enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem pelo custo unitário da mão de obra direta (mob), somando-se ao custo dos materiais e soluções. A moeda brasileira real (R$), utilizada originalmente nos cálculos, foi convertida para a moeda norte-americana dólar (US$). Resultados: Obteve-se o CDM do procedimento ( ) de passagem de CCIP correspondente a US$ 226.60 (DP=82.84), variando entre US$ 99.03 e US$ 530.71, com mediana de US$ 313.21. O CDM com material, US$ 138.81(DP=75.48), e o CDM com mob de enfermeiro, US$ 78.80 (DP=30.75), foram os valores mais expressivos para a composição do . Os kits de cateteres corresponderam aos itens de maior impacto na composição do CDM com material e de maior custo unitário, com destaque para cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 2FR/duas vias (US$ 208.82/unidade); cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 2FR (US$ 74.09/unidade) e cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 3FR (US$ 70.37/unidade). O CDM com mob da equipe de enfermagem foi mais elevado na Fase 2: inserção do cateter (US$ 43.26 - DP=21.41) e na Fase 1 pré-inserção do cateter (US$ 37.96 - DP=14.89). Houve predomínio do CDM com mob de enfermeiro, especialmente pelo protagonismo dos enfermeiros executantes, US$ 40.40 (DP=20.58) e US$ 34.05 (DP=15.03), respectivamente. Conclusão: Este estudo de caso além de propiciar a mensuração do de passagem de CCIP, conferiu visibilidade aos insumos consumidos na perspectiva de contribuir com o seu uso racional. Favoreceu inclusive a proposição de estratégias visando incrementar a TIV prolongada, por meio do CCIP, e, consequentemente, auxiliar na contenção/minimização de custos e na diminuição de custos intangíveis aos pacientes.Introduction: Critical patients require central venous access (CVA) for prolonged intravenous (IVT) therapy. Among the AVC options, the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) has been progressively gaining a position into the Brazilian hospital organizations. The passage of PICC requires specialized human resources, materials, medicines and specific solutions, being crucial to calculate the costs involved to subsidize the allocative efficiency of these inputs. Objective: To identify the average direct cost (ADC) of the PICC procedure performed by nurses, in a Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PNICU). Method: This is a quantitative, exploratory-descriptive single-case study. The procedure was arranged into three phases: \"pre-insertion of the catheter\", \"insertion of the catheter\" and \"post-insertion of the catheter\". The sample consisted of the non-participant observation of 101 PICC passages in the PNICU. The average was calculated by multiplying the time (measured) spent by nurses and nursing technicians by the unit cost of direct labor (dl), adding up to the cost of materials and solutions. The Brazilian Real currency (R $), originally used in the calculations, was converted to the US dollar currency (US $). Results: The ADC of the PICC procedure ( )) corresponded to US $ 226.60 (SD = 82.84), ranging from US $ 99.03 to US $ 530.71, with a median of US $ 313.21. ADC regarding material was US $ 138.81 (SD = 75.48), and ADC regarding nurse dl was US $ 78.80 (SD = 30.75) which were the most significant values for the ( ) composition. The catheter kits corresponded to the items with the highest impact in the composition of the ADC regarding material and with a higher unit cost, with emphasis on epicutaneous catheter + introducer, kit - 2FR / two tracks (US $ 208.82 / unit); Epicutaneous catheter + introducer, \"kit\" - 2FR (US $ 74.09 / unit) and epicutaneous catheter + introducer, \"kit\" - 3FR (US $ 70.37 / unit). The ADC regarding dl of the nursing team was higher in Phase 2: \"insertion of the catheter\" (US $ 43.26 - SD = 21.41) and in Phase 1 \"pre-insertion of the catheter\" (US $ 37.96 - SD = 14.89). There was a predominance of the ADC regarding nurse dl, especially due to the leading role of the nurse practitioners, US $ 40.40 (SD = 20.58) and US $ 34.05 (SD = 15.03), respectively. Conclusion: This case study, besides providing the measurement of the PICC passage, allowed visibility to the inputs consumed from the perspective of contributing to its rational use. It also favored the proposition of strategies aimed at increasing the prolonged IVT through PICC and, consequently, to contain / minimize costs and reduce intangible costs to patients.
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Bel-homo, Rafael Fernandes. "Custo direto do procedimento de manutenção da permeabilidade de cateter venoso central totalmente implantado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7140/tde-18012018-222635/.
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Introdução: A manutenção periódica da permeabilidade de cateter venoso central totalmente implantado (CVC-TI), realizada por enfermeiros, contribui para o aumento da vida útil do cateter, fator imprescindível para o êxito do tratamento quimioterápico endovenoso, e para evitar a ocorrência de complicações que podem acarretar prejuízos intangíveis aos pacientes (perda do cateter, infecções, trombose venosa profunda, prolongamento de períodos de internação) e demandar maiores recursos financeiros das instituições de saúde. Este procedimento requer a disponibilidade de recursos específicos cujo consumo gera custos desconhecidos que podem comprometer o processo decisório em relação à sua eficiência alocativa. Objetivos: Identificar o custo direto médio (CDM) da manutenção da permeabilidade de CVC-TI no Hospital Dia (HD) de um hospital público de alta complexidade especializado em tratamento de pacientes oncológicos e estimar o CDM da substituição de heparina por cloreto de sódio 0,9% para a manutenção da permeabilidade de CVC-TI. Método: Estudo de caso quantitativo, exploratório-descritivo, cuja amostra constituiu-se da observação não participante de 200 manutenções de CVC-TI, com heparina. O CDM foi calculado multiplicando-se o tempo (cronometrado) despendido por enfermeiros e técnicas de enfermagem na execução do procedimento pelo custo unitário da mão de obra direta, somando-se ao custo dos materiais e soluções. Para a realização dos cálculos a moeda brasileira (R$) foi convertida para a moeda norte-americana dólar (US$). Resultados: O CDM do procedimento manutenção de CVC-TI, com heparina, correspondeu a US$ 9.71 (DP=1.35) sendo o CDM total da etapa 1 - busca de material na Central de Atendimento de Material e Medicamento do 11º andar de US$ 0.92 (DP=0.32); o CDM total da etapa 2 - preparo do material e assepsia de US$ 7.89 (DP=0.67), com impacto expressivo do CDM com materiais (US$ 5.55 - DP=0.14); o CDM total da etapa 3 - punção e heparinização do CVC-TI de US$ 0.57 (DP=1.17) e o CDM total da etapa 4 - descarte do material de US$ 0.34 (DP=0.14). A etapa 1 foi executada majoritariamente por técnicas de enfermagem e as etapas 2, 3 e 4 realizadas exclusivamente