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Published: 25 June 2022

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1

Wilkinson, David. "Cost-Benefit Analysis Versus Cost-Consequences Analysis." Performance Improvement Quarterly 12, no. 4 (October 22, 2008): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-8327.1999.tb00149.x.

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2

Kaufman, Roger, Ryan Watkins, Leon Sims, Neil S. Crispo, John C. Hall, and Daniel E. Sprague. "Cost-Consequences Analysis: A Case Study." Performance Improvement Quarterly 10, no. 3 (October 22, 2008): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-8327.1997.tb00056.x.

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3

Sunstein, Cass R. "Humanizing Cost-Benefit Analysis." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 1 (March 2011): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000556.

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In the last twenty months, the Obama Administration has been taking an approach to regulation that is distinctive in three ways.First, we have approached regulatory problems not with dogma or guesswork, but with the best available evidence of how people really behave.Second, we have used cost-benefit analysis in a highly disciplined way, not to reduce difficult questions to problems of arithmetic, but as a pragmatic tool for cataloguing, assessing, reassessing, and publicizing the human consequences of regulation – and for obtaining public comment on our analysis. This emphasis on human consequences – on reducing or eliminating unjustified burdens on the private sector and on ensuring that high costs are justified by high benefits – is especially important in a period of economic difficulty. We have worked to put into place important safeguards while also making regulation compatible with the economic recovery, and while reducing the risk that costly regulations will have adverse effects on job creation, wages, prices, and economic growth as a whole.
4

HANSSON, SVEN OVE. "PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS IN COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS." Economics and Philosophy 23, no. 2 (July 2007): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267107001356.

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Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is much more philosophically interesting than has in general been recognized. Since it is the only well-developed form of applied consequentialism, it is a testing-ground for consequentialism and for the counterfactual analysis that it requires. Ten classes of philosophical problems that affect the practical performance of cost–benefit analysis are investigated: topic selection, dependence on the decision perspective, dangers of super synopticism and undue centralization, prediction problems, the indeterminateness of our control over future decisions, the need to exclude certain consequences for moral reasons, bias in the delimitation of consequences, incommensurability of consequences, difficulties in defending the essential requirement of transferability across contexts, and the normatively questionable but equally essential assumption of interpersonal compensability.
5

Noble, Sian M., Joanna Coast, and Jonathan R. Benqer. "A Cost-Consequences Analysis of Minor Injuries Telemedicine." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 11, no. 1 (January 2005): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357633x0501100104.

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Noble, Sian M., Joanna Coast, and Jonathan R. Benger. "A cost–consequences analysis of minor injuries telemedicine." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633053430421.

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7

Salsabila, Jasmine Raisya, Fransiskus Tatas Dwi Atmaji, and Aji Pramoso. "Maintenance Cost Analysis Using Cost of Unreliability (COUR) Method with Business Consequence Analysis : A Case Study of Shot Blast Machine." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 19, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jiti.v19i2.11961.

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Based on the historical damage data that has been obtained from the maintenance department of PT. XYZ, the Shot Blast MACH MWJ 9/10 machine is a machine that has a high degree of damage or unreliability which can cause losses for the company. The resulting loss can be time losses and also cost losses. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of company losses due to machine unreliability using the Cost of Unreliability method and Business Consequence analysis. From the results of COUR calculations, the cost caused by unreliable based on corrective time is IDR 3.299.079.131,24 and based on downtime or the length of time the subsystem stops is IDR 7.220.699.784,37. After COUR calculations, the next step is to make a business consequence. Business consequence is made for the company to use the business risk matrix and the results are all the subsystems, namely in the red category, so companies need to take action to prevent the higher consequences.
8

Flynn, Theresa. "Cost-benefit analysis of investment projects." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.87.8575.

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The paper contents included considerations of the relationships existing between business units of Multinational Organizations (MNOs). Relevant economic theory provided a framework for the review of accounting practices. An example of consequences derived as the result of transfer pricing strategies compared with the transaction costs of pharmaceutical MNO GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was provided.
9

Paudel, Sabita. "Outlook of Pharmacoeconomics and its status in Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v14i1.19503.

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Pharmacoeconomics is a branch of health economics which is derived from latin word “Pharmacon”- and “Economia”- It deals with the economic aspect of health that is the costs of health services. There are different types of costs which is affecting the health services. There is not only the direct medical cost, but also direct nonmedical cost, indirect nonmedical costs and intangible cost. The consequences of therapy are evaluated from economic, clinical and humanistic perspective, also known as the ECHO model. There are partial and full pharmacoeconomic analyses. The partial analyses are cost of illness and cost of consequence. The full analyses are cost effective, cost benefit, cost utility and cost minimization analyses. The cost effective analysis is the most commonly used analysis.
10

Lermontov, Simone Pereira, Marilda Andrade, Beatriz Guitton Renaud Baptista Oliveira, Vinícius Schott Gameiro, and José Mauro Granjeiro. "Cell Therapy in Patients With Pseudoarthrosis: Cost Analysis and Consequences." Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing 11, no. 1 (2012): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1676-4285.20120017.

