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Journal articles on the topic 'Cossacks in literature'
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1
Yang, Sumei, and Nataliya V. Lukiyanchikova. "COSSACK LITERATURE AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON." World of Russian-speaking Countries 5, no. 3 (2020): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2658-7866-2020-3-5-122-138.
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In the article, the authors attempt to characterize the specifics and follow the dynamics of literature devoted to the history and culture of the Russian Cossacks, to describe the stages of the development of Cossack literature as a special cultural phenomenon. The article considers in detail that the way of life, the nature of social organization, life and culture, the morals and folklore of Cossacks have always been specific and thereby were of special interest of scientists, in connection with which a large number of scientific studies appeared on various aspects of this phenomenon. Special attention in the proposed work is paid to the regional features of Cossack culture and the multifaceted, internally rich images of Cossacks created by Russian writers (both classics and authors of the XX-XXI centuries), the article explains how the regional component is presented in Cossack folklore and literature, analyzes works devoted to Cossacks as a special socio-ethnic phenomenon. Cossack literature is considered by the authors of literature in the context of three historical periods: Cossack literature of the Russian Empire (before the 1917 Revolution), Cossack literature related to the era of the Soviet state (1917–1991), the latest Cossack literature (from 1991 to the present), it is noted that each era imposes its own imprint on the problems and system of images of works: the heroization of the Cossacks, who fulfill the historical mission of protecting their native land and developing new spaces, in the literature of the pre-revolutionary period, the tragic concept of the Cossacks in the literature of the Soviet era and the image of the process of reviving the spirit of the Cossacks in modern literature.
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Yakovenko, Yanina. "THE IMAGE OF THE COSSACKS IN THE WORK OF FRANCISZEK RAWITA-GAWROŃSKI." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 36 (2020): 364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2020.36.364-375.
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The article analyses the artistic and historical prose of nineteenth-century writer Franciszek Rawita-Gawroński. In particular, the issues of Cossacks and Cossacks in the author’s work are explored. We have drawn a parallel between the Ukrainian and Polish vision of the problem of Cossack interpretation in literature, and clarified the historical prerequisites of its occurrence on the example of his historical novels, in particular “Pan Hetman Mazepa” and “Na kresach”, as well as scientific and historical works on the Cossacks: “Kozaczyzna ukrainna w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej”, “Historia ruchów hajdamackich” etc. An amateur historian, a Polish Ukrainian is known, among other things, for creating a negative Cossack stereotype in Polish writing. In the Polish historical science of the XVI-XVIII centuries the historiographical image of the Ukrainian Cossacks begins to take shape. The ruins and Cossack wars of the late XVI-XVIII centuries inspired Polish chroniclers to create the stereotype of a Ukrainian barbarian, a cruel and immoral robber. The purpose of such actions was to justify the policy of the Commonwealth and the Polish nobility towards Ukrainians. One of the reasons was the current political situation, which deliberately distorted the Ukrainian-Polish past. At the same time, the influence of the Jagiellonian Idea, which consisted in the idealisation of the Union of Lublin in 1569, in particular in the voluntary unification of the Polish Kingdom, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ukraine, was significant. Ignoring the Cossacks as the third political people of the Commonwealth ended with bloody and devastating uprisings that weakened the Polish-Lithuanian state and the Cossacks themselves. The campaigns of the Cossacks on the land ruled by the Turkish Sultan, incited the Commonwealth to punitive attacks by the Tatars, and especially to the conflict with Turkey, which the state tried to avoid. Attempts to impose public control on them ended in riots. The situation was also aggravated by the attitude of the nobility, who, despite the merits of the Cossacks before the state, treated them as rebellious peasants. The blame for this should be placed on the elite of the Commonwealth, which failed to solve the problem, and whose actions against the Cossacks had the features of contingency and inconsistency. The problem was also the constant increase in their numbers, interference with the conflict between Orthodoxy and the Union of Brest.
3
Dubovikov, Aleksandr Maratovich, and Larisa Yurievna Lepeshkina. "Spiritual and moral qualities of the Ural Cossacks in family and marriage relations (the 18th – early 20th centuries)." Человек и культура, no. 2 (February 2024): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2024.2.70152.
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The subject of the study is the spiritual and moral qualities of the Ural Cossacks, most clearly manifested in family and marriage relations. On the basis of the analysis of family and marriage traditions of the Ural Cossacks it is possible to construct an image of a Cossack warrior, ready to desperately defend his Homeland. The study of historical aspects of the development of folk traditions becomes especially relevant in the conditions of the modern worldview crisis. Archival materials and a variety of local history literature (works of I.I. Zheleznov, N.A. Borodin, V.N. Vitevsky, V.G. Korolenko, A.V. Gnedenko, etc.) were used for the preparation of the article. Methodologically, the article is based on the cultural approach, which allows us to understand the reasons for the stability of Cossack traditions throughout the centuries. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the spiritual and moral qualities of the Ural Cossacks, manifested in the family and domestic sphere, are considered as an indicator of the Ural Cossacks' attitude to military service. In the everyday culture of the Ural Cossacks in the 18th – early 20th centuries, under the influence of historical factors, such human qualities as responsibility, respect for elders, freedom-loving, collectivism, domesticity and avoidance of honour-defying sexual contacts became valuable. The importance of these qualities has not been lost until now, which is confirmed by the Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation in 2021, 2022 and 2023. The need of society and the state for real heroes, as the Ural Cossacks were considered to be, becomes especially acute when national threats increase. The article concludes on the role of spiritual and moral qualities of the Ural Cossacks in preserving their unique culture.
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Pleshakov, Ivan, and Ekaterina Vasilieva. "The Cossacks in the Period of Colonization and Formation of the Saratov Volga Region Administrative Structure in the Late 17th – Early 18th Centuries." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (September 2019): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.4.2.
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Introduction. The work investigated the Cossacks during the period of colonization and the formation of the Saratov Volga region administrative structure in the late 17th – early 18th c. The paper presents the analysis of the Cossacks and its influence on the military organization of life in the region during this period. The relevance of studying the processes of colonization in the Volga region in the late 17th – early 18th centuries is growing, since these issues are not fully analyzed in the scientific literature. Methods and materials. Methods: the principles of historicism and objectivity, analysis, synthesis, the historical-genetic method, the system approach. Materials: abstracts of I.A. Biryukov, S.B. Veselovskiy, A.A. Geraklitov, N.B. Golikova, A.L. Kleytman, E.N. Kusheva, S.A. Mezin, I.N. Pleshakov, I.O. Tyumentsev and others. Analysis. In this article, the authors qualify positive and negative factors that changed the place of the Cossacks in the process of colonization and forming the Saratov Volga region administrative structure (the lands that entered Saratov province in the late 18th century are understood). During this period, the oldest Cossack communities of Russia were formed: the Don, Yaitsky, Terek Hosts. The authors consider the reasons that became an obstacle for the Cossacks and did not allow creating the same community on the Volga. Results. This paper reviews the history of city Cossack teams in Saratov, Dmitrievsk, Tsaritsyn, Cherny Yar and other settlements. The authors note that when evaluating the practices of the interaction between the Cossacks and the administrative center of the state, it is necessary to take into account the historical period. The authors present a methodological scheme for analysing the factors of colonization and formation of the Saratov Volga region administrative structure and take into account changes in identifying the Cossacks (voluntary and serving).
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YAKOVENKO, Yanina. "THE RECEPTION OF HETMAN IVAN MAZEPA IN FRANCISZEK RAWITA-GAWROŃSKI’S WRITINGS." Folia Philologica, no. 1 (2021): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/folia.philologica/2021/1/9.
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The article analyzes the image of the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa in the works of Franciszek Rawita-Gawroński.In his works, the Cossacks have always had a negative connotation regardless of their positive features and historicalmission. The powerful Ukrainian army, which repeatedly sided with the Polish nobility, could not change the opinionof the author, who throughout his career considered them a destructive force. The Cossacks became such an organicphenomenon in Polish literature that it completely captured the imagination of the Romantics. Polish writers were happyto describe historical events in which Poles and Ukrainians united against a common enemy, such as the Turks. Rawita-Gawroński was no exception, although he was a representative of the period of positivism, but did not completely abandonthe traditions of the previous era. The writer critically assessed the existence and functioning of the Cossacks, whichwas a powerful and multifaceted group of human types, which in turn reveals its apolitical, anti-social and immoralnature. In his novels, Franciszek Rawita-Gawroński tried to avoid the poetics of romanticism, but did not refuse to usethe achievements of Ukrainian folklore, customs, traditions and legends, which are inextricably linked with the Cossacks. In the analyzed novels, Franciszek Rawita-Gawroński used a realistic method, using probability criteria, mainly in the wayof motivating events and figures. Ukrainian Cossacks have always caused a storm of emotions, both positive and negative.Speaking of Rawita-Gawroński, in his works the Cossack has always been a negative character, without taking intoaccount his positive qualities. His Cossack is a robber, a slacker, a drunkard who seeks only robbery and cruelty. However,the only representative of the Ukrainian Cossacks who aroused Rawita-Gawroński's respect was Ivan Mazepa, whomthe author described as a powerful and wise ruler capable of great historically important actions.
6
Hromovych, Uliana. "Union of Cossack-nationalists in bulgaria": consolidation of the Cossack movement in documents of the 1930s." Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, no. 17 (December 31, 2022): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2022.17.268835.
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The readers are offered documents about the Cossack cultural, educational and charitable brotherhood "Union of Cossack Nationalists in Bulgaria". During the specified period, the Cossacks experienced a difficult period of restoration, elevation and transformations. In the conditions of large-scale revolutionary movements and the armed struggle for Ukrainian statehood, attempts to consolidate Ukrainian emigration and the use of individual Ukrainian military-Cossack traditions in their activities played a rather noticeable role. During this time, the Ukrainian emigration created many Cossack centers abroad, which were engaged in popularizing the ideas of the Cossacks, the history of Ukraine in emigration, and sought the restoration of independent Ukraine. Today, this experience of the Cossack movement in the 1930s remains little-known for today, is little covered in literature and is available only in archives. Therefore, the found documents are valuable because they contain information about the activities, ideas and leaders of the Union of Cossack Nationalists in Bulgaria. With the help of documents, the article for the first time determined the approximate date of foundation and traced the main tasks of the society. The article found that the society had a charter that regulated its activities, participated in events of the Ukrainian diaspora in Bulgaria, interacted with the government and other organizations.
