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Journal articles on the topic 'Cost pricing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Wang, Xiao-Yong. "Effect of Carbon Pricing on Optimal Mix Design of Sustainable High-Strength Concrete." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 5827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205827.

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Material cost and CO2 emissions are among the vital issues related to the sustainability of high-strength concrete. This research proposes a calculation procedure for the mix design of silica fume-blended high-strength concrete with an optimal total cost considering various carbon pricings. First, the material cost and CO2 emission cost are determined using concrete mixture and unit prices. Gene expression programming (GEP) is used to evaluate concrete mechanical and workability properties. Second, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to search the optimal mixture, considering various constraints, such as design compressive strength constraint, design workability constraint, range constraints, ratio constraints, and concrete volume constraint. The optimization objective of the GA is the sum of the material cost and the cost of CO2 emissions. Third, illustrative examples are shown for designing various kinds of concrete. Five strength levels (from 95 to 115 MPa with steps of 5 MPa) and four carbon pricings (normal carbon pricing, zero carbon pricing, five-fold carbon pricings, and ten-fold carbon pricings) are considered. A total of 20 optimal mixtures are calculated. The optimal mixtures were found the same for the cases of normal CO2 pricing and zero CO2 pricing. Optimal mixtures with higher strengths are more sensitive to variation in carbon pricing. For five-fold CO2 pricing, the cement content of mixtures with higher strengths (105, 110, and 115 MPa) are lower than those of normal CO2 pricing. As the CO2 pricing increases from five-fold to ten-fold, for mixtures with a strength of 110 MPa, the cement content becomes lower. Summarily, the proposed method can be applied to the material design of sustainable high-strength concrete with low material cost and CO2 emissions.

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2

Plinke, Wulff. "Cost-based pricing." Journal of Business Research 13, no. 5 (October 1985): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(85)90024-4.

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3

Berrie, T. W. "Marginal cost pricing." Energy Policy 13, no. 3 (June 1985): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(85)90167-3.

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4

Freixas, Xavier, and Jean-Jacques Laffont. "Average cost pricing versus marginal cost pricing under moral hazard." Journal of Public Economics 26, no. 2 (March 1985): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(85)90001-5.

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5

Ray, Korok, and Jacob Gramlich. "Reconciling Full-Cost and Marginal-Cost Pricing." Journal of Management Accounting Research 28, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51285.

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ABSTRACT Despite the clear prescription from economic theory that a firm should set price based only on variable costs, firms routinely factor fixed costs into pricing decisions. We show that full-cost pricing (FCP) can achieve the optimal price. FCP marks up variable cost with the contribution margin per unit, which, in equilibrium, includes the fixed cost. FCP converges to the optimal price when the firm can estimate its equilibrium income. We compare FCP to alternative pricing algorithms that require less information, but converge to optimal price under more narrow conditions than FCP.

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6

Tyagi, Rajeev K. "Cost leadership and pricing." Economics Letters 72, no. 2 (August 2001): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(01)00431-1.

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7

Schramm, Gunter. "Marginal cost pricing revisited." Energy Economics 13, no. 4 (October 1991): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(91)90003-i.

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8

Goldstein, James. "Full-Cost Water Pricing." Journal - American Water Works Association 78, no. 2 (February 1986): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05695.x.

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9

Pfeiffer, Thomas, Ulf Schiller, and Joachim Wagner. "Cost-based transfer pricing." Review of Accounting Studies 16, no. 2 (April 21, 2011): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11142-011-9140-0.

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10

Gramlich, Jacob P., and Korok Ray. "Reconciling Full-Cost and Marginal-Cost Pricing." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015, no. 72 (September 2015): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2015.072.

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11

Bouwens, Jan, and Bert Steens. "Full-Cost Transfer Pricing and Cost Management." Journal of Management Accounting Research 28, no. 3 (January 1, 2016): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51390.