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11

Yitzhaki, Shlomo. "Cost-Benefit Analysis and The Distributional Consequences of Government Projects." National Tax Journal 56, no. 2 (June 2003): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2003.2.02.

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12

Rupp, Agnes. "The Economic Consequences of not Treating Depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, S27 (April 1995): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000293379.

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Background. A conceptual framework Is described for a broad cost–benefit evaluation of improved financial access to treatment of untreated affective disorders.Method. The analysis provides an estimate of the value of resources needed to provide improved access to treatment, and it compares these resources to the value of resources the improved access to treatment might save.Results. The cost–benefit analyses based on recent cost of mental illness studies provide some evidence that appropriately treating people with untreated affective disorders is cost-beneficial.Conclusion. Patients, providers and buyers of health care should be further encouraged to pay more attention and to commit more financial resources to the treatment of affective disorders.
13

Dudley, Susan E., Daniel R. Pérez, Brian F. Mannix, and Christopher Carrigan. "Dynamic Benefit-Cost Analysis for Uncertain Futures." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 10, no. 2 (2019): 206–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bca.2019.13.

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Abstract“Uncertain futures” refers to a set of policy problems that possess some combination of the following characteristics: (i) they potentially cause irreversible changes; (ii) they are widespread, so that policy responses may make sense only on a global scale; (iii) network effects are difficult to understand and may amplify (or moderate) consequences; (iv) time horizons are long; and (v) the likelihood of catastrophic outcomes is unknown or even unknowable. These characteristics tend to make uncertain futures intractable to market solutions because property rights are not clearly defined and essential information is unavailable. These same factors also pose challenges for benefit-cost analysis (BCA) and other traditional decision analysis tools. The diverse policy decisions confronting decision-makers today demand “dynamic BCA,” analytic frameworks that incorporate uncertainties and trade-offs across policy areas, recognizing that: perceptions of risks can be uninformed, misinformed, or inaccurate; risk characterization can suffer from ambiguity; and experts’ tendency to focus on one risk at a time may blind policymakers to important trade-offs. Dynamic BCA – which recognizes trade-offs, anticipates the need to learn from experience, and encourages learning – is essential for lowering the likelihoods and mitigating the consequences of uncertain futures while encouraging economic growth, reducing fragility, and increasing resilience.
14

Sunstein, Cass R. "Cost-Benefit Analysis, Who’s Your Daddy?" Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 7, no. 1 (2016): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bca.2016.1.

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If policymakers could measure the actual welfare effects of regulations, and if they had a properly capacious sense of welfare, they would not need to resort to cost-benefit analysis, which gives undue weight to some values and insufficient weight to others. Surveys of self-reported well-being provide valuable information, but it is not yet possible to “map” regulatory consequences onto well-being scales. It follows that at the present time, self-reported well-being cannot be used to assess the welfare effects of regulations. Nonetheless, greatly improved understandings are inevitable, and current findings with respect to reported well-being – above all the serious adverse effects of unemployment – deserve to play a role in regulatory policymaking.
15

Belfiore, P., A. D'Ausilio, A. Aiello, M. Toumi, A. Scaletti, A. Frau, M. Ripani, V. Romano Spica, and G. Liguori. "A Cost Consequences Analysis of The Human Body Posturizer In Italy." Value in Health 20, no. 9 (October 2017): A582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.1041.

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16

Gage, Heather, Julie Kaye, Charles Owen, Patrick Trend, and Derick Wade. "Evaluating rehabilitation using cost-consequences analysis: an example in Parkinson's disease." Clinical Rehabilitation 20, no. 3 (March 2006): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0269215506cr936oa.

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17

Baboolal-Frank, Rashri. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF URGENT APPLICATIONS AND COST CONSEQUENCES." Socioeconomica 4, no. 8 (December 31, 2015): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12803/sjseco.48146.

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18

Sunstein, Cass R. "Some Costs & Benefits of Cost-Benefit Analysis." Daedalus 150, no. 3 (2021): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01868.

