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Journal articles on the topic 'Cost manner'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Orlando, Rocco, and John C. Russell. "MANAGING GALLBLADDER DISEASE IN A COST-EFFECTIVE MANNER." Surgical Clinics of North America 76, no. 1 (February 1996): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70426-6.

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Harpham, T. "Measuring mental health in a cost-effective manner." Health Policy and Planning 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czg041.

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Van Hooland, Seth, Ruben Verborgh, and Rik Van de Walle. "Joining the Linked Data Cloud in a Cost-Effective Manner." Information Standards Quarterly 24, no. 2/3 (2012): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3789/isqv24n2-3.2012.04.

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Gardezi, Syed A., and Clare Tibbatts. "Improving bowel preparation for colonoscopy in a cost-effective manner." Future Healthcare Journal 6, Suppl 1 (March 2019): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/futurehosp.6-1-s39.

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Gardezi, Syed Anjum, and Clare Tibbatts. "Improving bowel preparation for colonoscopy in a cost effective manner." BMJ Quality Improvement Reports 6, no. 1 (May 2017): u204560.w5376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjquality.u204560.w5376.

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Muthusamy, V. Raman. "Tips and pearls on running an endoscopy unit in a cost-efficient manner." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 92, no. 5 (November 2020): 1111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2020.06.011.

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7

Crowe, B. L. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of telemedicine." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 4, no. 1_suppl (March 1998): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633981931867.

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There are a number of different costs associated with the development and operation of telemedicine services. A model is proposed in order to assist in strengthening the evidence base for telemedicine. It includes the following components: project establishment costs; equipment costs; maintenance costs; communication costs; staffing costs. All need to be considered in arriving at an annual cost figure for operating a telemedicine service. The inclusion of all these costs, prepared in the standard manner outlined in the model, will ensure that a realistic cost figure is available when evaluating the cost-effectiveness of a telemedicine service.

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Ahn, Gilseung, and Sun Hur. "Multiobjective Real-Time Scheduling of Tasks in Cloud Manufacturing with Genetic Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 9, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1305849.

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In cloud manufacturing, customers register customized requirements, and manufacturers provide appropriate services to complete the task. A cloud manufacturing manager establishes manufacturing schedules that determine the service provision time in a real-time manner as the requirements are registered in real time. In addition, customer satisfaction is affected by various measures such as cost, quality, tardiness, and reliability. Thus, multiobjective and real-time scheduling of tasks is important to operate cloud manufacturing effectively. In this paper, we establish a mathematical model to minimize tardiness, cost, quality, and reliability. Additionally, we propose an approach to solve the mathematical model in a real-time manner using a multiobjective genetic algorithm that includes chromosome representation, fitness function, and genetic operators. From the experimental results, we verify whether the proposed approach is effective and efficient.

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Bonney, Joseph, Maxwell Osei-Ampofo, and Ahmed Nuhu Zakaria. "Low-Cost Tabletop Simulation for Disaster Triage." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19003285.

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Introduction:Disaster Medicine training in most parts of the world is done in a practical manner to allow users to practice the skills of triage and resource allocation.Aim:To develop a low-cost tabletop simulation and measure its effectiveness from the user perspective.Methods:A modified Delphi approach was used in developing a low-cost tabletop simulation exercise. Simple playing cards were used as patients with specific vitals and injuries. Two Hundred trainees of the National Ambulance Service were used to test the exercise. All the participants had an equal chance to triage a patient and arrange transport to an appropriate facility.Results:All participants expressed their satisfaction in the design and implementation of the tabletop exercise. Over 90% showed interest in replicating the exercise in their respective setting due to the low-cost nature of the setup. During the exercise6. 0% of the patients were triaged correctly, while 80% were transported from the scene in an orderly manner. All the participants agreed on the useful and educational value of the exercise.Discussion:The use of a low-cost tabletop exercise in disaster medicine training is essential for low- and middle-income countries to promote education, and has been shown to be acceptable and feasible.

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Wang, Yu-Min, Michael Patrick Trinh, Yongzan Zheng, Kaizhu Guo, Luis A. Jimenez, and Wenwan Zhong. "Analysis of circulating non-coding RNAs in a non-invasive and cost-effective manner." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 117 (August 2019): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.001.

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Mukherjee, Dipankar, and Homayoun Hashemi. "Percutaneous Access with Closure Devices and Iliac Extension Limbs Allows Safe Repair of Common Iliac Artery Aneurysm Repair as an Outpatient Procedure." Vascular 17, no. 5 (January 1, 2009): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6670.2009.00043.