7
Volvenko, Alexey. "“New” Cossack Troops in Government Projects and Official Notes of the 1860s." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (May 2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.5.
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Introduction. The article considers the government policy for the Cossacks in the 1860s. During this period, the processes of organization/reorganization of the Cossack troops were most brightly shown. These processes were developed against the background of discussions between imperial officials about the roles and values of the Cossacks from the point of view of his military and colonization potential. Only the Semirechensky (Almaty) army created in 1867 was a “new” Cossack army for the empire. Methods and materials. As the main material for writing the article the contemporary records found in the 330th fund of the Russian state military and historical archive (Moscow) and the Historical archive of Omsk region (Omsk) served. The note of the chief of Tersky region in 1863–1875 M.T. Loris-Melikov “About education of the Transcaucasian Cossack army”, prepared in December, 1868, is of particular importance. The specifics of the sources attracted required the use of methods of source studies in accordance with the type of documents under consideration, followed by the structural analysis of the identified data based on the systematic approach. Discussion. The announced subject is poorly developed in historical literature, and only the studying of Semirechensky Cossack army history has a long tradition. Separately, the question of the place of the Cossacks in the projects for the administrative structure of the Central Asian possessions of the empire and plans for the training of new troops, except for Semirechensk, has not yet been considered in historiography. Analysis. At the initiative of the governor general of Western Siberia A.P. Khrushchov in 1867–1868, projects on the organizations of the Irtysh, Akmola, Semipalatinsk Cossack troops, as well as plans for the resettlement of the Cossacks to the lands bordering Western China, were prepared. Despite the support of the initiatives of A.P. Khrushchov from the Minister of War D.A. Milyutin and the Steppe commission, the projected Cossack troops nevertheless were not created, and the Cossack colonization of border territories did not take place. The negative decision of the authorities was also made on the note of the chief of Tersky region M.T. Loris-Melikov “About education of the Transcaucasian Cossack army” (1868). Conclusions. The article examines the reasons why colonization plans and projects for the creation of new Cossack troops were unclaimed in the 1860s.
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Maftyn, Larysa. "Formation of a Patriotic Personality in the Educational Process of a Modern School Using the Means of Cossack Pedagogics." Problems of Education, no. 2(99) (December 2, 2023): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52256/2710-3986.2-99.2023.11.
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The article is devoted to the problem of patriotic upbringing of a growing personality and the disclosure of the role of Cossack pedagogy in this process. The author carried out an analysis of the study of the problem of patriotic education in scientific literature; the educational potential of Cossack pedagogy is emphasized, as it contributes to the formation of a nationally conscious personality, ready to defend the national interests of its state if necessary.
The purpose of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of patriotic upbringing of a growing personality based on the heroic traditions of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the conditions of modern challenges.
In the conditions of martial law, the education of a growing personality in the glorious traditions of Ukrainian Cossacks, the popularization of Cossack ideals in society becomes especially relevant. Cossack traditions, as the embodiment of national values, renew the modern educational process, fill it with patriotic content, strengthen the philosophy of the National School of Education, the Strategy of National Patriotic Education, and contribute to the formation of the Ukrainian-centric value sphere of the individual.
In order to encourage schoolchildren to personal growth, motivation for self-realization, a healthy lifestyle, tempering of will and character, readiness to protect their land, priority areas of work are such as: studying the history of the Ukrainian Cossacks, heroic traditions of brave knights and their popularization; organization of sports and health camps; creation of martial arts groups, etc.
Among the features of the upbringing of a growing personality in the traditions of the Ukrainian Cossacks, we include the following: taking into account the age characteristics of students; careful selection of the content of such educational material, which will contribute to the development of the student's ability to willfully regulate his behavior, leadership qualities, perseverance, valuable national guidelines; use of the health-saving potential of the traditions of Cossack pedagogy in the realities of war (psychological support, work with stress, anxiety reduction, breathing practices, stimulation of positive emotions); reasonableness and systematicity in the application of Ukrainian Cossack traditions in the process of educational influence on students.
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Gagkuev, Ruslan, and Svetlana Shilova. "“The Terek Host Cleaned out the Native Villages from the Infection with Their Own Hands”: Gorsko-Mozdok Regiments in the Ranks of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia in the Early 1919." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (September 2019): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.4.7.
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Introduction. The article focuses on the creation of Gorsko-Mozdock regiments of the Terek Cossack Host in the Early 1919 and their subsequent participation in combat operations. The article provides an overview of related historical literature and underlines the importance of further research into the history of the Terek Cossack Host during the Civil War and publication of historical sources. The introduction provides a detailed account of how Terek Cossacks were drafted to the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, and touches upon the difficulties associated with mobilization (not enough officers, undermanning, shortage of weapons and typhus outbreak). Materials. The article introduces a previously unavailable historical source – the order of Terek Cossack Host Mozdock division Ataman Yesaul S.N. Portyanko dated January 17, 1919 on the commencement of mobilization and formation of Cossack regiments. Analysis. The order demonstrates overly optimistic expectations of the Cossack leadership regarding the support of the local population and mobilization results. In real life, fast implementation of the command’s plans proved to be impossible due to the situation in Cossack stanitsas. The document shows the Cossack command’s commitment to mobilize all available resources in order to defeat the Soviet power. Results. The article sums up the considerations by pointing out that during the Civil War the majority of the Terek Cossack Host opposed the Soviet power and supplied considerable human resources to the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Despite the aforementioned difficulties caused by the situation in the region, the formation of Cossack regiments went rather well, and soon these regiments were dispatched to the front. The efforts undertaken by the Terek Cossack Host in the war against the Soviet power in 1919–1920 show the Cossacks’ unwavering commitment to give their all to victory. Upon the evacuation of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia from the Black Sea coast to the Crimea, Terek Cossacks could no longer hope for reinforcement and were incorporated into other White military units.
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Chapygin, Igor V., and Ksenia A. Smirnova. "Cultural Activity of the Cossack Emigration in the Territory of the Three Rivers." Humanitarian Vector 18, no. 1 (April 2023): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2023-18-1-56-63.
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The article examines the appearance of the Russian Cossacks on the territory of Northwestern Manchuria, namely the Three Rivers, the construction of the first settlements, their cultural life and the translation of Russian traditions. The authors of the work set a goal to study the contribution of the emigrant community to the development of the image of this region, the process of preserving traditional orders and foundations. This problem is considered in the article from the material and spiritual-social directions of culture. The relevance of the topic is due to the process of returning to active social activity of the Cossacks. In modern Russian society, discussions about the essence of the Cossacks, the economic, moral, social and spiritual foundations of their life do not cease. The authors use the fundamental principles of historical science. The principle of objectivity made it possible to evaluate the analyzed historical documents taking into account the subjectivity of their author. Representatives of the Cossack emigration in the Three Rivers were active in cultural life, which against the background of the cultural life of other emigration groups, was distinguished by its initiative. All achievements in different aspects of culture had a special Russian personality. They were reflected not only in everyday life and material culture, but also in the development of institutions such as education, literature, publications, the church, etc. Arriving on the Manchurian side, the Cossacks brought with them their way of life and culture, which strengthened on foreign territory and became a reference point for the development of the region. Thanks to the location of the Chinese authorities, the Three Rivers began to grow and develop rapidly. People fleeing wanted to feel like an integral part of Russia. Various representatives of the emigrant Cossacks, including the intelligentsia, the clergy, sought to support the Russian spirit and opposed assimilation. The paper identifies and seems promising the need for further research, reconstruction, translation and support of the Cossack culture of the Russian Three Rivers.
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Kotsur, Vita. "THEORETICAL-METHODOLOGICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE NATIONAL MENTALITY DEFINITION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINIAN COSSACKS AND THEIR CHARITY)." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 43 (2021): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2021.43.2.
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Theoretical and methodological study of the Cossack mentality in Ukrainian scientific works demonstrates the significant interest in the uniqueness of the Ukrainian Cossacks, their way of life, character, worldview and self-identity. We should notice that the choice of used methodological approaches is because of high level of controversy of a peculiar situation. The sense of the discussions leads primarily to the ratio of Marxist to non-Marxist, “traditional” and “new” methodologies in the post-Soviet historiography. A sign of nowadays is the involvement of Ukrainian researchers in the discussion of theoretical and methodological problems of modern science, especially of mentality. The author studied the following research methods: typology method – to study the basic concepts of the terminological apparatus, to mark theoretical and methodological research of national mentality, its elements in sociological, historical and psychological literature; descriptive and system and functional ones – to analyse the state of ethnopsychology research; to outline the factors that influenced the formation of the mentality of the Cossacks and how their worldview, moral and ethical principles, persuasions affected the formation of modern worldview and self-identity of Ukrainians. The method of theoretical modelling and the system method were used by the author to extrapolate the Ukrainian mentality in domestic and foreign scientific researchers. Since the article also provides a historiographical analysis of works on the phenomenon of the Cossacks, the reconstruction of their moral, ethical and ideological image, we should note that we used an anthropological methodology. Its supporters believe that the central place in history should be occupied by human as an effective social being with own ideas, feelings and persuasions. It should be emphasized, that such a kind of anthropocentrism is a special importance for Ukrainian historiography The article shows features of the phenomenon of the Ukrainian Cossacks through the vision of modern theoretical and methodological criteria of this issue. An important part of clarification on the Cossacks mentality is works devoted to the charity that was common among the Cossacks.
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Skorik, Alexander. "Decossackization as a Policy and Social Process in the Don Region in the 1920s." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (September 2019): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.4.9.