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Abstract The American administrative state has become a cost-benefit state, at least in the sense that prevailing executive orders require agencies to proceed only if the benefits justify the costs. Some people celebrate this development; others abhor it. For defenders of the cost-benefit state, the antonym of their ideal is, alternately, regulation based on dogmas, intuitions, pure expressivism, political preferences, or interest-group power. Seen most sympathetically, the focus on costs and benefits is a neo-Benthamite effort to attend to the real-world consequences of regulations, and it casts a pragmatic, skeptical light on modern objections to the administrative state, invoking public-choice theory and the supposedly self-serving decisions of unelected bureaucrats. The focus on costs and benefits is also a valuable effort to go beyond coarse arguments, from both the right and the left, that tend to ask this unhelpful question: “Which side are you on?” In the future, however, there will be much better ways, which we might consider neo-Millian, to identify those consequences: 1) by relying less on speculative ex ante projections and more on actual evaluations; 2) by focusing directly on welfare and not relying on imperfect proxies; and 3) by attending closely to distributional considerations–on who is helped and who is hurt.
19

Straumann, D., V. Valderrabano, M. Eckstein, W. Dick, and C. Dora. "Cost-benefit analysis of MIS THA: Model-based analysis of the consequences for Switzerland." Hip International 16, Suppl. 4 (2006): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/hip.2008.3456.

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20

Straumann, D., V. Valderrabano, M. Eckstein, W. Dick, and C. Dora. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Mis Tha: Model-Based Analysis of the Consequences for Switzerland." HIP International 16, no. 4_suppl (January 2006): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112070000601604s11.

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21

Britton, Mona, Egon Jonsson, Lars-Åke Marké, and Veronica Murray. "Diagnosing Suspected Stroke: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 1, no. 1 (January 1985): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300003792.

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Acute cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) has an annual incidence of 100–300 per 100,000 inhabitants in the industrialized countries (1,2). CBVD occurs mainly in the elderly. Acute mortality is around 15%. Disablement and decreased quality of life are common consequences. Institutionalized care will be needed after the acute phase for around one-third of the patients (3). Considering the volume of patients and the growing proportion of elderly persons in most countries, stroke poses a major problem for health care. An effective diagnostic work-up as the base for therapy to improve the situation is, therefore, a matter of great public concern, for humanitarian as well as economic reasons.
22

Krutilla, Kerry, and Alexander Alexeev. "The Normative Implications of Political Decision-Making for Benefit-Cost Analysis." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 3, no. 2 (May 8, 2012): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/2152-2812.1112.

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The Potential Pareto criterion, or Kaldor-Hicks standard, presumes that costs are not fully compensated. Yet, uncompensated costs can incentivize costly political activity and create uncertainty about political outcomes. These consequences are not reckoned in the standard benefit-cost analysis. This study models political costs and uncertainty as a function of project parameters and political-institutional characteristics. The economic consequences of political behavior are then incorporated into an adjusted project evaluation standard. This standard assures that the project’s conventionally measured net benefits are sufficient to cover political costs and uncertainty about the decision-making outcome.
23

Papakonstantinou, Vassiliki V., Daphne Kaitelidou, Kassiani D. Gkolfinopoulou, Olga Ch Siskou, Theodoros Papapolychroniou, Panagiotis Baltopoulos, and Lycourgos Liaropoulos. "Extracapsular hip fracture management: Cost-consequences analysis of two alternative operative methods." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 24, no. 02 (April 2008): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462308080306.

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Objectives:The aim of this prospective study was to perform a cost and outcome comparison between two alternative operative techniques (osteosynthesis and hemiarthroplasty) used in the treatment of elderly patients with unstable trochanteric hip fracture.Materials and Methods:One hundred seventy-three trochanteric hip fracture patients were followed-up for 1 year after surgery. For each operative technique, hospital treatment's cost per patient was computed. Mortality and complication rate in-hospital and at specific time points after surgery were used as outcome measures. Patients' functional level before and after hip fracture was estimated according to their mobility and ability to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living.Results:The cost for patients undergoing osteosynthesis reached €1,931 per case, whereas for those treated with hemiarthroplasty reached €3,719 per case (2001 rates). There was no statistically significant difference regarding in-hospital mortality and complication rate, as well as mortality and complication rate 1 year after surgery, between the two patient groups.Conclusions:The quite similar performance of the two operative techniques suggests that cost could be the key factor for choosing between them. However, it is critical that many more randomized studies, with larger sample sizes and wider follow-up time periods should be conducted.
24

Castano, R., and A. Mills. "The consequences of hospital autonomization in Colombia: a transaction cost economics analysis." Health Policy and Planning 28, no. 2 (March 19, 2012): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs032.

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25

Gordon, N. S. I. "Transurethral resection vs microwave thermotherapy of the prostate: a cost-consequences analysis." BJU International 93, no. 7 (May 5, 2004): 1118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2004.4834h.x-i1.

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Gordon, N. S. I. "Transurethral resection vs microwave thermotherapy of the prostate: a cost-consequences analysis." BJU International 93, no. 7 (May 2004): 1118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2004.4834i.x.

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De La Rosette, J. J. M. C. H., D. L. Floratos, J. L. Severens, L. A. L. M. Kiemeney, F. M. J. Debruyne, and M. Pilar Laguna. "Transurethral resection vs microwave thermotherapy of the prostate: a cost-consequences analysis." BJU International 92, no. 7 (October 27, 2003): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04470.x.

