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Academic literature on the topic 'Cost zone'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cost zone"

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Mohan, Satish B., and Padma Gautam. "Cost of Highway Work Zone Injuries." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 7, no. 2 (2002): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2002)7:2(68).

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Potier, Michel. "Cost effectiveness in coastal zone management." Marine Policy 18, no. 2 (1994): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(94)90017-5.

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Gounni, Ayoub, Mohamed Tahar Mabrouk, Abdelhamid Kheiri, and Mustapha El Alami. "Impact of insulation thicknesses of several types of thermal insulator on energy cost with respect to different climate zones in Morocco." MATEC Web of Conferences 307 (2020): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030701023.

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In Morocco the thermal insulation of buildings envelop was not a common practice until it becomes obligatory since 2015 to meet the requirements of the Moroccan construction thermal regulation (RTCM) depending on six climate zones. The aim of this paper is to determine the optimum thickness of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and rock wool (RW) of walls constructed of brick for different Moroccan climate zones: Agadir (first zone), Tanger (second zone), Fes (third zone), Ifrane (fourth zone), Marrakech (fifth zone), Errachidia (sixth zone). A numerical model of a multilayered wall is developed to compute the annual heating and cooling loads. These loads are used as input to life cycle cost analysis using the energy and insulation costs. The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity are used as energy source, respectively, for heating and cooling. For each case, the calculation is carried out for annual heating and cooling loads and total cost including insulation and energy costs. Results show that the optimum thermal insulation depends on climate zones and insulation types. The lowest value of energy savings is obtained for climate zone 1 which are 289.55 and 300.55 dh/m² respectively for EPS and RW.

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Yang, Da, Xinpeng Zhao, Yuting Chen, Xi Zhang, and Chongshuang Chen. "Study on the Day-Based Work Zone Scheduling Problem in Urban Road Networks Based on the Day-to-Day Traffic Assignment Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 16 (2018): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118757982.

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Many work zones exist in the urban road network and have a great negative impact on city traffic. Finding the optimal work zone schedule can minimize the negative impact of work zones on traffic. This paper focuses on the day-based work zone scheduling problem in the urban network. Existing studies on the day-based work zone scheduling problem do not consider the progression of day-to-day traffic from a non-equilibrium state to an equilibrium state during the construction period. For the first time, this paper proposes a model for day-based work zone scheduling by introducing a day-to-day traffic assignment model, in which the target of the optimization problem is minimizing the increase in travel cost caused by work zones. Numerical examples are presented to explore the variations of the optimal construction sequence for different work durations, crew numbers, and model parameter values. Some new findings are obtained in the paper. When the construction duration of each work zone is relatively short (for example, less than 20 days), the optimal scheduling will obviously change with the work duration; when all of the construction durations increase to a threshold (for example, 60 days), the optimal construction sequence will no longer change. An optimal crew number exists that can minimize the increment of travel cost caused by work zones. During the construction period, the total travel cost in the network can be decreased by guiding travelers to change their original travel habits.

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Waite-Chuah, Sheila. "Living in the Comfort Zone: At What Cost?" Sustainability: The Journal of Record 5, no. 6 (2012): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/sus.2012.9909.

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Basnyat, Prakash, Brian G. McConkey, Fernando Selles, and L. Brett Meinert. "Effectiveness of using vegetation index to delineate zones of different soil and crop grain production characteristics." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 85, no. 2 (2005): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s04-065.

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Cost-effective methods to map differences in productivity across fields have potential application for site-specific management of fertilizer and pesticides. In this study, zones were delineated for a field with hummocky topography in southwestern Saskatchewan by clustering the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from Landsat TM information. Zones uniqueness were confirmed if zones differed in grain yield. Two different zones were delineated in the field. These zones had significant (P < 0.05) differences in soil factors related to productivity: average solum depth, spring soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and spring soil moisture. Over 4 yr, the two zones also had different spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and protein content. The yield response to N-P fertilizer blend within each zone was different with no significant response to N-P fertilizer in the zone with higher NDVI values versus a significant response to N-P in the zone with lower NDVI. The results indicate a potential economic advantage to reducing fertilizer application to the zone without fertilizer response. Further, the residual soil NO3-N in the zone without fertilizer response was positively correlated with N application in the previous year. Therefore, there is a potential environmental benefit to reducing fertilizer application to that zone to decrease residual NO3-N, which can leach and contaminate ground water or can be denitrified to the greenhouse gas, N2O. Hence, this relatively simple and low-cost method of zone delineation has potential practical application to realize economic and environmental benefits from site-specific management of fertilizer.

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Jiang, Xiaomo, and Hojjat Adeli. "Freeway Work Zone Traffic Delay and Cost Optimization Model." Journal of Transportation Engineering 129, no. 3 (2003): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2003)129:3(230).