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ABSTRACT Full-cost transfer pricing has been criticized for providing production units with insufficient incentives to economize. Our empirical study based on data from a large producer of consumer goods shows that charging full-cost transfer prices to downstream sales units can send upstream production units into a death spiral. However, our results also suggest that production units reduce costs to prevent the death spiral. We observe that managers focus their cost-cutting efforts on unit variable costs and on products with the best sales prospects. These results also suggest that, when production units are at risk of falling into a death spiral, full-cost transfer pricing can serve as a credible commitment device to motivate managers to reduce costs. JEL Classifications: D24; M31; M41; M50. Data Availability: We were given the opportunity to work with a company's proprietary database that contains sensitive and classified data that cannot be disclosed due to a non-disclosure agreement. At the start of our research, the company agreed to be referred to as Carepro, which is fictitious and does not correspond to any other existing company with that same or a similar name.

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12

Barnett II, William, Michael Saliba, and Walter Block. "Predatory pricing." Corporate Ownership and Control 4, no. 4 (2007): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv4i4c3p4.

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Predatory pricing is logically impossible, because it necessarily involves pricing below cost. However, cost, properly understood as opportunity cost is subjective and is incommensurable with money prices; more important, to price below cost implies rationally choosing an alternative (selling at price) that is suboptimal, since cost is the most highly valued alternative not chosen. When critics declare that predatory pricing is to price below cost, they mean to set a price below some measure of money expenses. But this entails all kinds of problems; which concept of expense – marginal is most obvious; but also the issue of the present value of alternatives, which means discounting expected revenues and expected expenses.

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13

Amaral, Juliana Ventura, and Reinaldo Guerreiro. "Factors explaining a cost-based pricing essence." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 8 (October 7, 2019): 1850–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-12-2018-0373.

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Purpose Empirical studies have found that cost-based pricing remains dominant in pricing practice and suggest that practice conflicts with marketing theory, which recommends value-based prices. However, empirical studies have yet to examine whether cost-plus formulas represent the pricing approach or essence. Design/methodology/approach This study aims to address the factors that explain price setting whereby the cost-plus formula is not just the pricing approach but also the pricing essence. This examination is grounded in a survey conducted on 380 Brazilian industrial companies. Findings The results show that, for price-makers, the cost-based pricing essence is positively associated with four factors (two obstacles to deploying value-based pricing, company size and differentiation), but it is negatively related to one factor (premium pricing strategy). For price-takers, the cost-based pricing essence is positively associated with four factors (two obstacles to deploying value-based pricing, coercive isomorphism and use of full costs), but it is negatively related to five factors (one obstacle to deploying value-based pricing, company size, competitors’ ability to copy, normative isomorphism and experience). Originality/value The key contribution of this paper is demonstrating that cost-plus formulas do not go against the incorporation of competitors and value information. This study reveals that it is possible to set prices based on either value or competitors’ prices while simultaneously preserving the simplicity of the cost-plus formulas. Via the margin, firms may connect costs to information about competition and value. The authors also demonstrate the drawbacks of not segregating companies into price-makers and price-takers and an excessive focus on the pricing approach at the expense of pricing essence.

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14

Edlin, Aaron S. "Stopping Above-Cost Predatory Pricing." Yale Law Journal 111, no. 4 (January 2002): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/797567.

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15

Goss, Richard, and Henrik Stevens. "Marginal Cost Pricing in Seaports." International journal of maritime economics 3, no. 2 (June 2001): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ijme.9100009.

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16

Schneider, Arnold. "Indirect Cost Allocations and Cost-Plus Pricing Formulas." Journal of Cost Analysis 4, no. 2 (November 1986): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08823871.1986.10462355.

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17

Duan, Yongrui, Zhixin Mao, and Jiazhen Huo. "Introduction of Store Brands Considering Product Cost and Shelf Space Opportunity Cost." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (July 16, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2324043.

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This paper studies the introduction of store brands (SBs) when the product cost, shelf space opportunity cost, and baseline sales are taken into consideration. We construct a Stackelberg model in which one retailer, acting as the leader, sells a national brand (NB) and its SB and maximizes the category profit by allocating shelf space and determining the prices for the SB and NB products. Meanwhile, an NB manufacturer, acting as the follower, maximizes its profit based on the decisions of the retailer. Our results demonstrate that the product cost of the SB (NB) and the shelf space opportunity cost are the dominating factors that determine the optimal pricing strategy. If the two costs are low, then the optimal pricing strategy is the me-too strategy (competitive strategy); otherwise, the optimal pricing strategy is the differentiation strategy. There exists a threshold of the product cost, shelf space opportunity cost, and baseline sales to decide the pricing strategy and introduction of SB.

