Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cost/Income Ratio

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cost/Income Ratio'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Cost/Income Ratio"

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Magret Olarewaju, Odunayo, Olusola Olawale Olarewaju, Titilayo Moromoke Oladejo, and Stephen Oseko Migiro. "Nexus of bank personnel and cost-income ratio (CIR) in Nigeria." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 4 (2017): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(4-1).2017.04.

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This study investigates the causal relationship between bank personnel ratio and the cost-income ratio based on performance in Nigeria for the period of 2004–2015. Secondary data collected on a cross section of 15 banks during this period was analyzed using panel unit root, cointegration and Granger causality techniques. A unit root test revealed that the variables are stationary at order one. The result further shows there is an equilibrium relationship or stability in the short and long run; furthermore, there is a bidirectional causal relationship between personnel ratio and cost-income ratio. Therefore, the study recommends that the apex bank should enforce policies in the banking sector that will minimize the unit cost of operation – even though they might hire more staff. This is to enhance the stability of the banks in Nigeria and to avoid any threat to their continuity.
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Hess, Kurt, and Graham Francis. "Cost income ratio benchmarking in banking: a case study." Benchmarking: An International Journal 11, no. 3 (2004): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410538772.

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Usher, Dan. "The Marginal Cost of Public Funds Is the Ratio of Mean Income to Median Income." Public Finance Review 34, no. 6 (2006): 687–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142106289173.

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Bartkus, Algirdas. "THE IMPACT OF TAXES ON THE CONSUMPTION TO INCOME RATIO." Ekonomika 96, no. 2 (2017): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2017.2.10984.

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This article, in the statistical analysis of possible cointegration relationships among the variables from the expenditure approach to the GDP formula, explains how taxes affect the consumption to income ratio. A causal relationship that defines investment as the leading factor in GDP formation was rearranged and applied for the study of taxation effects under various income levels. The technique that was used for the estimation of taxation effects was based on the deterministic part of causal relationship, though the results must be interpreted very carefully. This analysis demonstrates that, when taken to the extreme, higher taxes have a huge negative effect on consumption and a very small effect on savings; in addition, these effects depend on the level of income. The higher the incomes are, the more deteriorating the effects of taxes on consumption can be observed; therefore, an economy cannot afford a high level of taxes, even when the income level is also high. As taxes have negative effects on consumption and, with lesser extent, on savings, tax-based fiscal consolidation has to be avoided at any cost, and governments should rely on tax-based fiscal consolidation only if no other option is available.
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Wibowo, Wisnu Adi, Nina Woelan Soebroto, and Embun Duriany Soemarso. "ANALISIS PENGARUH CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO (CAR), LOAN TO DEPOSIT RATIO (LDR), DAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL DIBANDINGKAN PENDAPATAN OPERASIONAL (BOPO) TERHADAP RETURN ON ASSET (ROA) PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2015-2017." KEUNIS 7, no. 2 (2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/keunis.v7i2.1587.

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<em>This study aims to analyze the influence of Ratio Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) and Operational Income Cost Effect (BOPO) partially or simultaneously to Return On Assets (ROA) at Bank Umum Syariah in Indonesia., The period 2015-2017. The data used in this study obtained from the quarterly financial reports through the website. Population and sample in this research is Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank Mega Syariah and Bank BNI Syariah. The results of hypothesis testing using multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 16. The result of determination coefficient shows the result of 0,774 or 77,4% of variable Return On Assets (ROA) influenced by Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) and Operational Income Cost Effect (BOPO), the remaining 22,6% is influenced by other factors. The results of the F test or simultaneously Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) and Operational Income Cost Effect (BOPO) together have a significant effect on Return On Assets (ROA). While t test or partially, Operational Income Cost Effect (BOPO) have significant influence to Return On Assets (ROA) while Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) has no significant effect to Return On Assets (ROA) on Bank Umum Syariah in Indonesia Period 2015-2017.</em>
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Sari, Resti Purwita, and Tupi Setyowati. "Capital Adequacy Ratio dan Beban Operasional Terhadap Profitabilitas Pada Bank Umum Syariah." Al-Urban: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah dan Filantropi Islam 1, no. 1 (2017): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22236/alurban_vol1/is1pp26-34.

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This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Operating Cost Operating Income (BOPO) to Profitability proxyed using Return On Assets (ROA) at Sharia Commercial Bank in Indonesia period 2014-2015. This research uses data source secondary documentation of the annual financial statements of Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia and supplemented by other bibliographic data sources. The result of the research shows that Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) has negative and insignificant effect on Return On Asset (ROA) at Sharia Commercial Bank in Indonesia and Operating Cost Operating Income (BOPO) have negative and significant effect to Return On Asset (ROA) at Sharia Commercial Bank in Indonesia
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Zulfahri, Budi. "Pengaruh Antara Rasio Kecukupan Modal (CAR), Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR), dan Rasio Biaya Operasional Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) terhadap Kinerja Profitabilitas Industri Perbankan." Jurnal Manajemen dan Keuangan 6, no. 2 (2018): 740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jmk.v6i2.680.