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Kono, Hirokazu. "Safer Zone Analysis for Multiple Investment Alternatives on the Total-Cost Unit-Cost Domain." Industrial Engineering and Management Systems 11, no. 1 (2012): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7232/iems.2012.11.1.011.

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Lee, Lung-Sheng, Kuochen Wang, and Yi-Huai Hsu. "A dynamic MBS zone framework for cost-effective inter-MBS zone handover in WiMAX networks." Telecommunication Systems 61, no. 4 (2015): 807–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11235-015-0038-1.

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Park, Jong Hun, Jihee Jung, and Janghyun Baek. "Modeling and Analysis of Zone-Based Registration in Mobile Communication Network by Considering Busy-Line Effect and Implicit Registration." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 33, no. 04 (2016): 1650024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021759591650024x.

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In this study, we consider zone-based registration (ZBR) in mobile communication networks. In ZBR, when a mobile moves to a new zone, it registers its zone to the network database to keep the mobile’s current zone, and to connect an incoming call to the mobile when it is generated. A mobile can store one zone, or more than one zones. Among various types of ZBR, we focus on two-zone-based registration (TZR), which is known to have good performance. In TZR, a mobile can store two zones that it has recently registered, and does not register when it crosses either zone that it has already kept. In general, in TZR, a mobile registers its zone less often than in single-zone-based registration (SZR). However, TZR increases the paging cost, because the network may not know the exact zone where the mobile is. Mathematical modeling and performance analysis are performed to obtain the exact performance of SZR and TZR, by considering the busy-line effect and implicit registration effect of outgoing calls from a mobile. From numerical results for various circumstances, it is shown that TZR is superior to SZR in most cases.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cost zone"

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Ates, Ozan K. "A Decision Making Framework for Road User Cost Analysis along Freeway Work Zone Projects." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1389345484.

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Canbek, Cetin. "Life-cycle cost study of ground source heat pumps in hot humid climate zone." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1992.

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Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are gaining recognition as a cost effective and green heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) alternative in the United States. Still, this technology is not highly utilized due to factors such as high initial investment, lack of confidence and uncertainties in cost items. This study focuses on the reflection of the variations in cost items on the feasibility and life-cycle cost of a typical GSHP system. For this purpose, life-cycle costs were calculated for a typical GSHP system and cost data was gathered for several projects. Possible variations on cost variables are defined. Then, the effect of these variations on life cycle cost is analyzed on a comparative basis with a conventional system. It was concluded that the GSHP systems may not be economically favorable over a conventional HVAC systems without current incentives in hot and humid climate regions.

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Adams, Michael Roy. "Development of a User Cost Estimation Procedure for Work Zones." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd860.pdf.

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Barbre, Evan Allen. "LASER ETCHED PMMA MICROFLUIDIC CHIP DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE WITH APPLICATIONS IN CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/448.

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This thesis encompasses a feasibility study of using low-cost materials to manufacture microfluidic chips that can perform the same functions as chips manufactured using traditional methods within an acceptable range of efficiency of chips created with more exotic methods and materials. The major parts of the project are the selection and characterization of the fabrication methods for creating the channels for fluid flow, the methods for sealing the channels to create a usable chip and the electrophoretic separations of carboxylated microspheres of different potentials. In this work we seek to answer the question if laser-etched PMMA microfluidic chips are comparable in functionality to microfluidic chips created with PDMS or glass. In the process of answering this question we will touch on FEA modeling, characterization of the manufacturing process and multiple prototype designs while keeping within the low-cost theme. The purpose of capillary electrophoresis is to separate proteins based on their inherent electric charge. Capillary electrophoresis is a standard chip design used in the microfluidics world to prove a new fabrication method or chip material before branching out to other experiments because it is a fairly simple and robust design. Common problems associated with the manufacturing methods and materials were taken into account such as electroosmotic flow and chip sealing. CZE designs from literature were referenced to create a chip that would separate carboxylated microbeads with reasonable resolution. Wire electrodes were affixed to the chip to induce electric fields for the electrophoresis experiments. The goal of this thesis is to prove the manufacturing methods and attain results within 70% of literature standards.

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Gomes, Washington Paulo [UNESP]. "Características da temperatura na zona costeira: análise do clima urbano em Ubatuba-SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152123.

