Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cost curves

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Cost curves'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Cost curves"

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Ab Ghani, Hartini. "Different Variations of Cost Curve in Economics." Number-2, February 2019 2, no. 2 (2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/22.2819.

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In economics, a cost curve is a graph of the costs of production as a function of total quantity produced. In a free market economy, productively efficient firms optimize their production process by minimizing cost consistent with each possible level of production, and the result is a cost curve; and profit maximizing firms use cost curves to decide output quantities. There are various types of cost curves, all related to each other, including total and average cost curves; marginal ("for each additional unit") cost curves, which are equal to the differential of the total cost curves; and variable cost curves. Some are applicable to the short run, others to the long run.
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Szóstak, Mariusz. "Best Fit of Cumulative Cost Curves at the Planning and Performed Stages of Construction Projects." Buildings 13, no. 1 (2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010013.

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The correct planning of investment costs and the effective monitoring of implementation process are significant problems in the management of investment projects. At the stage of construction works, it is worth determining the trend of the performed cost curve and periodically testing the fitting to the scheduled course of the budgeted cost curve. The aim of this research was to determine the shape and course of the cost curves for selected construction projects. A procedure was developed to forecast the distribution of cumulative costs at the planning stage of construction projects using envelopes (spaces) and cost curves for three different types of buildings and construction sectors: collective residential buildings, hotel buildings, and commercial and service buildings. An assessment of the actual costs incurred of investment tasks was carried out, the trend of which the cumulative cash flow curves can be estimated with a large match by forecasting the construction process. The article determines the best fit curves and the spaces of cost curves (the banana envelope of the S-curve) using mathematical formulas (third-degree polynomials), along with developed graphs for various construction projects. The analysis of the author’s own research was used to determine the best-fit curve and the curve’s area, which indicates the area of the correct planning of cumulative costs of construction investments.
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Hong, Chong-Sun, and Hyun-Sang Yoo. "Cost Ratios for Cost and ROC Curves." Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods 17, no. 6 (2010): 755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2010.17.6.755.

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SZÓSTAK, Mariusz. "FORECASTING THE COURSE OF CUMULATIVE COST CURVES FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 33, no. 1 (2023): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.59440/ceer-2023-0005.

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Planning the course of cumulative cost curves and effectively monitoring the implementation process and the incurred financial outlays are still significant problems in the management of construction projects. This is particularly noticeable during the execution phase of construction works. Therefore, it is worthwhile to correctly determine the shape of the cost curve before starting this stage and to periodically examine its fitting to the scheduled course of the budgeted cost curve, the envelope of cost curves characterised by the best-fit curve. There are many methods of forecasting and estimating the costs of construction works, but they are very often complicated and require the decision-maker to use and elaborate mathematical tools. The aim of the research was to determine the shape and course of the cost curves for selected construction projects. Based on the analysis of the collected data on investment projects in 3 facilities research groups (collective housing, hotels and retail service facilities), an original attempt was made to determine the best fit curve and the area of the curve, which in turn indicates the limits of the correct planning of the cumulative costs of construction projects. The Three Sigma rule was applied, correlations and determinants were determined, and the area of the cost curves was described with a third degree polynomial. The conducted research showed that: 1. the optimal formula for determining the best-fit curve, which allow to determine the cost and time of construction works, is a 3-degree polynomial; 2. cost curves, within a certain bounding box, determine the area of the most likely cash flow; 3. when planning the course of a cost curve, it is advisable to use the bounding box of cost curves rather than a single, model, theoretical, or empirical mathematical expression describing the cost curve.
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Farashahi, Reza Rezaeian, Mojtaba Fadavi, and Soheila Sabbaghian. "Faster Complete Addition Laws for Montgomery Curves." IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems 2024, no. 4 (2024): 737–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i4.737-762.

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An addition law for an elliptic curve is complete if it is defined for all possible pairs of input points on the elliptic curve. In Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), a complete addition law provides a natural protection against side-channel attacks which are based on Simple Power Analysis (SPA). Montgomery curves are a specific family of elliptic curves that play a crucial role in ECC because of its well-known Montgomery ladder, particularly in the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (ECDHKE) protocol and the Elliptic Curve factorization Method (ECM). However, the complete addition law for Montgomery curves, as stated in the literature, has a computational cost of 14M+ 2D, where M,D denote the costs of a field multiplication and a field multiplication by a constant, respectively. The lack of a competitive complete addition law has led implementers towards twisted Edwards curves, which offer a complete addition law at a lower cost of 8M+ 1D for appropriately chosen curve constants.In this paper, we introduce extended Montgomery coordinates as a novel representation for points on Montgomery curves. This coordinate system enables us to define birational multiplication-free maps between the extended twisted Edwards coordinates and extended Montgomery coordinates. Using this map, we can transfer the complete addition laws from twisted Edwards curves to Montgomery curves without incurring additional multiplications or squarings. In addition, we employ a technique known as scaling to refine the addition laws for twisted Edwards curves, which results in having i) Complete addition laws with the costs varying between 8M+1D and 9M+1D for a broader range of twisted Edwards curves, ii) Incomplete addition laws for twisted Edwards curves with the cost of 8M. Consequently, by leveraging our birational multiplication-free maps, we present complete addition laws for Montgomery curves with the cost of 8M+1D. This shows a significant improvement for complete addition law for Montgomery curves by reducing the computational cost by 6M+ 1D. This improvement makes Montgomery curves a more attractive option for applications where an efficient complete addition law is essential.
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LOMAX., K. S. "COST CURVES FOR GAS SUPPLY1." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 13, no. 8 (2009): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1951.mp13008002.x.

