Academic literature on the topic 'Cost pricing'

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Journal articles on the topic "Cost pricing"

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Wang, Xiao-Yong. "Effect of Carbon Pricing on Optimal Mix Design of Sustainable High-Strength Concrete." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 5827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205827.

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Material cost and CO2 emissions are among the vital issues related to the sustainability of high-strength concrete. This research proposes a calculation procedure for the mix design of silica fume-blended high-strength concrete with an optimal total cost considering various carbon pricings. First, the material cost and CO2 emission cost are determined using concrete mixture and unit prices. Gene expression programming (GEP) is used to evaluate concrete mechanical and workability properties. Second, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to search the optimal mixture, considering various constraints, such as design compressive strength constraint, design workability constraint, range constraints, ratio constraints, and concrete volume constraint. The optimization objective of the GA is the sum of the material cost and the cost of CO2 emissions. Third, illustrative examples are shown for designing various kinds of concrete. Five strength levels (from 95 to 115 MPa with steps of 5 MPa) and four carbon pricings (normal carbon pricing, zero carbon pricing, five-fold carbon pricings, and ten-fold carbon pricings) are considered. A total of 20 optimal mixtures are calculated. The optimal mixtures were found the same for the cases of normal CO2 pricing and zero CO2 pricing. Optimal mixtures with higher strengths are more sensitive to variation in carbon pricing. For five-fold CO2 pricing, the cement content of mixtures with higher strengths (105, 110, and 115 MPa) are lower than those of normal CO2 pricing. As the CO2 pricing increases from five-fold to ten-fold, for mixtures with a strength of 110 MPa, the cement content becomes lower. Summarily, the proposed method can be applied to the material design of sustainable high-strength concrete with low material cost and CO2 emissions.
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Plinke, Wulff. "Cost-based pricing." Journal of Business Research 13, no. 5 (October 1985): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(85)90024-4.

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Berrie, T. W. "Marginal cost pricing." Energy Policy 13, no. 3 (June 1985): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(85)90167-3.

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Freixas, Xavier, and Jean-Jacques Laffont. "Average cost pricing versus marginal cost pricing under moral hazard." Journal of Public Economics 26, no. 2 (March 1985): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(85)90001-5.

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Ray, Korok, and Jacob Gramlich. "Reconciling Full-Cost and Marginal-Cost Pricing." Journal of Management Accounting Research 28, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51285.

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ABSTRACT Despite the clear prescription from economic theory that a firm should set price based only on variable costs, firms routinely factor fixed costs into pricing decisions. We show that full-cost pricing (FCP) can achieve the optimal price. FCP marks up variable cost with the contribution margin per unit, which, in equilibrium, includes the fixed cost. FCP converges to the optimal price when the firm can estimate its equilibrium income. We compare FCP to alternative pricing algorithms that require less information, but converge to optimal price under more narrow conditions than FCP.
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Tyagi, Rajeev K. "Cost leadership and pricing." Economics Letters 72, no. 2 (August 2001): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(01)00431-1.

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Schramm, Gunter. "Marginal cost pricing revisited." Energy Economics 13, no. 4 (October 1991): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(91)90003-i.

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Goldstein, James. "Full-Cost Water Pricing." Journal - American Water Works Association 78, no. 2 (February 1986): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05695.x.

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Pfeiffer, Thomas, Ulf Schiller, and Joachim Wagner. "Cost-based transfer pricing." Review of Accounting Studies 16, no. 2 (April 21, 2011): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11142-011-9140-0.

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Gramlich, Jacob P., and Korok Ray. "Reconciling Full-Cost and Marginal-Cost Pricing." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015, no. 72 (September 2015): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2015.072.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cost pricing"

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Nubbemeyer, Elmar. "A Reconsideration of Full-Cost Pricing." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-123132.

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Lindberg, Gunnar. "Valuation and pricing of traffic safety /." Örebro : Universitetsbiblioteket : Örebro University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-787.

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Jansson, Mattias 1973. "Marginal cost congestion pricing under approximate equilibrium conditions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46237.