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Submitted by Washington Paulo Gomes null (wpg_ubatuba@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-09T19:37:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_vs_final_Washington Paulo Gomes.pdf: 31161181 bytes, checksum: 1bdff42bfc10a710583e66dc5c3401ad (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-11-21T14:25:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_wp_me_prud.pdf: 31161181 bytes, checksum: 1bdff42bfc10a710583e66dc5c3401ad (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T14:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_wp_me_prud.pdf: 31161181 bytes, checksum: 1bdff42bfc10a710583e66dc5c3401ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-06<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>Os estudos sobre clima urbano realizados até o momento deram maior relevância às cidades de grande porte, supostamente pelo maior comprometimento da qualidade de vida de seus habitantes e pelo agravamento dos problemas ambientais. Atualmente, no Brasil, há avanços em relação aos trabalhos realizados em cidades de pequeno e médio porte, sendo fundamentais para planificação e o ordenamento territorial. Considerando-se a carência de estudos sobre a qualidade do ambiente urbano, sobretudo, em cidades de pequeno e médio porte em zonas costeiras no Brasil, e a necessidade de se realizar pesquisas que se referem à qualidade ambiental necessária para o desenvolvimento da vida humana, foi proposto o estudo do clima urbano em Ubatuba-SP. Este trabalho buscou compreender até que ponto a dimensão de uma cidade pode gerar um clima urbano específico e, também, quais seriam as formas de espacialização das ilhas de calor em uma cidade localizada na zona costeira. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi compreender e analisar o clima urbano de Ubatuba-SP, buscando identificar os níveis de interferência humana no ambiente, caracterizar as temperaturas de acordo com os sistemas atmosféricos atuantes e sua distribuição no espaço geográfico, levando em consideração os diferentes padrões construtivos e as características do relevo. A pesquisa teve como aporte teórico o Sistema Clima Urbano com ênfase no subsistema termodinâmico. Buscou-se trabalhar as relações entre os atributos geoecológicos do sítio, a morfologia e as funções urbanas. Os procedimentos metodológicos realizados se basearam na coleta de dados por medidas móveis, por pontos fixos e imagens de satélites. Os transectos móveis para a coleta de dados de temperatura foram realizados nos períodos da manhã (9h), tarde (15h) e noite (21h), em três episódios, durante os dias 11, 18 e 27 de novembro de 2015, totalizando nove medidas simultâneas em dois trajetos S-N e O-L. Foram instalados 15 miniabrigos meteorológicos (pontos fixos) distribuídos pela malha urbana para a coleta dos dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no mês de novembro de 2015, neste caso, também foram utilizados os dados das estações meteorológicas automáticas do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) e do Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP), totalizando 17 pontos de registro. Os dados das estações meteorológicas também foram utilizados para realizar a caracterização da direção e velocidade predominante dos ventos e na identificação das brisas marítimas e terrestres. Também foram utilizadas técnicas de sensoriamento remoto com o objetivo de realizar a modelagem da ilha de calor urbana, considerando as características de uso e a ocupação da terra. Os resultados apontaram diferenças de até 5,4ºC nas medidas móveis e diferenças de até 6ºC nas medidas fixas. A modelagem foi capaz de explicar cerca de 50% da variabilidade das temperaturas com a formação de ilha de calor bem definida na área central da cidade, apresentando intensidade de 5°C em relação ao entorno rural. O sistema de brisas contribuíram, em alguns casos, para o deslocamento da temperatura, sendo mais eficiente durante o dia sob efeitos das brisas marítimas com o deslocamento do calor da área central para o interior do continente e menos frequente durante a noite sob atuação da brisa terrestre. De modo geral as áreas mais quentes da cidade com a geração de ilhas de calor se apresentaram como resultados dos processos de ocupação desigual do espaço, sendo as áreas densamente construídas, com baixo padrão construtivo e baixa vegetação arbórea, e sobretudo, localizadas fora das áreas de interesse turístico, de valorização cênica e forte especulação imobiliária dos espaços residenciais fechados nas orlas das praias.<br>Les études sur le climat urbain effectuées jusqu'à présent ont donné une plus grande importance aux grandes villes, supposément en raison d’une plus grande attention accordée à la qualité de vie de ses habitants et par l'aggravation des problèmes environnementaux. Actuellement, au Brésil, des avancées ont permis d’améliorer les connaissances au cours d’études menées sur les petites et moyennes villes, fondamentales pour la planification de l’aménagement du territoire. Compte tenu de l'absence d'études sur la qualité de l'environnement urbain, en particulier dans les petites et moyennes villes des zones côtières du Brésil, le cas du climat urbain de la ville d'Ubatuba-SP a été étudié en profondeur afin de répondre à cette nécessité. Le but de ce travail est de chercher à comprendre dans quelle mesure la dimension d'une ville peut générer un climat urbain spécifique, et aussi, quelles seraient les formes de spatialisation de l’îlot de chaleur dans une ville située en zone côtière. L'objectif principal de cette étude était de comprendre et d'analyser le climat urbain de la ville d'Ubatuba-SP, pour tenter d’identifier les niveaux d'interférences humaines avec l'environnement, de caractériser les températures selon les systèmes atmosphériques et leur distribution dans l'espace géographique, tout cela tenant compte desdifférents standards établis en matière de construction et des carctéristiques du relief. Cette recherche est nourrie par l’apport théorique le Système Climat Urbain dont notamment le sous-système thermodynamique. On a cherché à travailler les relations entre les attributs géoécologiques du