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The true benefits of endovascular therapy will be realized when treatment for common vascular conditions can be performed effectively and safely, with minimal morbidity and in a cost-effective manner. We describe three cases of common iliac artery aneurysm repair performed as an outpatient procedure without problems. This was done in a cost-effective manner and with a high degree of patient satisfaction.

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Balachandran, K. R., and Bin Srinidhi. "Target Analysis: Cost, Quality or Both?" Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 16, no. 2 (April 1991): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919910202.

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In the increasingly competitive environment of the nineties, considerable attention has been paid to cost and quality issues. Though, traditionally, improvement in quality meant increased costs and was associated with reduced productivity, more recent research treats them as complementary characteristics. In this article, K R Balachandran and Bin Srinidhi argue that the target analysis approach which combines cost and quality issues in a complementary manner can help achieve the strategic objectives of the firm. Data from NMMC, a subsidiary of Nissan Motor Corporation located in the US, have been used to describe the process of implementation of this approach.

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Al-dilami, Redwan A., Ammar T. Zahary, and Adnan Z. Al-Saqqaf. "Enhancing the Distribution of Idle Cost for Scheduling Tasks without Setup Cost in Cloud Computing." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (April 23, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8861569.

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Issues of task scheduling in the centre of cloud computing are becoming more important, and the cost is one of the most important parameters used for scheduling tasks. This study aims to investigate the problem of online task scheduling of the identified job of MapReduce on cloud computing infrastructure. It was proposed that the virtualized cloud computing setup comprised machines that host multiple identical virtual machines (VMs) that need to be activated earlier and run continuously, and booting a VM requires a constant setup time. A VM that remains running even though it is no longer used is considered an idle VM. Furthermore, this study aims to distribute the idle cost of the VMs rather than the cost of setting up them among tasks in a fair manner. This study also is an extension of previous studies which solved the problems that occurred when distributing the idle cost and setting up the cost of VMs among tasks. It classifies the tasks into three groups (long, mid, and short) and distributes the idle cost among the groups then among the tasks of the groups. The main contribution of this paper is the developing of a clairvoyant algorithm that addressed important factors such as the delay and the cost that occurred by waiting to setup VM (active VM). Also, when the VMs are run continually and some VMs become in idle state, the idle cost will be distributed among the current tasks in a fair manner. The results of this study, in comparison with previous studies, showed that the idle cost and the setup cost that was distributed among tasks were better than the idle cost and the setup cost distributed in those studies.

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Christman, Ben, and Malcolm Combe. "Funding Civil Justice in Scotland: Full Cost Recovery, at What Cost to Justice?" Edinburgh Law Review 24, no. 1 (January 2020): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2020.0599.

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In Scotland, there has been an increasing trend for the costs associated with the administration of civil justice to be met by the users of the court system. Such a policy can broadly be referred to as “full cost recovery”. A recent Scottish Government consultation on court fees uncritically continued with this overall approach, but various consultees nevertheless took the opportunity to critique full cost recovery in the context of that consultation and more generally. This article takes up that analysis, in a manner that should also be of interest to non-Scottish readers who may be contending with a similar challenge in another jurisdiction, by critiquing full cost recovery in principle and by offering potential routes by which its implementation might be challenged. It begins by explaining what full cost recovery actually is and investigating its origins, before interrogating some of the assumptions or acquiescence that seems to have developed around the issue and discussing the potential for litigation against court fees in Scotland.

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Chung, Ada Chi Wai. "Cost Issues in Digitalization and Preservation." International Journal of Library and Information Services 7, no. 2 (July 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijlis.2018070101.

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For many projects, resources are always limited. Hence, there is often a need to allocate resources in a most cost-effective manner. There are some cost models developed as guidelines on how to estimate the costs of digitalization and preservation of information in a comparatively more accurate way. By knowing the factors which affecting those costs, it will be easier to find a cost-effective strategy for digital preservation. Among different migration strategies proposed by researchers, in this article the migration in the framework of Open Archival Information System (OAIS) will be studied. This is applied to the case of this small-scale music library, Melos Music Library in El Parnaso Centre in Uruguay.

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Cardoso, Rhanderson, Roger S. Blumenthal, Stephen Kopecky, Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, and Seth S. Martin. "How Low to Go With Lipid-Lowering Therapies in a Cost-effective and Prudent Manner." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 94, no. 4 (April 2019): 660–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.08.011.