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The influence between Capital Adequancy Radio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Operating Cost To Operating Income Ratio on Profitability Performance of Banking Industry. Contribution of banking is very important to encourage economic development especially to increase industry. The important of contribution of bank to economic growth make many parties more concern about profitability performance of banking. Because of that objectives of the research are to know how the influence some of financial ratio which is represented by Capital Adequancy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Operating Cost To Oprating Income Ratio on Profitability Performance that proxy by WA. The banking population in this research using all of general banking in Indonesia in 2008 amont 123 banking. This research using purposive sampling method to choose “My sample and based on the criteria, has known that 65 banks in Indonesia have a good financial ratio. The research used multiple regression analysis that have been access in normality test and assumption classic test. Based on the results of data hypothesis shoes that LDR has significantly and positively relation on ROA but BOPO has significantly and negatively relation on ROA. Whereas CAR has no significantly on ROA. The contribution of CAR, LDR, and, BOPO influenceses are 69,6% and the remained is influenced by the other factors which is no described.
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Furth, Salim. "Decomposing Housing Unaffordability." Critical Housing Analysis 8, no. 1 (2021): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/23362839.2021.8.1.523.

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A US household is considered ‘rent burdened’ when its rent exceeds 30% of its income. This simple ratio can be decomposed to better understand the sources of unaffordability across space. To demonstrate this new approach, I rewrite the equation for rent burden as a sum of four factors: rent gap, income gap, excess size cost, and demographic baseline, and show that US rental unaffordability is mostly the result of low incomes. Focusing on the New England region, however, I show that high rent is the primary cause of unaffordability in high-cost, high-wage metro areas. This decomposition can help affordability advocates prioritise strategies appropriately across space.
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Faizin, Rusdi, Raidayani Raidayani, Yoga Nugroho, and Irma Yanti. "Sun-Dried Bilimbi (Averrhoa Bilimbi L) as an Additional Income For Housewives In Ujong Tanoh Darat Village, Meureubo Sub-District, Aceh Barat Regency, Aceh." Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal 2, no. 2 (2020): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birex.v2i2.878.

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This study aims to calculate the additional amount of housewife income in Ujong Tanoh Darat Village, Meureubo District, West Aceh Regency as a producer of sun-dried bilimbi. Respondents in this study were ten producers in Ujong Tanoh Darat Village. Data collection techniques by observing and interviewing in detail related to the analysis of sun-dried bilimbi producer income. The data analysis method uses cost analysis, production revenue, production income, and revenue cost ratio (R / C). From the results of data processing in this study, it found that the average income earned by producers was Rp.300,550 per cycle, the average producer income was Rp. 602,000 per cycle and the average production cost incurred by producers is Rp.301,499 per cycle, and the R per C ratio obtained is 1.9, greater than 1 meaning the sun-dried bilimbi producer business in Ujong Tanoh Darat Village, Meureubo District West Aceh is feasible.
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Imtiaz, Md Farhan, Khaled Mahmud, and Md Shahed Faisal. "The Determinants of Profitability of Non-Bank Financial Institutions in Bangladesh." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 6 (2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n6p25.

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The non-bank financial institutions (NBFI) industry is considered to be an important source of financing in any economy. Stability of earnings is one of the pre-conditions for survival and growth of any industry in the long run. Keeping the importance of profitability in mind, this paper tries to find out the major financial factors affecting the profitability of the NBFI industry in Bangladesh and evaluate the aspects of the findings. The data was collected for 12 different NBFIs for a period of five years (2013-2017). Return on equity was defined as the dependent variable while firm size, capital adequacy ratio, loan ratio, non-performing loan ratio, deposit ratio, net interest margin, non-interest income margin and cost to income ratio were identified as explanatory or independent variables. Multiple regression analysis was conducted on the data to test the research hypotheses. The findings of the study show that capital adequacy ratio, deposit ratio, non-performing loan ratio and net interest margin were statistically significant at 5% level. Firm size, loan ratio, net interest margin and non-interest income margin show positive relationship with profitability whereas capital adequacy ratio, deposit ratio, non-performing loan ratio and cost to income ratio show negative relationship with profitability. Non-performing loan ratio and net interest margin were found to have a considerable impact on profitability of NBFIs. This is further supported by the fact that non-performing loans do not generate any income and net interest income is considered the main source of income for a financial institution. The study recommends that the NBFIs in Bangladesh give due attention to these factors to improve their financial performance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cost/Income Ratio"

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Saxena, Shveta, and Saideh Mousavi. "Basel II- Behöver regelverket modifieras? : En empirisk studie om riskhantering i en liten bank och en stor bank i Sverige." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3869.

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Winter, Söderberg Cristoffer, and Stephanie Göransson. "THE BANK CRISIS FINANCIAL RATIOS : A comparative research of the UK and Sweden during 2006-2010." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-16409.

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The credit crunch that started the 9th of August 2007 is generally viewed as the most significant crisis to affect the financial markets and the global economy since the 1930s.The UK financial sector was heavily hit by the crisis which resulted in a dry up in lending and left a black hole in the British banks‟ finances. During the last quarter of 2010 the GDP shank unexpectedly with 0.5 percent from the third quarter which created concerns about going back into the recession. Contrarily, for Swedish economy 2010 was an impressing year with an unexpected GDP growth of 7, 3 percent in the last quarter.The purpose of this study is to analyse how the finance crisis has affected the leading banks‟ performance within the two countries and see whether the differences in values can explain the difference in GDP growth during the last quarter of 2010. The analyse is performed through a financial ratio analysis of the different banks.The final results of the research indicates to that the Swedish banks have been more profitable, have had a more secure and higher quality of lending and more capacity to lower cost related to income than the British banks. The more distinctive negative influence is mostly based on the larger amount of credit losses the British banks had to experience which contributed to their significant decrease in earnings per share which created scepticism on the credit market followed by a severe slowdown in consumption and in GDP growth. Since the credit losses never got to same levels in Sweden as in the UK the scepticism of the Swedish banking system did not affect the reduction in credit use and house prises to the same extent and GDP growth could recover back to normal levels sooner than in the UK.
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Zbib, Zeinab. "A House Price Bubble in Sweden?" Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-784.