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Lorensia, Amelia. "Study of Cost-Consequences Analysis Between Salbutamol With Aminophyllin For Exacerbation Asthma." KELUWIH: Jurnal Kesehatan dan Kedokteran 1, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/kesdok.v1i2.2855.

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Abstract— Exacerbations asthma treatment can be done by giving medications therapy in the form of salbutamol and aminophyllin. This research conducted with a comparative study between two alternatives using a hospital perspective. Data were collected retrospectively based on the medical records of patients with mild-moderate exacerbations asthma who were admitted in emergency department Anwar Medika Sidoarjo Hospital during the period of January 2017 to Desember 2018. The data showing asthma exacerbations treatment effectiveness and costs were analyzed using ACER. Results of the data analysis using ACER based on total improvement of asthma sympthoms showed that in salbutamol group was Rp.2.403,75/%, and in aminophyllin group was Rp.1.688,31/%. Based on the result of study, cannot concluded which medications therapy were more cost-effective because total subject study of salbutamol and aminophyllin were different and too little. Results of the data analysis using ACER based on total improvement of asthma sympthoms showed that in salbutamol only group was Rp.2.073,18/%, and in salbutamol and corticosteroid group was Rp.1.688,31/%. Rp.2.573,40/%. Based on the result of ACER, salbutamol only group more cost-effective than salbutamol and corticosteroid group based on improvement of asthma sympthoms in mild-moderate exacerbations asthma patients in emergency department. Keywords: cost-effectiveness analysis, asthma exacerbations, salbutamol, aminophylline Abstrak— Pengobatan serangan asma dapat dilakukan dengan cara pemberian terapi pengobatan, yaitu salbutamol dan aminofilin. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang dilakukan dengan studi perbandingan antara dua alternatif yang ada dengan menggunakan perspektif rumah sakit. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara retrospektif berdasarkan basis data rekam medik pasien serangan asma mild moderate yang di IGD di Rumah Sakit Umum Anwar Medika Sidoarjo periode Januari 2017 sampai dengan Desember 2018. Data efektivitas dan biaya pengobatan serangan asma dianalisis dengan ACER. Dari hasil analisis data diperoleh nilai ACER berdasarkan total perbaikan gejala pada kelompok salbutamol sebesar Rp.2.403,75/%, dan kelompok aminofilin sebesar Rp.1.688,31/%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, tidak dapat disimpulkan terapi pengobatan yang lebih cost-effective karena jumlah subjek kelompok salbutamol dan kelompok aminofilin yang berbeda dan terlalu sedikit. Dari hasil analisis data diperoleh nilai ACER berdasarkan total perbaikan gejala pada penggunaan salbutamol tunggal sebesar Rp.2.073,18/%, pada kelompok salbutamol dan kortikosteroid sebesar Rp.2.573,40/%. Berdasarkan hasil nilai ACER tersebut, kelompok salbutamol tunggal lebih cost-effective dibandingkan kelompok salbutamol dan kortikosteroid berdasarkan perbaikan gejala pada pasien serangan asma mild moderate di IGD. Kata kunci: analisis efektivitas biaya, serangan asma, salbutamol, aminofilin
29

Kockaya, G., G. Oğuzhan, M. Kurnaz, S. Ökçün, I. Cavdar, A. Yesil, and M. Gurcu. "PRO49 Cost-Consequences Analysis of Current and Upcoming Hemophilia-a Treatments in Turkey." Value in Health 23 (December 2020): S698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.08.1785.

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McGowan, Jessie, William Hogg, Jianwei Zhong, and Xue Zhao. "A Cost-Consequences Analysis of a Primary Care Librarian Question and Answering Service." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (March 19, 2012): e33837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033837.

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31

Desborough, James A., Tracey Sach, Debi Bhattacharya, Richard C. Holland, and David J. Wright. "A cost-consequences analysis of an adherence focused pharmacist-led medication review service." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 20, no. 1 (September 20, 2011): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00161.x.

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32

Kim, David D., Madison C. Silver, Natalia Kunst, Joshua T. Cohen, Daniel A. Ollendorf, and Peter J. Neumann. "Perspective and Costing in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, 1974–2018." PharmacoEconomics 38, no. 10 (October 2020): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-020-00942-2.