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18

Sahay, Savita A. "Transfer Pricing Based on Actual Cost." Journal of Management Accounting Research 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2003.15.1.177.

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This paper analyzes a simple transfer-pricing policy based on the actual cost of production. I show that the performance of actual cost-based transfer pricing can be improved by using an additive markup above the unit production cost. I also show that this additive policy dominates an entire class of alternative markup policies, including the more common multiplicative policy, in which the transfer price is set at the actual cost plus a percentage markup. The optimal additive markup is shown to increase with increasing prices for the firm's product, and decrease with the cost of the supplying division's investment.

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19

Plassmann, Florenz. "Marginal Cost Pricing and Eminent Domain." Foundations and Trends® in Microeconomics 7, no. 1 (2011): 1–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0700000050.

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20

Murphy, Peter A. "Cost Recovery Pricing and Urban Management." International Journal of Construction Management 9, no. 2 (January 2009): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2009.10773132.

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21

Chu, Chih-Peng, and Jyh-Fa Tsai. "Road Pricing models with maintenance cost." Transportation 31, no. 4 (November 2004): 457–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:port.0000037059.61327.13.

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22

Thomas, Lionel. "Cost functions in non-linear pricing." Economics Letters 72, no. 1 (July 2001): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(01)00411-6.

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23

Moore, Raymond E. "Least Cost Pricing and Its Impact." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-7, no. 11 (November 1987): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1987.5526865.

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24

Cook, Arnold, and Edwin Jones. "FULL COST PRICING IN FVESTERX AUSTRALIA." Economic Record 30, no. 1-2 (June 28, 2008): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1954.tb03090.x.

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25

Peters, Wolfgang. "Cost inefficiency and second best pricing." European Journal of Political Economy 4, no. 1 (January 1988): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(88)80015-6.

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26

Hsu, Sylvia Hsingwen. "Cost Information and Pricing: Empirical Evidence*." Contemporary Accounting Research 28, no. 2 (January 13, 2011): 554–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01051.x.

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27

Zupancic, John A. F. "Cost-effectiveness and pricing of caffeine." Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 25, no. 6 (December 2020): 101179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2020.101179.

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28

Talley, Wayne K. "Port pricing: a cost axiomatic approach." Maritime Policy & Management 21, no. 1 (January 1994): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839400000017.

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29

Deo, Prakash. "PRICING, COST STRUCTURE, AND CASH FLOW." Journal of International Finance and Economics 13, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/jife-13-3.6.

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30

Hanson, Ward. "The dynamics of cost-plus pricing." Managerial and Decision Economics 13, no. 2 (March 1992): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.4090130207.

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31

Noritake, Michihiko. "Congestion Cost and Pricing of Seaports." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 111, no. 2 (March 1985): 354–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1985)111:2(354).

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32

Clark, Ephraim. "Pricing the Cost of Expropriation Risk." Review of International Economics 11, no. 2 (May 2003): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00391.

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33

Bos, Dieter. "Incomplete contracting and target‐cost pricing." Defence and Peace Economics 7, no. 4 (November 1996): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10430719608404858.

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34

Difs, Kristina, and Louise Trygg. "Pricing district heating by marginal cost." Energy Policy 37, no. 2 (February 2009): 606–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.10.003.

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35

Fjell, Kenneth, Øystein Foros, and Debashis Pal. "Endogenous Average Cost Based Access Pricing." Review of Industrial Organization 36, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11151-010-9238-8.

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36

Alkhatib, Nimer S., Kenneth Ramos, Brian Erstad, Marion Slack, Ali McBride, Sandipan Bhattacharjee, and Ivo Abraham. "Pricing methods in outcome-based contracting: δ1: cost effectiveness analysis and cost-utility analysis-based pricing." Journal of Medical Economics 23, no. 11 (September 8, 2020): 1215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2020.1815025.

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37

Ho, Li-Hsing, Alang Manglavan, and Chung-Cheng Fu. "MODEL FOR AN ALERT UNDER GETTING OEE INTO OLD SHOES OF MC PRICING MECHANISM." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 7 (July 31, 2019): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i7.2019.766.