site, la morphologie et les fonctions urbaines. Les procédures méthodologiques réalisées se basent sur la collecte de données par mesures mobiles, par mesures fixes et par images de satellites. Les transects mobiles pour la collecte des données de température ont été effectués le matin (9h), l'après-midi (15h) et la nuit (21h), en trois épisodes, lors des 11, 18 et 27 novembre 2015, totalisant neuf mesures simultanées sur deux axes S-N et O-E. Quinze points de mesures fixes ont été répartis en divers secteurs de la ville pour procéder à la collecte des donneés, à savoir sur la température et l'humidité relative au mois de novembre 2015. Les données des stations météorologiques automatiques de l'Institut Agronomique de Campinas (IAC) et de l'Institut Océanographique de l'Université de São Paulo (IOUSP), totalisant 17 points d'enregistrement, ont aussi été exploitées. Les données des stations météorologiques ont également été utilisées pour caractériser la direction et la vitesse prédominante des vents ainsi que pour l’identification des brises maritimes et terrestres. La modélisation de l’îlot de chaleur urbain, qui considère les caractéristiques d'occupation et d'usage du sol, a nécessité l’emploi de techniques de télédétection. Les résultats ont montré des différences de 5,4°C dans les mesures mobiles et des différences de 6ºC dans les mesures fixes. Le modéle a permis d'expliquer environ 50% de la variabilité des températures avec la formation d'un îlot de chaleur bien défini dans la zone centrale de la ville, présentant une température supérieure de 5°C par rapport au milieu rural. Le système de brise a contribué, dans certains cas, au brassage de la température, à effacer pendant la journée sous les effets des brises de mer avec le déplacement de chaleur de la zone centrale vers l'intérieur du continent mais moins fréquent pendant la nuit sous l’effet de la brise terrestre. En général, les zones plus chaudes de la ville, où est généré l’îlot de chaleur ont seraient le résultats de processus d'occupation inégale de l'espace. Ces zones correspondent aux secteurs densément construits, avec des standards établis en matière de construction, un faible taux de végétation arborée et particulièrement en dehors des zones d'intérêt touristique, de l'évaluation scénique et de la forte spéculation immobilière des espaces résidentiels fermés dans les rives des plages.<br>The studies on urban climate carried out so far have given greater importance to large cities, presumably because the greater quality of life of its inhabitants and the aggravation of environmental problems. Currently, in Brazil, there are advances related to works carried out in small and medium-sized cities, being fundamental territorial planning. Considering the lack of studies on the quality of the urban environment, especially in small and medium-sized cities in coastal areas in Brazil, and the need to carry out research that refers to the environmental quality necessary for the development of human life it was proposed the study of the urban climate of the city of Ubatuba-SP. This study aimed to understand how the extent size of a city can generate a specific urban climate and, even, which would be the forms of spatialization of the heat islands in a city located in the coastal zone. The main objective of this study was to understand and analyze the urban climate of the city of Ubatuba, looking for to identify the levels of human interference in the environment, to characterize the temperatures according to the atmospheric systems and their distribution in the geographic space, taking into account the different constructive patterns and the characteristics of the relief. The research had as theoretical contribution the Urban Climate System with emphasis in the thermodynamic subsystem. It was aimed to work the relations between the geoecological attributes of the site, the morphology and the urban functions. The methodological procedures were based on the collection of data by mobile measurements, by fixed points and satellite images. The mobile transects for the collection of temperature data were performed in the morning (9 A.M.), afternoon (3 P.M.) and night (9 P.M.), in three episodes, during November 11th, 18th and 27th of the year of 2015, totaling nine simultaneous measurements on two routs S-N and W-E. Fifteen fixed measurement points were installed in the urban network of the city to collect data on temperature and relative humidity in the month of November 2015, in this case, were also used data from automatic weather stations of the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC) and the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo (IOUSP), totaling 17 registration points. The data of the meteorological stations were also used to characterize the direction and the predominant velocity of the winds and in the identification of the maritime and terrestrial breezes. Were also used remote sensing techniques in order to carry out the modeling of the urban heat island, considering the use and occupation of land characteristics. The results showed differences of up to 5,4ºC in mobile measurements and differences of up to 6°C in fixed measures. The modeling was able to explain about 50% of the temperature variability with the formation of a well defined heat island in the central area of the city, presenting intensity of 5°C in relation to the rural environment. The system of breezes contributed, in some cases, to the displacement of the temperature, being more efficient during the day under effects of the sea breezes with the displacement of the heat of the central area to the interior of the continent and less frequent during the night under the action of the terrestrial breeze. In general, the hottest areas of the city with the generation of heat islands were presented as results of the processes of uneven occupation of space, being the areas densely constructed, with low constructive pattern and low tree vegetation, and mainly, localized outside the areas of tourist interest, of scenic valuation and strong real estate speculation of the residential spaces closed in the borders of the beaches.<br>FAPESP: 2015/04784-1<br>FAPESP: 2016/06880-0