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<p>Abstract</p><p>The topic of an overheated housing market, in Sweden, has been extensively discussed, not least by the media. This thesis will contribute to the debate by answering the question whether a potential price bubble exists in the Swedish housing market. Years between 1984 and 2004 are analysed using conventional metrics, which include house price-to- rent and income ratios respectively, changes in the dynamics of real house prices, as well as demographic variations. The analyse continues with the use of the imputed rent, also known as the yearly cost of ownership. Moreover the fundamental factors; interest rates, indebtedness and turnover of houses are discussed.</p><p>It will be concluded that the conventional measures can be misleading. The imputed rent is a superior measure since it is the true cost of ownership and it accounts for changes in important determinants of house demand, mainly the interest rate. The answer to the title of this paper is; no, house prices (in 2004) in Sweden did not appear to be particularly overvalued, neither when compared to yearly rents in the tenancy market, disposable incomes, nor when low levels of interest rates are taken into account. However, this does not rule out that house prices cannot fall in the near future.</p><br><p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Denna kandidatuppsats behandlar ämnet om en möjlig husprisbubbla i Sverige. Sedvanliga tekniker som används vid analysering av prisbubblor innefattar användandet av proportionen mellan huspriser och hyror samt disponibla inkomster. Även dynamiken i reella huspriser och demografiska förändringar utvärderas.</p><p>I denna analys jämförs åren mellan 1984 och 2004 genom att använda “imputed rent”, vilken representerar den årliga kostnaden av ägande. Även fundamentala faktorer som räntan, skuldsättningen samt omsättningen av hus undersöks. Den slutsats som uppsatsen resulterar i understryker att de sedvanliga bruken kan vara vilseledande och att ”imputed rent” är en bättre teknik. Detta eftersom ”imputed rent” representerar den verkliga kostnaden av ägande samt inbegriper viktiga avgörande faktorer, som räntan. Därför är svaret på titeln; nej, huspriserna (år 2004) i Sverige förefaller sig inte vara särskilt övervärderade, när de jämförs med årliga hyror av likvärdiga hyresrättslägenheter och disponibla inkomster, samt när hänsyn tas till den låga räntan. Detta utesluter dock inte en framtida nedgång av huspriserna.</p>
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Heringer, Rodson Vinicius Masikiv. "Determinantes da taxa de aluguel nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11927.

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Submitted by Rodson Heringer (rodsonheringer@gmail.com) on 2014-08-19T13:35:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodson Heringer_vfinal.pdf: 585514 bytes, checksum: 47c7b742f2da43456fabe8d31c914054 (MD5)<br>Rejected by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: As paginas continuam numeradas. A numeração das paginas deverão ser contadas a partir do índice. on 2014-08-19T13:40:45Z (GMT)<br>Submitted by Rodson Heringer (rodsonheringer@gmail.com) on 2014-08-19T14:14:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodson Heringer_vfinal.pdf: 586286 bytes, checksum: d42505429c5f0cbf765dd2d32c6cb066 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2014-08-19T14:15:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodson Heringer_vfinal.pdf: 586286 bytes, checksum: d42505429c5f0cbf765dd2d32c6cb066 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-19T16:15:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodson Heringer_vfinal.pdf: 586286 bytes, checksum: d42505429c5f0cbf765dd2d32c6cb066 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-04<br>Este trabalho analisa a variação da taxa de aluguel e do custo de moradia nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro para o período de Janeiro de 2008 a Janeiro de 2014 utilizando uma abordagem quantitativa com base na expectativa de longo prazo da taxa de juros reais, na expectativa de inflação e na valorização do preço dos imóveis em uma janela de 1 ano. Os resultados indicam que a expectativa de longo prazo da taxa de juros reais tem um impacto relevante na variação da taxa de aluguel durante o período abordado, bem como a expectativa de inflação, mas em magnitude menor, enquanto a valorização passada de 1 ano não tem poder explicativo sobre a taxa de aluguel.<br>We examine the variation of the rent-to-price ratio in the cities of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro from January 2008 to January 2014 using a quantitative approach based on the expected long-term real interest rate, the expected inflation rate and the price appreciation of real estate during the last twelve months. The results indicate that the expected long-term real interest rate has a significant impact on the variation of the rent-to-price ratio during the period covered, as well as the expected inflation, but to a lesser degree, while the past price appreciation has no explanatory power.
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Nevřivá, Lucie. "Hodnocení finanční situace podniku a návrhy na její zlepšení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221831.

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This thesis deals with analysis of the financial and economic situation of the firm StavMaChem, s.r.o. by means of elementary methods of financial analysis. Data of the firm over the period of 2000 – 2006 are used for the financial analysis. I also propose measures for an improvement of the present status.
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Liao, Wei-Chih, and 廖偉志. "Evaluating Interest Rate Guarantee for a Defined Contribution Pension Plan: The Effects of Investment Strategies on Guaranteed Cost and Income Replacement Ratio." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67801901987861201711.

