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Books on the topic 'Cost-based treatment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

S, Cartwright William, Kaple James M, and National Institute on Drug Abuse., eds. Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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2

S, Cartwright William, Kaple James M, and National Institute on Drug Abuse., eds. Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. DHHS, PHS, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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3

S, Cartwright William, Kaple James M, and National Institute on Drug Abuse., eds. Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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4

S, Cartwright William, Kaple James M, and National Institute on Drug Abuse, eds. Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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5

S, Cartwright William, Kaple James M, and National Institute on Drug Abuse., eds. Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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6

S, Cartwright William, Kaple James M, and National Institute on Drug Abuse, eds. Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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7

S, Cartwright William, Kaple James M, and National Institute on Drug Abuse., eds. Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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8

Sizemore, Glen W., Pauline M. Camacho, and Hossein Gharib. Evidence-based endocrinology. 3rd ed. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

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9

Pearson, Marjorie L. Developing evidence-based measures of care for breast cancer. Rand Corporation, 1999.

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10

M, Camacho Pauline, Gharib Hossein 1940-, and Sizemore Glen W, eds. Evidence-based endocrinology. 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.

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11

Naomi, Aronson, United States. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research., and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association., eds. Relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methods of androgen suppression in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1999.

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12

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Nonimmigrant treatment of crewmen on certain fishing vessels based in Guam: Report (to accompany H.R. 2224) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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13

Henderson, Mary G. Predicting costs of hospitalization for cancer care: Final report to HCFA : a DRG-based casemix for cancer care. Bigel Institute for Health Policy, etc.?], 1990.

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14

Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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15

Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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16

Economic costs, cost-effectiveness, financing, and community-based drug treatment. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

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17

Evidence-based endocrinology. 3rd ed. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

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18

Cross, Katharine, Katharina Tondera, Anacleto Rizzo, et al., eds. Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062267.

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There are 2.4 billion people without improved sanitation and another 2.1 billion with inadequate sanitation (i.e. wastewater drains directly into surface waters), and despite improvements over the past decades, the unsafe management of fecal waste and wastewater continues to present a major risk to public health and the environment (UN, 2016). There is growing interest in low cost sanitation solutions which harness natural systems. However, it can be difficult for wastewater utility managers to understand under what conditions such nature-based solutions (NBS) might be applicable and how best

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19

Osborne, David, and Chris Williams. Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses talking therapies, or psychotherapies, for people with depression. For many years the predominant clinical model of depression has relied on medication as the gold standard for treatment. However, the cost of antidepressant medication prescribing is significant and rising. In response, recent government mental health targets also emphasize psychological interventions as an important treatment option. This chapter provides an overview of the characteristics of people who typically access talking therapies before turning to talking therapies that are available, including t

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20

Saraiya, Ami, Deep Joshipura, and Alice Gottlieb. Psoriasis treatment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0026.

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Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disease that is associated with various factors, including genetics, stress, infections, and environmental triggers. Numerous treatment options exist for plaque psoriasis including topical therapy, phototherapy, systemic therapy, and biological therapy. In order to select a treatment for a patient, a clinician must consider many aspects. First, one must assess the impact and burden of the disease on a patient as well as a patient’s expectations from therapy. Other important factors to consider include the severity of skin disease, location of psoriatic plaq

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21

Ahmad, Imran, and Norhayati Abdullah, eds. Nature-Based Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Bioenergy Production. IWA Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789064100.

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With 80% of wastewater globally discharged untreated and non-renewable energy resources rapidly depleting, the call for sustainable solutions has never been louder. Nature-Based Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Bioenergy Production explores the groundbreaking integration of natural systems and advanced technologies to address critical global challenges in wastewater management and renewable energy. This book delves into nature-based technological approaches such as constructed wetlands, bio-aided filtration systems, and photobioreactors for microalgae cultivation, showcasing their pot

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22

Morrison, Mary F., Karen Lin, and Susan Gersh. Addictions: Evidence for Integrative Treatment. Edited by Anthony J. Bazzan and Daniel A. Monti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190690557.003.0021.

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Legal and illicit substance use disorders are common conditions associated with substantial impairment in health as well as social and occupational functioning. Integrative medicine proposes modalities that offer promise for increasing the likelihood of undertaking treatment for substance use as well as retaining individuals in treatment. Of the integrative therapies discussed, mindfulness-based therapies have both the greatest number of and most rigorous studies for substance use disorders. Mindfulness-based therapies can significantly reduce the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and other sub

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23

Abramowitz, Sharone. Mindfulness as a Component of Addiction Treatment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0021.