por enfermeiros. Estimando-se o utilizando-se cloreto de sódio 0,9% obteve-se o valor de US$ 8.81 (DP=1.29) com redução do CDM total nas etapas 2 e 3, US$ 6.99 - DP=0.65 e US$ 0.56 - DP=1.02, respectivamente. Conclusão: A apuração do custo direto médio da manutenção de CVC-TI com heparina favoreceu a proposição de estratégias com potencial para auxiliar na contenção/minimização de custos. A estimativa da substituição da heparina por cloreto de sódio 0,9%, além de ser subsidiada por evidências da literatura como prática mais indicada, mostrou a possibilidade da redução do custo direto médio total.Introduction: The periodic permeability maintenance of totally implanted central venous catheter (IT-CVC) performed by nurses contributes to an increase in the useful life of the catheter, an essential factor for successful intravenous chemotherapy treatment and to avoid the occurrence of difficulties which may bring some intangible damage for patients (catheter loss, infections, deep venous thrombosis, prolongation of hospitalization periods) and demanding greater financial resources from health institutions. This procedure requires the availability of specific resources whose consumption generates unidentified costs that may compromise the decision-making process in relation to its allocative efficiency. Objectives: To identify the mean direct cost (MDC) of permeability maintenance of TI-CVC at Day Hospital (DH) of a highly complex public hospital to treat cancer patients and to estimate the MDC of heparin replacement with sodium chloride 0.9% for the permeability maintenance of TI-CVC. Method: A quantitative, exploratory-descriptive case study whose sample consisted of the non-participant observation of 200 TI-CVC maintenance with heparin. The MDC was calculated by multiplying the time (measured) spent by nurses and nursing techniques when implementing the procedure by the unit cost of direct labor, adding up to the cost of materials and solutions. For the calculations, the Brazilian currency (R$) was converted for US dollar (US$). Results: The MDC of the IT-CVC of the maintenance procedure mean direct cost with heparin, which corresponded to US $ 9.71 (SD = 1.35), being the total MDC of step 1 - \" search of material at the Assistance Center for materials and Drugs at 11th Floor \" of US $ 0.92 (SD = 0.32); The total MDC of step 2 - \" material preparation o and asepsis\" of US $ 7.89 (SD = 0.67), with significant impact of MDC with materials (US $ 5.55 - SD = 0.14); the total MDC of step 3 - \" TI-CVC puncture and heparinization\" of $ 0.57 (SD = 1.17) and the total MDC of step 4 - \"discard of material\" of $ 0.34 (SD = 0.14). Stage 1 was performed mainly by nursing techniques and stages 2, 3 and 4 performed exclusively by nurses. Estimating the mean direct cost using 0.9% sodium chloride it was obtained the value of US $ 8.81 (SD = 1.29) with reduction of total MDC in steps 2 and 3, US $ 6.99 - SD = 0.65 and US $ 0.56 - SD = 1.02, respectively. Conclusion: The determination of maintenance of TI-CVC with heparin favored the proposition of strategies with a great possibility to support the control / minimization of costs. The estimation to replace heparin for sodium chloride 0.9%, besides being subsidized by evidences in the literature as the most indicated practice, showed the chance to reduce the total mean direct cost.
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Giannakos, Demétrio Beck da Silva. "A análise econômica do direito e a crítica hermenêutica do direito podem coexistir? uma análise a partir da uniformização da jurisprudência aos negócios jurídicos processuais e os limites da atuação do juiz." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7631.
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A presente dissertação versa sobre três capítulos específicos que, da mesma forma, se completam. No primeiro, é correlacionada a Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito (CHD) com a Análise Econômica do Direito (AED), correntes jurídicas estas que, no ano de 2017, passaram por momentos de atritos a nível nacional, efervescendo o debate jurídico entre os defensores de cada área. Neste primeiro capítulo, fez-se uma análise da coerência e integridade defendidas por Lenio Streck e Ronald Dworkin, a partir do artigo 926, do CPC, como necessidade de uniformizar a jurisprudência em nosso ordenamento jurídico. Da mesma forma, em seguida, justificou-se o mesmo dispositivo jurídico a partir da Análise Econômica do Direito, como forma redutora dos custos de transação para os litigantes e para o próprio Poder Judiciário. Em um segundo capítulo, fez-se uma análise mais específica dos negócios jurídicos processuais, previstos nos artigos 190 e 191, do CPC, a partir da Análise Econômica do Direito. Utiliza-se, neste caso, como embasamento teórico a doutrina pertinente aos contratos e AED, como forma de sustentar uma diminuição dos custos de transação, bem como uma maior eficiência do processo, especialmente pelo fato de que as partes, através do negócio jurídico pactuado, podem modificar regras processuais visando uma maior celeridade do mesmo. Por fim, no último capítulo, são abordados os limites do juiz ao analisar o negócio jurídico pactuado. O objeto é demonstrar a necessidade do juízo manter e honrar a vontade das partes pactuada, sob pena de ofender a autonomia da vontade concretizada pelo negócio jurídico firmado.
The present dissertation deals with three specific chapters that, in the same way, are completed. In the first, it is correlated to the Critical Hermeneutics of Law (CHD) with the Law and Economics (AED), legal chains which, in the year 2017, went through moments of friction at the national level, making the legal debate difficult among defenders of each area. In this first chapter, an analysis of the coherence and integrity defended by Lenio Streck and Ronald Dworkin was made, based on article 926 of the CPC, as a need to standardize jurisprudence in our legal system. Likewise, the same juridical device was justified from the Law and Economics, as a way to reduce transaction costs for litigants and for the Judiciary itself. In a second chapter, a more specific analysis was made of the atypical procedural legal business, foreseen in article 190 of the CPC, based on the Law and Economics. In this case, it is used as theoretical basis the doctrine pertinent to contracts and AED, as a way of sustaining a decrease in transaction costs, as well as a greater efficiency of the process, especially for the fact that the parties, through the agreed legal transaction, can modify procedural rules aiming at a greater speed of the same. Lastly, in the last chapter, the limits of the judge are discussed when analyzing the agreed legal transaction. The object is to demonstrate the need for the court to maintain and honor the will of the parties agreed upon, otherwise it will offend the autonomy of the will materialized by the legal transaction signed.