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Al, Maiwenn J. "Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curves Revisited." PharmacoEconomics 31, no. 2 (2012): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-012-0011-8.

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Hernández-Orallo, José, Peter Flach, and César Ferri. "ROC curves in cost space." Machine Learning 93, no. 1 (2013): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10994-013-5328-9.

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Talarico, R. J., and J. F. Morrall. "The cost-effectiveness of curve flattening in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 2 (1994): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-030.

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Rehabilitation and restoration improvements on highways typically involve widening lane and shoulder widths, as well as revisions to the superelevation rate. This upgrading approach may sometimes neglect the possibility of flattening horizontal curves, which may result in safer, more cost-effective designs. Aside from the obvious safety benefits for highway travellers, additional benefits may occur in terms of improved traffic operations of intersections on curves. This paper describes the findings of a research project which was conducted to determine the maximum side friction available for a range of roadway curvatures, vehicle speeds, and vehicle types.A three-axis accelerometer and a ball bank indicator were installed in seven test vehicles. Lateral accelerations and ball bank readings were recorded as test vehicles traversed test curves at constant speeds. These data were used to determine the margin of safety provided on dry, wet, and icy pavements.It was found that motorists demand high levels of side friction on sharp curves. In fact, curvatures sharper than 500 m provide very low margins of safety against skidding. Since improved superelevation rates are unlikely to increase the margin of safety to a sufficient level, the cost-effectiveness of curve flattening for rural highways in Alberta was estimated for a range of traffic volumes and central angles. Key words: side friction, margins of safety, horizontal curves, 3-R projects, cost-effectiveness of curve flattening.
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Bessalov, A. V., L. V. Kovalchuk, and N. V. Kuchynska. "Evaluation of the efficiency of differential addition of points of curves in the generalized Edwards form." Radiotekhnika, no. 203 (December 23, 2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2020.4.203.05.

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A survey of the main properties of three classes of curves in the generalized Edwards form is given: complete, quadratic and twisted Edwards curves. The analysis of the Montgomery algorithm for differential addition of points for the Montgomery curve is carried out. An estimation of the record low cost of computing the scalar product kP of a point P is given, which is equal to 5M+4S+1U on one step of the iterative cycle (M is the cost of finite field multiplication, S is the cost of squaring, U is the cost of field multiplication by a known constant). A detailed derivation of the formulas for addition-subtraction and doubling points for the curve in the generalized Edwards form in projective coordinates of Farashahi-Hosseini is carried out. Moving from three-dimensional projective coordinates (X: Y: Z) to two-dimensional coordinates (W: Z) allows achieving the same minimum computational cost for the Edwards curves as for the Montgomery curve. Aspects of the choice of an Edwards-form curve acceptable for cryptography and its parameters optimization in the problem of differential addition of points are discussed. Twisted Edwards curves with the order of NE=4n (n is prime) at p≡5mod8 are recommended, minimizing the parameters a and d allows achieving the minimum cost estimation 5M+4S for one step of computing the point product. It is shown that the transition from the Weierstrass curves (the form used in modern cryptographic standards) to the Edwards curves makes it possible to obtain a potential gain in the speed of computing the scalar product of the point by a factor of 3.09.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cost curves"

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Mus, Koksal. "An Alternative Normal Form For Elliptic Curve Cryptography: Edwards Curves." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611065/index.pdf.

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A new normal form x2 + y2 = c2(1 + x2y2) of elliptic curves was introduced by M. Harold Edwards in 2007 over the field k having characteristic different than 2. This new form has very special and important properties such that addition operation is strongly unified and complete for properly chosen parameter c . In other words, doubling can be done by using the addition formula and any two points on the curve can be added by the addition formula without exception. D. Bernstein and T. Lange added one more parameter d to the normal form to cover a large class of elliptic curves, x2 + y2 = c2(1 + dx2y2) over the same field. In this thesis, an expository overview of the literature on Edwards curves is given. First, the types of Edwards curves over the nonbinary field k are introduced, addition and doubling over the curves are derived and efficient algorithms for addition and doubling are stated with their costs. Finally, known elliptic curves and Edwards curves are compared according to their cryptographic applications. The way to choose the Edwards curve which is most appropriate for cryptographic applications is also explained.
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Kesicki, F. A. "Decomposing long-run carbon abatement cost curves : robustness and uncertainty." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1338584/.