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Adebiyi, Jeremiah, Joseph Dr Shrestha, and Mohammad Dr Moin. "Current Practices and Methodologies of Calculating Road User Costs Based on a National Survey." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2021/presentations/7.

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While regular maintenance of roads and bridges are essential to ensure a high level of service for road users, road users typically do not prefer having to drive through a construction zone because of the lower speed and increased possibilities of crashes. These road user inconveniences are typically ignored or not given much weight while planning, developing, and awarding construction and maintenance projects. Typically, a contractor with the lowest bid is awarded a construction project irrespective of whether the project will be completed in a shorter or longer duration if the duration is within a provided limit. Such a decision-making process, known as "the apparent lowest bidder," is the most common method for selecting the best contractor for construction projects, even though quicker completion of a construction project results in reduced inconvenience to the road users. To overcome this limitation, state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) have started to use the monetary quantification of the road user inconveniences, known as the road user cost, while selecting the best contractor for a project. However, monetary quantification of the road user cost is a significant challenge to state DOTs. Many state DOTs lack a systematic methodology to compute the road user cost or have inconsistent methodologies within the same state DOT. Currently, the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) does not have a systematic methodology to compute the road user cost. This study aims to review existing methodologies from other state DOTs across the U.S. to identify the best practices for calculating the road user cost. To achieve this, the study reviewed existing literature on the subject and conducted a nationwide survey questionnaire covering all 50 state DOTs. The survey result shows that 34 out of 37 responding state DOTs are currently calculating the road user cost. More than half of the state DOTs have developed their state-specific methodologies for various purposes, including A+B contract evaluation, incentives/disincentives determination, and benefit-cost analysis for alternative project evaluation. The delay cost and the vehicle operating costs are the two most common components to compute the road user costs. As the road user cost calculation requires additional time and effort, it is calculated only for a limited number of construction projects based on the project's duration, location, and complexity. Most state DOTs prefer and use a spreadsheet-based tool to ease the calculation process. The survey results provide the most extensive and detailed information about the current practices of calculating the road user costs in the U.S. The survey results will be used to develop a new methodology to compute road user costs for TDOT. Other state DOTs can also use the study's findings to improve their road user cost calculation methodologies. Such improved methodology will help state DOTs make more informed contract-management decisions and reduce inconveniences to road users. Keywords: Road User's Cost, Department of Transportation, Work Zone, A+B Bidding

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Malagueta, Josino da Silva. "A aventura econômica na Amazônia: um estudo dos projetos de desenvolvimento econômico e social para o estado do Amazonas nos últimos 30 anos." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2008. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4129.