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Kéfélian, Cécile. "Search for dark matter with EDELWEISS-III excluding background from muon-induced neutrons." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1020/document.
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Le but de l'expérience EDELWEISS est la détection directe de matière noire sousforme de WIMPs, par l'étude de leur diffusion élastique sur les noyaux de germanium des détecteurs bolomètriques. Le plus problématique des bruits de fond provient des neutrons pouvant mimer l'interaction d'un WIMP dans un détecteur. Ces neutrons sont notamment produits par les rares muons cosmiques de haute énergie qui atteignent le laboratoire souterrain malgré les 4800 m w.e. de roche. Les muons résiduels sont détectés par un système veto de 46 modules de scintillateur plastique entourant l'expérience, qui permet de rejeter la plupart du bruit de fond associé. La détermination précise du bruit de fond neutron résiduel induit par ces muons dans EDELWEISS-III, essentielle pour l'identification des WIMPs, est le but de cette thèse. Le taux de bruit de fond dépend de la géométrie de l'expérience ainsi que des matériaux utilisés, qui ont subi d'importantes modifications depuis EDELWEISS-II. Des simulations GEANT4 du passage des muons dans la nouvelle géométrie ont été réalisées afin d'extraire le taux d'événements induits par les muons dans les bolomètres. Ce taux est en bon accord avec le taux mesuré extrait des données du Run308. En parallèle, une limite inférieure sur l'efficacité du veto muon a été extraite à partir des données bolomètres. Une nouvelle méthode basée sur l'utilisation d'une source d'AmBe a été développée afin d'extraire l'efficacité de chaque module de la simulation. À partir de ces résultats, il a été montré que le bruit de fond attendu est négligeable pour la recherche de WIMPs avec les données du Run308 et ne limitera pas la sensibilité future d'EDELWEISS-IIIThe aim of the EDELWEISS-III experiment is to detect the elastic scattering of WIMPs from the galactic dark matter halo on germanium bolometers. The most problematic background arises from neutrons, which can mimic a WIMP interaction in a detector. Neutrons are notably induced by high energy cosmic ray muons reaching the underground laboratory despite the 4800 m w.e. of rock overburdened. Remaining muons are tagged using an active muon-veto system of 46 plastic scintillator modules surrounding the experiment, which allows to reject most of the associated background. The goal of this thesis was to give a precise estimation of the irreducible muon-induced neutron background, needed to identify a potential WIMP signal. The expected background depends on the geometry of the experiment as well as on the used materials, both strongly modified since EDELWEISS-II. Geant4-based simulations of muons through the modified geometry were performed to derive the rate of events induced by muons in the bolometer array. This rate has been shown to be in good agreement with the measured one extracted from the Run308 data. In parallel, a lower limit on the muon-veto efficiency was derived using bolometer data only. A new method based on an AmBe source was developed to extract precisely the detection efficiency of individual modules from the simulation. From these results, it was shown that the expected background is negligible for the WIMP search analyses performed with the Run308 data and won't limit the future sensitivity of the EDELWEISS-III experiment
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Lucarevschi, Bianca Rezende. "Custos hospitalares da meningite causada por Streptococcus pneumoniae na cidade de São José dos Campos, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5141/tde-03112010-163716/.
Full textAbstract:
O conhecimento dos custos das doenças imunopreveníveis, em especial os custos hospitalares da meningite pneumocócica, objeto de estudo desta tese, são de grande importância para os processos de tomada de decisão no que se refere a intervenções ou estratégias de saúde pública. O objetivo desta tese foi estimar os custos hospitalares relacionados à meningite pelo Streptococcus pneumoniae em crianças com idade até 13 anos (inclusive), na cidade de São José dos Campos, nos últimos dez anos. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de custo-de-doença, a partir dos casos notificados de meningite pneumocócica ocorridos de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2008. O cálculo da estimativa de custos hospitalares foi realizado de acordo com o método misto para a mensuração das quantidades dos itens de custos identificados e também para atribuição de valor aos itens consumidos, fazendo uso do micro-costing quando este era possível, e do gross-costing, como alternativa de viabilidade. Todos os custos foram calculados com os valores monetários referentes a novembro de 2009, e expressos em reais. Para análise das freqüências e médias, foi usado o programa Epi-Info versão 3.5.1. Resultados: De 1999 a 2008, foram notificados ao núcleo municipal de vigilância epidemiológica 41 casos de meningite pneumocócica em menores com até 13 anos de idade (média = 4,8 anos), a maior parte meninos (65,6%; n=27). A prevalência variou entre 0,48 e 5,96%, ao longo do período de estudo, e o número de casos variou de 1 a 9 por ano. O tempo de internação variou entre 8 e 47 dias (média = 23,1 dias). Dez casos evoluíram para o óbito (24,4%; 95%IC = 12,4% - 40,3%). Dois pacientes evoluíram com hidrocefalia já durante a internação por meningite aguda (11,1%; 95% IC = 1,4% - 34,7%). A complicação mais comum foi a infecção secundária ocorrida em 22,2% dos casos (95% IC = 6,4% - 47,6%), sendo um caso de infecção osteo-articular em paciente com anemia falciforme e deficiência de complemento (fração C2), um caso de pericardite purulenta, e dois casos de pneumonia associada a ventilação mecânica. Os custos hospitalares diretos variaram de R$1.277,9 a R$19.887,56, com média de R$5.666,43. Os custos dos honorários profissionais foram os mais relevantes, e variaram de R$311,00 a R$3.844,95 (média = R$1.211,30), seguidos pelos custos dos medicamentos (de R$60,14 a R$2.602,85; média = R$632,95), procedimentos (de R$7,04 a R$1.655,24; média = R$846,77), materiais (de R$15,42 a R$1.083,08; média = R$210,24), e exames laboratoriais (de R$18,3 a R$ 324,67; média = R$161,32). A falta de padronização nas condutas diagnósticas e terapêuticas, somada às diferenças na gravidade e na evolução clínica entre os casos, fez com que os custos fossem muito variáveis caso a caso, e mesmo ano a ano. Conclui-se, então, que os custos do tratamento hospitalar da meningite pneumocócica em São José dos Campos foram muito variáveis, e dependeram da conduta médica e das variações dos casos quanto a gravidade e evolução clínica. Em todos os casos foram considerados altos, cerca