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Policy makers in the United Kingdom (UK), as in many countries around the world, are confronted with a situation of legally binding commitments to reduce carbon emissions. In this context it remains an open question of how to find a cost-efficient approach to climate change mitigation. Marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves have already been applied to help understand the economics of many different environmental problems and can likewise assist with illustrating the economics of climate change mitigation. Current approaches to generate MAC curves rely mostly on the individual assessment of each abatement measure, which are then ranked in order of decreasing cost-efficiency. These existing ways of generating MAC curves fail to allow both the graphical representation of the technological detail and the incorporation of system-wide behavioural, technological, and intertemporal interactions. They also fail to provide a framework for uncertainty analysis. This dissertation addresses these shortcomings by proposing a new approach to deriving MAC curves through the combination of an integrated energy system model, UK MARKAL, and index decomposition analysis. The energy system model is used to capture system-wide interactions, while decomposition analysis permits the analysis of measures responsible for emissions reduction. Sensitivity analysis and stochastic modelling are also employed to represent how sensitive the measures are to variations of the underlying drivers and assumptions, as well as how they interact. With a focus on the UK and the year 2030, as an important intermediate emissions reduction target, system-wide MAC curves are presented accompanied by a detailed analysis of the power, transport, and the residential sectors. This analysis allows important insights to be made into the economics of emissions mitigation, as well as investigating the robustness of findings. The results of the dissertation project represent a suitable orientation base for decision making in long-term climate policy.
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Kar, Ashish M. (Ashish Mohan). "A cost modeling approach using learning curves to study the evolution of technology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39556.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2007.<br>Page 123 blank.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-113).<br>The present work looks into the concept of learning curves to decipher the underlying mechanism in cost evolution. The concept is not new and has been used since last seven decades to understand cost walk down in various industries. The seminal works defined learning in a narrower sense to encompass reduction in man hours as a result of learning. The work done later expanded this concept to include suppliers, long term contracts, management and some other economic and technological factors. But the basic mechanism in all these study was to look at manufacturing cost in an aggregate sense and use the past data to predict the cost walk down in future. In the present work the focus has shifted from looking at cost in an aggregate manner and understanding it more at a manufacturing level using process based cost modeling. This would give a new perspective to the age old problem of cost evolution. Besides it would also give the line engineers and managers a better insight into the levers which eventually lead to cost reduction at manufacturing level. This is achieved by using learning curves to define the manufacturing parameters based on previous observations. The work further looks at cost evolution for new and non-existent technology for which historic data does not exist. This is achieved by building a taxonomic classification of industry based on certain parameters which can be easily guessed.<br>by Ashish M. Kar.<br>S.M.
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Smith, William Corbett. "Analysis of variances in electric power system simulation for production cost." Ohio : Ohio University, 1991. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1173467167.

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Eory, Veronika. "Evaluating the use of marginal abatement cost curves applied to greenhouse gas abatement in the UK agriculture." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21041.

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Climate change is arguably the most important global societal challenge. Developing ‘low-carbon societies’, i.e. reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapting to a changing climate, is becoming a policy goal across the globe. Agriculture plays an important role in this transformation. The sector is highly vulnerable to climate variability, and is a significant source of emissions. At the same time, it has potential for reducing GHG emissions and also provides opportunity for carbon sequestration in soils and crop biomass. Policy support for mitigating GHG emissions is being informed by scientific evidence on the effectiveness and costs of mitigation opportunities. This information is frequently depicted in marginal abatement cost curves (MACCs), an assessment tool which can help to visualise the hierarchy of technical measures and their cumulative level of abatement. Similarly to other assessment tools, MACCs’ suitability to provide information has certain limitations. Furthermore, different derivations of MACCs are appropriate to answer different questions. In order to draw both informative and reliable conclusions for policy decisions, the characteristics of the MACCs and the resulting limitations have to be presented clearly. This dissertation seeks to answer the general question whether the agricultural MACCs can be improved so that they provide more comprehensive and tailored information to policy makers. In particular five limitations of the MACCs are discussed: the lack of representation of wider effects, the issue of cost-effectiveness of policy instruments and the inclusion of transaction costs, the uncertainty in the MACCs, the boundaries and the heterogeneity of the analysis. Theoretical frameworks are developed and case study examples are provided for these limitations, and the frameworks are assessed in terms whether they achieve the goal of providing more comprehensive information to policy makers than a conventional MACC. Furthermore, the dissertation summarises the available methodologies and applications in agriculture to enhance the MACCs and provides guidelines for researchers and policy makers about the choice of methods and the communication of the results in order to improve the use of MACCs in the policy process.
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Call, Isabel. "Small-scale biodiesel production: a feasibility study." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1354814650.

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Swaminathan, Shiva. "The influence of initial conditions on power system production costing - A markovian approach." Ohio : Ohio University, 1995. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178904364.

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Rodrigues, Paula Fernanda Morais Andrade. "Metodologia para adaptação de curvas de custo marginal de abatimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100136/tde-22052018-181657/.