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Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-06-17T19:17:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Josino da Silva Malagueta.pdf: 890418 bytes, checksum: e3392c49fb234dd03df8cfb84473d328 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-18T17:57:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Josino da Silva Malagueta.pdf: 890418 bytes, checksum: e3392c49fb234dd03df8cfb84473d328 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-18T18:00:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Josino da Silva Malagueta.pdf: 890418 bytes, checksum: e3392c49fb234dd03df8cfb84473d328 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-18T18:00:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Josino da Silva Malagueta.pdf: 890418 bytes, checksum: e3392c49fb234dd03df8cfb84473d328 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-12<br>Não Informada<br>The history of economic occupation of the Amazon and the State of Amazonas, in particular, is marked by great moments or cycles of development. The first one is the beginning of rational economic exploitation of the colony, started by Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Melo better known as Marquis of Pombal. The second is the extraction of latex from rubber trees, when the rubber produced from the latex of rubber trees was the great bulwark in the generation of wealth in the region. The third period is related to the historic moment of deploying "Great Projects" desenvolvimentistas for the region commanded by the federal government and up to the present day. This period, which also was known as the "Recent Occupation." It is this period the Bill of Manaus Free Zone (ZFM), emerged in the midst of the so-called "Operation Amazon." The Project ZFM has provided economic benefits to the region, particularly for Amazonas State and especially for Manaus city, because with the advent of the Manaus Free Zone, the state significantly increased its revenue. This study investigates the actions of state government to develop public policies to optimize these resources primarily on the generation of knowledge from the investment in education, particularly in high school and Vocational Education. Only a serious investment in education, not the perspective of economic theory of Human Capital, or the optics of Neoliberalism, but in view of the unitary school and polytechnic, you can leverage the development for the Amazon region in general and the Amazon in particular. Because despite the enormous financial resources by raising the state lacks public policies geared to the expansion of access to knowledge, especially through education.<br>A história da ocupação econômica da Amazônia e do Estado do Amazonas, em particular, está marcada por grandes momentos ou ciclos de desenvolvimento. O primeiro deles corresponde ao início da exploração econômica racional da colônia, iniciada por Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo mais conhecido como Marquês de Pombal. O segundo corresponde à extração do látex da seringueira, período em que a borracha produzida a partir do látex da seringueira foi o grande baluarte na geração de riquezas na região. O terceiro período está relacionado ao momento histórico da implantação de “Grandes Projetos” desenvolvimentistas para a região capitaneados pelo governo federal e que se estende até os dias atuais. Período esse, que também ficou conhecido como da “Ocupação Recente”. É desse período o Projeto Zona Franca de Manaus (ZFM), surgido no bojo da chamada “Operação Amazônia”. O Projeto ZFM tem proporcionado vantagens econômicas para a região, sobremaneira para o Estado do Amazonas e principalmente para a cidade de Manaus, visto que com o advento da Zona Franca de Manaus o Estado elevou significativamente sua arrecadação. Este trabalho investiga as ações do governo estadual no sentido de desenvolver políticas públicas para otimização desses recursos principalmente na geração de conhecimento a partir do investimento em educação; particularmente no Ensino Médio e na Educação Profissional. Somente um investimento sério em educação, não na perspectiva economicista da Teoria do Capital Humano, nem na ótica do Neoliberalismo, mas na perspectiva da escola unitária e da politecnia, poderá alavancar o desenvolvimento para a Amazônia em geral e para o Amazonas em particular. Pois apesar dos vultosos recursos financeiros via arrecadação o Estado carece de Políticas Públicas voltadas para a ampliação do acesso ao conhecimento, principalmente via escolarização.

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Adebiyi, Jeremiah. "An Enhanced Framework to Compute Road User Costs Associated with Construction Zones." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3966.

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The monetary quantification of inconveniences caused to the road users by ongoing construction activities is known as the Road Users Costs (RUCs). While the importance of RUCs is widely known, some highway agencies lack an appropriate methodology to compute RUCs. Thus, there is a need to develop a framework to compute RUCs that can be adopted quickly by highway agencies. This study reviewed existing literature and conducted a nationwide survey to identify and summarize the current practices of computing RUCs. It developed an enhanced framework and tool to compute RUCs that balances the effort required to calculate RUCs and the accuracy of the results. This enhanced framework accounts for the spatiotemporal variation of RUCs. The results of the study are expected to enable highway agencies to quickly and accurately compute RUCs to make better project management decisions, such as selecting the best contractor that minimizes the agency costs and RUCs.

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Bernard, Anthony Thomas Firth. "Towards a cost-efficient & standardised monitoring protocol for subtidal reef fish in the Agulhas ecoregion of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001674.