de 10 a 20 vezes maiores que o custo médio de internações pago pelo SUS por AIHThe knowledge of the costs of immuno-preventable diseases, mainly the hospital costs of pneumococcal meningitis, object of study of this thesis, are of great importance to the processes of decision making regarding public health interventions or strategies. The aim of this thesis was to estimate the direct hospital costs related to pneumococcal meningitis in children until 13 years of age, in the city of São José dos Campos, from January 1999 to December 2008. A retrospective cost-of-illness study was performed, from the notified cases of pneumococcal meningitis which happened in the period of study. The estimate calculation of the hospital costs was carried out according to the mixed method for the measurement of the quantities of the items of identified costs, and also to value attribution to the items consumed, making use of micro-costing when this was possible, and of the gross-costing, as a viability alternative. All costs were calculated according to the monetary values of November 2009, and in the Brazilian currency (Real). As for the analysis of frequencies and averages, the Epi-Info program, version 3.5.1, was used. Results: From 1999 to 2008, 41 cases of pneumococcal meningitis in minors until 13 years of age (average = 4.8 years of age), mostly boys (65.6%; n=27) were notified to the municipal nucleus of epidemiological vigilance. The prevalence varied between 0.48 and 5.96%, during the period of study, and the number of cases varied from 1 to 9 per year. The period of permanence in hospital varied between 8 and 47 days (average = 23.1 days). Ten cases resulted in death (24.4%; 95%IC = 12.4% - 40.3%). Two patients acquired hydrocephalus during acute meningitis (11.1%; 95% IC = 1.4% - 34.7%). However, the most common complication was the secondary infection which occurred in 22.2% of the cases (95% IC = 6.4% - 47.6%). There was one case of osteo-articular infection in patient with sickle cell anemia and complement deficiency (C2 fraction), a case of purulent pericarditis, and two cases of pneumonia associated to mechanic ventilation. The direct hospital costs varied from R$1,277.9 to R$19,887.56, with an average of R$5,666.43. Labor costs were more relevant, and varied from R$311.00 to R$3844.95 (average = R$1,211.30), followed by medication costs (from R$60.14 to R$2,602.85; average = R$632.95), procedures (from R$7.04 to R$1,655.24; average = R$846.77), supplies (from R$15.42 to R$1,083.08; average = R$210.24), and lab exams (from R$18.3 to R$ 324.67; average = R$161.32). The lack of standardization in the approach to diagnosis and therapy, added to the differences on the level of seriousness and clinic evolution between the cases, made the costs vary depending on the case, and even to the year. In conclusion, hospital costs for treatment of pneumococcal meningitis in São José dos Campos were very variable, and depend on the medical approach and the variability of clinic conditions. All cases are considered around 10 to 20 times as expensive as the average cost of admissions paid by government for average hospitalization due to other causes
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Beaudet, Nicolas. "Prévalence et incidence de la douleur lombaire récurrente au Québec : une perspective administrative." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/115.
Full textAbstract:
Résumé : La douleur lombaire (DL) est l’une des conditions musculosquelettiques les plus fréquentes et coûteuses au Canada. La prévalence annuelle de DL aigüe varierait de 19 % à 57 %, et un patient sur quatre souffrirait de récurrence dans la même année. La présente étude vise donc à produire une analyse descriptive de l’épidémiologie de la DL récurrente à l’échelle de la population. Une nouvelle approche méthodologique est proposée afin d’optimiser l’identification de vrais cas incidents de DL récurrente à partir d’une analyse secondaire de données administratives. Puisque 10 % des patients ayant de la DL seraient responsables de 80 % des coûts qui y sont associés, nous avons également déterminé la tendance séculaire des coûts d’interventions médicales des patients récurrents incidents entre 2003 et 2008.
En utilisant le fichier des services médicaux rémunérés à l’acte de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec, des cohortes prévalentes ont été construites à partir de 401 264 dossiers de patients ayant consulté au moins trois fois pour de la DL entre 1999 et 2008. Onze ans d’historique médical des 81 329 patients de la cohorte de 2007 ont ensuite été analysés afin d’exclure les patients ayant eu des consultations antérieures de DL. Une valeur prédictive positive et un coefficient de Kappa élevés ont permis d’identifier une clairance optimale pour récupérer les cas véritablement incidents. Les coûts de consultations ont ensuite été calculés pour tous les patients incidents de 2003 à 2007 à partir des manuels de facturation.
Nous avons observé une prévalence annuelle de la DL récurrente de 1,64 % en 2000 chez les hommes diminuant à 1,33 % en 2007. Cette baisse a majoritairement eu lieu dans le groupe d’âge des 35-59 ans. Les femmes âgées (> 65 ans) étaient 1,4 fois plus à risque de consulter un médecin de manière récurrente que les hommes du même âge. L’incidence annuelle de la DL en 2007 était de 242 par 100 000 personnes. Les hommes de 18 à 34 ans étaient 1,2 fois plus à risque que les femmes de développer un premier épisode récurrent et les personnes âgées 1,9 fois plus à risque que les jeunes. L’incidence annuelle a diminué de 12 % entre 2003 et 2007 pendant que les coûts totaux augmentaient de 1,4 %. La médiane des coûts était la plus élevée chez les femmes âgées et tendait à augmenter dans le temps.
Ces analyses secondaires suggèrent de s’intéresser particulièrement à la DL chez les personnes très âgées, et de déterminer si la baisse de fréquence de consultations récurrentes observée dans le temps est liée à une meilleure gestion de la DL ou à un problème d’accessibilité. Les coûts devraient faire l’objet d’un suivi continu pour limiter les hausses. // Abstract : Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most frequent and costly musculoskeletal health
conditions in Canada. Annual prevalence was found to vary between 19 % and 57 % and
likely one out of four patients experience a LBP recurrence within one year. The body of
knowledge on the prevalence of recurrent LBP is still limited. This study sought to present
a descriptive analysis on the epidemiology of recurrent LBP in a medical population. A
new methodology is also proposed to identify true cases of incident recurrent LBP. Since
10 % of LBP patients have been reported to generate 80 % of the costs, we will sought to
determine the secular trend of medical costs for the incident cohorts of 2003 to 2008.