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O Acordo de Paris preconiza que cada país descreva e comunique suas ações climáticas pós-2020. Neste contexto, as Curvas de Custo Marginal de Abatimento (MACC) podem ser úteis aos países e aos tomadores de decisão, pois mostram de forma clara o custo (em unidades monetárias por massa de CO2e) para a implementação de tecnologias de mitigação de emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e o seu potencial de redução de emissões associado (em massa de CO2e). As MACC podem ser utilizadas para qualquer unidade política, como: país, cidade ou estado. Podem, também, ser aplicadas a diversas áreas, tais como: transporte, construção, poluição do ar, agricultura ou indústria. Diante desta diversidade de estudos e aplicações, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de adaptação de MACC, de estudos publicados na literatura, para qualquer unidade política ou ano de interesse. Isto permitirá a \"reutilização\" destas MACC, porém sem a necessidade da realização de novos estudos. O desenvolvimento da metodologia de adaptação prescindiu de uma meta-análise e harmonização de dados da literatura. A metodologia desenvolvida foi aplica ao Brasil, considerando os subsetores industriais de cimento e de siderurgia. Ela foi, também, implementada no software Access® (e denominada re-MACC) para que todo o processo de adaptação das MACC pudesse ser realizado automaticamente. Analisando um total de 178 tecnologias de baixo carbono para os subsetores de cimento e de siderurgia, o resultado mostrou que seria possível reduzir, em 2014, aproximadamente 52,4% das emissões de CO2e, gerando uma economia monetária de 1.835 US$/tCO2e, caso o Brasil as adotasse. A metodologia foi capaz de harmonizar dados para qualquer unidade política ou ano de interesse, todavia refinamentos são necessários para torná-la ainda mais acurada<br>The Paris Agreement calls on each country to describe and report on its climate actions post-2020. In this context, the Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) can be useful to countries and decision makers as they clearly show the cost (in monetary units per mass of CO2e) for the implementation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation technologies and their associated emission reduction potential (in mass of CO2e). They can be used for any jurisdiction, such as country, city or state. They can also be applied to several areas, such as: transportation, buildings, air pollution, agriculture or manufacturing. In view of this diversity of studies and applications, the objective of the present work was to develop a methodology for adapting MACC, from studies published in the literature, to any jurisdiction or year of interest. This work allows for \"re-using\" these MACC, but without the need for new studies. The development of the methodology is based on a meta-analysis and harmonization of literature data. The methodology was applied to Brazil, considering the industrial cement and steel subsectors. It was implemented in the Access® software (and called re-MACC) so the MACC adaptation process could be performed automatically. Analyzing a total of 178 low-carbon technologies for the Brazilian industrial subsectors of cement and steel, the result showed that it would be possible to reduce by approximately 52.4% of CO2e emissions by 2014, generating monetary savings of 1,835 US$/tCO2e. The methodology proved to be capable in harmonizing the data, however further refinements are needed to make it even more accurate
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Mina, Lee. "A Quantitative Study on Innovation in Renewable Energy Technology in Korea." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225764.

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Montoya, Jose Fernando Guarín. "Eficiência do uso de medidor de atividade eletrônico na detecção de cio de vacas leiteiras de alta produção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-10032008-074613/.

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Grandes avanços tem sido feitos para melhorar a produção de leite, mas estes avanços têm resultado numa queda geral da eficiência reprodutiva. Para se combater esta queda, tem sido seguidos principalmente três caminhos: um relacionado com a vaca, outro com as gametas e outro com o ambiente. Os problemas associados à vaca compreendem os problemas relacionados com a detecção de cio e os problemas hormonais que resultam em baixas taxas de concepção e aumento das mortes embrionárias precoces. Alternativas para melhorar a detecção de cio tem sido procuradas, dentre estas, os medidores de atividade são uma alternativa promissória, porém ainda em desenvolvimento. Com o fim de avaliar a eficiência do uso de medidor de atividade na detecção de cio de vacas leiteiras de alta produção, foram desenvolvidos três experimentos. O primeiro avaliou a eficiência do uso de medidor de atividade na detecção de cio após o período de espera voluntario (PEV), o segundo avaliou a eficiência do uso de medidor de atividade na detecção do cio de retorno após o uso de um protocolo de inseminação artificial a tempo fixo (IATF), o terceiro avaliou a relação custo-benefício da aquisição do aparelho. Na detecção do primeiro cio efetivo após o PEV o medidor de atividade apresentou maior taxa de detecção de cio, comparado com a observação visual de cio. O aparelho mostrou especial avantaja sobre a observação visual de cio na detecção de vacas multíparas de alta produção. No experimento de detecção de cio de retorno após o uso de IATF, o medidor de atividade detectou maior número de animais em menor tempo, porém, as mudanças no padrão de comportamento animal causadas pelos hormônios próprios da sincronização de cio, diminuíram a confiabilidade do sistema automatizado de detecção, ainda assim o numero de animais detectados em cio verdadeiro do sistema automatizado foi superior. Na análise de custo-benefício, a taxa interna de retorno obtida, demonstrou que o medidor de atividade é um investimento rentável o que possibilita sua aquisição. Enquanto aos falsos positivos gerados pelo sistema, sugere-se integrar as indicações feitas pelo sistema automatizado com a experiência dos funcionários das fazendas.<br>Huge progress has been made to improve the milk yield, but these advances have resulted in a general decrease of reproductive efficiency. Three main ways have been taken to combat this decrease: one related to the cow, another with the gametes and the lasts related with the environment. The problems associated with cow comprehend the estrous detection problems and the hormonal disorders that results in low conception rates and increases the early embryonic deaths. Alternatives to improve the heat detection has been developed. Among them, the activity meters are a promissory alternative, but still in development. Three experiments were developed in order to assess the efficiency of use of an activity meter in the estrous detection of high producing dairy cows. The first assessed the efficiency of the use of activity meter detecting estrous after the voluntary waiting period (VWP), the second assessed the efficiency of use of activity meter in the detection of the return estrous after use of a fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) protocol, the third assessed the cost-benefit of acquisition of the system. In the first estrous after the VWP, the activity meter presented higher estrous detection rate, compared with the visual observation. The system has special vantage in the detection of multiparous high producing cows, if compared with visual observation. In the experiment of detecting return estrous after use of TAI, the activity meter detected greater number of animals in less time, however, changes in the pattern of animal behavior caused by hormones during the synchronization, decreased the accuracy of the automated system. On the other hand, the number of animals detected in real estrous of the automated system was superior than in visual observation. In the cost-benefit analysis, the internal rate of return obtained, showed that the activity meter is a profitable investment. Referent to the false positives generated by the system, it is suggested to integrate the indications made by the automated system with the experience of the functionaries of the dairy farms.
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Books on the topic "Cost curves"

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Parr, John B. Cost curves, supply curves and the spatial structure of production. Fraser of Allander Institute, Department of Economics, 1993.