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碩士<br>臺灣大學<br>財務金融學研究所<br>95<br>The paper focuses on evaluating interest rate guarantee cost and income replacement ratio for a defined contribution (DC) pension within different investment strategies. We investigated the guarantee cost with different investing strategies, including Buy and hold (BH) Constant Mixture (CM), Deterministic Lifestyle (DL), Constant Portion Portfolio Insurance (CPPI) and Time Invariant Portfolio Protection (TIPP) strategies. We used the Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate stock prices, bond prices and interest rates. We also assumed that the stochastic process can be applied to our model where we use Geometric Brownian Motion to execute the stock and bond value simulations. We also apply the CIR model to simulate bond prices and interest rates as another bond price simulation method for comparison purposes. Additionally, in this paper, we also enlarged the parameters on different pre-set weightings, risk multiples and floor rates to understand the latent impacts on guarantee cost and income replacement ratio in the sensitive analysis section. According to simulation results, we conclude by suggesting that government and insurance companies to design products with TIPP and DL traits rather than CIPP trait to lower the guarantee cost.
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Cengiz, Gulfer. "Essays on international trade and intergenerational human capital transmission." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1103.

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First chapter aims to quantify the role of trade in capital goods in cross country income differences. I construct a multi-country general equilibrium model of trade along the line of Eaton and Kortum (2002) and Alvarez and Lucas (2007) and introduce trade in capital goods and capital accumulation. In this framework, comparative advantage and the costs of international trade determine the pattern of production, specialization, and trade. I calibrate the model for 53 countries by estimating trade barriers and calibrating productivity parameters to match the bilateral trade data in 1996. The model is used to analyze full trade liberalizations. I find that removing barriers on investment goods accounts a large portion of reducing cross-country income differences and welfare gain. Counterfactual exercises suggest that developing countries gain relatively more than developed countries. In the second chapter, I focus on the impact of free trade on exportimport ratios in two different sectors. I employ a multi-country general equilibrium model of bilateral trade patterns along the line of Eaton and Kortum (2002) and Alvarez and Lucas (2007). I calibrate the model for 20 countries by estimating trade barriers and calibrating productivity parameters to match the bilateral trade data in 1996. The model is used to analyze full trade liberalizations. The impacts of free trade are predicted to be an increase in the export-import ratios in the comparative advantage sector and a decline in the comparative disadvantage sector, on average. In developing countries the average percentage change in export-import ratios exceeds the average percentage change in export-import ratios in developed countries. Finally, in the third chapter, I focus on the intergenerational human capital transmission. I develop and calibrate a theoretical model that considers three mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of human capital: (i) persistence in learning ability; (ii) parental investment in child’s human capital; (iii) higher teaching productivity of parents with more human capital. Within this framework, I find that (i) and (ii) plays important roles while (iii) does not. In addition the model generates the documented fact that higherwage parents spending more time teaching their children in spite of the higher opportunity cost. I asses the role of nature and nurture effects in intergenerational persistence of earnings and I find that nature accounts a large portion of the intergenerational persistence in earnings. I also quantify the relative importance of these mechanisms on wage inequality.<br>text
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Books on the topic "Cost/Income Ratio"

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Farrell, Paul Anthony. Is the cost/income ratio a suitable evaluation method for determining the performance and efficiency of commercial banks worldwide?. The Author], 1997.

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Canada. Agreement amending treaty with Canada concerning Pacific Coast albacore tuna vessels and port privileges: Message from the President of the United States transmitting agreement amending treaty between the government of the United States of America and the government of Canada on Pacific Coast albacore tuna vessels and port privileges done at Washington, D.C., May 26, 1981 (The "Treaty"), effected by an exchange of diplomatic notes at Washington on July 17, 2002, and August 13, 2002 (The "Agreement"). U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Canada. Agreement amending treaty with Canada concerning Pacific Coast albacore tuna vessels and port privileges: Message from the President of the United States transmitting agreement amending treaty between the government of the United States of America and the government of Canada on Pacific Coast albacore tuna vessels and port privileges done at Washington, D.C., May 26, 1981 (The "Treaty"), effected by an exchange of diplomatic notes at Washington on July 17, 2002, and August 13, 2002 (The "Agreement"). U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Canada. Loran-C stations: Agreement between the United States of America and Canada, effected by exchange of notes signed at Ottawa March 30 and May 3, 1984 with annex. Dept. of State, 1991.

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Canada. Defense, personnel exchange: Memorandum of understanding between the United States of America and Canada, signed at Washington September 19, 1984. Dept. of State, 1991.

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Canada. Environment: Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning environmental cooperation = Environnement : accord entre le gouvernement du Canada et le gouvernement de l'Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques concernant la coopération dans le domaine de l'environnement. Queen's Printer, 1989.

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Canada. St. Lawrence Seaway tariff of tolls: Agreements between the United States of America and Canada, amending and supplementing the agreement of March 9, 1959, as amended, and supplemented, effected by exchange of notes, signed at Washington May 7 and December 22, 1987. Dept. of State, 1993.

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Canada. St. Lawrence Seaway: Tariff of tolls : agreement between the United States of America and Canada, amending the agreement of March 9, 1959, as amended, effected by exchange of notes, signed at Washington December 12, and 20, 1991, and exchange of notes, signed at Washington November 13 and 16, 1984. Dept. of State, 1990.

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Canada. Agreement with Canada on Pacific hake/whiting: Message from the President of the United States transmitting agreement between the government of the United States of America and the government of Canada on Pacific hake/whiting (the "agreement"), done at Seattle, November 21, 2003. U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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Canada. Pacific Salmon Treaty: Including: Yukon River agreement, revisions to December, 2002, memorandum of understanding (1985), exchange of notes--1985, 1999 & 2002. Pacific Salmon Commission, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cost/Income Ratio"

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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "The High Cost of Regulating Development." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0025.