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The model for updating marginal cost pricing by overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) indexes as well as P*A*Q under existing market tough competition. Motivation/Background: When production capacity is constant and the AC curve is higher than the MC curve, AC pricing can be employed. Because of market competition, businesses producing in small quantities and low diversity use MC pricing. To reduce the risk to profit, a novel cost pricing mechanism can be adopted by using the unit DC of MC to correspond to the OEE under Areeda-Turner Rule. Method: The correspondence of the OEE with the unit direct cost (DC) is deduced and verified in this paper by calculating the quotient found by dividing the OEE indexes by unit DC as conditional as Bill of Material (BOM) cost. Results: Research findings revealed a positive alert for timely updating pricing between average cost (AC) pricing and marginal cost (MC) pricing. Conclusions: This approach reflects the dynamic game in a timely manner. The OEE comprises the performance, availability, and quality indexes. These three indexes reconcile the unit DC pricing, and using MC in optimization of marginal revenue (MR). In practice, shop floor management measures key indexes of idleness and loss; the objective is to eliminate laggard and static pricing problem. This realizes dynamic examination of cost difference of the BOM cost pool. One case study is employed to explain the MC pricing strategy in industry.

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38

Lavoie, Marc. "Mark-up Pricing versus Normal Cost Pricing in Post-Keynesian Models." Review of Political Economy 8, no. 1 (January 1996): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538259600000035.

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39

Owusu-Manu, De-Graft, David John Edwards, Michael Adesi, Edward Badu, and Peter E. D. Love. "Attaining fairness in construction cost consultancy pricing services." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 14, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-01-2015-0002.

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Purpose Price fairness is important amongst construction and engineering consultants because a perceived lack of it engenders unwillingness to pay amongst clients. This can create contractual disputes that negatively impact upon a consultant’s ability to generate sufficient revenue to ensure business continuity and survival. With this in mind, this research aims to analyse the pricing measurement forces needed to attain pricing fairness within a Ghanaian construction cost consultancy practice. Specific objectives are to identify the key variables responsible for price fairness within cost consultant services and to establish any interrelationships between them. Design/methodology/approach This study leans towards the positivist methodological tradition by adopting a quantitative approach. A survey questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 79 construction cost consultancies, drawn from a population of 372, who were registered with the Ghana Institution of Surveyors. Hypotheses developed from the literature review were then tested on data collected. Findings The analysis revealed that fairness of construction cost consultancy services pricing is significantly related to value and affordability, pricing objectives, pricing strategies, taxes and international trade and its effects on inputs for construction cost consultancy services. Originality/value The paper advances knowledge by providing a basis for the consideration of pricing forces in the valuing of construction cost consultancy services which hitherto has not been the case.

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40

Moulin, Hervé, and Scott Shenker. "Average Cost Pricing versus Serial Cost Sharing: An Axiomatic Comparison." Journal of Economic Theory 64, no. 1 (October 1994): 178–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeth.1994.1061.

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41

Pavia, Teresa M. "Profit Maximizing Cost Allocation for Firms Using Cost-Based Pricing." Management Science 41, no. 6 (June 1995): 1060–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.41.6.1060.

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42

Truong, Judy, Kelvin K. Chan, Helen Mai, Alexandra Chambers, Mona Sabharwal, Maureen E. Trudeau, and Matthew C. Cheung. "The impact of pricing strategy on the cost of oral anti-cancer drugs during dose reductions." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e18312-e18312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e18312.