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Anduin, Touw, ed. Statistical methods for learning curves and cost analysis. Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), 2003.

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Parr, John B. Industry cost curves and the spatial organisation of production. Dept. of Economics, Fraser of Allander Institute, 1995.

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Parr, John B. Industry cost curves and the spatial organisation of production. Dept.of Economics, Fraser of Allander Institute, 1994.

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V, Zegeer Charles, United States. Federal Highway Administration., and University of North Carolina (System). Highway Safety Research Center., eds. Cost-effective geometric improvements for safety upgrading of horizontal curves. Federal Highway Administration Research and Development, Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1991.

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Blisard, William Noel. Construction of true cost of food indexes from estimated Engel curves. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1991.

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Moses, O. Douglas. Alternative learning curve models: An analysis of forecast error. Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

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Molino, John. Simulator evaluation of low-cost safety improvements on rural two-lane undivided roads: Nighttime delineation for curves and traffic calming for small towns. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research, Development, and Technology, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 2009.

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Redinger, Mike. The present, mid-term, and long-term supply curves for tellurium: And updates in the results from NREL's CdTe PV module manufacturing cost model. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2013.

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Wensheng, Peng, Xiong Duwen, Ernst Ekkehard, Zhu Huilin, and Zhou Zipeng. How and when will AI impact the economy. ILO, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54394/iwyt7917.

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This brief contributes to the current literature on AI exposure of jobs by considering cost curves of AI execution to estimate the timeline of AI adoption in China until 2050 using industry reports and sectoral employment and wage data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China.
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Book chapters on the topic "Cost curves"

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Viner, Jacob. "Cost Curves and Supply Curves *." In The Foundations of Price Theory Vol 4. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003547983-9.

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Moore, James C. "Cost and Supply Curves." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_357.

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Moore, James C. "Cost and Supply Curves." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_357-1.

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Schreiber, Ian, and Brenda Romero. "Transitivity and Cost Curves." In Game Balance. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315156422-8.

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Kahn, Richard. "Shape of the Prime Cost Curves." In The Economics of the Short Period. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09817-0_5.

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Blok, Kornelis, and Evert Nieuwlaar. "Potentials and marginal abatement cost curves." In Introduction to Energy Analysis. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003003571-12.

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Jones, Alan R. "Unit Learning Curve – Cost Driver Segmentation." In Learning, Unlearning and Re-learning Curves. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315160092-3.

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Jones, Alan R. "The cost impact of collaborative working." In Learning, Unlearning and Re-learning Curves. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315160092-8.

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Dar-Ei, Ezey M. "Cost Models for Optimal Training Schedules." In HUMAN LEARNING: From Learning Curves to Learning Organizations. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3113-2_7.

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Valderrama, F., and R. Guadalupe. "Quick Planning Using “S” Curves and Cost Based Durations." In Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12754-5_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cost curves"

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Chamberlain, Thomas E. "Practical Application of Potentiodynamic Polarization Curves in Oil Well Corrosion." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85028.

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Abstract The evaluation of a corrosion inhibitor's film life was undertaken, in the Illinois Basin, to determine retreatment frequency in rod pumping wells. Several different inhibitors were evaluated, and their respective film lives compared in actual pumping wells. The treatment volume was also varied to determine it's effect on the corrosion inhibitor's film life. A potentiodynamic analyzer was used in the field to evaluate these inhibitors in an active waterflood. It was determined from the data that the company should change their well treating from using 5.0 gallons of corrosion inhibitor per well once per month, to using 2.5 gallons of corrosion inhibitor per well every two weeks. This change was made on the most troublesome wells (~45%) on this 133 well waterflood. The cost of the increased corrosion inhibitor that resulted from this change was $10,100 in one year. The reduction in pulling costs over that same year was $154,400. By using the potentiodynamic analyzer, it was possible to optimize the treating frequency, and corrosion inhibitor treatment volume. This resulted in the most cost effective corrosion treatment program being developed for this company on their 133 well flood. This method of corrosion inhibitor evaluation was used for wells in an H2S environment. But it is believed that the same analytical procedures applied successfully here, could be used with wells in a CO2 environment with similar success.
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Cabanzo, Carlos, Paulo B. Lourenço, José C. Matos, and Mitsuyoshi Akiyama. "Seismic fragility curves of multi-span masonry arch bridges in Portugal." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.0214.