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Introduction. The article reveals ambiguity and illegitimacy of using the verbal (textual) expression (definiens) defining the content of “decossackization” concept (depriving the Cossacks of independent political and military rights) in scientific literature and journalism as identical to genocide in relation to the chronological period of the 1920s. Methods and materials. The author uses known and rare, including archival, historical sources. The article does not deny the social unraveling process that was going on at the time, but the author attempts to prove the absence of total decossackization throughout the 1920s due to preparing and implementing by the ruling party of the Bolsheviks their “face to Cossacks” policy in the middle of this decade as a forced search of a political union with the Cossacks by the government agencies. The socio-demographic statistical data for the period of the late 1920s summarized by the quota (local) representative sample and attracted by the article indicate the absence of negative population dynamics, including the Cossack population, which leads to the conclusion that the red power did not use terror and genocide against the Cossacks massively in the designated period of time, and, accordingly, the Bolsheviks did not carry out a large-scale decossackization policy. Analysis and results. The decisions made at the end of 1924–1925, along with many other measures taken by the authorities (supporting repatriation of the Cossacks, amnesty for repatriates, creating territorial military units, etc.) during the decade under consideration, give reason to talk about a certain truncation of the decossackization social class practice in the 1920s. Historically, the decossackization issue goes back to the 19th century, and is not the exclusive policy of the Soviet government. Moreover, there are four main sides in this complex process: political, social, economic and spiritual-corporate one, which requires conducting additional research of this scientific problem today.
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Комаров, Алексей Павлович. "THE VALUE COORDINATES OF THE WORLDVIEW OF THE COSSACKS IN THE WORKS OF M.A. SHOLOKHOV." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Философия, no. 1(59) (May 12, 2022): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtphilos/2022.1.145.
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В статье анализируются ценности казачества, которые определяют поведение героев романа-эпопеи «Тихий Дон» и других произведений нобелевского лауреата в области литературы М.А. Шолохова. На примере казака Григория Мелехова и близких ему людей показывается, как эволюционировали эти ценности в период Первой мировой и Гражданской войн, изменяя бытие и сознание казачества. Делается вывод о том, что ценности казачества в данный период не только претерпевали определенные изменения, но и оказывали реальное воздействие на жизнь и деятельность других социальных сообществ страны, на отдельные социальные институты нашей страны и на общество в целом. The article analyzes the values of the Cossacks, which determine the behavior of the heroes of the epic novel «The Quiet Don» and other works of the Nobel laureate in literature M.A. Sholokhov. The example of the Cossack Grigory Melekhov and people close to him shows how these values evolved during the First World War and the Civil War, changing the existence and consciousness of the Cossacks. The article concludes that the values of the Cossacks in this period not only underwent certain changes, but also had a real impact on the life and activities of other social communities of the country, on individual social institutions of our country and on society as a whole.
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Prudnikov, Yaroslav. "Donskoy/Donetsk Cossack Town: One or Two Settlements?" Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (May 2024): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.2.4.
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Introduction. In the presented article, based on a comprehensive analysis of historical sources and historiographical material, an attempt was made to understand the problem regarding the existence of a specific Cossack town. In the historical literature, there is an opinion about the existence of two Cossack towns in the Middle Don region, within the modern Voronezh region, with the names “Donskoy” and “Donetsk.” However, not all researchers agree with this. They are talking about a town known by two names. Methods and materials. The study used historical-comparative, historical-genetic, and synchronous and diachronic methods of analysis. The source base of the research was the “skaski” of the Don Cossacks and atamans, the letters of the tsarist government to the Don, the diaries of P. Gordon and Ya. Markovich, cartographic material, lists of Don Cossack towns, replies of voivodes, as well as embassy books. Analysis. In 1676, on the left bank of the Don, between its left tributaries Tolucheyevka and Kazanka, near the mouth of the latter, a Donetsk town was founded, so named after the Sukhoi Donets River. After its destruction in 1708, the Donskoy Monastery was founded on the right bank of the Don, which, with the light hand of V.N. Tatishchev, began to be identified with the Don Cossack town that allegedly existed at this place. Yet, there is no mention of any Donskoy town in the first of the surviving paintings of Cossack towns for 1593. However, Donetsk town is well known not only from written sources but also from historical maps from the end of the 17th century. Results. It is safe to say that the mounted Don Cossacks had one town called “Donetsk.” The historical sources at our disposal do not report anything about the existence of the “Donskoy” town.
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Djemileva, A. A. "Lev Tolstoy and crimean tatar literature." Язык и текст 6, no. 1 (2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2019060102.
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One of the great writers of Russian literature, whose works are addressed by Crimean Tatar writers, is Leo Tolstoy. At present, interest in the creative heritage of the writer is growing: his works are read and studied in many languages of the world. Translations of works by L. Tolstoy in the Crimean Tatar literature, as in other national literatures, were updated in the 1930s. Twentieth century. Among the talented translators of works of L. Tolstoy into the Crimean Tatar language should be called Umer Ipchi. The writer translates into his native language "Aji Murat" ("Hadji Murat") and "Kazaklar" ("Cossacks"), which will soon be published as a separate book. Of particular value for the Crimean Tatar reader are the translations of the story "Hadji Murad", made by the Crimean Tatar leader Abdullah Latif-zade. The classic of the Crimean Tatar literature Eshref Shemii-Zadeh also contributed to the study of the works of L. Tolstoy in his native language. He translated into his native language the works of Tolstoy "Hadji Murat", "Cossacks" and "Sevastopol Stories".
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Bizhigitova, Karlygash S. "Semirechensk Cossacks in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries: from Military Class to Ethnic Group." Oriente Moderno 102, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 256–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340286.
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Abstract The article discusses issues related to the history of the Semirechensk Cossacks during the 19th and 20th centuries. The author focuses on the problem of the transformation of the identity of the Cossacks during this period. The author makes an attempt to show how, under the influence of various factors and conditions, the Cossacks passed a difficult and contradictory path: from a military, privileged class in the Tsarist period to an ethnic minority, then dissolution among the Russian ethnos in the Soviet epoch, and at the end of the 20th century their pursuit to be an ethno-cultural community. According to the author, the self-identification of the Cossacks and their external identification by the state did not always coincide in different historical periods. There were periods when self-identification and external identification of the Cossacks did not contradict each other and, on the contrary, there were moments when the state, based on its interests and goals, acted as a determining force influencing the formation of the group identity of the Cossacks, using various mechanisms and tools.
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Gao, Han. "Dramatism of Cossack life in the works of F. Kryukov." Филология: научные исследования, no. 10 (October 2023): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2023.10.48494.
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The research is aimed at analyzing the works of Fyodor Kryukov, in which he describes Cossack life. We explore the dramatic aspects of this topic, including the internal conflicts of the characters, the sociocultural aspects of Cossack life and its influence on the fate of the heroes. The Cossacks have unique values and traditions, which shape the characteristics of dramatic events. The works of F. Kryukov are deeply concerned with the psychology of the characters, which makes the drama more intense. The structure of the works, the author's style and the use of literary means to convey the drama of Cossack life will also be considered. The works of F. Kryukov leave a significant mark on literary history. This study is original in that it attempts a deep analysis of the drama of Cossack life and its expression in the works of F. Kryukov. Previous studies of Cossack folklore and literature have focused on the general features of Cossack culture, but our study focuses on moments of dramatic tension and personal conflict, which represents a new research approach to the work of F. Kryukov and Cossack themes in literature in general. By analyzing specific aspects of drama, we are able to more deeply understand how Kryukov conveyed the complex emotional and moral aspects of Cossack life in his works. In a study on the drama of Cossack life in the works of F. Kryukov, the following conclusions were found: drama occupies a central position in the works.
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Shved, R. "THE PROBLEM OF THE BREST UNION IN HISTORICAL LITERATURE OF XIX AND XX CENTURIES." Educational Dimension 4 (December 26, 2002): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/educdim.5090.
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Susimenko, Elena, Elena Litvinenko, and Olga Ivanchenko. "Value Orientations of Young Cossacks (Using the Example of the Cossack Hundred at SRSPU (NPI))." Vestnik instituta sotziologii 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2023.14.3.5.
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This article investigates the spiritual and moral values, cultural and domestic traditions of youth who join Cossack organisations during their university education. The study focuses on students who are members of the Platov Cossack Hundred, established at the Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI). The data analysed in this research were obtained through standardised interviews with members of the Platov Cossack Hundred. The aim of the study is to identify the value orientations, values, and their hierarchy in the minds of student Cossacks. The values of Cossack youth are examined from the perspective of a system rooted in "collective representations" (É.Durkheim). The theory of masculinity is employed to explore the role of the Cossack man in the culture of everyday family life and interaction practices.
The article provides a brief overview of the scientific literature devoted to describing and analysing the historical development of the River Don Cossacks, the peculiarities of their military activities, everyday life, culture, values, and traditions. It demonstrates the matrix of values of Cossack youth, the core of which consists of justice and family. Empirical data lead to the conclusion that traditional stereotypes of "a man as a warrior" and "a man as a protector" are being formed, along with patriarchal ideas of "the man as the head of the family", religious beliefs, and ethnic identity, as "an Orthodox person with a unique culture, traditions, and customs".
In everyday life, family relationships are characterised by a desire for egalitarianism and parity in decision-making and child-rearing. The article notes that the foundation of the respondents' value matrix is the cultural-historical basis of militarised masculinity, based on the idea of "serving and defending one's Homeland". The primary motivation for joining the Platov Cossack Hundred is the desire for participation and identification with Cossack culture and traditions.
The authors emphasise the importance not only of the institution of the family but also of higher education in the actualisation and reproduction of the cultural distinctiveness of regional youth. It is concluded that young people with a strong ethnocultural component prioritise traditional values (patriotism, service to the Homeland, justice, strong families) that shape not only regional (ethno-social) identity but also a pan-Russian civic identity.
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Narivska, Valentyna. "“Aeneid” by Anatolii Bazylevych: Picturesque Mythologization of Poem by Ivan Kotliarevskyi." Академічний журнал "Слово і Час", no. 3 (March 30, 2019): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2019.03.92-103.