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Housing prices have risen in the United States and Hong Kong mostly because of the high regulation costs of development. In each of the developed countries, a very large array of complex regulations has made development difficult and effectively prevented housing supply from responding to demand. The problem is not market competition, but government regulations that prevent markets from functioning properly. The rising ratio of capital to income is almost entirely due to the rise of housing. What begins initially as inequality in housing wealth gets transmitted into the next generation and is transformed into other forms of inequality, in particular inequality in opportunities, with other distributional consequences.
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Tunay, Necla, Serhat Yüksel, and K. Batu Tunay. "The Effects of Technology on Bank Performance in Advanced and Emerging Economies." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7180-3.ch015.

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Electronic banking is a very popular aspect almost all over the world especially in the last few years. Banks make investment in this area in order to attract the attention of the customers. Therefore, it can be possible to survive in such a competitive environment. In the literature, it is also discussed that making investment into the technological aspects has an important contribution to the financial performance of the banks since it increases efficiency in banking operation. Similarly, in this chapter, the effects of electronic banking technologies on bank profitability and costs are investigated. The analyzes are performed with aggregated data from 23 developed and emerging economies covering the 2005-2015 period. The relationship between the electronic bank services and various performance and cost criteria such as ROE, cost to total income ratio, non-interest income, and overhead expenses to total assets ratio has been analyzed. The findings show that the increase in the use of electronic banking technologies has a positive impact on profitability and a negative impact on costs. Banks' investments in technological innovations improve both their productivity, product and service quality, and profitability performance. While considering the issues emphasized in this study, it can be recommended that banks should increase their investments for the technological improvement in order to have higher financial performance.
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Bagus Wiranatakusuma, Dimas, Imamuddin Yuliadi, and Ikhwan Victhori. "Risk Analyses on Islamic Banks in Indonesia." In Banking and Finance. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92245.

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This study aims to analyze the risks on Islamic banks in Indonesia by identifying which risk is significantly dominant in triggering other risks to happen. For that purpose, the study uses time series data on a monthly basis from 2010:M1 to 2018:M8. The data are obtained from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) Indonesia and analyzed using vector autoregression (VAR). Some variables are employed to proxy risk vulnerability including financing-to-deposit ratio (FDR) as a proxy of liquidity risk, nonperforming financing (NPF) as a proxy of financing risk, and cost-to-income ratio (BOPO) as a proxy of operational risk. The findings suggest that financing risk is the most dominant risk triggering vulnerability on Islamic banks in Indonesia.
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Singh-Ackbarali, Dimple, and Rohanie Maharaj. "Mini Livestock Ranching." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1607-1.ch007.

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The rising demand and cost of animal protein, food and feed insecurity, environmental and climatic challenges of livestock agriculture have made the option of insects as food sources a viable topic. This chapter presents existing information and research on edible insects, insect farms and value-added insect products and assesses insects as a potential source of food and feed. Mini livestock ranching where edible insect species are reared, can reduce some of the negative environmental effects of livestock agriculture as it will produce significantly less greenhouse gas emissions compared with traditional livestock and have similar nutritional profiles. Edible insect species also; have a much lower feed to meat ratio, require small areas of land and have an almost negligible water requirement. There is an untapped potential to increase access to this nutritious, climate-smart food via intensified semi-cultivation and raising insects in farming environments, developing value added products and also a potential for a significant source of income.
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Singh-Ackbarali, Dimple, and Rohanie Maharaj. "Mini Livestock Ranching." In Veterinary Science. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5640-4.ch015.

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The rising demand and cost of animal protein, food and feed insecurity, environmental and climatic challenges of livestock agriculture have made the option of insects as food sources a viable topic. This chapter presents existing information and research on edible insects, insect farms and value-added insect products and assesses insects as a potential source of food and feed. Mini livestock ranching where edible insect species are reared, can reduce some of the negative environmental effects of livestock agriculture as it will produce significantly less greenhouse gas emissions compared with traditional livestock and have similar nutritional profiles. Edible insect species also; have a much lower feed to meat ratio, require small areas of land and have an almost negligible water requirement. There is an untapped potential to increase access to this nutritious, climate-smart food via intensified semi-cultivation and raising insects in farming environments, developing value added products and also a potential for a significant source of income.
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Sridhar, Kala S. "Costs and Benefits of Urbanization." In Cities of Dragons and Elephants. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0003.

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Urbanization has both benefits and costs. This chapter summarizes research findings on how urbanization enhances productivity and economic growth in both rural and urban sectors, taking the case of India. It studies the relationship between urbanization and growth. Based on extensive data analyses of urbanization, it finds no impact of urban–rural inequalities on urbanization, but significant impact on the population of the largest city in the state. When accounting for the two-way relationship between urbanization and the rural–urban income ratio, it finds that urbanization increases urban–rural inequalities initially, but at higher levels reduces them. Urbanization benefits rural development since the chapter finds that it has a positive impact on increasing the rural–urban income ratio, and the evidence regarding remittances. Policy implications regarding telecommuting and investments in urban infrastructure are summarized. Lessons from India and the People’s Republic of China for each other’s urbanization are discussed.
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McMahon, Daithi. "With a Little Help from My Friends." In Media Controversy. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9869-5.ch004.