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Under the growing demand for marine fish resources, and the apparent and expected impacts of global climate change, there is a need to conduct long-term monitoring (LTM) to ensure effective management of resources and conservation of biodiversity. However LTM programmes often suffer from design deficiencies and fail to achieve their objectives. These deficiencies stem from the fact that insufficient consideration is afforded to the design phase, with programmes selecting methods that are not suitable to address the objectives, or are not cost-efficient, compromising the sustainability of the LTM. To facilitate the establishment of LTM programmes along the southern coast of South Africa, background research needed to be conducted to identify which methods were most appropriate for LTM of reef fish. This study presents a detailed field-based assessment of the suitability and cost-efficiency of monitoring methods for long-term monitoring of reef fish in the Agulhas Ecoregion of South Africa. The approach adopted to identify the method, or suite of methods most suited for LTM, involved (i) the selection of methods considered suitable for LTM, (ii) the individual assessment and optimisation of method performance, and (iii) the comparative assessment of the fish community sampled by the different methods. The most suited method(s) were then identified as those that provide the most comprehensive assessment of the fish community and had the highest cost-efficiency. The research was conducted between January 2008 and 2011 in the Tsitsikamma and Table Mountain National Park (TNP and TMNP, respectively) marine protected areas (MPAs) within the Agulhas Ecoregion. The methods selected included fish traps (FT), controlled angling (CA), underwater visual census (UVC), remote underwater video (RUV), baited RUV (BRUV) and remotely operated vehicles (ROV). The individual assessment and optimisation was conducted with the FT, UVC, RUV and BRUV methods. The assessment of the FT method aimed to identify the optimal soak time, and whether or not the size of the funnel entrance to the trap affected the catch. The results identified that larger funnel entrances caught more fish and soak times of 80 minutes produced the highest catches per unit effort. However the data were highly variable and the method detected few of the species typical of the region. Fish traps were also associated with high levels of mortality of fish post-release. The assessment of UVC strip transect method involved directly comparing the precision of data collected by researchers and volunteers using a novel double-observer technique (paired-transects). The results showed considerable error in both the volunteers and researchers data, however the researchers produced significantly higher precision data, compared to the volunteers. The distinction between researchers and volunteers was not evident in the data for the dominant species of fish. For all observers, the abundance of a species in the sample had a significant influence on its detectability, with locally scarce or rare species poorly detected. UVC was able to sample the majority of species typical of reefs in the region, however it appeared plagued by observer and detectability biases. The assessments of RUV and BRUV were conducted simultaneously which enabled the assessment of the effect of bait on the observed fish community. In addition the optimal deployment time for both methods to maximise species richness and abundance was determined. The results showed that BRUV, and to a lesser degree RUV, were able to effectively survey the reef fish community for the region with a 50 minute and 35 minute deployment time, respectively. Baited remote underwater video was especially good at detecting the invertebrate and generalist carnivores, and cartilaginous species. On the other hand, RUV was more effective at surveying the microinvertebrate carnivores. Remote underwater video was characterised by higher data variability, compared to BRUV, and was ultimately considered a less cost-efficient monitoring method. Comparative methods assessments were conducted during two field experiments with the FT, UVC and BRUV methods in the TMNP MPA, and the FT, CA, UVC, RUV, BRUV and ROV methods compared in the TNP MPA. The objectives of the comparison were to investigate differences in the fish communities observed with the different methods, and to determine the power of the data to detect an annual 10% growth in the fish populations over a period of five years. The results from the method comparison were in turn used to conduct the cost-benefit analysis to determine the efficiency of the different methods at achieving monitoring objectives requiring population data from multiple trophic and functional groups with the community, and from species of fisheries importance. The results indicated that FT, CA and ROV were ineffective at monitoring the reef fish community, although CA appeared to provide valuable data for the dominant fisheries species. Both CA and FT required minimal initial investment however, the variability in the data translated into high annual monitoring costs, as the required sampling effort was great. The ROV required the highest initial investment and was identified as the least cost-efficient method. Underwater visual census was able to adequately survey the bony fish within the community, however it did not detect the cartilaginous species. Underwater visual census required a large initial investment and was not cost-efficient, as a many samples were required to account for the variability in the data. Remote underwater video provided a comprehensive assessment of the reef fish community, however it too was associated with high levels of variability in the data, compared to BRUV, reducing its cost-efficiency. BRUV provided the most comprehensive assessment of the reef fish community and was associated with the highest cost-efficiency to address the community and fisheries species monitoring objectives. During the course of this research stereo-BRUV has gained considerable support as an effective reef fish monitoring method. Although not tested during this research, stereo-BRUV is preferred to BRUV as it provides accurate data on the size of fish. However, the initial investment of stereo-BRUV is over three times that required for the BRUV. Although it is recommended that a baited video technique be used for LTM in the Agulhas Ecoregion, the choice between BRUV and stereo-BRUV will depend on the specific objectives of the programme and the available budget at the implementing agency.

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Proag, Satya-Lekh. "Évaluation d'une politique publique et mise en oeuvre d'une méthodologie supplémentant le calcul du « Net Social Benefit » : cas de l'expérimentation de la Ville de Paris d'une Zone d'Actions Prioritaires pour l'Air (ZAPA)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010034.

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Évaluation d'une politique publique et mise en œuvre d'une méthodologie supplémentant le calcul du « Net Social Benefit » : cas de l'expérimentation de la Ville de Paris d'une Zone d'Actions Prioritaires pour l'Air (ZAPA)<br>No English summary available

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Books on the topic "Cost zone"

1

Epps, Jon A. Summary of SHRP research and economic benefits of work zone safety. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1999.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Coastal Barrier Resources System map correction--Unit SC-03, South Carolina: Report (to accompany S. 2474) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990: Report (to accompany H.R. 4450) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990: Report (to accompany H.R. 4450) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Coastal Pollution Reduction Act of 1997: Report (to accompany H.R. 2207) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Coastal Pollution Reduction Act of 1997: Report (to accompany H.R. 2207) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Coastal Pollution Reduction Act of 1997: Report (to accompany H.R. 2207) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Coastal Barrier Resources System map correction--Unit DE-03P, Unit DE-03P, Cape Henlopen, DE: Report (to accompany S. 574) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Coastal Barrier Resources Reauthorization Act of 1999: (report to accompany S. 1752) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Coastal Barrier Resources Reauthorization Act of 2005: Report (to accompany S. 1869) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cost zone"

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Harkness, Mark, and Julie Konzuk. "Cost Analyses For Remedial Options." In Chlorinated Solvent Source Zone Remediation. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6922-3_16.