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Olchowski, Allison E., E. Michael Foster, and Carolyn H. Webster-Stratton. "Implementing behavioral intervention components in a cost-effective manner: Analysis of the Incredible Years program." Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention 4, no. 1 (2007): 284–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100345.

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Marrero, Madelyn, Antonio Fonseca, Raúl Falcon, and Antonio Ramirez-de-Arellano. "Schedule and Cost Control in Dwelling Construction Using Control Charts." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 8, no. 1 (May 30, 2014): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801408010063.

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Methods to monitor the schedule and to control cost in dwelling construction projects are numerous and varied but commonly constitute an obstacle to a fast and agile response by construction managers, whose decisions require information to be comprehensive and summarized. A simple model to monitor these projects is proposed that can easily be implemented within control systems that are already in place. For the first time, process control charts are combined with cost control in dwelling construction in order to prevent overruns in terms of time and/or cost. The model facilitates the production supervision of construction contracts by regularly providing information on the work completed and the incurred cost of the production processes per period, through charting and/or summarizing this information in a manner consistent with statistical control charts. Finally, the manager can easily identify those processes which are off target by consulting control charts.

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Henry Susiawan, Wahyu Eni,. "Perencanaan Perawatan Mesin Untuk Menurunkan Biaya Perawatan Dengan Menggunakan Metode Markov Chain." Jurnal Teknik Industri 1, no. 2 (April 29, 2010): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol1.no2.174-182.

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For this time, machine and tools are much wear in some factory to support human in produce something. And so machine and tools it self are an object which be able to damaged, then be needed to take care of those thing in a continue manner. In a logic manner could be arithmeticed that with continued machine treatment will more decrease the cost of factory every periode than the consequence cost of machine damage. Especially in order to get a good productivity, good quality and low cost level, so one of method to prevent this thing is using Markov Chain method. Base on result analyst, then known that the treatment of Root Washer machine are Korective Treatment Planning on weight status and Prohibition treatment on light in weight and average status. Then the treatment cost motion on Root Whasher machine have a cost judgment result Rp. 492.977,-

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20

Kurth, Helmut, Karl Heinz Winter, and Vaclav Pospíchal. "Building Condition Record and Cost Estimation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 796 (October 2015): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.796.137.

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Many planners and clients (prospective building owners) are not sufficiently prepared for the building renovation. This reorientation calls for new means of help and abilities. A special importance belongs in this respect to the rating of the existing building substance (building stock). A sufficient reason to develop a new method for this purpose deliberately. The Rough Diagnosis of the building provides the picture of the building condition and of the costs for the repair of defects. The division of the building into Rough Diagnosis Elements improves the overview of the building condition and suggestions for measures. These measures can be compared in a transparent manner and related to individual stages. These pieces of knowledge facilitate the clear guidelines for project elaboration and costs, cut out according to needs and possibilities of the customer.

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Stoloff, Peter H., Michael P. D'Alessandro, Donna M. D'Alessandro, and Richard S. Bakalar. "Promoting Health and Improving Health Care in a Cost-Effective Manner through a Military Digital Library." Military Medicine 171, no. 1 (January 2006): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.171.1.74.

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22

Sun, Han, Weiyang Zhao, Xuemei Mao, Yuanyuan Ren, Tao Wu, and Feng Chen. "Cost-effective wastewater treatment in a continuous manner by a novel bio-photoelectrolysis cell (BPE) system." Bioresource Technology 273 (February 2019): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.045.

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23

Sutton, Nancy A. "A Comparison of Insurance and Pension Plans in Large and Small Firms." American Journal of Small Business 11, no. 2 (October 1986): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225878601100202.

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The study reported in this article was designed to identify the specific insurance and retirement benefits which the small plan may be lacking in comparison with larger firms and evaluate how small business managers may stretch benefit dollars. The findings indicate that most large firms offer superior benefit packages and utilize contributory approaches, where the employee contributes to the cost of the benefit, more extensively than small firms. It is suggested that contributory approaches may help the small business manager increase benefits in a manner that more effectively allocates company expenditures only to employees who need the coverage while decreasing the company's cost of providing benefits.

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Baldenius, Tim, Sunil Dutta, and Stefan Reichelstein. "Cost Allocation for Capital Budgeting Decisions." Accounting Review 82, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 837–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2007.82.4.837.