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The article analyzes 120 drawings by A. Bazylevych, the outstanding Ukrainian artist of the 20th century, created for the editions of “Aeneid” by I. Kotliarevskyi in 1969 and 1970. The subject matter is a look at the drawings in the status of a picturesque author’s myth. The skill of ‘visual intelligence’ of the artist is demonstrated in the picturesque original reading of the poem by Kotliarevskyi as a phenomenon of the Baroque with expressive literary methods of ‘image turning’ that contributed to this process and acquired the significance of historical and literary classics. The assumption as for the artist’s mastering of the Baroque concept of Chyzhevskyi that was popular in the 1960s as well as the single-stage development of the Italian-Ukrainian culture of laughter (according to M. Bakhtin) and appreciation of picture poesis (poetry as painting, according to L. B. Alberti) are suggested. This interaction lined up the picturesque myth of Bazylevych through the artistic transformation techniques of ‘image turning’, burlesque travesty of ‘booklore’. This produced the formation of the mythological image of Aeneas as a ‘black knight’ (in the edition of 1969) in the traditions of Western European literature. The view of life through mythological red colour founded by the legendary book cover reveals the content of the ‘red Aeneas’, being signified with red clothing items, shoes, and above all the red Cossack heraldry on the flag, combining Aeneas with Trojan-Cossacks, representing the ‘red world’. Aenei-myth is considered as a Cossack Sorcerer due to the suffix specificity of H. Cohen and physical plastic with folk content that unite the Trojans-Cossacks with the gods.
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Kyrylchuk, Oleksandr. "COUNTERDISCURSIVE ARTISTIC STRATEGIES OF UKRAINIAN ROMANTICISM." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 11(79) (September 29, 2021): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-11(79)-159-162.
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In Ukrainian romantic literature of the 1830s and 1840s, the authors turned their attention to folk art and historical themes. This aesthetic orientation of writing allowed the creation of texts that revealed aspects of the national life of Ukrainians. Romantic poets sought to artistically comprehend the Ukrainian past, to bring it out of oblivion, which was to help restore the historical memory of society and form a model of national self-identity. The ethnocultural identity, articulated in the texts of the Romantics, challenged the Russian imperial narrative, which sought to marginalize the Ukrainian value system by assimilating it with metropolitan axiology. Romantic literature of the first half of the nineteenth century created a powerful counterdiscursive strategy, which later transformed from the sphere of culture into the socio-political plane. The anti-colonial tendency introduces military symbols into romantic literature, as the appeal to the Cossack heritage actualizes in the Ukrainian cultural code markers of knightly victory and armed defence of the homeland. Romantic poets of the 1830s and 1840s transferred folklore and baroque chronicle imagery to written literature, in which the figures of the Cossacks were often heroized and glorified. Cossack military images allow Ukrainian authors to praise the pre-colonial period and poetize their military might, which, although in literary projection, opposes the oppressor. In the conditions of the Russian imperial discourse, the Ukrainian romantics resorted to the latent challenge to the metropolis, in the image of the enemy depicting the Poles, traditional opponents of the Cossacks. Such a strategy allows us to oppose the imperial narrative not directly, but through intermediaries, which are the Poles. At the same time, along with the military theme, the poetry of the Romantics includes the rhetoric of cruelty, which formats the Ukrainian world, dividing it into “Friends” and “Foes”. In general, the atmosphere of violence that often accompanies the image of the Other in romantic poetry allows us to represent the colonial trauma of the Ukrainian community, as acts of violence are interpreted as “just revenge” on enemies. At the same time, the glorification of one’s cruelty is an attempt to imitate the power of imperial discourse, which always labels such actions as a forced measure to subdue savages or preserve the achievements of civilization. The Ukrainian counterdiscursive strategy in the literature of Romanticism appears as an attempt to oppose and at the same time imitate metropolitan models.
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Samoilenko, Hryhorii. "OLEKSANDR BUCHYNSKYI-YASKOLD, PEDAGOGUE AND POET OF THE 2NDHALF OF THE 17THCENTURY." Fìlologìčnì traktati 15, no. 2 (2023): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/ftrk.2023.15(2)-14.
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The author characterizes life and creative work of Oleksandr Buchynskyi-Yaskold, who belonged to Chernihiv literature school of the 2ndhalf of the 17thc., headed by Lazar Baranovych, the archbishop of Chernihiv and Novhorod-Siverskyi. Special attention is drawn to the poem “Chyhyryn”, dedicated to hetman Ivan Samoilovych, in which the poet vividly described a historic episode of the fight of cossacks against Turkish forces, who tried to capture the capital of Right-Bank Ukraine, Chyhyryn. The poem is filled with examples of cossacks’ bravery, their military spirit. The historic exactness of described events impressed Samiilo Velychko, a historian of the 17th-18thc., who in his “Chronicle” uses the text of Oleksandr Buchynskyi-Yaskold’s poem in his narrative about the first march of Ottoman Turkish army with Crimean Tatars against Cossacks, who defended Chyhyryn, The combination of two texts in “Chronicle” contributed to more fundamental and exact representation of historical events.
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Ісіченко, Архиєпископ Ігор. "Hybrid war on stage of Kyiv Mohyla Academy (1736—1737)." Слово і Час, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2020.01.86-101.
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During the 1736/1737 academic year, Mytrofan Dovhalevskyi taught a course in poetics at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. According to the rules of the time, he prepared two school dramas, the texts of which survived — for Christmas and Easter. Five interludes were set for each drama. In the 3rd interlude to the Christmas drama and the 5th interlude to the Easter drama, the plot is based on the confrontation of Liakh (Pole) and Zhyd (Jew), oppressing Belarusian and Ukrainian peasants, with Cossack. Moskal (Moscovite) is a powerful ally of the Cossack. The propaganda sense of both interludes is revealed in the context of political conflicts of that era. During 1733—1735 Stanisław Leszczyński, a former ally of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, led the war for the royal throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Most Ukrainian lands were then part of the Commonwealth. The Russian empire introduced troops into the territory of the Commonwealth and put on the throne Stanisław Leszczyński’s rival August III. Ukrainian citizens of the Commonwealth were prompted by Russians to revolt against Polish authorities. The Haidamaky movement emerged which Russia promised to support. The Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia in 1734 betrayed Hetman Pylyp Orlyk and came under the jurisdiction of the Russian empress. The interludes to the Mytrofan Dovhalevskyi’s dramas form the ideological basis for Russian aggression and future division of the Commonwealth. They impose on the spectators the idea of oppressing Ukrainians and Belarusians by Poles, complementing it with anti-Semitic nuances. Cossacks are encouraged to engage in aggression, interpreted as a liberation mission. These trends, identified still in the Baroque literature, were used in 2014 by the Russian Federation for motivating its incursion into Ukraine. The modern terminology defines such trends with the concept of ‘hybrid war’.
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Alexandrova-Osokina, О. N. "Family Chronicle Traditions in Contemporary Far Eastern Literature." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-5-155-168.
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The questions of the content and genre poetics of the works of the Khabarovsk writers V. V. Sukachev (“At the hearth”) and T. I. Gladkikh (“Amur Cossacks Korenevs”) are considered. The relevance ofthe study is due to the value of the literary and regional studies material for the formation of a holistic picture of the national historical and literary process. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the work of the named authors has practically not been studied, and their works, considered in the article, for the first time became the subject of literary study. Attention is paid to the themes and problems of the works that reveal the tragic events of the national history of the twentieth century: the deportation of the Russian (Crimean) Germans in 1941; post-revolutionary fate of the Amur Cossacks. The experience of analyzing the genre specificity of works connecting family chronicle, parable, fictionalized biography, memoirs is presented. Comparative analysis of the works made it possible to reveal the commonality of the organization of plot and compositional elements inherent in the genre of family chronicles. Particular attention was paid to the specificity of the author’s approach in the artistic processing of historical and biographical material (methods of aestheticization and fictionalization of documentary material, the embodiment of the author’s image, describing the fate of generations, creating the image of the “ancestor”, the use of symbolism). In the process of analysis, the idea was substantiated that the works have a pronounced value component, asserting the absolute value of the human person.
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Bracka, Mariya. "THE MEMORY OF THE UKRAINIAN COSSACK IN THE LITERARY APPROACH OF UKRAINIAN AND POLISH ROMANTICS." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 39 (2023): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2023.39.27-49.