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Abstract Objective Our objective was to examine perspective and costing approaches used in cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) and the distribution of reported incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Methods We analyzed the Tufts Medical Center’s CEA and Global Health CEA registries, containing 6907 cost-per-quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) and 698 cost-per-disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY) studies published through 2018. We examined how often published CEAs included non-health consequences and their impact on ICERs. We also reviewed 45 country-specific guidelines to examine recommended analytic perspectives. Results Study authors often mis-specified or did not clearly state the perspective used. After re-classification by registry reviewers, a healthcare sector or payer perspective was most prevalent (74%). CEAs rarely included unrelated medical costs and impacts on non-healthcare sectors. The most common non-health consequence included was productivity loss in the cost-per-QALY studies (12%) and patient transportation in the cost-per-DALY studies (21%). Of 19,946 cost-per-QALY ratios, the median ICER was $US26,000/QALY (interquartile range [IQR] 2900–110,000), and 18% were cost saving and QALY increasing. Of 5572 cost-per-DALY ratios, the median ICER was $US430/DALY (IQR 67–3400), and 8% were cost saving and DALY averting. Based on 16 cost-per-QALY studies (2017–2018) reporting 68 ICERs from both the healthcare sector and societal perspectives, the median ICER from a societal perspective ($US22,710/QALY [IQR 11,991–49,603]) was more favorable than from a healthcare sector perspective ($US30,402/QALY [IQR 10,486–77,179]). Most governmental guidelines (67%) recommended either a healthcare sector or a payer perspective. Conclusion Researchers should justify and be transparent about their choice of perspective and costing approaches. The use of the impact inventory and reporting of disaggregate outcomes can reduce inconsistencies and confusion.
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Hýblová, E. "Analysis of mergers in Czech agriculture companies." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 10 (October 21, 2014): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/15/2014-agricecon.

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Agriculture represents a significant part of the national economy. It secures production of food and influences many related processing industries. Although the volume of agricultural production and its proportion in the gross domestic product has been decreasing, there is a huge interest in increasing the performance of agriculture companies. One of the ways to enhance the company performance, to gain new markets or to achieve cost savings is a merger. Mergers are not very usual in the field of agriculture currently – their proportion in the total number of mergers in the Czech Republic in 2001–2013 was 3.07%. The aim of this paper is to analyse mergers in the field of agriculture. The analysis focuses on the consequences of mergers from the perspective of changes in the financial position and the company performance in the year before the merger and three years after the merger. The analysis proved that the company size (measured by the balance sheet total) decreased as a consequence of mergers and their performance increased.  
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Schmitt, Robert, Michael Wiederhold, Juliane Damm, Martin Harding, Philipp Jatzkowski, and Renato Ottone. "Cost-Efficient Measurement System Analysis for Small-Batch Production." Key Engineering Materials 613 (May 2014): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.613.417.

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This paper presents an approach for the selection of methods for the proof of capability of measurement processes according to the risk connected to a false decision. High risks demand more reliable and therefore cost-intensive methods, a low risk allowing for cost-efficient methods with lower reliability. This approach, which is incorporated into the upcoming guideline VDI/VDE 2600-1, allows manufacturers to reduce efforts and costs associated with measurement process evaluation according to the risks and consequences of erroneous decisions deriving from measurement results. To be able to decide for the economically optimal measurement process solution, a cost model for the processes described in the VDI/VDE 2600-1 is presented.
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Al-Gharibi, Koukab A., Sajana Sharstha, and Maria A. Al-Faras. "Cost-Effectiveness of Wound Care: A concept analysis." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 18, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2018.18.04.002.

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This review aimed to analyse the concept of cost-effectiveness within the context of chronic wound care using Walker and Avant’s approach. The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature® (EBSCO Information Services, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA), MEDLINE® (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) and Nursing & Allied Health® (ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) databases were searched using a combination of keywords. A total of 18 peer-reviewed articles were identified. In wound care, defining attributes for the concept of cost-effectiveness encompassed treatments which were both effective and economical. Four antecedents were identified, including the type of wound, care setting, type of dressing and patient-related characteristics. The consequences of cost-effective wound care were patient prognosis, quality of life, the economic burden on the patient and healthcare system and cost-savings. These findings will hopefully help to standardise cost-effectiveness terminology among nursing professionals in various healthcare settings.Keywords: Cost Effectiveness; Wounds and Injuries; Healthcare Costs; Nursing; Concept Formation.
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Ray, Malcolm H., and Christine E. Carrigan. "Use of Risk Analysis to Minimize Adverse Consequences in Nonstandard Designs." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2521, no. 1 (January 2015): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2521-12.

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Roadside safety engineers lack a quantitative method to balance the philosophies presented in AASHTO's Roadside Design Guide (RDG) with situations encountered on existing roads, especially where it is not possible to follow the guidelines in the RDG. In general, the goal of roadside design is to minimize, insofar as is practical, the chances of severe or fatal injury crashes on the roadway. Engineers are often left to use good engineering judgment to make these choices. This paper presents a risk assessment methodology and demonstrates through example problems how this methodology may be used as a more quantitative approach for measuring the inherent risk of roadside design alternatives so that engineers can identify where the greatest safety benefit can be realized. Benefit–cost methods have been used in roadside safety for more than 35 years to balance improvements in safety with implementation costs. Although the methods have been widely used, the approach has presented several challenges. This paper discusses the advantages and challenges of the use of the benefit–cost method and the proposed risk method. The two tools can be used together for better roadside designs and policy.
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Ji, Sae-Hyun, and Joseph Ahn. "Scenario-Planning Method for Cost Estimation Using Morphological Analysis." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 18, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4962653.