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Investment decisions frequently require coordination across multiple divisions of a firm. This paper explores a class of capital budgeting mechanisms in which the divisions issue reports regarding the anticipated profitability of proposed projects. To hold the divisions accountable for their reports, the central office ties the project acceptance decision to a system of cost allocations comprised of depreciation and capital charges. If the proposed project concerns a common asset that benefits multiple divisions, then our analysis derives a sharing rule for dividing the asset among the users. Capital charges are based on a hurdle rate determined by the divisional reports. We find that this hurdle rate deviates from the firm's cost of capital in a manner that depends crucially on whether the coordination problem is one of implementing a common asset or choosing among multiple competing projects. We also find that more severe divisional agency problems will increase the hurdle rate for common assets, yet this is generally not true for competing projects.

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Weinstein, Sue M. "Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Mental Health." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 5, no. 1 (April 1, 1986): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1986-0007.

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As costs rise and demands for services increase, governments are beginning to insist that mental health program administrators demonstrate that they are “worthwhile” in terms of results produced (outcomes) for money invested (costs). Cost-effectiveness analysis, one economic evaluation model, is presented as a potentially useful tool that can be employed in mental health settings. An overview of the definition, underlying assumptions, and procedures of cost-effectiveness analysis is provided. Issues relating to the manner in which cost and effectiveness information is presented to decision makers along with associated decision rules are also reviewed. It is concluded that it is difficult to “buy” the cost-effectiveness model as it now exists. Modifications in its assumptions, data gathering and data combination techniques are warranted so that the model can be applicable to mental health settings and policies. The general theme underlying suggested modifications is that values and constraints associated with all aspects of a cost-effectiveness problem must be made explicit and should guide analytic procedures.

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Guo, Ze-Wang, Xiao-Yang Ou, Pei Xu, Hui-Fang Gao, Liao-Yuan Zhang, Min-Hua Zong, and Wen-Yong Lou. "Energy- and cost-effective non-sterilized fermentation of 2,3-butanediol by an engineered Klebsiella pneumoniae OU7 with an anti-microbial contamination system." Green Chemistry 22, no. 24 (2020): 8584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc03044a.

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Edwards, Gordon C. "Laboratory Automation's Bold Steps: Planning the Project and Selecting the Vendor." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 3, no. 2 (May 1998): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/221106829800300208.

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Healthcare reform has changed the manner of delivery of health services forever. One of the areas of greatest impact has been in clinical laboratory services. While the cost of health care overall has risen steadily over the past 5 years, the actual cost of a Chem 7 panel in our laboratory, for example, has decreased by 31%. This example of cost control is undoubtedly typical of the focus which clinical laboratories have placed on cost containment in recent years.

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Li, Chaoran, Jie Yao, Yang Huang, Chaoying Xu, Deyue Lou, Zhiyi Wu, Wei Sun, et al. "Salt-templated growth of monodisperse hollow nanostructures." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 4 (2019): 1404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11318a.

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Antonov, Yovko Ivanov, Per Kvols Heiselberg, and Michal Zbigniew Pomianowski. "Novel Methodology toward Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) Renovation: Cost-Effective Balance Approach as a Pre-Step to Cost-Optimal Life Cycle Cost Assessment." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 4141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094141.

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Reaching environmental targets set by the European Union (EU) requires a constant renovation of the existing building stock to nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) in a cost-optimal manner. Studies show that the renovation rate of the existing building stock is more than two times less than what is necessary to reach the targets. Furthermore, the majority of performed renovations across the EU reach just a small amount of energy savings, whereas NZEB renovations are rarely achieved. This paper proposes a methodology for the evaluation of renovation measures, aiming to provide decision support related to the selection of what to renovate and to what extent. The proposed method is rooted in the well-established cost-optimal methodology, yet it suggests a pre-step to package evaluation. This is done by means of a simplified cost-effective parameter (CEP), linking cost, lifetime, and energy savings. The methodology is demonstrated using a case study building in Denmark. The results show that the CEP provides good grounds for the compilation of single actions to packages. Further developments could focus on the sensitivity of the model inputs and integration of additional evaluation parameters to cost, such as environmental, architectural, comfort, risk, etc.

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Sungheetha, Dr Akey, and Dr Rajesh Sharma R. "Cost Effective Energy-Saving System in Parking Spots." March 2020 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2020.1.003.