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The article fits into the trend of contemporary humanities research called «memory studies». It was pointed out that the study of forms of artistic memory in literature provides answers to fundamental questions regarding individual and collective (national, ethnic, cultural) identity. The text attempts to describe the strategy of preserving the memory of the common hero of the Polish and Ukrainian nations – the Cossack – a key figure in the works of Polish and Ukrainian Romantics. To achieve this goal, the concept of mnemotopoi was used, because there is no doubt that the Cossack – realizing the ancient and later topoi of a young man, a knight – becomes a figure constantly recurring in the memory of subsequent generations. Topoi somehow encodes common places in collective memory, in cultural memory, creating mnemotopoi. The image of the Cossack in the works of Polish and Ukrainian romantics was created at the intersection of the traditional vision presented in Ukrainian oral folk art and sentimental tradition, on the one hand, and new romantic tendencies, on the other. The «building of memory» about the Ukrainian Cossack in Ukrainian culture is built primarily by folk songs – dumas, historical songs, love songs. Folk songs served as the basis for the works of many romantics: Józef Bohdan Zaleski, Tymek Padura, Aleksander Groza, Levko Borovykovski, Amvrosiy Metlynski and others. Such features of the Cossack community as: love of freedom, readiness to gamble and sacrifice for the faith, comrades and native land, appearing in early romantic poetry, are taken over from Ukrainian folk songs. In general, the mnemotopoi of the Ukrainian Cossack in Polish and Ukrainian romantic poetry builds the basic models of Cossack behavior, including striving for group integration, mutual help, fierceness in the fight against the enemy, as well as such characteristics as bravery, cunning, and physical strength. This is the figure of the Ukrainian Cossack that Levko Borovykovski, a pioneer of Ukrainian romanticism, tries to remember. At the same time, romantic motifs intensify in his poems: idealization and ideologization of the historical past, concentration of those principles of folk creativity that corresponded to romantic poetics and the romantic concept of personality: immersion in one’s own inner world, avoidance of the external world, spontaneity of actions, tragic perception of the world, premonition of death, rejection of earthly goods, denial of the prose of life. In the poetry of the Ukrainian Romanticist Amvrosiy Metlynski, the Cossack changes his role and becomes, above all, a defender of the people. He is remembered as a hero of times gone by, someone who no longer exists in the times of the Romantics and sleeps in his grave. The life of the nation contemporary to the poet is a time of sadness and mourning, degradation of the nation’s spirit, decline and oblivion, while the Cossack times are a period of greatness, dignity, bravery and freedom. The lasting memory of Cossack is shaped by the poetry of Taras Shevchenko. In the mnemotopoi created by an outstanding romantic, he is a representative of the Ukrainian nation, accumulating its best features, being its defender, a brave knight and a hero. Kozak’s romantic mnemotopoi has the same variant in Shevchenko’s poetry as Haidamak’s. And if in Polish romantic poetry we see these two characters strongly differentiated, for Shevchenko Haidamaka is as much a defender of the freedom of the oppressed people as the Cossack. In Polish literature, Józef Bohdan Zaleski began to shape the early version of the romantic mnemotopoi of the Cossack. Inscribed in sentimental poetics as faithful friends and allies of Poles, they will remain in memory as knights fighting for a common homeland and the Christian faith. No matter how important the specific features of the Cossacks may seem, what stands out in the foreground in Tymek Padura’s work is the brotherhood or even unity of this people with the Poles. The Padura Cossack is primarily an inhabitant of the areas located on the outskirts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Padura found deep historical justification for the unity of Cossacks and Poles – he argued that both nations originated from one stem. Kozak’s mnemotopoi in Polish romantic literature is multi-layered. He also reveals his other side – the enemy Cossack, the murderer, the «rizun». Goszczyński’s «Zamek Kaniowski» also commemorates the type of Cossack – a romantic hero – a lonely and haughty Cossack Nebaba, with a torn consciousness, tainted by the stigma of crime, but this piece probably contributed most to perpetuating in memory the image of Haidamaka – cruel, fierce in the desire for revenge, spontaneous and cunning. The most important figures of Słowacki’s Cossacks break the coherence of the memory of a strong, brave, cunning, and fierce Cossack in the fight against the enemy. In Słowacki’s works, for example in «Żmia», he is a hero with two faces, axiologically very ambiguous. In «Sen srebrny Salomei» Słowacki contributed to remembering Ukraine as brutal, barbaric and apocalyptic. Axiologically, the image of Semenka, which builds the mnemotopoi of the Ukrainian Cossack, is described by the poet as insidious, treacherous, terrible and bestial. The memory of the Cossack – a hero common to the Polish and Ukrainian nations – is different among Polish and Ukrainian romantics: although they share the features of a typical romantic, Byronic hero, for Ukrainian romantics he is primarily a fighter for his own freedom and the freedom of the Ukrainian people, a defender of the people’s rights, an avenger. human wrongs. For Polish romantics, on the one hand, he is a friend and ally, living in symbiotic unity with Poles, and on the other hand, he is a cruel, murderer, dividing the world into «own» and «alien» and destroying everything that is foreign, while defending the values of «own» world. At the same time, they are often located on the border of worlds, using extraterrestrial, demonic forces, represented in the form of the Cossack-kharacternik.
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Davies, Brian. "The Cossacks by Shane O'Rourke (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 88, no. 3 (July 2010): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2010.0108.
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Zverev, V. A., and I. I. Ponomarev. "Natural Population Dynamics of the Territory Controlled by the Siberian Cossack Host over Twenty Years (1894–1914): To the Question of the Beginning of the Demographic Transition in the East of Russia." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 8 (October 25, 2022): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-8-103-118.
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The article describes the natural development of population in the territories controlled by the Siberian Cossack Host. It is primarily based on the official demographic statistics included in the annual “Reports on the State of the Siberian Cossack Troops for…”, which presents dynamics of absolute and relative indicators depicting the fertility, mortality, and natural growth of the population. The sources reveal the scale, pace, and trends of natural population development over 20 years with chronological changes presented by year and by stage. The authors comprehensively examine all data related to the population of the Siberian Cossack Host, including the Cossacks and “non-residents” registered by the Host. The article concludes by arguing that over time the annual natural population growth increased due to a consistent drop in mortality, while the birth rate declined at a slower pace. Compared to the Steppe Region, the Transbaikal Cossack Host, and in general Siberia and the Russian Empire as the whole, the Siberian Cossack Host demonstrated the largest natural increase in the number of residents. The lands of the Host were dominated by the traditional, “cost-intensive” reproduction of the population established in the past. However, the shifts brought by modernization to the natural development of the population, especially the “explosive” natural population growth, indicate that, at the turn of the 20th century, the Siberian Host entered the first phase of a demographic transition – the formation of a modern type of generational renewal.
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Sciacca, Franklin, and Serhii Plokhy. "Tsars and Cossacks. A Study in Iconography." Slavic and East European Journal 47, no. 3 (2003): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3220003.
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Shcherbak, Vitalii. "Following the Footsteps of the Oldest Cossack Centre in Zaporizhzhia, founded by Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi." Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal, no. 10 (December 29, 2022): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/kmhj270983.2023-10.132-144.
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The emergence of the Cossack community on the southern border was conditioned by its population growth and the necessity to protect Ukrainian lands from Tatar expansion. The long stay of the Cossacks far from the volosts (rural municipalities) raise the need for uniting into cohesive troops led by an experienced ataman. They built fortified towns and small settlements to defend against Horde attacks and securely store their booty. Russian officials wanted to use the Cossack potential and repeatedly offered the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to build a powerful fortress on the border with the Crimean Khanate in the 20s and 40s of the ХVІ c. However, due to a shortage of resources, Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi was only able to realize this idea later. There are different versions regarding the castle’s location, purpose, and architectural style. However, the idea of identifying Vyshnevetskyi “town” with the so-called “Khortytska Sich” seems doubtful. No direct evidence of the Sich’s functioning in the 50s of the XVI c. has been found in written sources. Only the presence of a “fortress” or “castle” in Zaporizhzhia is recorded. At the same time, a representative of an aristocratic family made great efforts to defend Ukrainian lands, thus contributing to the consolidation of the Cossack community. This marks the outstanding role of Prince-knight Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi in national history. The castle he built on the Kichkaskii cape of the Dnipro River, also documented in the sources as Mala Khortytsia, served as a prototype for fortifications of the Zaporozhian community. This community, established on the island of Tomakivka in the ХVІ с., came to be known as the Zaporozhian Sich.
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Podkhomutnikova, Marina V. "Raskazachivanie: difficult issues of history." Historical and social-educational ideas 13, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2021-13-2-151-160.
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104 years ago the Civil War began in Russia. Civil War 1917–1922 is one of the largest civil wars in human history. She had a great influence on the course of not only Russian, but also world history in the XX century. In the conditions of the socio-economic catastrophe experienced by the country at that time, all social and political contradictions in society exacerbated, which gave the Civil War mass character and duration. Today the topic of "decossackization" remains very relevant and in demand. The scientific relevance of the problem of decossackization is caused by the lack of generalizing studies. Currently, there is a significant amount of literature, which reflects the history of civil confrontation in Russia. Literature was created at different times and, as a result, differed in different methodological positions. The Civil War in Russia was studied, seen, reflected from two opposite sides – from the side of the victors and from the side of the vanquished. Difficult times do not have unambiguous assessments and interpretations. It is no coincidence that this period is included in the list of the so-called “difficult questions of history”. Soviet historians began to deal with the problem of decossackization in the 60s. 20th century. Within the framework of what was permitted, researchers could talk about the problems associated with the policy of decossackization in Russia. In the Soviet period, "decossackization" was understood as the elimination of the Cossacks as a socio-ethnographic community in general, characteristic features, characteristics, properties, signs of the Cossacks. In different historical periods, the term "decossackization" was understood as the abolition of class benefits and hardships. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. there was no oppression, persecution, destruction and violent influence on the Cossacks at that time. In the late 80s. – the beginning of the 90s. the problem of decossackization is closely associated with the repressive policy of the Bolsheviks in the Cossack regions of the country. From this we can conclude that two different meanings are put into the conventional term “decossackization”. One interpretation of this term speaks of the formal, administrative abolition of the estate rights and obligations of the Cossacks as a social-class category. Another interpretation is about purposeful and large-scale repressive actions against the Cossacks. Today, scientific discussions about the causes, nature and consequences of the anti-Bolshevik struggle during the Civil War continue. More and more researchers are being drawn into the polemical space. The author does not pretend to cover the entire array of publications, the total number of which is several hundred, we will focus on the most general trends in the analysis of the events of the Civil War and armed uprisings against the policies of the Bolsheviks in 1917–1922. The hypothesis of the study is that the overwhelming majority of armed uprisings against the Bolshevik policy in Soviet Russia in 1917–1922. were of a local nature, without going beyond a certain territory, and also were not coordinated in time. The defeat of the anti-Bolshevik uprisings was influenced by: the insurrectionary movement was not homogeneous in goals, slogans, composition; the spontaneous nature of performances at the initial stage; lack of an organizing center; focus on intra-regional problems; superiority in the strength of the Red Army; territorial fragmentation. The movement against the policy of the Bolsheviks, in spite of its scale, as a result remained local, tied to their native farms, villages, villages. According to the author of the article, the scientific novelty of the research lies in the identification and study of the features of the military-political confrontation in the context of the "small Civil War" in the south of Russia.
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Deutsch, Judith. "The Zaporožian Cossacks of Nikolaj Gogol': An approach to god and man." Russian Literature 22, no. 3 (October 1987): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3479(87)90032-9.
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Agushi, Irina. "The Cossacks — Stylistic Means in Relation to Some Fundamental Beliefs of Tolstoj." Russian Literature 26, no. 3 (October 1989): 327–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3479(89)80013-4.
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Grodziska, Karolina. "„Rękopisy kozackie”. Z dziejów zasobu rękopiśmiennego Biblioteki Naukowej PAU i PAN w Krakowie." Rocznik Biblioteki Naukowej PAU i PAN 67 (December 30, 2022): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25440500rbn.22.010.17365.