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Early cost estimates are emphasized repeatedly in the initial decision-making process to set a direction for the success of construction projects. Therefore, alternatives need to be examined, and the consequences for the cost should be analyzed carefully. This study proposes a scenario-planning method that uses morphological analysis for the estimation of construction cost. A case study was conducted using public data on 102 apartment buildings from 10 housing complex projects. The results show estimation accuracy of 4.23 to 4.86% and an average stability enhancement of 1.39 to 1.73%. The proposed process can produce adaptable scenarios and evaluate the impact of the scenarios in a complicated decision-making process with limited information provided. Furthermore, this method can provide a contingency plan to cushion against uncertainties.
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YRJÖLÄ, T., and J. KOLA. "Cost-benefit analysis of multifunctional agriculture in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 4 (January 4, 2001): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5706.

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This study aims at assessing the costs and benefits of multifunctional agriculture, and it is one of the very first studies using a quantitative approach to this new subject. The starting point is that if current farm subsidies are regarded as means to maintain the multifunctional characteristics of agriculture, what happens if subsidies are reduced. The effects of the decline in agricultural support on multifunctional characteristics of agriculture in Finland are estimated using the cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Only a part of the consequences can be assessed by the CBA due to lack of data on the economic value of many elements of multifunctional agriculture. Hence, the results should not be generalised too strongly, but they still provide useful information for the political decision-making. Concerning further research, we should study, inter alia, what the so-called correct level of compensation for the adequate supply of public goods would be, and what kind of means of agricultural policy are the most efficient to unambiguously enhance the multifunctional character of agriculture.
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Marcellusi, A., F. S. Mennini, R. Brugnoli, C. Rapinesi, G. D. Kotzalidis, S. De Filippis, D. Carrus, et al. "Economic Aspects in the Treatment of Schizophrenia in Italy: Cost Consequences of an Early Long-acting Injectable Anti-Psychotics (lais) Approach." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.101.

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PurposeThe aim of this analysis was to evaluate the economic consequences of a new treatment approach in the treatment of schizophrenia in the Italian setting. In terms of direct costs, in Italy was estimated that the main driver were represented by hospitalization and residential cost (71% of total direct cost per patient), followed by semi-residential services (13%), anti-psychotic and other drugs (8%) and ambulatory services (8).MethodsA probabilistic cost consequence model was developed to estimate the potential cost reductions derived from an early treatment with atypical long-acting injectable anti-psychotics (aLAIs) drugs. A systematic literature review was carried out to identify direct and indirect costs associated to the management of schizophrenic patients in Italy. The model projects a scenario analysis in order to estimate potential cost reductions applying a new model management (MoMa) based on patient recovery and early aLAIs treatment.ResultsOverall, the total economic burden associated with schizophrenia was estimated at €2.7 billion per year. A total of 50.5% of the economic burden was related to indirect costs and 49.5% to direct costs. Drug costs correspond to 10% of the total expenditure in terms of direct costs, while hospitalization and residential costs accounts for 81%. Scenario analysis demonstrate a potential cost reduction between 200 million and 300 million based on the effects of MoMa over the reduction of hospitalization and residential costs.ConclusionsThis analysis was the first attempt to translate clinical management aspects in economic consequences and will be a useful instruments for decision maker.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Newman, WG, S. Hamilton, J. Ayres, N. Sanghera, A. Smith, L. Gaunt, LM Davies, and J. Clayton-Smith. "Array comparative genomic hybridization for diagnosis of developmental delay - an exploratory cost-consequences analysis." Clinical Genetics 71, no. 3 (January 12, 2007): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00756.x.

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Samaila, A., N. Usman, A. A. Biambo, and M. O. Adibe. "Cost-utility and cost-consequence analysis of different cervical cancer therapies received by patients in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals." Journal of Basic and Social Pharmacy Research 2, no. 2 (2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52968/27452568.