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Vehicles are becoming an essential product in everyone’s life. Keeping a vehicle in a safe place will improve the life of its engine and other electrical systems. Hence, parking place occupies a major portion while constructing a house, apartment and shopping malls. The lighting system in such places are utilizing more energy and it leads to unnecessary expense on electricity bills. The proposed microcontroller based energy saving system is developed to minimize the utilization of light energy in parking spaces in an efficient manner. The results of the proposed system is compared with the general operation for identifying its efficiency. The proposed method saves the energy up to 46.35% than the existing lighting system.

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Svenningsen, Nils W. "What is the Cost of a Handicapped Child in Sweden?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, S1 (January 1991): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230001271x.

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For several reasons, the question posed by the title of this article cannot be answered in simple terms of monetary values or quality of life. The main reason is that it is impossible to define the concept “handicapped” in a clearcut manner. The definition of handicap will change with time and place and with “the eyes of the beholder,” whether he or she is a family member, relative, employer, administrator, or a representative, politically or otherwise of the society.

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Magdic, KS, and LM Saul. "ECG interpretation of chamber enlargement." Critical Care Nurse 17, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1997.17.1.13.

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In this age of cost containment, it is important for healthcare providers to deliver quality care in a cost-effective manner. Once an ECG has been ordered, it is important to maximize its contribution to patients' care by evaluating the characteristics of the ECG and the problems that could alter it.

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Wu, Qiong, Yanbing Han, Zhichao Shao, Junxia Li, and Hongwei Hou. "Stable Fe(ii)-based coordination polymers: synthesis, structural diversity and catalytic applications in homo-coupling reactions." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 24 (2018): 8063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt01839a.

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Tseng, Sheng-Yu, and Jun-Hao Fan. "Bridgeless Boost Converter with an Interleaving Manner for PFC Applications." Electronics 10, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030296.

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Power quality is a critical issue in power systems. This paper proposes a bridgeless boost converter to increase the power factor of power systems using a utility line source for raising power quality. To reduce input and output current ripple, an interleaving manner is adopted in the proposed power system. When the interleaving bridgeless boost converter is used to implement power factor correction (PFC), it needs two bridgeless boost converters to process power during one switching cycle. In order to simplify the proposed bridgeless boost converter, two sets of switches in the conventional bridgeless boost one are integrated to reduce component counts. With this approach, the proposed bridgeless boost converter uses four switches to implement PFC features. Therefore, the proposed boost converter can increase conversion efficiency and decrease component counts, resulting in a higher conversion efficiency, lower cost and more simplicity for driving circuits. Finally, a prototype with a universal input voltage source (AC 90 V~265 V) under an output voltage of 400 V and a maximum output power of 1 kW has been implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed bridgeless boost converter.

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Nagavalli, S., and G. Ramachandran. "A Secure Data Transmission Scheme using Asymmetric Semi-Homomorphic Encryption Scheme." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v7.i4.pp369-376.

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<p>The compressive detecting based information accumulation accomplishes with high exactness in information recuperation from less inspection which is available in sensor nodes. In this manner, the existing methods available in the literature diminish the information gathering cost and delays the existence cycle of WSNs. In this paper, a strong achievable security model for sensor network applications was initially proposed. At that point, a secure data collection conspire was displayed based on compressive detecting, which improves the information protection by the asymmetric semi-homomorphic encryption scheme, and decreases the calculation cost by inadequate compressive grid. In this case, particularly the asymmetric mechanism decreases the trouble of mystery key circulation and administration. The proposed homomorphic encryption permits the in-arrange accumulation in cipher domain, and in this manner improves the security and accomplishes the adjustment in system stack. Further, this paper focuses on estimating various network performances such as the calculation cost and correspondence cost, which remunerates the expanding cost caused by the homomorphic encryption. A real time validation on the proposed encryption scheme using AVISPA was additionally performed and the results are satisfactory.</p>

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Larocque, Stephannie, Alastair Lawrence, and Kevin Veenstra. "Managers’ Cost of Equity Capital Estimates: Empirical Evidence." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 33, no. 3 (June 26, 2016): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x16654034.

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Using actual practice data from U.S. corporate treasury executives, we provide initial evidence of managers’ internal estimates of their firms’ cost of equity capital (COEC) and extrapolate managers’ estimation practices to the broader population of public firms. Our study provides insights into the assumptions managers use in applying the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), the model that managers generally use to estimate their firms’ COEC according to prior research. We show that COEC estimates based on managers’ surveyed estimation practices are positively correlated with realized returns only in the pre-survey period, suggesting that managers set their COEC estimates in a backward-looking manner. Moreover, managers’ estimates are most correlated with estimates reverse-engineered following Easton, (2004) and Gode and Mohanram (2003).