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“Manusripts of the Cossacks”. The history of the manuscripts collection of the Scientific Library of the PAAS and the PAS in Cracow The article discusses an unknown episode from the history of our library, related to the donation of several dozen 17th and 18th c. documents on Cossacks done in 1954 by the Polish Academy of Sciences on the request of the Ministry of Culture and Arts of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. These were the proclamations by Bogdan Chmielnicki and his son Jerzy (Jurek) as well as priviliges bestowed to Cossacks by empress Anna and empress Elisabeth. The original documents were included in manuscripts no. 270, 1678 and 1679. The first one was donated in 1866, the other two in the years 1906–1912. The manuscript no. 270 was donated in 1866 to the then existing Cracow Scientific Society. It was provided by Stanisław Filip Krzyżanowski (1841–1881), the owner of an estate in the former Bracław voivodeship, collector of paintings, old coins, manuscripts and old prints, a historian and publisher of writings, a member of the Cracow Scientific Society. The group of scriptures donated by him contained 49 manuscripts and 20 parchment diplomas. Its valuable and homogeneous part are the so-called Manuscripts of the Cossacks, including among others 17th-19th proclamations issued by subsequent Cossack hetmans, court files and numerous documents on the political, economic, social and church history of eastern Poland – the Podolian, Volhynian and Bracław voivodeships. The entire donation was described in the catalogue of manuscripts issued in 1906 by Jan Czubek, the Academy librarian, and has been present in scientific literature since then. The manuscripts with shelf marks 1678 and 1679 were donated to the Academy after the publication of the catalogue, therefore they were described in the second volume published in 1912. Unfortunately, their descriptions do not contain the provenance or the donor’s name. They include 25 and 34 original ukases of the Russian empresses addressed to the Hetmans of Zaporizhian Cossacks: Danylo Apostol (from the years 1730– 1733) and Kyrylo Razumovsky (from the year 1751–1753). After the second volume of Czubek’s catalogue was published, they also became widely known to the historians. In 1947, in new political circumstances, the Polish–Soviet Friendship Society on behalf of the Academy of Sciences of the UkrSSR requested the Polish Academy of Art and Science to take photographs of Chmielnicki’s proclamations. The PAAS management gave its consent. A few years later, the PAAS assets and collections were taken over by the newly created Polish Academy of Sciences, which was recognised as a politically correct unit by the Communist authorities. In 1954, the PAS Printing Houses and Libraries Office in Warsaw, on behalf of the Ministry of Culture and Art, took the original documents from the above mentioned manuscripts away from the Library (then the PAS Library in Cracow). They were donated to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The only trace of this forced “donation to the fraternal nation” to be found in sources is the correspondence related to the handover of the photocopies of taken documents by the PAS Printing Houses and Libraries Office that is included in the Library archives. It took place in December 1954 and the photocopies (of good quality) are still kept in the Library collection. However, the order to hand over the originals is absent. According to the library oral tradition, a message about the order was issued on the phone. The exact date, author of the idea, the names of political principals or Polish implementers of these notorious endeavour remain unknown. A detailed query in the archives of the Ministry of Culture and Art and the chief authorities of the Polish United Workers’ Party may possibly give an answer to these questions.
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Maksimov, Konstantin N. "Духовенство калмыков-казаков Дона в XVIII – первой половине XIX в." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 15, no. 3 (December 8, 2023): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2023-3-347-367.
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Introduction. The article discusses one understudied — though essential — issue from the history of Don Kalmyk Cossacks. It focuses on the shaping and development of the Buddhist clergy among Don Kalmyks in relation to the then official religious agenda of the Don Host. The examined period covers the earliest conversion of Kalmyks to Cossackhood and onwards throughout the 1840s, the latter years having witnessed a largest reform of Buddhist institutions and clerical hierarchies. Goals. The paper attempts an insight into adaptation practices once exercised by Kalmyks as a group with specific cultural and religious backgrounds in polyethnic environments, special attention be paid to how the Buddhist clergy developed and were subsequently incorporated into administrative and social structures of Don Cossacks. Results. The official religious policy within the Don Host was largely tolerant and sought to secure freedom of faith, modernize spiritual services by way of optimizing networks of khuruls and their staff, encouraging some professional training of the latter, introducing clerics into administrative structures and services as a special privileged community. The religious policy of Don authorities among Kalmyk Cossacks was distinguished by that the former tended to actively use a tool of faith in the latter’s further acculturation, education, sedentarization, and conversion to stationary economic practices.
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Maksimov, Boris Aleksandrovich. "«AND MY BIRTH FATHER IS AN ENEMY OF MINE»: ON THE NATURE OF THE INTERGENERATIONAL CONFLICT IN N. V. GOGOL`S «LITTLE RUSSIAN» COLLECTIONS OF TALES." Russkaya literatura 1 (2023): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2023-1-141-152.
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The article examines the organization of the conflict in "Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka and in Mirgorod", which is based on the historically determined «self-suffi ciency» of the middle generation of the Cossacks. Prolonging their «zenith», the «fathers» hinder dynastic evolution as they neglect the heroic past, deny women the joys of motherhood and disenfranchise their sons. In order to break his father’s resistance and to marry, Gogol’s protagonist appeals to his forebears and passes a test, in which the distinction between filial affection and sensuality plays a crucial role.
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Bagby, Lewis, and Pavel Sigalov. "The Semiotics of Names and Naming in Tolstoj's "The Cossacks"." Slavic and East European Journal 31, no. 4 (1987): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/307046.
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Melnik, Nataliia. "Mythological subtext of V. Shklyar novel “The sorcerer” in the frame of Ivan Ohienko ideas." IVAN OHIIENKO AND CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE AND EDUCATION 20 (December 25, 2023): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-7086.2023-20.193-200.
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The article focuses on the close connection between the content of a literary work and the mythological worldview of the people. For many contemporary artistic exam-ples, traditional mythology plays a defi ning role in terms of their plot, thematic, and stylistic parameters.The current state of literary studies indicates a particular interest in the mytho-logical element of a literary work. Ukrainian culture, in general, and literature, in particular, are currently returning to the traditional foundations of the national world-view, which was largely built on the belief in the connection between humans and higher forces of nature.Analyzing a literary text in connection with national mythology is a path to discover-ing the deep roots of artistic creativity that exist in the consciousness or subconsciousness of the author as a carrier of the national tradition. The author acts as a mediator between the past, present, and future, capable of conveying important messages to contemporary individuals for harmonious living in harmony with themselves and the universe.In V. Shklyar’s novel «Kharkiv Character», the mystical, based on the principles of Ukrainian mythology, plays a signifi cant role. Relying on mythological legends and tales about Cossacks-charakterniks, the author off ers his own interpretation of the images of Ivan Sirko and his associates, who use magical abilities to fi ght the enemy.The Sich Cossacks in the work emerge as personalities closely linked to their native land, traditional culture, and the ethical norms of their ancestors. Their magi-cal abilities are intended to contribute to establishing laws of harmony and justice on Ukrainian soil.The presence of a female character in the novel about the Sich Cossacks not only brightens its lyrical narrative plane but also contributes to the affi rmation of the idea of the continuous transmission of magical knowledge to subsequent generations of Ukrainians
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Stepankov, Valeriy, and Vitaliy Stepankov. "The role of the Khotyn campaign of 1621 in the transformation of a Cossack officer into the Ukrainian political protoelite (1621–1638)." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 34 (December 29, 2021): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2021-34.150-180.
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The purpose of the study is to clarify, based on the study of identifi ed sources and literature, the role of the Khotyn campaign of the Zaporozhian Army in the transformation of Cossack offi cers into the Ukrainian political protoelite during 1621–1638. The methodological foundations of the study are the ideas of V. Lypynsky, G. Mosca, V. Pareto, G. Sartori, and other elitologists; theoretical positions of neo-positivism, the school of “Annals” and “New Political History”; the principles of historicism, objectivity, and system, as well as the following methods: narrative, problem-chronological, historical-genetic, reconstructive, periodization, structural, diachronic and terminological analysis. The scientifi c novelty is to try for the first time in historiography to clarify the signifi cance of the Zaporozhian Army’s participation in the Khotyn campaign as one of the most important factors in the evolution of Cossack offi cers into the Ukrainian political proto-elite and to structure this process. Conclusions. The Khotyn campaign served as a powerful impetus not only for the establishment of the existing embryos of the process of transforming the Cossack sergeants into a political protoelite, but also, not least, gave them the irreversibility and unprecedented dynamics of development. We distinguish three periods in it. Thus, in the fi rst period (1621 – November 1625), the offi cers began to realize themselves as legitimate spokesmen and defenders of the interests of the entire Zaporozhian Army, including unregistered Cossacks. And thus, it demanded a signifi cant increase in the register from Warsaw, the right of the Cossacks to live not only in royal possessions but in noble and ecclesiastical ones as well; formed its own bodies of administrative and judicial power, “creating a separate Commonwealth,” which sought to extend to the entire Kyiv province. At the same time, the elder strongly insisted on the legalization of the revived hierarchy of the Orthodox Church by the Sejm and the king, the cessation of religious oppression of the “Rus’ people “ and in early 1622 outlined the idea of its equality with Polish and Lithuanian. The territorial and administrative reform of the Zaporozhian Army, carried out in late 1625 – early 1626 by Hetman M. Doroshenko, began the second period (November 1625 – June 1630), which was characterized by the establishment in the Cossack region of the regimental-hundred system – the foundations of the future administrative-territorial system of the Ukrainian state in the mid-XVII – 80’s of the XVIII century. There is a legitimization of the power of the sergeant in the person of the leaders of regiments, hundreds, and huts as administrative-territorial structures. It continues to work resolutely to legitimize the functioning of the Orthodox Church and to liquidate the union. At the same time, radical, moderate, and bargaining groups of sergeants were being formed, which had a negative eff ect on its acquisition of the qualities of a political protoelite. For the fi rst time, its radical group, led by Taras Fedorovych, began an uprising in March 1630 and called on the commonwealths of Ukraine and “Rus’” to rise to the struggle for the faith “against the Lyakhs,” thus combining its religious orientation with national liberation. The third period (the second half of 1630 – December 1638) was characterized by a signifi cant acceleration of the process of transformation of radical and moderate groups into a political proto-elite, and the agreement – the leader of Polish politics in Ukraine. Th erefore, qualitative changes took place in the development of their political consciousness and activities. Thus, in 1632, not yet fully formed, for the fi rst time through the embassy of the Zaporozhian Army in the Sejm it violated the petition for equalization of the Cossacks in rights with the nobility, the so-called recognition of its “political people” of Ukraine and eventually legitimized the Orthodox Church. From this year it waged a decisive struggle (fi rst the political, and in 1637-1638 – the armed) for the preservation of the rights and freedoms of the Ukrainian (the Rus’) people. For the fi rst time, it took over the function of defender of the social interests of the Commonwealth and in dotted lines, in a vague form, during the uprising of 1637-1638 outlined the idea of liberating Rus’ from Polish rule (“lyakhiv”). In turn, the agreement group of officers took part in the suppression of the uprising.