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&lt;p&gt;Many masonry arch bridges (MABs) operate in several railway networks in several European countries, where MABs are the most common bridge typology. In Portugal, MABs represent around 30% of the total stock in the railway network. Their performance assessment is of utmost relevance to the management authorities. However, there is limited research regarding their seismic performance. Moreover, research has shown that the elevated computational cost associated with stochastic analyses is one of the main challenges for implementing stochastic-based assessments to larger sets of bridges. In the present research, fragility curves are derived for a subtype of MABs with similar geometrical parameters. Surrogate models were included to reduce the computational cost associated with the probabilistic analysis, including an adaptive sequential sampling for defining the training experimental design from parameter uncertainties of selected mechanical properties.&lt;/p&gt;
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Hudson, Lorena M. S., Zehbour Panossian, Juliana L. Cardoso, et al. "Evaluation of pH and Oxygen Control Contributions to Mitigate the Internal Corrosion in Iron-ore Slurry Pipeline." In LatinCORR 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/lac23-20681.

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Abstract This paper aimed to evaluate the corrosivity of water injected into an iron-ore slurry pipeline and propose a cost-effective water treatment to ensure pipeline integrity. The study was conducted by electrochemical techniques using water samples collected from a reservoir. The carbon steel specimens were extracted from a tube with a similar composition to thee pipeline (API 5L X80). Each water sample was used in its as-received condition and after the pH adjustment to 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0 and 12.5, with and without the addition of sodium sulfite as an oxygen scavenger. Linear polarization curves were obtained to estimate the corrosion rate, and anodic polarization curves were taken to evaluate the active/passive state. Immersion tests were conducted to get the corrosion rates. The study results show that the treatment with pH 12.0 or 12.5 without sodium sulfite is the most cost-effective treatment for industrial corrosion mitigation.
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de Mello Joia, Carlos Jose Bandeira, Luis Alberto Garcia, Walmar Baptitsta, et al. "Process Control Using Real Time Hydrogen Flux Monitoring Probe." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01527.

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Abstract A test program, part of a major project, was carried out to develop and evaluate a probe that would allow fast hydrogen permeation readings and also Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS, measurements in refineries. The program evaluated how well EIS and permeation techniques were able to distinguish between wet H2S alkaline environments with different corrosion and hydrogen charging severity. It was established that both, EIS and permeation curves, should be used together to identify the environment severity. The addition of cyanide to the alkaline wet H2S environment caused a high permeation current and a closed capacitive loop in the Nyquist plot of the EIS diagram. The depletion of cyanide caused the permeation current to decrease and the EIS curve in the Nyquist plot to open, indicating a non-corrosive environment. The addition of H2O2 to the alkaline environment caused a depletion of the cyanide content and therefore decreased the permeation current even when the current was already low. In this case, the EIS curve had a capacitive loop type, which denotes a corrosive process not followed by hydrogen uptake. The device has been used for this last year in one refinery and the curves were similar to those obtained in laboratoiy. The refinery has been able to decrease the amount of wash water of a FCC light end recovery unit from 7.5% of the feedstock to 3.5%, with substantial associated cost savings
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del Carlo, Federica, Simone Celati, and Silvia Caprili. "Time-dependent Fragility Curves for the Seismic Risk Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings subjected to Degradation." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.1819.

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&lt;p&gt;The buildings and construction sector are responsible for 37% of total global greenhouse gas emissions, with most coming from operational carbon emissions. Embodied emissions from design, production, and deployment of construction materials add to this, raising the question of whether to demolish or maintain existing buildings. This question is particularly crucial in high-seismicity areas, such as Italy, where existing buildings lack seismic design. Furthermore, current Italian evaluation criteria only qualitatively assess the conservation status of buildings. In this context, the paper proposes an approach to develop time-dependent fragility curves for reinforced concrete frame systems, incorporating degradation phenomena and factoring in future CO2 concentration levels. The approach aims to offer a more accurate assessment of seismic physical vulnerability, promoting sustainable and cost-effective building management.&lt;/p&gt;
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Le Manchet, Sandra, and John Grocki. "Material Selection for Storage Tanks." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17505.

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Abstract This paper is dedicated to material selection and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of storage tanks. There are many materials options for the construction of storage tanks among which are coated carbon steels, austenitic stainless steels and duplex stainless steels. Material choice requires the designer to consider several features: material performance, material cost and availability, weight and strength aspects, fabrication and maintenance costs. All are important factors in determining the lowest project and life cycle cost. Duplex stainless steels are more often considered for storage tanks projects today due to their good corrosion resistance in many environments and their higher mechanical properties. This paper will provide recent corrosion data for stored chemicals. Duplex stainless steel corrosion curves obtained in nitric, sulfuric, phosphoric acids as well as several kinds of waters will be provided. In addition, atmospheric corrosion data obtained after 15+ years of sample exposures in several geographic areas will be shown. These results will be compared to those obtained with other materials commonly used for the construction of storage tanks. The second part of the paper will be focused on duplex fabrication considerations related to welding, forming and cutting. Fabrication guidelines will be outlined, including welding parameters, filler materials and dissimilar alloy welding. Finally, several case studies of material selection for storage tank projects will be provided. Special attention will be paid to their LCC analyses. Simulations performed by means of a software program based upon API 650 calculation code will be shown considering several tank dimensions. Several cost components will be considered to compare the LCC of the different materials options: initial costs of metallic materials and coatings, fabrication costs and maintenance costs.
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Millet, Cécile, Martien Deffo, Harold Evin, and Guillaume Néel. "Development of High Strength Grade and Cost Effective Super Martensitic Stainless Steel Solution for High CO2/H2S Environment." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14715.