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Ireland has faced significant economic hardship since 2008, with the Irish radio industry suffering as advertising revenues evaporated. The difficult economic circumstances have forced radio station management to devise new and cost effective ways of generating much-needed income. The answer has come in the form of Facebook, the leading Social Network Site (SNS) in Ireland. Using Ireland as a case study, this chapter looks at how radio station management are utilising the social network strategically in a bid to enhance their audiences and revenues. Radio station management consider Facebook to be an invaluable promotional tool which is very easily integrated into radio programming and gives radio a digital online presence, reaching far greater audiences than possible through broadcasting. Some radio stations are showing ambition and are realising the marketing potential that Facebook and other SNSs hold. However, key changes in practice, technology and human resources are required to maximise the profit-making possibilities offered by Facebook.
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McMahon, Daithi. "With a Little Help from My Friends." In Analyzing the Strategic Role of Social Networking in Firm Growth and Productivity. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0559-4.ch009.

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Ireland has faced significant economic hardship since 2008, with the Irish radio industry suffering as advertising revenues evaporated. The difficult economic circumstances have forced radio station management to devise new and cost effective ways of generating much-needed income. The answer has come in the form of Facebook, the leading Social Network Site (SNS) in Ireland. Using Ireland as a case study, this chapter looks at how radio station management are utilising the social network strategically in a bid to enhance their audiences and revenues. Radio station management consider Facebook to be an invaluable promotional tool which is very easily integrated into radio programming and gives radio a digital online presence, reaching far greater audiences than possible through broadcasting. Some radio stations are showing ambition and are realising the marketing potential that Facebook and other SNSs hold. However, key changes in practice, technology and human resources are required to maximise the profit-making possibilities offered by Facebook.
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Balas, Can Elmar. "An Artificial Neural Network Model as the Decision Support System of Ports." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8648-9.ch002.

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The new feasibility analysis model proposed in this study for coastal projects consists of three interrelated decision support models: 1) Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to determine the rates and capacity of cargo by considering the economical development of hinterland 2) Queuing model to determine the waiting to service time and the berth occupancy ratios by waiting time modeling of ships using discrete queuing simulation 3) Importance Sampling Monte Carlo (ISMC) to simulate ship arrivals/departures from the quays and to estimate income/expenditure parameters of the coastal project. As a case study, the proposed model was applied to the Iskenderun Pier in Turkey and the future loading/unloading cargo rates of pier were predicted by ANN's. The superiorities of this proposed simulation-ANN model to other classical investment planning methods were the inclusion of uncertainties in the investment parameters like the change of cargo and costs variables in time, and the determination of project benefit/cost with an improved accuracy when compared to classical decision support models.
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Gallent, Nick. "The housing crisis." In Whose Housing Crisis? Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345312.003.0001.

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This chapter begins by detailing the outward characteristics of the housing crisis including income to housing cost ratios. It then looks at different ‘framings’ of that crisis, as a product of inadequate supply or a refunctioning of housing’s purpose, manifest in new patterns of consumption. The chapter then goes on to explore the nature of housing supply – a combination of new homes and second hand housing - and the relationship between planning regulation and market processes. The wider political economy of housing is then explored ahead of a more detailed account of housing inequalities and the onward structure of the book.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cost/Income Ratio"

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Rao, Prabhat Kumar, and Arindam Biswas. "Measuring Housing Affordability Using Residual Income Method for Million-plus Cities in India." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021257n3.

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Housing affordability is an ever-growing concern in rapidly urbanizing countries like India. The need for affordable housing can hardly be overemphasis in India. Government has many policies and programs running for fulfilling the requirement. But it is essential to define affordability standards for the success of any such policies and programs. The Ratio Method, which is currently used as the base for determining affordable housing, doesn’t have the flexibility to match the varied scale and standards across Indian cities. This paper is based on Michel E stone’s residual income’ method to measure housing affordability for India’s million-plus city. It gives a new approach for measuring housing affordability based on the minimum living cost for survival. It uses Poverty Line data (2014) and NSSO economic survey data (2012) for defining the minimum standard of living in the city. Stakeholders can use the city-specific measurement for affordable housing generated from this paper in affordable housing policies and programs.
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Ku¨bler, Oliver, and Michael Havbro Faber. "Optimality and Acceptance Criteria in Offshore Design." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28427.

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The optimal design of offshore structures is formulated as a decision theoretical problem. The objective is to maximize the net present value of the service life benefit. The general optimization problem is simplified by taking into account the cost impacts of only one possible reconstruction of the structure. The analytical solution to this problem has been derived for the case, where failure events follow a stationary Poisson process. The service life benefit is formulated in terms of the production profile, the design and construction costs, the costs of failure and the costs of reconstruction. In order to assess the effect of potential loss of lives, the costs of fatalities are included applying the concept of the Imp lied Costs of Averting a Fatality (ICAF). The suggested approach to optimal design, which can be applied for any type of offshore structure, is exemplified considering the special case of steel structures. Here it is standard to represent the ultimate structural capacity in terms of the Reserve Strength Ratio (RSR). For the purpose of illustration, the relation between material usage and RSR valid for monopod structures is applied. Optimal RSR’s and annual failure rates are assessed for both manned and un-manned structures covering a wide range of different realistic ratios between the potential income and costs of construction, failure and re construction costs.
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Yılmaz, Remzi Can, Ferhat Orman, and Murat Süslü. "The Effect of Euro/Dollar Parity on the Export of Upper Middle Income Countries: A Panel Data Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02427.