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Thesis (S.B. and M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-48).
by Mattias Jansson.
S.B.and M.Eng.
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Hasselgren, Björn. "Pricing Principles, Efficiency Concepts and Incentive Models in Swedish Transport Infrastructure Policy." KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123580.

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In this article the shift of the Swedish goverment´s policies for the financing through taxation, fees and prices paid for the use of roads and railroads from 1945 until the 2010s is discussed. It is argued that the shift from a full-cost coverage principle to a short term social marginal cost principle can be seen in the light of the controversy between a Coasean and a Pigovian perspective. The Coasean perspective furthers an institutional view where organizations and dynamic development matters while the Pigovian perspective furthers a welfare economic equilibrium view where organizations are less focused. It is argued that the shift in policies coincided with less interest and focus on the organizational perspective and incentives for organizational efficiency, which can be seen in the public documents from the time. The government seems to have been guided by a mar ket failure stance since the 1970s which has motivated growing intervention, following a mar ket-economy stance in the first 25 years after the nationalization of roads and railroads. A current opening in transport infrastructure policies with more room for alternative financing, user charges and fees might, even though also consistent with short term social marginal cost principles, signal a revival of a perspective more in line with the Coasean view.

QC 20130614

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Papin, Timothée. "Pricing of Corporate Loan : Credit Risk and Liquidity cost." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937278.

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This PhD thesis investigates the pricing of a corporate loan according to the credit risk, the liquidity cost and the embedded prepayment option. A loan contract issued by a bank for its corporate clients is a financial agreement that often comes with more flexibility than a retail loan contract. These options are designed to meet clients' expectations and can include e.g., a prepayment option (which entitles the client, if he desires so, to pay all or a fraction of its loan earlier than the maturity). The prepayment is the main option and it will be study in this thesis. In order to decide whether the exercise of the option is worthwhile the borrower compares the remaining payments with the outstanding amount of the loan. If the remaining payments exceed the nominal value then it is optimal for the borrower to refinance his debt at a lower rate. For a bank, the prepayment option is essentially a reinvestment risk, i.e. the risk that the borrower decides to repay earlier his/her loan and that the bank cannot reinvest his/her excess of cash in a new loan with same characteristics.The valuation problem of the prepayment option can be modelled as an embedded compound American option on a risky debt owned by the borrower. We choose in this thesis to price a loan and its prepayment option by resolving the associated PDE instead of binomial trees (time-consuming) or Monte Carlo techniques (slow to converge).
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Malmquist, Daniel. "A probabilistic pricing model for a company's projects." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1099.