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Background: High treatment costs pose a lot of economic burden on cervical cancer (CC) patients and their family members. Studies on cost-utility and cost-consequences analysis of CC therapies are lacking in Nigeria. Objective: To evaluate the cost-utility and cost-consequence of different CC therapies received by patients in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals. Method: This study employed a prospective longitudinal design with a 12-month patient follow- up. It was conducted at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, North-Western Nigeria. Data of all the 157 eligible CC patients were collected at baseline, after therapy and at 12 months follow up. Data analysis was done with appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS V. 20 for windows. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean total cost of therapy per patient for adjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRTS) was the highest (₦663,497±164,690). The incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) for adjuvant chemotherapy (CTS) was the lowest (₦529,042 per QALY), while CRT had the highest ICUR, ₦9,511,087 per QALY. Adjuvant radiotherapy (RTS) had ₦452,009±10,619 mean total cost per patient against best symptoms’ resolution and survival; unfortunately, fertility not preserved. Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy (CTS) was found to be the most cost-effective therapy option, while CRT was found to be least cost-effective therapy option received by the patients. Adjuvant radiotherapy (RTS) had a moderate mean total cost per patient with the best symptoms’ resolution and survival; unfortunately, fertility not preserved.
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Kriz, Alexander, Antony Wright, Mattias Paulsson, Stephen Tomlin, Venetia Simchowitz, Thibault Senterre, and Julian Shepelev. "Cost-Consequences Analysis of Increased Utilization of Triple-Chamber-Bag Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm Neonates in Seven European Countries." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092531.

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The safety of parenteral nutrition (PN) remains a concern in preterm neonates, impacting clinical outcomes and health-care-resource use and costs. This cost-consequence analysis assessed national-level impacts of a 10-percentage point increase in use of industry-prepared three-chamber bags (3CBs) on clinical outcomes, healthcare resources, and hospital budgets across seven European countries. A ten-percentage-point 3CB use-increase model was developed for Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the UK. The cost-consequence analysis estimated the impact on compounding error harm and bloodstream infection (BSI) rates, staff time, and annual hospital budget. Of 265,000 (52%) preterm neonates, 133,000 (52%) were estimated to require PN. Baseline compounding methods were estimated as 43% pharmacy manual, 16% pharmacy automated, 22% ward, 9% outsourced, 3% industry provided non-3CBs, and 7% 3CBs. A modeled increased 3CB use would change these values to 39%, 15%, 18%, 9%, 3%, and 17%, respectively. Modeled consequences included −11.6% for harm due to compounding errors and −2.7% for BSIs. Labor time saved would equate to 41 specialized nurses, 29 senior pharmacists, 26 pharmacy assistants, and 22 senior pediatricians working full time. Budget impact would be a €8,960,601 (3.4%) fall from €260,329,814 to €251,369,212. Even a small increase in the use of 3CBs in preterm neonates could substantially improve neonatal clinical outcomes, and provide notable resource and cost savings to hospitals.
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Nelson, Julianne. "Persuasion and Economic Efficiency: The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Banning Abortion." Economics and Philosophy 9, no. 2 (October 1993): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100001541.

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How do economists persuade their readers that one policy is superior to another? A glance at the literature on welfare economics quickly provides the answer to this question: Economists enter policy debates armed with mathematical models, evaluating options on the basis of their consequences. Economists typically classify a policy change as a welfare (or “potential Pareto”) improvement with respect to the status quo if the gain realized by the winners exceeds the harm sustained by the losers. The best policy becomes the one that generates the highest net benefit.
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Bojňanský, J. "The influence of cost taxes on the development of agriculture in Slovakia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 8 (March 1, 2012): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5335-agricecon.

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The author deals with the influence of cost taxes on the development of agriculture, mainly those taxes, which have an important impact from the point of view of forming an entrepreneurial environment in agriculture. Among the cost taxes, the impact of land tax, building tax, road tax and income tax is most important. The analysis also deals with the contribution to the insurance funds related to employees. This contribution can also be considered as a taxation. The article also gives a prediction of the expected development of the consequences of the accepted tax law changes.
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Jarrett, Jeffrey E. "An Analysis of Lost Sales." Management and Economics Research Journal 01 (2015): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2015.01.159412.

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The purpose of this manuscript is to shed light on problems associated with lost sales and the incurring of cost associated with lost sales. An investigation is made to determine if seasonality in sales and lost sales have effects on the efficient operations of supply chains. Optimization is always a goal of management supply chains, but cost increases due to insufficient inventory, low-quality product and the like lead to customers not returning. These are lost sales that occur for many reasons. We study a data set to determine if the ignoring of time series component also has an effect on the variation in lost sales. If so, can we measure the magnitude of the effects of seasonal variation in lost sales, and what are their consequences?
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Mordovin, Pavel Sergeevich. "Definition and classification of crime for calculation of its social consequences (cost)." Юридические исследования, no. 12 (December 2020): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.12.34836.