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In this study, the hypothesis that the changes in Euro / Dollar parity affects the export amounts of the economies in real terms, whether the changes in the currencies of the two economies, which constitute almost half of the world economy in total, have a significant effect on the foreign trade balance of other countries; if it is, it is aimed to verify by what extent and in what direction it is. Nineteen upper middle income countries with the largest export volume were selected as the sample of the study. The 2000 - 2017 interval was analyzed with multi - panel regression analysis. As a result, the Euro / Dollar parity was statistically significant and the changes in the said variable affected the exports of the sample countries in the same direction. In addition to the Euro / Dollar parity, the gross domestic product, domestic loan amount and domestic savings ratio were also statistically significant and they changed the exports simultaneously with the changes that occurred in them. This result is mainly attributable to the exports of the upper middle income countries; and that the increase in Euro / Dollar parity has led to an increase in profit margins by lowering imported input costs and making exports more attractive.
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Okawa, Tsuyoshi, and Naoyuki Yomori. "Sensitivity Degradation Characteristics of Incore Neutron Detector for Heavy Water Reactor, Fugen NPP." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22234.

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Fugen nuclear power plant is a 165MWe, heavy water-moderated, boiling light water-cooled, pressure tube-type reactor developed by JNC, which is the world’s first thermal neutron power reactor to utilize mainly Uranium and Plutonium mixed oxide (MOX) fuel. Fugen has been loaded a total of 726 MOX fuel assemblies since the initial core in 1978. Each incore neutron detector assembly of Fugen composed of four Local Power Monitors (LPM) is located at sixteen positions in the area of heavy water moderator in the core and monitors its power distribution during operation. The thermal neutron flux of Fugen is relatively higher than that of Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), therefore LPM, which is comprised of a fission chamber, degrades more quickly than that of BWR. An Improved Long-life LPM (LLPM) pasted inner surface wall of the chamber with 234U/235U at a ratio of 4 to 1 had been developed through the irradiation test at Japan Material Test Reactor (JMTR). The 234U is converted to 235U with absorption of neutron, and compensates the consumption of 235U. LPM has been loaded to the initial core of Fugen since 1978. JNC had evaluated its sensitivity degradation characteristics through the accumulated irradiation data and the parametric survey for 234σa and 235σa. Based on the experience of evaluation for sensitivity degradation, JNC has applied shuffling operation of LPM assemblies during an annual inspection outage to reduce the operating cost. This operation realizes the reduction of replacing number of LPM assemblies and volume of radioactive waste. This paper describes the sensitivity degradation characteristics of incore neutron detector and the degradation evaluation methods established in Fugen.
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Yoshida, Hiro, Takayuki Matsunuma, Norihiko Iki, Yoshio Akimune, and Hiroshi Hoya. "Micro Gas Turbine With Ceramic Rotor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53493.

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A series of operation tests by using a desktop size gas turbine has been successfully carried out. In the first step of the tests, we have concentrated ourselves on the operation at elevated temperatures. Thus the duration of the bench test at each rotation speed was set to be 1 minute. The baseline machine is J-850 (Sophia Precision, Co., Ltd.) originally made for model airplanes. In this study, we replaced an INCONEL 713C alloy turbine rotor with 5.5 cm diameter into a type SN235 ceramic rotor (Kyocera Corporation). Mixture of 70% white kerosene and 30% gasoline was used as the fuel. The running test was made at the rotational speeds up to 140,000 r.p.m. in the atmospheric air. The basic performance of the small gas turbine was found as follows: At 140,000 r.p.m., 1) the turbine inlet temperature was estimated to be higher than 1,200. This estimation was supported by the observation of the partially melted INCONEL alloy nozzle located before the ceramic rotor. But the ceramic rotor revealed no damages. 2) The compression ratio and the thrust of the ceramic rotor turbine attained at 140,000 r.p.m. were 3 and 100 N, respectively. 3) Total energy level of the exhaust gas jet was 240 kW at the same rotation speed. Experiences learned from the present running tests suggest that the small gas turbine system employed in this study could be a useful tool to quicken the cycle of R &amp; D of micro ceramic gas turbines with reasonable costs.
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Mohler, Richard. "Transforming Single-Family Neighborhoods: A Climate Action and Social Equity Mandate." In AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.20.2.

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In many fast-growing cities around the country, up to three- quarters of the land zoned for residential use is reserved for detached, single-family dwellings at suburban densities. This is both a climate justice and racial justice issue as it has the doubly negative impact of artificially constraining housing supply and driving up costs, forcing many lower and middle income families farther away from job centers and imposing on them long, costly, and carbon-intensive com- mutes. Single-family zoning was also used as an explicit tool to segregate the U.S. by race starting in the 1920s and, in the process, denied countless people of color access to home- ownership, the most powerful wealth-building tool available to U.S. families. This is a significant factor in the stark racial disparities in household wealth that we see today.This paper outlines the findings of a nationally cited report on single-family zoning released by the Seattle Planning Commission, which advises the City Council and Mayor on land use and housing policy and of which the author is a member. It also reviews a collaboration between the com- mission and a graduate research-based architectural design studio and seminar co-taught by the author. This collabo- ration re-envisions urban, single-family neighborhoods to be more equitable, sustainable and livable while engaging students in a national policy dialogue in the process. The results of the studio will advance the commission’s efforts to advise Seattle’s elected officials in revising public policy to be more aligned with the city’s climate and racial justice goals.
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Courtois, N., F. Ebacher, P. K. Dubois, et al. "Superalloy Cooling System for the Composite Rim of an Inside-Out Ceramic Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64007.