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This compact chapter addresses patient selection and general principles of mindfulness-based interventions, specifically mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). It describes mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement (MORE) as a combination of mindfulness intervention and cognitive behavioral therapy, suggesting its effectiveness in reducing the perception of pain in more than half of the participants who complete training. While focusing principally on the patient, the chapter argues for the utility of mindfulness-based interventions in preserving the serenity and enhancing the effectivenes

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24

Hilbert, Anja, Lisa Opitz, and Martina de Zwaan. Internet-Based Interventions for Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.28.

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Evidence demonstrating the efficacy of treatment and prevention programs for eating disorders is accruing. However, the common face-to-face delivery of these interventions has a number of limitations, including high cost and limited accessibility. E-mental health, referring to the use of information and communication technology—particularly the Internet—in interventions for mental health disorders, has the potential to overcome these barriers and enhance the treatment and prevention of eating disorders. To date, the limited number of evaluations have documented small to moderate effect sizes i

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25

Comparison of endovascular and open surgical repairs for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Agency for Healthcare Research Quality, Public Health Service, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2006.

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26

Barlow, David H., and Todd Farchione, eds. Applications of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190255541.001.0001.

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In recent years, there has been a movement away from traditional disorder-specific manuals for the treatment of psychological disorders and toward treatment approaches that focus on addressing psychological processes that appear to cut across disorders. These “transdiagnostic” evidence-based treatments may prove to be more cost-efficient and have the potential to increase availability of evidence-based treatments to meet a significant public-health need. Among clinicians, the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP), developed by Dr. David Barlow and colleague

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27

Boadway, Robin. Cost-Benefit Analysis. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.2.

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This is an overview of the methods used to evaluate projects or policies when a normative approach is taken based on individual preferences. The evaluation of individual welfare change is first outlined and related to the concepts of willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept. The use of individual welfare measures in project evaluation is outlined. This is followed by approaches to aggregating individual welfare changes. The case for ignoring equity considerations based on the compensation criterion is critically discussed. The use of a social welfare function for cost-benefit analysis is p

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28

Patlak, Margie, Board on Health Care Services, National Cancer Policy Forum, Sharyl J. Nass, and Erin Balogh. Delivering Affordable Cancer Care in the 21st Century: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2013.

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29

Lunsford, Beverly, and Terry A. Mikovich. Interprofessional Team-Based Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0029.

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As older adults live longer, they experience a concomitant increase in chronic illness, which may be associated with a more frequent need for health care and intermittent or progressive functional decline. There is an increased need for regular health care monitoring as well as treatment and coordination of care among multiple providers and across settings to prevent, delay, or minimize decline in health and quality of life. Interprofessional collaboration is critical for safe coordination of care, reduction of duplication in services, and cost containment. Health care professionals who serve

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30

Lie, Elisabeth, Tore Kristian Kvien, and Mikkel Østergaard. Patient registries. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0024.

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Patient registries can be either disease-based or medication-based, and have a wide range of objectives, such as describing the natural history of disease, determining clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of treatments, safety monitoring, and measuring quality of care. This chapter describes some of the major disease-based and medication-based registries in axial spondyloarthritis, including several so-called biologics registries, which were established in many European countries as well as in other parts of the world following the introduction of the first tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

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31

Agras, W. Stewart, and Athena Robinson. Afterword. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.31.

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This chapter reflects on core themes raised within this Handbook, which collectively reflect the state of the science in the eating disorder field. Such themes include the growing recognition of the complexity of eating disorders including their etiological underpinnings and the contributions of basic sciences to an understanding of processes underlying the expression of maladaptive eating patterns. The status of the prevention and treatment of these disorders as reflected in the literature to date is considered with questions raised about future progress. Looking toward the future, new techno

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32

Smith, Raymond A., and Patricia D. Siplon. Drugs into Bodies. Praeger, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400642623.

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Drugs into Bodiesrecounts the emergence and development of a globally oriented AIDS treatment activist movement that refused to accept that more than 40 million people with HIV in the developing world should simply be left to die. Rooted in earlier AIDS activist efforts, this new movement has forged a global network dedicated to providing universal access to life-saving medications. More than 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide, yet only a small fraction have access to life-saving treatments. For many years, governments, pharmaceutical companies, and even some international re

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33

Daley, David, and Saskia Van der Oord. Behavioural interventions for preschool ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0035.

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The evidence supporting the validity and stability of ADHD during the preschool years is now considerable and, coupled with mounting evidence indicating long-term impairments and economic cost of ADHD, provides a clear rationale for early intervention during the preschool years. While medication is an evidenced-based intervention for older children with ADHD, higher side effects and lower levels of efficacy in preschool children make medication a less attractive option. This chapter presents the behavioural treatment options available for preschool children with ADHD and reviews the evidence b

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34

Marvasti, Farshad Fani. The Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0009.