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Odaeva, Lyubov A., and Tatyana E. Demidova. "Image of Сatherine the Great in «The night before Christmas» by Nikolai Gogol: Principles of Formation and Features of Functioning." Volga Region Pedagogical Search 4, no. 38 (2021): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/2307-1052-2021-4-38-28-34.
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This article examines the episode when Сatherine the Great meets the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Sich in the story “The night before Christmas” by Gogol. The portrait of the Empress, the behavior of her retinue and the space of the palace are analyzed. The role of Grigory Potemkin in the figurative system of the work is established. The authors reveal the principles of forming the image of Сatherine the Great, as well as show the continuity of traditions to use the Empress image in literature providing the example of Pushkin’s story “Captain’s Daughter”
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Ivanova, T. G. "Two Topoi in the Historical Songs about Ermak." Russkaya literatura 4 (2020): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2020-4-186-198.
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The article deals with the two topoi from the songs about Ermak. The topos choice of place (locus) from a range of options is presented in various versions, which feature two different strategies: the manifestation of absolute freedom of the characters who don’t want to have anything to do with the authorities; the involvement of the free Cossacks in solving the problems faced by the authorities. The second topos is the list of cities to be passed under cover, which testifies to the singer’s in-depth knowledge of the Russian geography. The function of historical memory of oral folk literature is activated through geography.
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Postnikov, A. V., M. V. Konstantinov, and T. A. Konstantinova. "Count Muravyov-Amursky and Transbaikalia." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 48 (2024): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2024.48.15.
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Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyov proposed to focus on solving continental problems, leaving Alaska to America. He developed a plan for the development of the Amur, choosing Transbaikalia as a springboard for solving socio-political and economic problems, where the Trans-Baikal Region was created with the center in Chita with the statute of the city, the TransBaikal Cossack army, the registration of peasants to factories was canceled. Chita began to play the role of the Eastern Kronstadt and the upper Amur pier. Since 1854, Amur expeditionary raftings began with the Ingoda or the Shilka, ensuring the movement of military personnel, mainly from trans-Baikal Cossacks, weapons and food to the mouth of the Amur. During the first four years of rafting, Muravyov mastered and began to populate the Amur banks with migrant peasants. He managed to repel the attack of the Anglo-French squadron and convince the Chinese authorities of Russia's peaceful and friendly intentions. Friendly agreements were concluded with China – the Aigun, Tianjin and Beijing agreements on the delimitation of the territory along the Amur and Ussuri. For mastering the Amur River, according to the rescript, Muravyov was granted by Alexander II the title of count and the honorary name Amur. In modern scientific and educational literature, there is a clear underestimation of the activities of Count N. N. Muravyov-Amursky.
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Jahn, Hubertus F. "Kaiser, Cossacks, and Kolbasniks: Caricatures of the German in Russian Popular Culture." Journal of Popular Culture 31, no. 4 (March 1998): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1998.3104_109.x.
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Clark, James D. "Constitutionalists and Cossacks: The constitutional movement and Russian intervention in Tabriz, 1907–11." Iranian Studies 39, no. 2 (June 2006): 199–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860600628757.
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Stengach, Nadiia. "VIEWS OF THE NATIONAL ELITE OF THE COSSACK ERA ON THE MONARCHICAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT." European Socio-Legal & Humanitarian Studies, no. 1 (June 18, 2024): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/2734-8873.2024.1.15.
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At the present time, when the Ukrainian state is going through a difficult process of defending its independence, it is important to study the historical origins of our statehood, which shows the process of state formation in Ukraine. Specifically, it is important to understand the historical experience of the Cossack statehood during the latter half of the seventeenth century, including the challenges it faced in terms of foreign policy and international relations. In the mid-17th century, Europe underwent a period of social and political development marked by the formation of national states and the establishment of bourgeois relations. Ukraine was not exempt from these pan-European processes. The Ukrainian liberation struggle aimed to create an independent Ukrainian state and introduce new social and economic relations based on small-scale (in fact, farmer-type) Cossack ownership of land. During the latter half of the 17th century, the Cossack state was divided between two forms of government due to the hetmans’ desire to establish a monarchy. However, the Cossacks’ senior officers (starshyna) firmly adhered to republican principles, primarily defending their own class interests. This article aims to elucidate the unique characteristics of the political culture of the Cossack officers and their inclination towards establishing a monarchical form of government. The article’s methodology is grounded in general scientific principles and methods of cognition, with the aim of providing an objective and comprehensive coverage of facts, events, and phenomena. It is based on the principles of historicism and objectivism in scientific research, which prioritize factual material and avoid subjective evaluations. The topic was approached using general scientific and specific-historical research methods. Sources and literature were analyzed and synthesized, research was structured using periodization, historical material was presented using problem-historical method, and similar indicators and facts were compared using comparative- historical method in the same historical conditions. Result: Yet even the monarchical tendencies were essentially democratic: the legitimacy of power, the public-law rights of Cossack officers, the preservation of local self-government bodies and legal procedures give all the reasons to assert that there were prospects for the development of the European-like monarchical form of government in the Ukrainian Cossack state of the second half of the XVII century. Conclusions: The knowledge gained from studying this topic can be used to prevent, forestall, or overcome various crises that inevitably arise during the determination of public policy in various areas of public life.
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Rudichenko, Tatyana. "Art in the Process of Integrating the Don Host to the Russian State." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (September 2019): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.4.18.
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Introduction. Studying culture and art in the formation of the Cossacks, designing its estate status is carried out in the perspective of current ideas about cultural policy contributing to more complete systemic reconstruction of the process. The novelty consists in showing the interaction of artistic and traditional household culture, the transformation of the latter. The purpose and objectives were analyzing the role of art in integrating the Cossacks into the Russian state, identifying the direction of changes in the culture; historical periodization of perception and adaptation of new art forms; establishing the specificity of the selected periods and the results achieved. Methods and materials. Research methods include the historical one, which allows considering changes in culture based on facts of social history, and cultural one, which gives approaches to studying regulation of the integration process in accordance with the principles of cultural policy. The source base consists of published official documents (letters, laws, decrees) containing reliable information, and art criticism, historical and ethnographic literature, which describes specific phenomena of culture and art. Analysis. The supreme power used effective and relevant for a particular historical period institutions and resources: religion and church (17th c.); service in the army and military education system (18th c.); reforming of social organization (incorporation into the estate structure of the state) and the control system of the Army (separation of the military and civilian system of administration) (19th c.). Results. By creating infrastructure, developing church and secular education, the government promoted systemic renewal of culture and Cossacks’ digestion of its forms that were perceived in Russia and Europe as close, identical and related (architecture, painting, choral singing and orchestra music, drama and musical theater). At the early stage of integration into the Russian state, contact forms and democratic nature of the cultural interaction process prevailed. Cultural expansion of the 18th – 19th centuries had a systemic nature and was determined by purposeful influence of the institutions (church, army, school and social elite) that contributed to renewal of culture according to the Western European model.
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Khudyakov, Yuliy S., and Alisa Yu Borisenko. "Images of Rulers and Warlords of Siberian Tatar Warriors on the “Brief Siberian Kungurian Chronicle” Miniatures." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 3 (2021): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-3-102-108.
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Purpose. The article presents research of the images of Siberian Tatars’ leaders who were restoration adherents of the Tatar Khanate of Sibir, reproduced on miniatures of the Brief Siberian Kungurian Chronicle. Despite the drawings having been created a few decades after those lands, which had been part of the Tatar Khanate of Sibir, were annexed by the Czardom of Russia, these images very clearly illustrate representations of contemporaries of the appearance of Siberian Tatar rulers and warlords during the historical period of struggle for conservation of the Western Siberian steppe and forest-steppe lands as part of the Siberian Tatars’ State. These drawings represent depictions of significant historical episodes of connections between restoration adherents of the Tatar Khanate of Sibir with the Russian Cossacks and several Turkic and Mongolian people, who inherited contiguous steppe territories of the Central Asian historical and cultural region. Results. Certain historical events, illustrating an armed confrontation of Siberian Tatars, who supported Kuchum Khan in the struggle for conservation of the Siberian Tatars’ State, against military troops of the Oirats and Nogais are considered and analyzed. The studied images can serve as an important informative pictorial source on history of accession of former possessions of the Tatar Khanate of Sibir to the Russian State. It is highly probable that several artists took part in creating this set of drawings, depicting the primary events of the Western Siberian military campaign of the Cossacks’ troop, led by ataman Yermak. This argument is supported by certain stylistic differences between several drawings, included in the Brief Siberian Kungurian Chronicle. For the last years these drawings have been repeatedly published, facilitating their focused scientific study. Results. Despite the considered drawings having been created much later than the events depicted on them, they serve as an important informative source on the history of the Western Siberian campaign of the Cossacks’ troop, led by ataman Yermak. Conclution. These drawings provide a clear overview of many historical events which took place during that period.