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Abstract Super martensitic stainless steel (13Cr-5Ni-2Mo) provides high strength and CO2 resistance. It can be used at high temperature up to 180°C/356°F in high chloride environment. When the well temperature is above 180°C/356°F, Duplex grades 22-5-3 or Super Duplex 25-7-4 grades are commonly selected as per API 5CRA standard. A new proprietary grade chemistry has been developed to provide improved strength up to 125ksi and higher pitting resistance while maintaining a tempered martensitic microstructure with low delta ferrite content and no detrimental phases or precipitates. Improvement of pitting resistance has been assessed through cyclic polarization curves. Higher sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) were assessed through NACE(1) TM 0177 method A1 at ambient and high temperature. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations provide deep knowledge about passive film compositions underlining the beneficial effect of higher Mo within the grade. This paper presents the benefit of the improved chemistry on sweet corrosion and sulfide stress cracking in severe downhole environment. It summarizes the effect of different parameters in both production and shut-in conditions to be considered to select cost effective material.
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McDonald, Molly A., and Christos T. Maravelias. "Stochastic Programming Models for Long-Term Energy Transition Planning." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design. PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.107593.

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With growing concern over the effects of green-house gas emissions, there has been an increase in emission-reducing policies by governments around the world, with over 70 countries having set net-zero emission goals by 2050-2060. These are ambitious goals that will require large investments into the expansion of renewable and low-carbon technologies. The decisions about which technologies should be invested in can be difficult to make since they are based on information about the future, which is uncertain. When considering emerging technologies, a source of uncertainty to consider is how the costs will develop over time. Learning curves are used to model the decrease in cost as the total installed capacity of a technology increases. However, the extent to which the cost decreases is uncertain. To address the uncertainty present in multiple aspects of the energy sector, multistage stochastic programming is employed considering both exogenous and endogenous uncertainties. It is observed in scenarios when costs of emerging technologies decrease to competitive prices, decisions to invest in these technologies should be made earlier to allow for the decrease in costs to be taken advantage of in the future. Noticeably, a wider variety of energy and biofuel technologies are invested in when uncertainty is included. Interestingly, it is also seen that there are lower carbon emissions when uncertainty is considered.
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Lomholt, Trine Nybo, Troels Mathiesen, Sune Egelund, and Ditte Bilgrav Bangsgaard. "Unification of Corrosion Protection for Offshore Wind Farms - Collaboration in Partnerships." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11170.

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Abstract The offshore wind energy industry is focused on reducing the total cost of energy. Industrialized production and standardization are considered increasingly important elements in this pursuit. The intention of this paper is therefore to illustrate how this challenge, which is faced across the industry, can be dealt with in cooperation. The key words within the industry right now are doing it better, doing it smarter and doing it together. One way is to create new standards and guidelines within the industry, while other projects attempt to avoid previous times’ mistakes through participation and elaboration on observations, by improving guidelines etc. Common for many of the attempts is that they are often carried out by more than one partner and often in the form of Joint Industry Projects (JIPs). Some of the projects dealt with over the past years, by the authors, have been corrosion protection of monopiles, manufacturing of industrialized jackets, work on more accurate cathodic protection guidelines and standardization and verification of new design curves for welded substructures. Some of these elements account for a large share of the investment and maintenance costs as regards offshore wind energy. The hope is that, ultimately, an as accurate data basis as possible combined with experience and knowledge will lead to more standardized structures and hence reduction of cost. But to be more successful, more cooperation is needed.
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Dugas, Charles, and David Gadoury. "Pointwise exact bootstrap distributions of cost curves." In the 25th international conference. ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1390156.1390192.

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Reports on the topic "Cost curves"

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Ruth, Mark, Paige Jadun, and Wesley Cole. Potential Availability of and Supply Curves for Low-Cost, Dispatch-Constrained Electricity. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1993940.

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Light. L52011 Development of Fieldable Magnet and Digital MIVC Stress Measurement Techniques. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010147.

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The objective of this project was to start the process of making the MIVC technique simple and cost effective for use in the field by reducing both the size of the required sensors and instrumentation and the calibration requirements. Three steps were taken to meet this objective: (1) design and build a small, lightweight magnetic circuit that can be handled by a single technician, (2) reduce the number and size of the instruments used to perform the MIVC measurements, and (3) investigate the variability of the MIVC calibration curves among different pipe grades and the feasibility of establishing a universal calibration curve or family of curves.
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Perrels, Sebastiaan, Adriaan Perrels, and Eeva Kuntsi-Reunanen. Assessing operative and economic cost. OceanNets, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d1.4.

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This Deliverable provides an assessment of the unit-costs of different NETs, expressed in euros per ton CO2 abated. On the basis of literature study, expert interviews and two expert workshops the main drivers of ocean based NETs’ deployment were identified and operationalized in scenario deployment exploration tool, with special reference to ocean liming. The realized scenario exploration tool has a theoretical underpinning in evolutionary economics and learning curves. Scenario exploration results are presented, whereas also the prospects of Blue Carbon and Electrochemical carbon dioxide removal are discussed. (OceanNets Deliverable, D1.4
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van Kooten, Sebastian, Adriaan Perrels, and Eeva Kuntsi-Reunanen. Report on the expert workshop on current and future costs and learn curves. OceanNets, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d1.3.