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Butt, U., A. Whiteman, J. Wilson, E. Paul, and B. Roy. "Does arthroscopic subacromial decompression improve quality of life." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 97, no. 3 (April 2015): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588414x14055925061478.

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Introduction There has been a significant rise in the volume of subacromial decompression surgery performed in the UK. This study aimed to determine whether arthroscopic subacromial decompression improves health related quality of life in a cost effective manner. Methods Patients undergoing arthroscopic subacromial decompression surgery for impingement were enrolled between 2012 and 2014. The Oxford shoulder score and the EQ-5D™ instruments were completed prior to and following surgery. A cost–utility analysis was performed. Results Eighty-three patients were eligible for the study with a mean follow-up duration of 15 months (range: 4–27 months). The mean Oxford shoulder score improved by 13 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11–15 points). The mean health utility gain extrapolated from the EQ-5D™ questionnaire improved by 0.23 (95% CI: 0.16–0.30), translating to a minimum cost per QALY of £5,683. Conclusions Subacromial decompression leads to significant improvement in function and quality of life in a cost effective manner. This provides justification for its ongoing practice by appropriately trained shoulder surgeons in correctly selected patients.

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Chira-Chavala, T., and Christoffel Venter. "Cost and Productivity Impacts of a “Smart” Paratransit System." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1571, no. 1 (January 1997): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1571-11.

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The cost and productivity impacts of an advanced paratransit system are analyzed; the system uses a digital geographical data base and an automated trip scheduling system to automate vehicle and passenger scheduling functions. The results indicate that such a system enables transit agencies to accommodate rapid increases in the paratransit demand in an efficient manner, which could not be accomplished by a manual or semimanual scheduling system. For the case study presented, this new system resulted in 13 percent savings in unit transportation operating cost and a significant increase in the percentage of shared rides. These benefits were achieved without affecting passengers’ travel time or ride comfort.

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Jung, Wonjong, M. Jalal Uddin, Kak Namkoong, Wonseok Chung, Joon-Ho Kim, and Joon S. Shim. "Toward a disposable low-cost LOC device: heterogeneous polymer micro valve and pump fabricated by UV/ozone-assisted thermal fusion bonding." RSC Advances 10, no. 47 (2020): 28390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03830j.

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Haase, Diane L., Karma Bouzza, Lucy Emerton, James B. Friday, Becca Lieberg, Arnulfo Aldrete, and Anthony S. Davis. "The High Cost of the Low-Cost Polybag System: A Review of Nursery Seedling Production Systems." Land 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080826.

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An important strategy for meeting global landscape restoration goals is nursery production of high-quality seedlings. Growing seedlings with attributes that promote post-planting survival and growth can be dramatically influenced by the nursery container system. In many countries, nurseries produce seedlings in polybags filled with excavated soil. These seedlings often develop deformed roots with limited fibrosity which can lead to poor survival and growth after outplanting. Polybags are initially inexpensive but using these single-use plastic containers accrues expenses that are often untracked. Comparisons among nursery production systems must account for factors such as container longevity, labor efficiency, and seedling field performance. A more holistic approach to account for environmental, economic, social, logistic, and cultural elements in the cost–benefit equation that influences nursery production systems is needed. Converting to a modern container system requires concomitant adjustments in nursery scheduling and culturing matched to the new stock type. Doing so provides an opportunity to align nursery production techniques and resulting seedling attributes with anticipated field conditions. This article describes and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of nursery production systems and provides recommendations and case studies to aid nurseries in improving seedling quality toward meeting restoration goals in a cost-effective and timely manner.

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Arbelo, Antonio, Pilar Pérez-Gómez, Enrique González-Dávila, and Felipe Manuel Rosa-González. "Cost and Profit Efficiencies in the Spanish Hotel Industry." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 41, no. 8 (July 30, 2015): 985–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348015587999.

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This article focuses on estimating and discussing cost and profit efficiencies related with the Spanish hotel sector. Managers have a special interest in controlling costs as a source of competitive advantage, which may enable companies to improve their results in a continuous manner. However, they usually do not attribute much importance to the improvement of profit efficiency, which is generally much lower than cost efficiency and as a result vital for achieving competitive advantage. In this article, cost and profit efficiencies are estimated in the Spanish hotel sector using a data panel for the years 2007 to 2011 and using distribution free approach methodology. The results show profit efficiency levels significantly lower than levels of cost efficiency, thereby confirming our working hypothesis.