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Integrative preventive medicine (IPM) identifies complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a key contributor to the goal of extending disease-free high-quality life; CAM provides therapeutic approaches that are amenable to self-care, are cost-effective, are minimally invasive, and have minimal potential for side effects. Using CAM in IPM results in a shift away from passive screenings and treatment-centered approaches to prevention-focused care. Integrative preventive medicine redefines and expands the levels of prevention to include evidence-based CAM at each level of prevention alongsi

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35

Wilson, G. Terence. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.15.

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This chapter discusses cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as applicable to all eating disorders in adults and adolescents. It reviews the most recent manual-based enhanced CBT (CBT-E), which not only appears to be more effective than the previous protocol but also is applicable to all eating disorders and enhances individualizing treatment even within specific diagnoses. The chapter considers the effectiveness of CBT compared to behavior weight loss treatment, pharmacotherapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). It considers patient access to evidence-based CBT and discusses effective disse

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36

Agras, W. Stewart, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Eating Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373622.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of Eating Disorders reviews current research and clinical developments through synthetic articles written by experts from various fields of study and clinical backgrounds. Epidemiologic studies suggest that eating disorders are not only common but have increased in prevalence in recent decades, and this book refines and updates the state of research. The book is divided into four sections: phenomenology and epidemiology of the eating disorders, approaches to understanding the disorders, assessment and comorbidities of the disorders, and prevention and treatment. The first s

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37

Chatterjee, Sudipto, Smita Naik, Hamid Dabholkar, et al. Trials of interventions for people with psychosis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0009.

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Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that causes serious and persistent disability in multiple domains. People with schizophrenia are also often exposed to widespread sigma, discrimination, and human rights abuse. There is a large and persistent treatment gap for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers globally and in LAMIC;To address this gap, emerging observational evidence from LAMIC suggests that a task-sharing strategy involving community health workers (CHWs) is a feasible option for delivering services to people with schizophrenia and their families . However, there is no RC

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38

Elena Medina-Mora, María, Sairat Noknoy, Cheryl Cherpitel, et al. Trials of interventions for people with alcohol use disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0011.

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Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that causes serious and persistent disability in multiple domains. People with schizophrenia are also often exposed to widespread sigma, discrimination, and human rights abuse. There is a large and persistent treatment gap for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers globally and in LAMIC;To address this gap, emerging observational evidence from LAMIC suggests that a task-sharing strategy involving community health workers (CHWs) is a feasible option for delivering services to people with schizophrenia and their families . However, there is no RC

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39

Cooperberg, Matthew, and Peter Carroll. Prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0064.

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Management of prostate cancer remains controversial, in large part because of its wide heterogeneity in terms of aggressiveness and prognosis. Early detection efforts based on prostate specific antigen (PSA) and aggressive treatment of high-risk cancers have yielded major improvements in mortality rates, but overtreatment of low-risk cancers—those unlikely to cause symptoms or threaten life if they were never detected—is associated with high rates of avoidable toxicity and cost. Prostate cancer can be effectively risk-stratified based on tools (e.g. nomograms, CAPRA score) integrating the PSA

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40

Wakeman, Sarah E., and Josiah D. Rich. Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders within correctional facilities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0046.

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Drug addiction treatment is increasingly complex. Only 5% of prisons and 34% of jails offer any detoxification services, and only 1% of jails offer methadone for opioid withdrawal. Even fewer facilities offer medication assisted therapy (MAT) for alcohol or substance use disorders despite the tremendous evidence base supporting the use of medications to treat addiction. Untreated opioid dependence both within corrections and in the community is associated with HIV, Hepatitis C, crime, and death by overdose. Substantial evidence argues that these risks are reduced through long-term treatment wi

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41

Wakeman, Sarah E., and Josiah D. Rich. Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders within correctional facilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0046_update_001.

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Drug addiction treatment is increasingly complex. Only 5% of prisons and 34% of jails offer any detoxification services, and only 1% of jails offer methadone for opioid withdrawal. Even fewer facilities offer medication assisted therapy (MAT) for alcohol or substance use disorders despite the tremendous evidence base supporting the use of medications to treat addiction. Untreated opioid dependence both within corrections and in the community is associated with HIV, Hepatitis C, crime, and death by overdose. Substantial evidence argues that these risks are reduced through long-term treatment wi

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42

Habib, Gilbert, Carlo di Mario, and Guy Van Camp. Intracardiac and intravascular echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0010.