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The use of ceramics in gas turbines potentially allows for very high cycle efficiency and power density, by increasing operating temperatures. This is especially relevant for sub-megawatt gas turbines, where the integration of complex blade cooling greatly affects machine capital cost. However, ceramics are brittle and prone to fragile, catastrophic failure, making their current use limited to static and low-stress parts. Using the inside-out ceramic turbine (ICT) configuration solves this issue by converting the centrifugal blade loading to compressive stress, by using an external high-strength carbon-polymer composite rim. This paper presents a superalloy cooling system designed to protect the composite rim and allow it to withstand operating temperatures up to 1600 K. The cooling system was designed using one-dimensional (1D) models, developed to predict flow conditions as well as the temperatures of its critical components. These models were subsequently supported with computational fluid dynamics and used to conduct a power scalability study on a single stage ICT. Results suggest that the ICT configuration should achieve a turbine inlet temperature (TIT) of 1600 K with a composite rim cooling-to-main mass flow rate ratio under 5.2% for power levels above 350 kW. A proof of concept was performed by experimental validation of a small-scale 15 kW prototype, using a commercially available bismaleimide-carbon (BMI-carbon) composite rim and Inconel® 718 nickel-based alloy. The combination of numerical and experimental results show that the ICT can operate at a TIT of 1100 K without damage to the composite rim.
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Pierobon, Leonardo, Fredrik Haglind, Rambabu Kandepu, Alessandro Fermi, and Nicola Rossetti. "Technologies for Waste Heat Recovery in Off-Shore Applications." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62304.

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In off-shore oil and gas platforms the selection of the gas turbine to support the electrical and mechanical demand on site is often a compromise between reliability, efficiency, compactness, low weight and fuel flexibility. Therefore, recovering the waste heat in off-shore platforms presents both technological and economic challenges that need to be overcome. However, onshore established technologies such as the steam Rankine cycle, the air bottoming cycle and the organic Rankine cycle can be tailored to recover the exhaust heat off-shore. In the present paper, benefits and challenges of these three different technologies are presented, considering the Draugen platform in the North Sea as a base case. The Turboden 65-HRS unit is considered as representative of the organic Rankine cycle technology. Air bottoming cycles are analyzed and optimal design pressure ratios are selected. We also study a one pressure level steam Rankine cycle employing the once-through heat recovery steam generator without bypass stack. We compare the three technologies considering the combined cycle thermal efficiency, the weight, the net present value, the profitability index and payback time. Both incomes related to CO2 taxes and natural gas savings are considered. The results indicate that the Turboden 65-HRS unit is the optimal technology, resulting in a combined cycle thermal efficiency of 41.5% and a net present value of around 15 M$, corresponding to a payback time of approximately 4.5 years. The total weight of the unit is expected to be around 250 ton. The air bottoming cycle without intercooling is also a possible alternative due to its low weight (76 ton) and low investment cost (8.8 M$). However, cycle performance and profitability index are poorer, 12.1% and 0.75. Furthermore, the results suggest that the once-trough single pressure steam cycle has a combined cycle thermal efficiency of 40.8% and net present value of 13.5 M$. The total weight of the steam Rankine cycle is estimated to be around 170 ton.
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Cunningham, Caleb S., David Ransom, Jason Wilkes, John Bishop, and Benjamin White. "Mechanical Design Features of a Small Gas Turbine for Power Generation in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43491.

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As part of the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (iARPA) Great Horned Owl (GHO) program, Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) developed and tested a small gas turbine for power generation in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). This development program focused on advancing the state of the art in UAV power systems by meeting key metrics in weight, fuel efficiency, and noise generation. Design, assembly, and testing of the gas turbine were completed in-house at SwRI. Fundamental mechanical design features of the gas turbine include an integrated 7 kW motor-generator, minimal oil lubrication system, cantilevered compressor/turbine assembly, and can combustor with air-atomizing fuel nozzles. The compressor/turbine assembly is cantilevered directly off of the motor-generator shaft, which spins on hybrid ceramic bearings. Due to potential rotor natural frequencies in the design operating range, the rotor-dynamic design of this configuration was a special design challenge. The outboard rotor bearing is softly supported on O-rings to provide compliance and drive shaft natural frequencies below the operating range. The lube oil system is another interesting design feature of the GHO gas turbine. It is based on a minimal oil lubrication system previously used at SwRI. The minimal oil lubrication system relies on low oil flow rates and cooling air to pull droplets of oil through the bearing. The oil passes through the machine and is consumed during combustion. This system eliminates traditional oil recirculation hardware for simplicity and weight savings. The can combustor features a modular design and uses additive manufacturing techniques to facilitate easy and cost effective prototyping. All combustor components are manufactured from Inconel 718 using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) with additional post-machining. These parts are particularly challenging for DMLS because of their thin walls and high aspect ratio. The custom air-atomizing fuel nozzles also highlight one of the exciting advantages of the DMLS process. Each nozzle would be difficult to machine using traditional techniques because of the tight internal flow passages; however, they are simple to construct using additive manufacturing. The GHO turbine developed by SwRI demonstrates interesting design features including a minimal oil lubrication system, a cantilever shaft with softly supported bearing, and combustor components built using additive manufacturing techniques. This design provides a platform for further development, testing, and demonstration of small gas turbine technology for UAV power generation.
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