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Daniels, Elizabeth A. "Does Objectification on Social Media Cost Young Men?" Emerging Adulthood 8, no. 3 (October 8, 2018): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696818804051.

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Using an experimental methodology, the present study assessed college students’ perceptions of a male peer who presented himself on Facebook in either an objectified or nonobjectified manner. One hundred eighty-nine college students ( n = 111 women, n = 78 men) viewed a Facebook profile with either an objectified or a nonobjectified profile photo of the same young man and then evaluated the profile owner. They also reported on the desirability of dating the profile owner. Results indicated that the objectified profile owner was considered less competent but not less socially appealing or physically attractive. Participants liked the nonobjectified profile and profile photo better than the objectified profile and profile photo. There was also more interest in a committed dating relationship with the nonobjectified profile owner than the objectified profile owner. Findings suggest that using an objectified profile photo on Facebook may come with some costs for young men.

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Kim, Eung Tae, and Sungmin Kim. "Development of an interactive shirt for self-directed motor learning." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2019-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for an interactive clothing that offers a self-directed learning environment in which learners can practice exercises in a time and cost-efficient manner. Design/methodology/approach To verify the validity of the framework, an interactive shirt has been developed that can help its wearer practicing certain motor skills in a self-directed manner. This shirt enables the wearer to set reference body postures and to compare current posture with them and can notify whether its wearer repeats them correctly or not through vibrotactile feedback. Findings The interactive shirt prototype developed in this study will offer an environment in which learners can practice exercises in a time and cost-efficient manner. Originality/value The smart garment framework developed in this study consists of sensor-actuator module, switch device and control software. As this framework is easily scalable, it is expected that it can be used for various smart garment projects where an interaction between the garment and its wearer is needed.

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A, Alan Paul. "Automatic Target Detection and Shooting System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 4023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37246.

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Our paper consists of the idea of improving target detection and shooting systems in an effective and low-cost manner. We have reviewed other systems in the past and come up with a multi-mode system that has multiple modes with its advantages and applications. Our system is much cost effective. We have used easy to get parts to function. it also has a modular design.

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Javed, Muhammad Umar, Nadeem Javaid, Abdulaziz Aldegheishem, Nabil Alrajeh, Muhammad Tahir, and Muhammad Ramzan. "Scheduling Charging of Electric Vehicles in a Secured Manner by Emphasizing Cost Minimization Using Blockchain Technology and IPFS." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 5151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125151.

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In this work, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are charged using a new and improved charging mechanism called the Mobile-Vehicle-to-Vehicle (M2V) charging strategy. It is further compared with conventional Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) charging strategies. In the proposed work, the charging of vehicles is done in a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) manner; the vehicles are charged using Charging Stations (CSs) or Mobile Vehicles (MVs) in the absence of a central entity. CSs are fixed entities situated at certain locations and act as charge suppliers, whereas MVs act as prosumers, which have the capability of charging themselves and also other vehicles. In the proposed system, blockchain technology is used to tackle the issues related with existing systems, such as privacy, security, lack of trust, etc., and also to promote transparency, data immutability, and a tamper-proof nature. Moreover, to store the data related to traffic, roads, and weather conditions, a centralized entity, i.e., Transport System Information Unit (TSIU), is used. It helps in reducing the road congestion and avoids roadside accidents. In the TSIU, an Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS) is used to store the data in a secured manner after removing the data’s redundancy through data filtration. Furthermore, four different types of costs are calculated mathematically, which ultimately contribute towards calculating the total charging cost. The shortest distance between a vehicle and the charging entities is calculated using the Great-Circle Distance formula. Moving on, both the time taken to traverse this shortest distance and the time to charge the vehicles are calculated using real-time data of four EVs. Location privacy is also proposed in this work to provide privacy to vehicle users. The power flow and the related energy losses for the above-mentioned charging strategies are also discussed in this work. An incentive provisioning mechanism is also proposed on the basis of timely delivery of credible messages, which further promotes users’ participation. In the end, simulations are performed and results are obtained that prove the efficiency of the proposed work, as compared to conventional techniques, in minimizing the EVs’ charging cost, time, and distance.