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Intracardiac echocardiography is a relatively new echocardiographic technique, essentially used for monitoring of percutaneous atrial septal defect closure procedures and for electrophysiological catheter-based ablations. It is still limited to a few experienced centres, but presents with several advantages, including the safe guidance of percutaneous interventional treatments, avoidance of general anaesthesia, and reduction in radiation exposure. Intracardiac echocardiography is likely to be more and more used, with the development of new catheter interventional procedures. This chapter discu

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43

Ong, Albert C. M., and Richard Sandford. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0306_update_001.

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Based on an estimated population prevalence of between 1 in 400 and 1 in 1000, there are over 60,000 individuals with or at risk of developing complications associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in the United Kingdom. This equates to over 300,000 people in the United States and 7 million worldwide. Once diagnosed, an individual with ADPKD will require long-term medical follow-up and treatment with an unknown cost to national health care systems. A major proportion, probably two-thirds, will develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therap

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44

Greer, Ian, Karen Breidahl, Matthias Knuth, and Flemming Larsen. Governance Implications. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785446.003.0006.

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Marketization creates four dilemmas that lead to change in governance. (1) Cost versus quality: squeezing prices siphons resources out of services that could be used to employ qualified workers on the front line, and the prescription of services that price-based competition requires drains the capacity of providers to innovate. (2) Payment by results versus equal access to services: while payment by results is consistent with the ethos of market governance it bears the risk of “creaming and parking.” (3) User choice versus user compulsion: NPM principles of consumerism are difficult to reconci

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45

Paris, Joel. Psychotherapy in An Age of Neuroscience. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190601010.001.0001.

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Psychiatry, once proud of its biopsychosocial model, has now adopted a neuroscience-based approach that strongly favors psychopharmacological treatments and downplays the role of psychotherapies (or social interventions). This kind of practice can be sufficient for the psychoses, but it is neither evidence-based nor beneficial for patients with common mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders. Current practice derives from a theoretical model in which psychiatry is viewed primarily as an application of neuroscience, with little reference to the vast

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46

Biloshytsky, Vadym, and Roman Cregg. Pioneering use of gene therapy for pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0083.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Gene therapy for pain: Results of a Phase I clinical trial’, published by Fink et al. in 2011. In this study, the first of its kind, researchers studied the efficacy and safety of a modified herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector used to deliver PENK, which encodes proenkephalin, which is cleaved into the enkephalin peptides Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, which induce analgesia by acting on opioid receptors. The development of the HSV vector was based in part on results studies in which adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, or non-viral vectors wer

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47

Berger, Robert H., Robyn J. Wahl, and M. Paul Chaplin. Formulary management/pharmacy and therapeutics committees. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0028.

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While the cost of health care rises in all public healthcare organizations, budgets for that care have remained the same or have decreased. This is most certainly true in correctional settings. Because pharmaceutical expenditures are a substantial percentage of a health care organization’s budget, medication utilization is closely scrutinized. Clinicians must consider the appropriateness, effectiveness, and safety of medications prescribed to incarcerated patients. The abundance of available drugs and the complex issues with respect to their safe and effective use make a sound program for maxi

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48

Lewandrowski, Kai-Uwe, Jorge Felipe Ramírez León, Anthony Yeung, et al., eds. Advanced Technologies. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150515441220301.

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Contemporary Endoscopic Spine Surgery brings the reader the most up-to-date information on the endoscopy of the spine. Key opinion leaders from around the world have come together to present the clinical evidence behind their competitive endoscopic spinal surgery protocols. Chapters in the series cover a range of aspects of spine surgery including spinal pain generators, preoperative workup with modern independent predictors of favorable clinical outcomes with endoscopy, anesthesia in an outpatient setting, management of complications, and a fresh look at technology advances in a historical co

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49

Heginbotham, Christopher. Ethics and Values of Commissioning Mental Health Services. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.51.

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Commissioning is a cyclical process of that demands an understanding of the needs of prospective and current patients and service users, knowledge of community and institutional assets for psychiatric care, information on those public private and independent organizations available and willing to provide services, a wide and deep understanding of psychiatric nosology and treatments available, an ability to turn this information into a contract that is negotiated with the relevant providers, a recognition of cost and quality, a resource allocation methodology, and a system of measurement and cl

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50

Cosyns, Bernard, Thor Edvardsen, Krasimira Hristova, and Hyung-Kwan Kim. Left ventricle: systolic function. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0020.

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The assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function is one of the most important parts of correct diagnosis, selection of treatment strategy or medications, and prediction of prognosis. Although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is generally accepted as the gold standard in vivo imaging modality for assessing LV systolic function, its practical use is limited due to its limited availability, high cost, and the presence of conditions precluding its performance such as a pacemaker, claustrophobia, and severe arrhythmia. Thus, transthoracic echocardiography is a first-line imaging modality

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