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e18312 Background: The pricing strategy of oral medications can affect their costs. The strategy of flat pricing per tablet may increase drug costs in the event of dose reductions requiring more tablets, as there is a single price for different tablet strengths, but the impact is largely unknown. With the strategy of linear pricing, the tablet price increases with its strength. We sought to determine the impact of pricing strategy on the cost of oral anti-cancer drugs during dose reductions. Methods: Oral anti-cancer drugs reviewed by the pan-Canadian Oncology Drug Review were identified between July 2011 to January 2015. The pricing strategy of these drugs was reviewed. We examined the percentage change in cost per mg and cost per 28 days as a result of dose reduction from dose level 0 to -1 and -2 for each drug. Results: Seventeen drugs for use in 20 indications were included in the analysis. There were 3 drugs for hematological malignancies and 14 drugs for solid cancers. Fifty-nine percent (10/17) of these drugs were available in multiple strengths; five of them utilized fixed pricing per tablet strategy and the other 5 utilized linear pricing. The remaining drugs (7/17) were available in a single strength tablet. Dose reductions generally increased the cost per mg for drugs using flat pricing per tablet, with a mean increase of 82% (range: 25%-200%) at dose level -1 and 100% (range: 0%-200%) at dose level -2. Dose reduction had no effect on the cost per mg of drug for drugs using linear pricing apart from lenalidomide, which had increased costs due to minimal price variation between the highest and lowest tablet strengths. In general, dose reduction did not decrease the cost per 28 days of drug for drugs using flat pricing per tablet, but was proportionally reduced in drugs using linear pricing. Conclusions: While there is a general expectation that the cost of drugs should decrease with dose reduction, oral anti-cancer drugs using flat pricing per tablet have increased cost per mg and no decrease in cost per 28 days despite dose reduction. Future economic evaluations should account for the impact of dose reductions for oral drugs using the flat pricing per tablet strategy on cost-effectiveness and budget.

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43

Oparin, Sergey, Nikolay Chepachenko, and Marina Yudenkо. "PROBLEMS IN FORMING COST ESTIMATES FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 21, 2016): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.759.

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Problems of forming cost estimates for the construction industry is relevant in Russia, where many construction organizations face the issue of a current pricing system that does not consider new technologies in construction. This leads to underestimations of costs in construction and limits opportunity for competitive pricing between construction companies. This article aims to provide recommendations for improving reliability in calculating construction costs and enhance efficiencies in capital investments by construction participants. The article provides an analysis of the existing system of pricing in construction, and the peculiarities of the system of pricing in both Russia and the United States. Results indicate the need for expediency in applying certain provisions of the foreign system into that of Russia’s for determining the cost of construction. These measures would help minimize the presence of contractors in the construction market who do not actually perform the construction and installation work on their own, and to achieve the desired level of profitability of 8 to 10%.

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44

LI, GENDAO, and BAOFENG SUN. "OPTIMAL DYNAMIC PRICING FOR USED PRODUCTS IN REMANUFACTURING OVER AN INFINITE HORIZON." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 31, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595914500122.

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The return of used products (cores) is the beginning of remanufacturing. Although an appropriate pricing policy can effectively manage the returns, a static pricing policy cannot match the returns and demands because of the high uncertainties in both sides, which in turn results in high inventory cost or lost-sale cost. In this paper, we apply a dynamic pricing policy commonly used in retail setting to the core acquisition management in remanufacturing and study the pricing problem for used products with the objective of minimizing average cost over an infinite horizon. We formulate the pricing problem as a continuous-time Markov decision process and characterize the structural properties of the optimal policy. We also conduct a numerical study to investigate the benefit of dynamic pricing.

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45

Basu, Parantap. "An Adjustment Cost Model of Asset Pricing." International Economic Review 28, no. 3 (October 1987): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2526569.

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46

Salanti, Andrea, Paolo Malighetti, and Renato Redondi. "Low-cost pricing strategies in leisure markets." Tourism Management 33, no. 2 (April 2012): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.003.

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47

Mayeres, Inge, Stef Proost, and Kurt Van Dender. "The Impacts of Marginal Social Cost Pricing." Research in Transportation Economics 14 (January 2005): 211–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-8859(05)14008-6.

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48

Schneider, Arnold. "Pricing and Indirect Cost Allocation - A Note." Accounting & Finance 27, no. 1 (May 1987): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629x.1987.tb00235.x.

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49

Najafi-Asadolahi, Sami, and Kristin Fridgeirsdottir. "Cost-per-Click Pricing for Display Advertising." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 16, no. 4 (October 2014): 482–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/msom.2014.0491.

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50

Vohra, Rajiv. "Marginal Cost Pricing Under Bounded Marginal Returns." Econometrica 60, no. 4 (July 1992): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951569.

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