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The company’s pricing is often highly impacted by the estimation of competitors’ project costs, which also is the main scope in this degree project. The purpose is to develop a pricing model dealing with uncertainties, since this is a main issue in the current pricing process. A pre-study has been performed, followed by a model implementation. An analysis of the model was then made, before conclusions were drawn. Project cost estimation foremost, but also probability distribution functions and pricing as a general concept, were investigated in the mainly literary pre-study. Two suitable methods for project cost estimation were identified; Monte Carlo simulation and Hierarchy Probability Cost Analysis. These lead to a theoretical project cost estimation model. A model was implemented in Matlab. It treats project cost estimation, but no other pricing aspects. The model was developed based on the theoretical one to the extent possible. Project costs were broken down in sub costs which were included in a Monte Carlo simulation. Competitors’ project costs were estimated using this technique. To analyse the model’s accuracy was difficult. It differs from the theoretical one in terms of how probability distribution functions and correlations are estimated. These problems depend on projects with shifting characteristics and limited data and time. A solid framework has been created though. Improvement possibilities exist, e.g. more accurate estimates and a model handling other pricing aspects. The major threat is that nobody maintains the model. Anyway, estimates are not more than just estimates. The model should therefore be viewed as a helpful tool, not an answer.
Företagets prissättning påverkas ofta till stor del av estimeringen av konkurrenters projektkostnader, vilket också är huvudområdet i detta examensarbete. Syftet är att utveckla en prissättningsmodell som hanterar osäkerheter, då detta är ett stort problem i rådande prissättningsprocess. En förstudie har utförts, följt av en modellimplementation. En analys av modellen gjordes sedan, innan slutsatser drogs. Projektkostnadsestimering främst, men även sannolikhetsfunktioner och prissättning som ett allmänt koncept, undersöktes i den i huvudsak litterära förstudien. Två lämpliga metoder för projektkostnadsestimering identifierades; Monte Carlo-simulering och Hierarchy Probability Cost Analysis. Dessa ledde till en teoretisk modell för projektkostnadsestimering. En modell implementerades i Matlab. Den behandlar projektkostnadsestimering, men inga andra prissättningsaspekter. Modellen utvecklades baserat på den teoretiska i möjlig utsträckning. Projektkostnader bröts ner i delkostnader som estimerades för konkurrenterna. Dessa ingick i en Monte Carlo-simulering. Konkurrenters projektkostnader estimerades med hjälp av denna teknik. Att analysera modellens noggrannhet var svårt. Den skiljer sig från den teoretiska beträffande hur sannolikhetsfunktioner och korrelationer estimeras. Dessa problem beror på projekt med skiftande karaktärsdrag samt begränsad data och tid. Ett solitt ramverk har dock skapats. Förbättringsmöjligheter finns, t.ex. noggrannare estimat och en modell som behandlar andra prissättningsaspekter. Det huvudsakliga hotet är att ingen underhåller modellen. Hur som helst är estimat inte mer än estimat. Modellen ska därför ses som ett hjälpverktyg, inte ett facit.
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Li, Bo. "Long Run Incremental Cost Pricing for Use of Circuit Breakers." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527138.

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Kazeem, Funmilayo Eniola. "Multilevel Monte Carlo simulation in options pricing." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4349.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
In Monte Carlo path simulations, which are used extensively in computational -finance, one is interested in the expected value of a quantity which is a functional of the solution to a stochastic differential equation [M.B. Giles, Multilevel Monte Carlo Path Simulation: Operations Research, 56(3) (2008) 607-617] where we have a scalar function with a uniform Lipschitz bound. Normally, we discretise the stochastic differential equation numerically. The simplest estimate for this expected value is the mean of the payoff (the value of an option at the terminal period) values from N independent path simulations. The multilevel Monte Carlo path simulation method recently introduced by Giles exploits strong convergence properties to improve the computational complexity by combining simulations with different levels of resolution. This new method improves on the computational complexity of the standard Monte Carlo approach by considering Monte Carlo simulations with a geometric sequence of different time steps following the approach of Kebaier [A. Kebaier, Statistical Romberg extrapolation: A new variance reduction method and applications to options pricing. Annals of Applied Probability 14(4) (2005) 2681- 2705]. The multilevel method makes computation easy as it estimates each of the terms of the estimate independently (as opposed to the Monte Carlo method) such that the computational complexity of Monte Carlo path simulations is minimised. In this thesis, we investigate this method in pricing path-dependent options and the computation of option price sensitivities also known as Greeks.
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Smith, David M. 1961. "The Effect of Different Forms of Accounting Feedback, Cost Aggregation and Pricing Knowledge on Profitability and Profit Estimation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278233/.