Using the Canadian province of Quebec medical administrative physicians’ claims
database, 401 264 prevalent claims-based recurrent LBP patients were identified between
1999 to 2008 for having consulted at least three times for LBP in a period of 365 days. The
medical history of 81 329 prevalent patients in 2007 was screened for a retrospective period
of 11 years. High positive predictive values and Kappa statistics were used to determine the
optimal clearance period for capturing true incidence cases among patients with no prior
encounters for LBP. Physicians’ claims manuals were then used to apply a price for every
intervention provided to LBP incident patients in their index year and follow-up years.
We observed a decrease from 1.64 % to 1.33 % in the LBP annual prevalence between
2000 and 2007 for men. This decrease was mostly observed between 35 and 59 years of
age. Older women (≥ 65 years) were 1.4 times more at risk to consult a physician for LBP
in a recurrent manner than older men. The annual incidence in 2007 of adult claims-based
recurrent LBP was 242 per 100 000 persons. Males of 18 to 34 years of age were found 1.2
times more at risk than their counterparts. Altogether, elderlies were 1.9 times more at risk
than young adults to consult in a recurrent manner for LBP. The annual incidence
decreased by 12 % between 2003 and 2007, while the direct costs increase by 1.4 %. The
median cost for consultations was highest for elder women and increasing in time.
These secondary analyses emphasize the importance to keep the watch on the elders in
regards to LBP, and to determine if the timely decrease in morbidity is related to
improvements in LBP management or to a medical accessibility issue. Also, costs will need
to be surveyed on a regular basis to limit the impact of future increases.
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Roça, Maria Ana Nolasco Cardoso da Silva. "Custos diretos das mastites em duas explorações de bovinos leiteiros." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10507.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaAs explorações de leite portuguesas, sendo pequenas empresas face à dimensão do mercado, estão sujeitas às condições deste em termos de preço do leite transacionado. Não obstante, podem atuar a nível do controlo de custos e da receita obtida, procurando utilizar de forma eficiente os recursos disponíveis no sentido de obter o melhor resultado líquido possível. Uma das formas de controlar os custos é minimizando a presença de doença na exploração. No presente trabalho, utilizando o modelo de Bennett (2003), estimaram-se os custos diretos totais da mastite em duas explorações (A e B) de bovinos de leite do distrito de Aveiro. Neste modelo são contemplados os custos dos efeitos da doença ( Ι ), do tratamento ( Τ ) e das medidas preventivas aplicadas ( Ρ ). Os resultados obtidos mostram um custo total médio mensal por vaca doente de 68,09€ e 77,44€ e por vaca na exploração de 4,87€ e 8,84€ nas explorações A e B, respetivamente. O custo de prevenção mensal por vaca na exploração foi de 1,72€ na exploração A e de 1,40€ na exploração B. Em ambas as explorações o leite descartado é aquele que tem maior peso nos custos totais da mastite.
ABSTRACT - The Portuguese dairy farms, being small businesses when compared to the size of the market, are subject to the conditions of this same market regarding the price of traded milk. Nevertheless, they can act upon the cost control and revenue earned, seeking to use efficiently the available resources to get the highest possible profit. One way to control costs is through minimizing the rate of diseases in the herd. In this study, a standardized methodology developed by Bennett (2003) was applied to the estimation of the direct costs of mastitis in two dairy farms (A and B) in Aveiro, Portugal. The costs were subdivided into effects of the disease ( Ι ), treatment ( Τ ) and preventive measures ( Ρ ). The average monthly cost obtained per infected cow with mastitis were estimated at €68,09 and €77,44 and the average monthly cost per cow were €4,87 and €8,84 for herds A and B, respectively. The total cost of preventive measures by cow was €1,72 for herd A and €1,40 for herd B. The costs of discarded milk were found to be the most significant regarding the different components of mastitis total cost in both herds.
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Bittar, Eliana. "Custo direto do implante por cateter de bioprótese valvar aórtica nas diferentes vias de acesso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7140/tde-27042018-152011/.
Full textAbstract:
Introdução: Uma nova alternativa de tratamento foi desenvolvida, o Implante por Cateter de Bioprótese Valvar Aórtica (TAVI, em inglês, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation), indicado para os pacientes portadores de estenose aórtica grave com várias comorbidades, considerados inoperáveis pelo tratamento cirúrgico convencional. O TAVI ainda não foi incorporado ao rol de políticas de saúde do Brasil pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), tampouco pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS), pois há escassez de evidências científicas fundamentadas em análise econômica do procedimento que relatem os resultados e o custo a longo prazo em comparação à cirurgia convencional. Objetivo: Identificar o custo direto médio do implante por cateter de bioprótese valvar aórtica, verificar se há alteração significativa de custo nas diferentes vias de acesso utilizadas e identificar os fatores preditores que possam elevar o custo do procedimento. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagens quantitativa, exploratória, descritiva, transversal, retrospectiva e documental, realizada em um hospital da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de São Paulo (SES-SP), da Administração Direta, especializado no tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares de alta complexidade. A população do estudo correspondeu aos procedimentos eletivos do TAVI, desde a inauguração da sala híbrida, em março de 2012, até agosto de 2015, totalizando 108 procedimentos, sendo 92 por via transfemoral, 8 por via transapical e 8 por via transaórtica. Resultados: O custo direto médio dos procedimentos TAVI nas três vias totalizou R$ 82.230,94. Por via transfemoral, esse custo médio foi de R$ 82.826,38; por via transaórtica, R$ 79.440,91; e por via transapical, R$ 78.173,41. O total de material e medicamento/solução representou, por via transfemoral, 91,89% do total do custo direto médio do procedimento TAVI; por via transapical, 91,81%; e por via transaórtica, 90,69%, e o custo fixo com a válvula transcateter, no valor de R$ 65 mil, representou 78,47% sobre o custo total do procedimento TAVI, por via transfemoral; 83,14%, por via transapical; e 81,82%, por via transaórtica. O Teste Kruskal-Wallis Teste das Variáveis Contínuas apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as vias de acesso. No custo total do procedimento TAVI, o Teste de Bonferroni mostrou diferença na associação entre as vias transfemoral e transapical. No entanto, na associação com a via transaórtica, não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Os fatores preditores que elevaram o custo do procedimento TAVI foram: vias de acesso, duração do procedimento, material de hemodinâmica, medicamento/solução, material de consumo, material de perfusão, total de material e medicamento/solução, recursos humanos, gases medicinais, depreciação e energia. A segunda válvula foi a única variável referente às intercorrências no Centro Cirúrgico que elevou o custo do procedimento. A média de idade dos pacientes com indicação ao TAVI foi de 81,50 ±6,96 anos. Conclusão: O TAVI é um avanço a ser discutido e acompanhado, havendo a necessidade de reforçar novas pesquisas que avaliem os benefícios do tratamento com base nos resultados e custos, a fim de auxiliar na tomada de decisão para incorporação desse tratamento para o público-alvo, melhorando a qualidade de vida dos pacientes e proporcionando a integração destes novamente às atividades diárias.Introduction: A new treatment alternative has been developed, the Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), indicated for patients with severe aortic stenosis with various comorbidities deemed inoperable by conventional surgical treatment. TAVI has not yet been incorporated into the Brazilian health