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Gray, Kathleen. "Board 165 - Program Innovations Abstract Implementation of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program in a Cost-Effective Manner (Submission #1234)." Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 8, no. 6 (December 2013): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sih.0000441430.11531.9e.

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Thakur, M., A. Narang, S. Muzammil, K. G. Mahabole, M. Aggarwal, M. Gupta, S. Rastogi, S. Kapil, and L. M. Sharma. "Swasth Mahila Swasth Pariwar: A Screening Program for Women to Detect Common Health Problems in Cost Effective Manner." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2017): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v5i1.17025.

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Objectives- A woman is pivot of a family, but they hardly pay attention to their health. The present study aimed to screen the women for common health problems under one roof. A programme “Swasth Mahila, Swasth Pariwar” was conducted in a small hospital set up and cost effective manner. Material and Methods- 408 women, above 18 years were screened for the study after obtaining their consent, 294 were enrolled and were subjected to a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic factors, dietary habits and medical history. Anthropometry and clinical examination was followed by laboratory investigations including Hb%, TLC, DLC, P/S for anaemia, Urine analysis, Blood Glucose. Vaginal cytology with special staining in patients complaining of vaginal discharge (n=128). After screening, patients were referred to separate special clinics accordingly for homoeopathic treatment and follow up. Collaboration with family planning department was done to educate them about family planning practices. Results- The prevalence of anaemia was 40.14% (mean haemoglobin 10.1g/dl). 64.4% had mild, 33.1% had moderate and 2.5% had severe anaemia. 92 % women had iron deficiency anaemia. The prevalence of diabetes was 11.57% and pre-diabetes was 28.9 %. 13 new diabetic and 35 UTI cases were identified. 45.3% women had bacterial vaginosis, 10.9% had trichomoniasis, 17.2% had candidiasis and 0.8% had candidiasis with bacterial vaginosis. All the facilities including consultation, medical examination and laboratory testing were free of charge. The expenditure on laboratory testing for each patient was Rs 300 (approx). Conclusion- This programme helped to identify nutritional, lifestyle disorders and to generate awareness to improve the sexual health status of women in a cost effective manner.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(1): 86-90

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Rauliajtys-Grzybek, M., W. Baran, and M. Macuda. "Cost Accounting in Public Hospitals in Poland." Journal of Health Management 19, no. 2 (May 10, 2017): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063417699690.

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The aim of this article is to assess the cost accounting solutions that are used currently in Polish hospitals. The evaluation covered three main areas that require cost data—management, external reporting and pricing of health services (performed by a regulatory body). The study concerned the costing model that was obligatory for Polish public hospitals in the years 1998–2011 (top-down micro-costing model) and has not yet been replaced by another solution. Different research methods have been used for each of the areas under research, inter alia surveys, direct interviews and case study methods. Empirical results indicate a limited usefulness of the researched costing model in all of the evaluated areas: management, financial reporting and pricing. First, the costing model is used moderately only for the most important management areas, such as planning, control and operational decision making. Second, it does not include the specifics of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) (basic pricing object) and therefore does not allow for accurate determination of their costs. Third, due to lack of the complex costing methodology the model is used in an unstructured and incoherent manner.

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Pavagada, Suraj, Robert B. Channon, Jason Y. H. Chang, Sung Hye Kim, David MacIntyre, Phillip R. Bennett, Vasso Terzidou, and Sylvain Ladame. "Oligonucleotide-templated lateral flow assays for amplification-free sensing of circulating microRNAs." Chemical Communications 55, no. 83 (2019): 12451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05607f.

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Low-cost detection of miRNA biomarkers from maternal blood is achieved via a highly sequence-specific templated reaction on nitrocellulose paper strips to enable early prediction of preterm birth in a minimally invasive manner.

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Naik, Praveen, and Shantaram Nayak. "Insights on Research Techniques towards Cost Estimation in Software Design." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2883-2894.

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Software cost estimation is of the most challenging task in project management in order to ensuring smoother development operation and target achievement. There has been evolution of various standards tools and techniques for cost estimation practiced in the industry at present times. However, it was never investigated about the overall picturization of effectiveness of such techniques till date. This paper initiates its contribution by presenting taxonomies of conventional cost-estimation techniques and then investigates the research trends towards frequently addressed problems in it. The paper also reviews the existing techniques in well-structured manner in order to highlight the problems addressed, techniques used, advantages associated and limitation explored from literatures. Finally, we also brief the explored open research issues as an added contribution to this manuscript.

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