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This study extends a research stream calling for further research regarding pricing and accounting feedback. Marketing executives rely heavily on accounting information for pricing decisions, yet criticize accounting feedback usefulness. To address this criticism, this research integrates the cognitive psychology and accounting literature addressing feedback effectiveness with pricing research in the marketing discipline. The research extends the scope of previous accounting feedback studies by using a control group and comparing two proxies of subject task knowledge; years of pricing experience and a measure of the cognitive structure of pricing knowledge. In addition, this research manipulates task complexity by using two different accounting systems. These systems vary in the number of cost pools used in allocating overhead, resulting in differentially projected cost and profit information. A total of 60 subjects participated in a computer laboratory experiment. These subjects were non-accountants with varying amounts of pricing knowledge. Subjects were randomly assigned to six experimental groups which varied by feedback type (no accounting feedback, outcome feedback only, or a combination of outcome and task properties feedback) and task complexity (high or low number of overhead cost pools). The subjects attempted to (1) maximize profits for a product during 15 rounds of pricing decisions, and (2) accurately estimate their profit for each round. The experimental results indicate no difference in performance between the three feedback types examined. However, increases in both subjects' pricing knowledge and the number of cost pools do influence feedback effectiveness. This study suggests that the amount of the users' task knowledge may influence the effectiveness of current accounting reports. In addition, increasing the number of cost pools in accounting systems may be beneficial for all users.
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Wang, Ran. "Market power, cost efficiency and pricing strategies of domestic airline industry." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53930.

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This dissertation first develops a theoretical framework to enable the estimation of cost efficiency and conduct parameter without total cost data. By validating this framework using U.S. airline data, this dissertation shows the feasibility of the theoretical framework. Based on the estimates of marginal cost efficiency and conduct parameter, this dissertation also finds some support for the Quiet Life Hypothesis. In Chapter III, this dissertation analyzes the determinants for price dispersion, especially conduct parameter and cost efficiency. Generally speaking, we find negative relationship between conduct parameter and price dispersion and negative relationship between marginal cost efficiency and price dispersion. In Chapter IV, this thesis examines the dynamics that lead to high price dispersion. To be more specific, this thesis concentrates on advanced days purchased and load factor.
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Books on the topic "Cost pricing"

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Keppler, Jan. Full cost pricing. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998.

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Hanson, Ward A. The dynamics of cost plus pricing. West Lafayette, Ind: Institute for Research in the Behavioral, Economic, and Management Sciences, Krannert Graduate School of Management, Purdue University, 1990.

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Cutler, David M. Pricing heart attack treatments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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Dickson, Jonathan R., and Amy M. Woebler. Prescription drug pricing: Cost and control concerns. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Dickson, Jonathan R., and Amy M. Woebler. Prescription drug pricing: Cost and control concerns. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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D, Feldman Roger, and Christianson Jon B, eds. Competitive pricing for medicare. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 1996.

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Great Britain. Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland. Health and Personal Social Services Management Executive. Costing and pricing contracts: Cost allocation principles. Belfast: HPSS Management Executive, 1991.

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Dudick, Thomas S. Handbook of product cost estimating and pricing. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, Business & Professional Division, 1991.

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Budgeting, pricing & cost controls: A desktop encyclopedia. Chicago, Ill: Probus Pub. Co., 1987.

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Daly, John L. Pricing for Profitability. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cost pricing"

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Cost-oriented Pricing." In Pricing, 51–65. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14477-8_5.

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Hanna, Nessim, and H. Robert Dodge. "Cost-oriented Pricing." In Pricing, 51–65. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13447-2_5.

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Holm, Len, and John E. Schaufelberger. "Concrete pricing." In Construction Cost Estimating, 134–46. First edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2021. | Substantial re-write from previous estimating text: Construction Cost Estimating, Process and Practices by Holm, Schaufelberger, Griffin, and Cole; Pearson, 2005.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023494-14.

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Campbell, Benjamin. "Marginal-Cost Pricing." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_548-1.

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Campbell, Benjamin. "Marginal-Cost Pricing." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 972–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_548.

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Coutts, K. J. "Average Cost Pricing." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 615–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_538.

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Madureira, Nuno Luis. "Marginal Cost Pricing." In Key Concepts in Energy, 131–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04978-6_7.

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Coutts, K. J. "Average Cost Pricing." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–4. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_538-1.

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Curien, Nicolas. "Cost Calculation." In Transport Pricing of Electricity Networks, 35–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3756-1_2.

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Li, Jian, and Alan Paisey. "Unfair Cost Sharing." In Transfer Pricing in China, 83–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7689-4_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cost pricing"

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Yan Xiaojie. "Pricing ELS with freight cost." In 2014 11th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2014.6874145.