policies by the Public Health System (SUS), or by the National Supplementary Health Agency (ANS), because there is a shortage of scientific evidence based on an economic analysis of the procedure that reports the results and the long-term costs compared to conventional surgery. Objective: To identify the average direct cost of the transcatheter aortic valve implantation, to verify if there is significant change of cost in the different access routes used, and to identify predictive factors that could increase the cost of the procedure. Method: This is a study with quantitative, exploratory, descriptive, transversal, retrospective, and documentary approaches, carried out in a hospital of the State Department of Health of São Paulo (SES-SP), of the Direct Administration, specialized in the treatment of high-complexity cardiovascular diseases. The study population corresponded to TAVI elective procedures, from the inauguration of the hybrid room, in March 2012, up to August 2015, totaling 108 procedures, of which 92 were transfemoral, 8 were transapical, and 8 were transaortic. Results: The average direct cost of the TAVI procedures in the three routes totaled R$ 82,230.94. Transfemorally, this average cost was R$ 82,826.38; through the transaortic route, R$ 79,440.91; and through the transapical route, R$ 78,173.41. The total material and medication / solution represented 91.89% of the total average direct cost of the TAVI procedure through the transfemoral route; 91.81% through the transapical route; and 90.69% through the transaortic route, and the fixed cost with the transcatheter valve, in the amount of R$ 65,000.00, represented 78.47% of the total cost of the TAVI procedure through the transfemoral route; 83.14%, through the transapical route; and 81.82% through the transaortic route. The Kruskal-Wallis Test Continuous Variables Test showed a statistically significant difference among the access routes. In the total cost of the TAVI procedure, the Bonferroni Test showed a difference in the association between the transfemoral and transapical routes. However, in the association with the transaortic route, there was no statistically significant difference. Predictive factors that increased the cost of the TAVI procedure were: access routes, length of procedure, hemodynamic material, drug / solution, consumption material, infusion material, total material and medicine/solution, human resources, medical gas, depreciation and energy. The second valve was the only variable related to the complications in the or that increased the cost of the procedure. The mean age of patients with TAVI was 81.50 ± 6.96 years. Conclusion: TAVI is an advance to be discussed and monitored, and there is a need to encourage new studies that evaluate the benefits of treatment based on the results and costs, in order to assist in the decision making for the incorporation of this treatment into its population, improving the quality of life of patients and providing once again their integration into daily activities.
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Pillay, Kersey Robin. "The costs of construction accidents." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1044.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation
submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Construction Management
Department of the Built Environment
in the Faculty of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014The construction industry contributes significantly to national economic growth and offers substantial opportunities for job creation; however the industry has continually been plagued by workplace accidents. Moreover, employers may not realize the economic magnitude of workplace injury and ill health arising from construction activities. These accidents represent a considerable economic and social burden to employers, employees and to society as a whole. Despite governments and organisations worldwide maintaining an on-going commitment towards establishing a working environment free of injury and disease, a great deal of construction accidents continues to frequent our society. Given the high rate of construction accidents experienced, employers are not entirely mindful of the actual costs of construction accidents, especially when considering the hidden or indirect costs of accidents. Various safety research efforts have attempted to quantify the true costs of worker injuries, however localised systematic information on cost of construction accidents at work is not readily available from administrative statistical data sources, therefore this study was carried out in order to estimate the costs, like lost workdays or lost income, are clearly visible and can readily be expressed in monetary value; for a large part however, economic consequences of accidents are somewhat hidden. Indirect costs following an accident may be disregarded, damage to the company image is difficult to quantify and pricing human suffering and health damage is subject to discussion. Nevertheless, it is possible to get an adequate insight into the costs of accidents and the potential benefits of accident prevention.
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Amaral, Renata da Silva. "Os direitos sociais trabalhistas, a desoneração da folha de pagamento e o setor produtivo: limites do poder econômico." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2014. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1142.
Full textAbstract:
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-23This study addresses the exemption of the payroll in the productive sector, preserving the labor and social rights and ensuring the economic growth. The aim of this study was the comprehension of the legal limits of the economic power, herein expressed by one of its figures, which is the productive sector. Considering as a point for debate, the best alternative to exempt the payroll in the productive sector, as well as the existence or not, of limits to the National Congress, it was possible to conclude that the integration and the economic and social development undergo several stages. In this sense, it is possible to analyze what is in line with the stated goals, and what is not. It can be noticed that the commercial objectives and the economic issue are the focus of integration, instead of the development with social justice. The development of the Nations in the whole world, although extremely ensured by Law, is shamefully uneven. It is clear that lack of rules is not the reason for that. Rules related to the development of the human being, to economic and social progress, to human rights and basic rights and freedoms, to international peace and security, mainly the ones related to promote friendly relations and cooperation between Member States, have been flagrantly violated.
Este estudo teve sua temática delimitada na análise da desoneração da folha de salários do setor produtivo, mantendo os direitos sociais trabalhistas e garantindo o crescimento econômico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender os limites jurídicos do poder econômico, aqui expressados por um dos seus expoentes, que é o setor produtivo. Tendo como ponto de debate a discussão acerca da melhor maneira de compatibilizar os direitos sociais e a desoneração da folha de salários do setor produtivo, bem como sobre a existência ou não de limites às emendas em trâmite perante o Congresso Nacional, este estudo concluiu que a integração e desenvolvimento econômico e social passam por diversas fases e nessa perspectiva visualizam-se quais são as atitudes tomadas pelos Estados Partes em cada uma delas. Desse modo é possível analisar o que está de acordo com os objetivos pretendidos e o que não está. O que se percebe é que os objetivos mercantis, a questão econômica é que está no foco da integração, e não o desenvolvimento com justiça social. O desenvolvimento das nações do mundo, embora amplamente garantido na letra da lei, é vergonhosamente desigual. O que está claro é que não é por falta de normas. Normas relativas ao desenvolvimento integral do ser humano, ao progresso econômico, social e desenvolvimento de todos os povos, o respeito e observância dos direitos humanos e das liberdades fundamentais à manutenção da paz e segurança internacionais, além da maior promoção das relações amistosas e cooperação entre os Estados são flagrantemente atacadas cotidianamente.