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The scientific community still does not have uniformity with regards to the definition of crime, although this concept is crucial in criminology, without which the existence and development of this science is impossible. Crime is a multifaceted phenomenon; thus, its examination within the framework of a single science does not reflect all of the aspects. The author examines various existing approaches towards the definition of crime; analyzes the concepts of natural criminal and the counter-theories. The question of the immanence of crime is explored. However, it does not seem possible to determine the only reasonable viewpoint and deny the rational kernel of other approaches. The analysis of the existing concepts and approaches towards definition of crime once again demonstrates the controversy of the question. Therefore, the analysis of opinions allows concluding on the need for classification crime, including via specific understanding of this concept. Such classification sufficiently reflects the extent of current public awareness of the criminal law, while retaining semantic load from the perspective of criminology. It also prompts the development of research on the social consequences (cost) of crime, since namely this approach seems logical for calculation of the social consequences (cost) of crime.
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B, Gopi, Sushmitha C, Nikitha Ksv, Monika M, Raghavendra Kumar Gunda, Satyanarayana V, and Suresh Kumar Jn. "COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF STROKE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i7.18318.

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Objective: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disabilities worldwide. Cost-effectiveness analysis helps identify neglected opportunities by highlighting interventions that are relatively inexpensive, yet have the potential to reduce the disease burden substantially. In India, there are wide social and economic disparities. Socioeconomic environment influences occupation, lifestyle, and nutrition of social classes which in turn would influence the prevalence and profile of stroke. By reduction of delays in access to hospital and improving provision of affordable treatments can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with stroke in India. This study is designed to measure and compare the costs (resources consumed) and consequences (clinical, economic, and humanistic) of pharmaceutical products and services and their impact on individuals, healthcare systems and society.Methods: The purpose of this study is to analyze and conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis for the treatment of stroke in Guntur City Hospitals. The patients were treated either with aspirin or clopidogrel. The health outcomes were measured using Modified Rankin Scale, A prominent risk assessment scale for stroke. The pharmacoeconomic data were computed from the patient data collection forms.Result: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of aspirin and clopidogrel were calculated to be Rs. 8046.2/year.Conclusion: The study concludes that aspirin has the increased socioeconomic impact when compared to Clopidogrel and we can see that the earlier therapy has supported discharge, home-based rehabilitation along with reduced hospital stay and hence preferable.
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Mehani, Rekha, and Parag Sharma. "Cost variation analysis of oral anti-diabetic drugs." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20183476.

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Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and needs lifelong treatment. There are large numbers of oral anti-diabetic drugs available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There are numerous brands available for each of the individual oral anti-diabetic drug. Thus, a study was planned to find out cost variation among different brands of same active oral anti-diabetic drug.Methods: Cost of a particular drug being manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms was obtained from the price list provided by the pharmaceutical companies in Current Index of Medical Specialities (CIMS) (October 2017- January 2018). The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in price was analyzed.Results: Percentage cost variation of the commonly used drugs found was seen highest with Sulfonylureas (Glimepiride - 562%) followed by Metformin (492%) which was followed by Pioglitazone (488%), DPP-4 inhibitor Teneligliptin (231%), α- glucosidase inhibitors (Voglibose 284%), Meglitinides (Repaglinide 0.5mg 154%) and lowest was seen with Repaglinide 2mg (15%).Conclusions: There is very wide cost variation among different brands of the same oral anti-diabetic drugs manufactured in India. The average percentage cost variation of different brands of the same oral anti diabetic drugs manufactured in India is very wide. The appraisal and management of marketing drugs should be directed toward maximizing the benefits of therapy and minimizing negative personal and economic consequences.
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Smetanina, Nataliia Volodumurivna, and Kateryna Dmitryevna Kulyk. "Cost of crime in Ukraine: an empirical analysis." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-10-2019-0065.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the cost of crime as understood in Ukrainian and foreign criminology, investigating both the direct and indirect damage caused by crime, its social consequences and Ukrainians’ attitudes toward its costs. Design/methodology/approach From January 2018 to May 2019, data were gathered using an online questionnaire from 717 respondents between 14 and 65 years of age residing in all regions of Ukraine. Findings Results suggest a high level of concern among Ukrainian citizens regarding security and crime. Latent criminality, crime rates and mistrust of law enforcement are high in Ukraine. It was found that the total cost of crime to the respondents (losses from crimes) reached UAH2m, and 69.3 per cent reported fear of becoming a victim of crime, with 26.2 per cent indicating that they had already been victims. Practical implications The knowledge of the cost of crime obtained in this study is vital for understanding crime in Ukraine. The results could be effectively leveraged to develop effective and cost-efficient means of combating crime. They could also be used to forecast crime rates, and thus, optimize future responses to the challenges of crime. Originality/value This is the first comprehensive study of the cost of crime in Ukraine and it indicates both the tangible and intangible costs of the damage it inflicts. Notwithstanding the country-specific case-study context, the results could inform discussions and decisions at a broader international scale, subject to the usual caveats.
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Chiefari, DM. "PMH46: COST CONSEQUENCES OF APPLYING APPROPRIATE USE EDITS TO SELECT HYPNOTIC AGENTS:A RETROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Value in Health 6, no. 3 (May 2003): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)64248-9.

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