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Katsigiannis, Michail. "A cost-based pricing analysis." In 1st International Conference on 5G for Ubiquitous Connectivity. ICST, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.5gu.2014.258049.

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Heng, H. Y., and F. Li. "Literature review of long-run marginal cost pricing and long-run incremental cost pricing." In 2007 42nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upec.2007.4468923.

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Wang, Mei, and Dewei Li. "Highway Toll Pricing Customization Based on Full-Cost Pricing Method." In Fourth International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413159.124.

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Sharma, Amita, Rohit Bhakar, and H. P. Tiwari. "Smart network pricing based on long run incremental cost pricing model." In 2014 Eighteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/npsc.2014.7103793.

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Radzi, N. H., K. Iskandar, M. N. Abdullah, M. S. Kamaruddin, S. A. Jumaat, and R. Aziz. "Investigation on cost reflective network pricing and modified cost reflective network pricing methods for transmission service charges." In 2017 2nd International Conference Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering (ICSREE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsree.2017.7951518.

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Jain, Gaurav, Dheeraj Kumar Palwalia, and Anuprita Mishra. "Congestion Cost and Risk Assessment Cost Evaluation in Transmission Pricing Wheeling." In 2019 Third International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icisc44355.2019.9036377.

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Xu, Wei, and Qian Wang. "Reliability-Based Marginal Cost Pricing with Stochastic Demand." In 2010 Third International Joint Conference on Computational Science and Optimization. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cso.2010.217.

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Ye, Bin, Jie Tang, Dong Wang, and Xiaomei Lv. "Pricing Carbon Allowance Based on Marginal Abatement Cost." In 2012 2nd International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2012.6260665.

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Adebayo, Isaiah O., Nonsindiso Manganyela, and Matthew O. Adigun. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Pricing Models in Cloudlets." In 2020 2nd International Multidisciplinary Information Technology and Engineering Conference (IMITEC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imitec50163.2020.9334114.

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Reports on the topic "Cost pricing"

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Arnott, Richard, and Marvin Kraus. When Are Anonymous Congestion Charges Consistent with Marginal Cost Pricing? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0154.

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Woodhouse, Michael A., Brittany Smith, Ashwin Ramdas, and Robert M. Margolis. Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module Manufacturing Costs and Sustainable Pricing: 1H 2018 Benchmark and Cost Reduction Road Map. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1495719.

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Borenstein, Severin, and James Bushnell. Do Two Electricity Pricing Wrongs Make a Right? Cost Recovery, Externalities, and Efficiency. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24756.

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Nowicki, David, Jose Ramirez-Marquez, Ilona Murynets, and Wesley Randall. Optimal Cost Avoidance Investment and Pricing Strategies for Performance-Based Post-Production Service Contracts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada544192.

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Davis, Lucas, and Erich Muehlegger. Do Americans Consume Too Little Natural Gas? An Empirical Test of Marginal Cost Pricing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15885.

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Frew, Bethany A., Kara Clark, Aaron P. Bloom, and Michael Milligan. Marginal Cost Pricing in a World without Perfect Competition: Implications for Electricity Markets with High Shares of Low Marginal Cost Resources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1414901.

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Meenakshi, JV, Abhijit Banerji, Aditi Mukherji Mukherji, and Anubhab Gupta. Does marginal cost pricing of electricity affect groundwater pumping behavior of farmers? Evidence from West Bengal, India. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/ow2082.

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Bolinger, Mark, Joachim Seel, and Kristina Hamachi LaCommare. Utility-Scale Solar 2016: An Empirical Analysis of Project Cost, Performance, and Pricing Trends in the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1393641.

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Bolinger, Mark, and Joachim Seel. Utility-Scale Solar 2014. An Empirical Analysis of Project Cost, Performance, and Pricing Trends in the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1237338.

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Bolinger, Mark, and Joachim Seel. Utility-Scale Solar 2015: An Empirical Analysis of Project Cost, Performance, and Pricing Trends in the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1342230.

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