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Dias, Feliciano Alcides. "A arbitragem sob a perspectiva econômica do direito: uma alternativa para a democratização do acesso à justiça nas relações empresariais." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6686.
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As transformações da sociedade hipermoderna e a organização das empresas têm provocado à expansão de novas formas de processos decisórios, através dos meios cooperados de tratamento e resolução de controvérsias que passaram a ser utilizados com maior frequência entre os interessados, além dos serviços jurisdicionais do Estado. Nessa ótica, a arbitragem pode ser considerada um instrumento de desenvolvimento democrático do acesso à justiça, pois ressalta a condição do agente na solução de conflitos em âmbito privado e de natureza patrimonial, tendo em vista que suas bases estão fundadas no princípio da autonomia de vontade das partes. A descrença de grande parte da sociedade em resolver seus conflitos pelo Poder Judiciário brasileiro, revela-se diante da sua ineficiência, morosidade e imprevisibilidade em termos da prestação de serviços aos seus jurisdicionados, que pode trazer reflexos negativos para o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Deste modo, exsurge o problema em examinar se a arbitragem, enquanto instituição econômica mostra-se um mecanismo eficiente, em face dos motivos pelos quais indivíduos e empresas decidem arbitrar seus conflitos com a inclusão de cláusulas arbitrais em seus contratos, com a possível redução dos custos de transação. Assim, a novel legislação sobre o instituto arbitral almeja reforçar a garantia da democracia expressa pela participação das partes na condução do processo, que se encontra consubstanciada pela constitucionalização do direito processual civil brasileiro. Essa situação reforça a interpretação dos fenômenos que se apresentam sob a matriz do método fenomenológico hermenêutico e sobre a abordagem da Análise Econômica do Direito, associada à realização de pesquisa empírica, de natureza exploratória e de campo, as principais Câmaras Arbitrais catarinenses. A arbitragem configura-se como meio célere e confiável de resolução de controvérsias, inserindo-se numa dimensão contributiva extrajudicial, tanto no âmbito jurídico, como social e econômico.
Changes to the hypermodern society and the organization of companies have caused the expansion of new decision-making processes through cooperated means of treatment and settlement of litigations, which started to be used more frequently by interested parties in addition to the jurisdictional services by the State. From this point of view, arbitration may be regarded as a democratic development tool for access the justice, as it emphasizes the agent´s condition to settle conflicts of private and financial nature, in view that it is grounded on the principle of autonomy of will of the parties. Incredulity of a great part of the Brazilian society to settle its conflicts through the local Judiciary Power results from its inefficiency, delay and unpredictableness when providing its services to population, which may have negative reflections on the economic development of Brazil. As a result, it must be examined if arbitration is an efficient mechanism as an economic institution in view of the reasons for which individuals and companies decide to settle their conflicts by including arbitration clauses in their agreements having the possible reduction in the transaction costs. Therefore, the new arbitration legislation aims at emphasizing the guarantee of democracy expressed by participation of the parties in the process conduction, which is consolidated through constitutional definition of the Brazilian civil procedure law. Such a situation stresses the interpretation of the phenomenon presented under matrix of the hermeneutical, phenomenological method and approach of the Law Economic Analysis associated to conduction of an empirical investigation of exploratory and field nature of the main Chambers of Arbitration in the State of Santa Catarina. Arbitration is a fast, reliable mean of litigation settlement inserted in an extrajudicial contributive dimension in the legal, social, and economic area.
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Milbach-Bouche, Nathalie. "Les déterminants de la décision de joint-venture : analyse appliquée au cas de l’investissement direct international en Thaïlande et aux Philippines." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF10233.
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Parce qu’elle offre aux entrepreneurs nationaux un cadre privilégié d’apprentissage technologique et organisationnel, la formation de joint-venture avec des firmes étrangères constitue un enjeu important pour les pays en voie de développement. La thèse vise dès lors à préciser les facteurs influençant ce mode d’implantation, et, plus particulièrement, les joint-ventures impliquant une gestion locale. L’étude est appliquée aux cas de la Thaïlande et des Philippines, deux pays, qui depuis le début des années 80 ont libéralisé leurs régimes d’ouverture aux capitaux étrangers, en autorisant, plus largement, l’implantation de filiales contrôlées ou en plein droit de propriété. Nous soutenons que lorsqu’un investissement étranger nécessite l’acquisition d’actifs complémentaires détenus par une firme locale, la décision de joint-venture dépend non seulement des coûts de transaction, mais aussi de son impact sur la structure incitative des partenaires et de l’attitude de ces derniers à l’égard du risque. En particulier, ce choix est probable si la contribution du partenaire local est d’une importance critique pour la réussite du projet, sous réserve, toutefois, que ce dernier ne soit pas plus averse au risque que la firme étrangère. L’expérience de la Thaïlande et des Philippines conforte, dans l’ensemble, ces hypothèses. Ainsi, dans l’industrie manufacturière, le degré d’intégration locale des projets (en termes de débouchés ou d’approvisionnements) encourage la joint-venture et un contrôle local des opérations. En revanche, ce choix est peu probable pour les projets à fort contenu technologique ou très extravertis, mais également, pour les projets les plus risqué de par leur dimension. Les résultats suggèrent notamment que les mesures visant à améliorer la protection de la propriété industrielle, le niveau des compétences locales, mais aussi, le fonctionnement des marchés de capitaux ou de l’assurance pourraient sans doute favoriser la formation de joint-ventureAs they contribute to foster technological and managerial learning by local partners, joint-ventures with foreign investors can be considered as an important issue for developing countries. The purpose of the dissertation is thus to investigate the determinants of this particular mode of foreign entry, with a special focus on locally-managed joint-ventures. Our analysis applies to two South-East Asian countries, namely, Thailand and Philippines, which, since beginning of the 80’s, have significantly relaxed their ownership requirements. We argue that when a foreign project requires the provision of complementary assets by a local firm, the joint-venture decision depends not only on transaction costs but also on the way this decision affects the incentive structure of partners as well as on partners’ attitude towards risk. More specifically, we demonstrate that a joint-venture is more likely when the local contribution is critical for the success of the project, provided, however, that the local partner is not too risk-adverse compared to the foreign firm. Overall, the experience of Thailand and the Philippines tends to support these assumptions. In the manufacturing sector, the joint-venture decision turns to be more likely for projects involving substantial links with the host economy (in terms of market or input supply) than for projects which are more outward-oriented or involve a high technological content. In line with the arguments about risk, the joint-venture proves also less likely for large scale projects. The results suggest notably that policy measures that aim at strengthening the protection of industrial property rights, enhancing domestic skills and capabilities, or improving the efficiency of capital and insurance markets may also encourage the joint-venture process
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Kviklienė, Elida. "Gamybos išlaidų klasifikavimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050525_145552-84580.