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In this report the workshop on cost and scale of deployment scenarios for ocean liming is described. Participants discussed potential configurations of ocean liming deployment scenarios and the associated cost and scale levels. A simulation tool was used as a means to structure the discussions. Cost and scale scenarios for the period 2030-2050 were covered.
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van Kooten, Sebastian, Adriaan Perrels, and Eeva Kuntsi-Reunanen. Report on the expert workshop on current and future costs and learn curves. OceanNets, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d1.3_v1.2.

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In this report the workshop on cost and scale of deployment scenarios for ocean liming is described. Participants discussed potential configurations of ocean liming deployment scenarios and the associated cost and scale levels. A simulation tool was used as a means to structure the discussions. Cost and scale scenarios for the period 2030-2050 were covered.
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Almås, Ingvild, Tim Beatty, and Thomas Crossley. Lost in translation: What do Engel curves tell us about the cost of living? The IFS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2018.w1804.

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Hummel, Marcus. Cost Curves for Heat Savings in Buildings: Calculation of costs and potentials for heat savings in existing buildings through the refurbishment of the building surface for various countries in Europe until 2050. IEA SHC Task 52, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task52-2018-0001.

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Cusbert, Tom. The Effect of Credit Constraints on Housing Prices: (Further) Evidence from a Survey Experiment. Reserve Bank of Australia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2023-01.

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The response of housing prices to financing conditions is determined by the effect on the marginal buyer, not the average household. I use heterogeneous willingness to pay (WTP) data from a stated preference experiment in Fuster and Zafar (2021) to estimate the effects of changes in mortgage rates and collateral constraints on housing prices by analysing the structure of housing demand curves. This work builds on their research, which focused on average changes in WTP. Relaxing down payment constraints has a large average effect on WTP, but the effect on price is less than half as large. Financially constrained households tend to respond more to relaxed constraints, but those households often have WTPs that are too low to affect market prices. Changing the mortgage rate has the same average effect on WTPs and on market prices, because there is no systematic relationship between a household's response to mortgage rates and their location on the demand curve. I use a heterogeneous user cost model of individual WTPs to understand how household heterogeneity determines the structure of overall housing demand. An empirical model using observable household characteristics allows the experimental findings to be applied to other household survey data to simulate the effects of credit conditions. The simulated effects of easing collateral constraints in Australia are fairly stable over the past 20 years, and show a similar pattern to the US results.
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Golosov, Mikhail, and Robert Lucas. Menu Costs and Phillips Curves. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10187.

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Welch, David, and Gregory Deierlein. Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/yyqh3072.

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This report outlines the development of earthquake damage functions and comparative loss metrics for single-family wood-frame buildings with and without seismic retrofit of vulnerable cripple wall and stem wall conditions. The underlying goal of the study is to quantify the benefits of the seismic retrofit in terms of reduced earthquake damage and repair or reconstruction costs. The earthquake damage and economic losses are evaluated based on the FEMA P-58 methodology, which incorporates detailed building information and analyses to characterize the seismic hazard, structural response, earthquake damage, and repair/reconstruction costs. The analyses are informed by and include information from other working groups of the Project to: (1) summarize past research on performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identify construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterize earthquake hazard and ground motions in California; (4) conduct laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies and sill anchorages; and (5) validate the component loss models with data from insurance claims adjustors. Damage functions are developed for a set of wood-frame building variants that are distinguished by the number of stories (one- versus two-story), era (age) of construction, interior wall and ceiling materials, exterior cladding material, and height of the cripple walls. The variant houses are evaluated using seismic hazard information and ground motions for several California locations, which were chosen to represent the range seismicity conditions and retrofit design classifications outlined in the FEMA P-1100 guidelines for seismic retrofit. The resulting loss models for the Index Building variants are expressed in terms of three outputs: Mean Loss Curves (damage functions), relating expected loss (repair cost) to ground-motion shaking intensity, Expected Annual Loss, describing the expected (mean) loss at a specific building location due to the risk of earthquake damage, calculated on an annualized basis, and Expected RC250 Loss, which is the cost of repairing damage due to earthquake ground shaking with a return period of 250 years (20% chance of exceedance in 50 years). The loss curves demonstrate the effect of seismic retrofit by comparing losses in the existing (unretrofitted) and retrofitted condition across a range of seismic intensities. The general findings and observations demonstrate: (1) cripple walls in houses with exterior wood siding are more vulnerable than ones with stucco siding to collapse and damage; (2) older pre-1945 houses with plaster on wood lath interior walls are more susceptible to damage and losses than more recent houses with gypsum wallboard interiors; (3) two-story houses are more vulnerable than one-story houses; (4) taller (e.g., 6-ft-tall) cripple walls are generally less vulnerable to damage and collapse than shorter (e.g., 2-ft-tall) cripple walls; (5) houses with deficient stem wall connections are generally observed to be less vulnerable to earthquake damage than equivalent unretrofitted cripple walls with the same superstructure; and (6) the overall risk of losses and the benefits of cripple wall retrofit are larger for sites with higher seismicity. As summarized in the report, seismic retrofit of unbraced cripple walls can significantly reduce the risk of earthquake damage and repair costs, with reductions in Expected RC250 Loss risk of up to 50% of the house replacement value for an older house with wood-frame siding at locations of high seismicity. In addition to the reduction in repair cost risk, the seismic retrofit has an important additional benefit to reduce the risk of major damage that can displace residents from their house for many months.
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