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Voitsekhovska, Tetiana. "The Cossacks Chronicles of Eyewitness, H. Hrabianka’s and S. Velychko’s in studies in Soviet historiography." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 2 (October 16, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190219.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the Cossack chronicles of Samovydets, H. Hrabianka’s, and S. Velychko’s in historical research during 1917–1991. Research methods: comparative, system-structural, historical-typological, historical-genetiс. The problem of studying Ukrainian chronicles of the XVI–XVIII centuries of the Soviet historiography has been studied relatively little. In most cases, the chronicles of military chancellerists are considered in the general context of study of the chronicles, and the chronology of historiographic reviews is limited to the mid-1960s. Main results. The article deals with the works of Soviet researchers who studied the phenomenon of Cossack chronicles. The main subjects for the studies on the literature of the Chancellery are revealed, in particular: dating, place of creation and identity of the authors of the texts; the factual accuracy of the messages, the features of the source base used by the Chancellerists, the study of the lists and editions of the chronicles and their comparison among themselves, as well as the peculiarities of the authors’ outlook, their assessment of historical events and figures. The peculiarities of the studies of Soviet scholars under the influence of Marxist ideology are investigated. In a number of cases, researchers have been forced not to touch political and ideological aspects that contradicted official dogmas and interpret historical events in the discourse of class struggle. However, some of the workings of Soviet historians are still relevant today, including the study of the lists and editions of the Cossack chronicles and the features of their source base. Practical meaning: recommended for use in historiography studies and history of Ukraine. Originality. Generalized scientific work of Soviet scholars on the literature of Chancellerist. Scientific novelty. For the first time the works of scientists of 1917–1991 were systematized, in which the Cossack chronicles of Samovydets, G. Hrabianka and S. Velichko were studied. Type of the article: descriptive.
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BAKHANOV, K. "CONTENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL COURSE OF THE HISTORY OF UKRAINE IN THE DAYS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL RENAISSANCE." Scientific papers of Berdiansk State Pedagogical University Series Pedagogical sciences 1, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31494/2412-9208-2022-1-2-37-47.
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The article is devoted to highlighting the important didactic-historical problem of forming the content of the educational course of the history of Ukraine in the era of the Ukrainian national renaissance. It was determined that three main periods can be traced in this process: 1) 40–70 years of the 19th century, 2) 80–90 years of the 19th century; 3) the beginning of the XX century. The characteristic features of the first period were the appearance of the first attempts to determine the content of the educational course of the history of Ukraine based on the history of the Cossack era with the embodiment of the ideas of self-sufficiency (separation from the Russian one), sobrality, Christian and democratic values, and the heroism of the Ukrainian people (P. Kulish). During the second period, the formation of worldview and didactic requirements for the content of the educational course on the history of Ukraine takes place (a focus on the formation of national consciousness, patriotism, a combination of universal and national values, a reflection of the main historical events, material and spiritual achievements of the Ukrainian people, the influence of geographical factors on history, accessibility, etc.), and the idea of the identity and independence of the Ukrainian people, their right to their own state, the realization of which constitutes the essence of Ukrainian history, which causes the princely, Lithuanian-Polish, Cossack, and Austrian-Russian periods to be distinguished in the educational literature (O. Barvinskyi). The third period is associated with the appearance and consolidation in the educational literature of M. Hrushevskyi's scheme of the history of Ukraine: the pre-state period, the state period (the Kyiv period, which turns into the Galicia-Volyn period), the Lithuanian-Polish period, the Cossack period, the decline of the Cossacks, the Ukrainian revival). Attempts to show the history of Ukraine in the context of events of world history (G. Kovalenko), to combine the personification of history with broad generalizations (M. Arkas), to introduce ideas of the connection of the Ukrainian people with Europe in parallel with emphasizing the individuality of Ukrainians and the presence of historical disputes with the Russians (B. Grinchenko). Key words: content of the history course, textbook, Ukrainian national renaissance, scheme of Ukrainian history by M. Hrushevsky.
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Jerelianskyi, P. (Velychko Yu P. ). "Equal among equals. Ukrainian women in historical and cultural context." Aspects of Historical Musicology 17, no. 17 (September 15, 2019): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-17.02.
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The article is an attempt to define a very special role of women in society, inherent in only Ukrainian historical realities. In particular, a somewhat non-trivial approach to the formation of a source base for the study allowed referring to works of fiction. Most attention is paid to the issue of women entering society medium in the times of the Cossacks. Among the conclusions – contrary to national, gender and social oppression for several centuries – Ukrainian women have maintained their commitment to universal human and Christian ideals and virtues. The role and place that women take in the social structure is an extremely significant criterion for assessing the level of civilizing development of one or other society. It was the words “Equal among equals” that one could quite accurately define the positions of Ukrainian women in the glorious and tragic times of the national history – during the emergence and heyday of the Cossacks. It was a time when Ukrainian women, not only a gentry, but also a simple Cossack women, invariably felt not imaginary but sincere self-respect both in the family and in the society. However, not only in Cossack times, but throughout the turbulent history of our country, Ukrainian women did not just “walk alongside of” their men, they often stepped forward, and their actions were decisive for the further course of events for many years to come. Unfortunately, there are reasons to consider the current (as of 2019) stage of research in the format of scientific inquiry, which directly relates to Ukrainian women in the historical and cultural context, only as an initial one. With this in mind, the aim of the proposed work is to begin filling in quite substantial gaps in the civilizing history of Ukraine. It was they, Ukrainian women – even from renowned Princess Olha – who became the worthy examples to follow for their compatriots. There are countless names of women, by whom Ukraine is proud of and who are respected all over the world – from the poetess Lesia Ukrainka, folk paintress Yekateryna Bilokour, opera vocalist Solomiia Krushelnytska up to bright personalities already from the contemporary generation of Ukrainian women. They did never and under no circumstances bow to a slavish worldview. In this regard the observation of a well-known European writer, made by him as far back as in the last century, is very accurate: “The Ukrainian woman is the Spanish woman of the East ... At every opportunity, her irrepressible Cossack nature flares up in her soul that does not know any repressor ...”. And further: “They are always ready to change ploughshares for spears, they live in small republican communities, as equals among equals ...”. We discover all this for ourselves in the “Female Images from Galicia” by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. Paul of Aleppo, known also as Paul Zaim, an Arab traveller, who visited Ukraine twice in the middle of the XVII century, testified: “... Throughout the Cossack land we saw a strange thing – they all are, with few exceptions, literate; even most of their women and daughters can read and know the procedure of church service ... Ukrainian women are well dressed, busy with their own affairs, and no one casts sassy glances at them.” Numerous documents have survived, indicating that the wives of the Cossack Starshyna not only knew writing and reading well but were also able, when the need arose, to help their husbands in solving the most important political problems. The material, which is no less important in its cognitive weight from documentary evidence, also provides imaginative literature, where the realities of bygone times are reflected through the author’s creative imagination. These are the dramatic poem “Boyaryna” by Lesia Ukrainka, and “Hanna Montovt”, the story written by a famous Ukrainian historian and writer Orest Levytskyi, as well as “Aeneid”, a burlesque and tranny poem written by Ivan Kotliarevskyi; the latter literary work can be considered as a kind of encyclopaedia of Olde Ukrainian life. In “Boyarina”, the comparison of the “civil society” (using the modern definition) of the Ukrainian Cossack State with the conditions prevailing in neighbouring Muscovy is especially striking. A young girl of Ukrainian noble descent, who left her motherland for the sake to be with her beloved man, met in a foreign land very different ideas about human truths, class-specific and inherent female virtues, which are significantly different from those truly Christian and deeply democratic principles of life that she was used to since childhood in her native Ukraine. And, becoming a Boyarina, although she obeyed fate, however, she was no longer able to get used to her new life. The fate of poor Princess Hannа from the story by Orest Levytskyi was formed in a different manner. However, not at all because of the imperfection of the then social system, but solely because of her own frivolity and inability to execise her (tremendous) rights. But in “Aeneid” by Ivan Kotliarevskyi, where antique plots were whimsically intertwined with the signs of Cossack life, the remark: “Like a lady of certain sotnyk ...” became virtually the highest mark for one of the goddesses. As the expression goes, it speaks for itself, and the irony about the mention of the sotnyk will be completely inappropriate, given the trace that Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, the former Chygyryn sotnyk and subsequently a Hetman of Ukraine, left in the history of Ukrainian nationality! In the times of Cossacks, men have the opportunity to spend more or less long time with their families too rarely. But they went to a military campaign with peace of mind because from this moment their faithful wives took active roles in all matters – and not only household, but the domesticities too. And, say, not the eldest of their sons, but she herself took part, when necessary, in resolving property or other disputes, defended the interests of their families before the society, and even in court. Moreover, their wives could often ride horses with arms in hands to defend their native homes. Unfortunately, then-Muscovy have introduced serfdom in its most despotic form on intaken Ukrainian lands, combined with her absolutist system of government and public relations which immediately changed the state of Ukrainian women for the worst. And this applied not only to the impoverished and enslaved people, but also to the wealthy and influential sections of the then population. And subsequently Taras Shevchenko became the most sincere voice of a deeply tragic female fate ... Conclusions. Even when then Ukrainians were slowly forgetting about the previous rights and privileges of their women, undeniable documentary and literary evidence remained the mention of them, which in one way or another were connected with the times of Cossacks. So, Ukrainian women of those, already far from us times was not only faithful wives, caring mothers and teachers for their children, real Bereginias of the families, but also a self-sufficient persons, conscious in their place in the society.
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Aver’yanov, Anton V. "ON THE ISSUE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE TEREK DISTRICT OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS REGION." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 1 (2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-1-47-52.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the process and results of territorial self-determination of national minorities in the Terek district in 1924-1930 within the framework of the Soviet national construction. This problem has not yet found special coverage in the scientifi c literature. The study determined the nature and degree of infl uence of the geographical location of the Terek district and its ethno-social structure on the processes of administrative and territorial arrangement of national minorities. The features of settlement, social and religious structure of the largest ethnic groups are determined. The main priorities in the implementation of the policy of territorial separation of ethnic groups living in the region are indicated. The main criteria for creating national territorial entities, including Soviets of villages of the hill people and Soviets of villages of the Russian Cossacks, are highlighted. Projects on allocation of national districts and areas are analysed. Objective and subjective factors that hindered the implementation of these projects were identifi ed. It was proved that the national policy in the Terek district was subject to signifi cant adjustments due to local ethnic, social, cultural, economic and political specifi cs. It is noted that the ethnosocial structure of national minorities in the region was extremely heterogeneous. It was revealed that the Cossack factor continued to play an important role in the process of territorial self-determination of national minorities in the Terek district.