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The subject of the research is production costs classification used in the Lithuanian manufacture enterprises and farmers’ farms.
The goal of the work is to reason the expedience of selection of the classification features in practice and to measure the adaptation opportunities of the selected classification features in the Lithuanian enterprises and farmers’ farms, after the costs classification potential have been analysed.
The tasks are as follows:
1) to analyse the principle of production costs and classification potential, and to reason the expedience of selection of the classification features;
2) to analyse individual types of costs according to the selected classification features;
3) to check and measure the adaptation opportunities thereof in practice.
The research methods include the logical analysis of economic literature containing comparison and summarizing of theoretical statements.
The practical experience of costs classification gained in the Lithuanian manufacture enterprises and agricultural partnerships has been analysed using the method of analysis and synthesis. The results of the research have been described using the methods of comparison and summarizing the outcome, as well as the monographic method of analysis.
After having analysed the principle of costs and classification potential thereof with regard to the objectives set in the area of cost accounting, the selected costs classification features are introduced in the work, which are essential in... [to full text]
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Campbell, Robert Jr. "THE BURDEN OF DISEASE AMONG PATIENTS OF THE CAROLINA LUPUS STUDY: HUMANISTIC, CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS." Connect to text online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1145243298.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006.[School of Medicine] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.
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Pinheiro, Nunes Rogério. "Judicialização no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde: um estudo descritivo sobre o custo das ações judiciais na saúde pública do município de Juiz de Fora." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1826.
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A judicialização da saúde tem provocado discussões sobre a intervenção do Poder Judiciário na governabilidade e na gestão das políticas de saúde. O Poder Público vem sendo obrigado a garantir judicialmente procedimentos e serviços de saúde independentemente de sua cobertura ou incorporação pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, ou, quando cobertos, sem a observância às competências administrativas do gestor local de saúde num sistema público descentralizado e hierárquico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar o custo direto das ações individuais no âmbito do SUS, em especial às competências administrativas do ente municipal, tomando como cenário o município de Juiz de Fora, MG. A amostra se constituiu de 575 processos judiciais (N = 575) que deram entrada num período de seis meses. As demandas judiciais ocorreram para garantia de internação hospitalar, fornecimento de medicamentos e de suplementos e complementos alimentares, além de exames e insumos de enfermagem. Estimou-se o custo pela perspectiva da Secretaria de Saúde de Juiz de Fora como gestora do SUS e compradora de serviço de saúde, totalizando R$ 3.506.701,95 para o período estudado, ou um custo mensal de R$ 1.016,44. Quanto às suas responsabilidades em ofertar tais serviços de acordo com a organização do Sistema Único de Saúde, estimou-se que 90,26% do custo dos pedidos judiciais para internação hospitalar correspondiam a ações que já eram de sua competência, em que a judicialização veio garantir ao cidadão serviços que já deveriam ser ofertados. Conquanto, os pedidos judiciais de medicamentos que não eram de sua competência fornecer ou dispensar representaram 99,70% do custo estimado para essa categoria, incluindo medicamentos de competência de outro ente federado, não cobertos pelo SUS ou em desacordo com os protocolos clínicos estabelecidos para a doença atestada. Ao final, analisando-se as maiores demandas judiciais contra o poder público municipal, pode-se afirmar que 75,28% do custo estimado para a judicialização se referiram a oferta de serviços que não eram da competência administrativa da Secretaria de Saúde de Juiz de Fora como gestora municipal do SUS. Tal fato levanta uma discussão sobre a judicialização no âmbito da saúde pública. Se por um lado busca a garantia do direito constitucional do cidadão, por outro impõe à esfera municipal o ônus de seu custo sem observar as responsabilidades comuns e privativas de cada ente federado na organização do Sistema Único de Saúde.
The judicialization of health has provoked discussions on the intervention of the judiciary in governance and management of health policies. The Government has been obliged to ensure court procedures and health services regardless of coverage or incorporation by the Unified Health System, or when covered, without complying with the administrative skills of the local health officer in a decentralized and hierarchical public system. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct cost of individual actions under the SUS, especially the administrative powers of the municipal entity, taking the backdrop of the city of Juiz de Fora, MG. The sample consisted of 575 court cases (N = 575) who were admitted within six months. The lawsuits occurred to hospitalization assurance, supply of medicines and supplements and food supplements, as well as examinations and nursing supplies. It estimated the cost from the perspective of Juiz de Fora Health Department as manager of the SUS and purchaser of health services, totaling R$ 3,506,701.95 for the period studied, or a monthly cost of R$ 1,016.44. As to their responsibilities in offering such services in accordance with the organization of the Unified Health System, it was estimated that 90.26% of the cost of judicial requests for hospitalization corresponded to actions that were already under its jurisdiction, where the legalization came assure citizens services that should already be offered. While the judicial requests for medications that were not within its competence to provide or dispense represented 99.70% of the estimated cost for that category, including competence of drugs from another federal entity, not covered by SUS or disagree with the clinical protocols established for attested the disease. Finally, analyzing the major lawsuits against the municipal government, it can be stated that 75.28% of the estimated cost for the legalization referred the provision of services that were not the administrative jurisdiction of the Health Department of Judge off as municipal manager of the SUS. This fact raises a discussion of legalization on public health. On the one hand seeks to guarantee the constitutional right of citizens, on the other requires the municipal level the burden of cost without observing the common and private responsibilities of each federal entity in the organization of the Unified Health System.