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Mehera, Ranjan, and Rajat K. Pal. "A Cost-Optimal Algorithm for Guard Zone Problem." In Distributed Computing and Networking. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92295-7_14.

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Hicks, Christina C., Jeremy M. Hills, and Martin D. A. LeTissier. "5 Natural capital – valuing the coast." In Coastal zone management. Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0005.

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Bouhem, François Colin, and Daniel Gbetnkom. "Illicit Financial Flows and Financing of Basic Social Services: A Comparative Study of Opportunity Cost Between CAEMC and WAEMU Zone." In Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46482-0_10.

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Zafar, Ali. "Strengthen Supply Chains and Reduce Transport Costs." In The CFA Franc Zone. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71006-4_36.

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Carlisle, Margaret, and David R. Green. "15 The role of virtual reality (VR) in visualising the coast." In Coastal zone management. Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0015.

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Gwatkin, R. B. L. "Zona Binding Sites of the Spermatozoon." In The Mammalian Egg Coat. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74048-0_5.

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Chamberlin, M. E., M. J. Ringuette, C. C. Philpott, S. M. Chamow, and J. Dean. "Molecular Genetics of the Mouse Zona Pellucida." In The Mammalian Egg Coat. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74048-0_1.

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Dietl, J. "Ultrastructural Aspects of the Developing Mammalian Zona Pellucida." In The Mammalian Egg Coat. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74048-0_4.

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Bleau, G., and S. St-Jacques. "Transfer of Oviductal Proteins to the Zona Pellucida." In The Mammalian Egg Coat. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74048-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cost zone"

1

Anatoliy and S. Gordonov. "The cost of preventing a buffer overflow." In 2014 Zone 1 Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE Zone 1). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aseezone1.2014.6820627.

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Mohan, Satish B., and Padma Gautam. "Cost of Highway Work Zone Injuries." In Construction Congress VI. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40475(278)129.

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Patterson, Dick E., Jeremy W. Waters, and Michael Louis Larpenter. "Unconventional Multi-Zone Frac Pack Design With Significant Cost Savings." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/147095-ms.

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Pinto, Hardy Leonardo, Ronaldo G. Izetti, Manoel Feliciano da Silva, and Gastao Guimaraes. "Integrated Multi-Zone Low Cost Intelligent Completion for Mature Fields." In Intelligent Energy Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/99948-ms.

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Sekerci, Hacer. "Load Demand Forecast of Organized Industrial Zone and Imbalance Cost Analysis." In 2019 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference (ASYU). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asyu48272.2019.8946445.

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Chan, Chi Hou, Kung Bo Ng, and Shi-Wei Qu. "Gain enhancement for low-cost terahertz fresnel zone plate lens antennas." In 2015 International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwat.2015.7365263.

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Hensler, John M. "Zonal Distribution Cuts Cabling Cost." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2013-p16.

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The architecture, conventionally implemented in marine installations, for the distribution of electrical power is the Radial scheme. In a Radial scheme, power is routed to each consumer directly from a centrally positioned source, such as a switchboard or an MCC. Since the consumers are dispersed in a large, highly complex, three dimensional environment, implementation of a Radial scheme results in many cables spanning over large distances of the ship. An alternative strategy is to introduce power into major portions of the vessel via a power bus and hang consumers locally from the bus. Such major portions of the vessel where the power bus brings power in, are termed “Zones”. The boundaries of the electrical Zones are defined such that they coincide with the fire-tight and watertight zonings, and also with the demarcation lines of construction modules. In the Zonal scheme, only the power bus needs to span the ship, while consumers in each Zone are fed radially in a localized environment and hence require only short cable runs, which also lend themselves well for pre-fit into each construction module.

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Ogbunuju, E., A. Ekeigwe, B. Pepple, D. Ogaji, and I. Yahaya. "A Strategic Cost Saving Initiative for Dual-Zone Completions in Marginal Fields." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/172376-ms.

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Jeong, Daebeom, Sunghoi Park, Jinsung Byun, Insung Hong, and Sehyun Park. "Zone-aware service system with nomadic resources for cost-effective pervasive infrastructure." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce.2014.6776060.

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Li, Xiao, and Wenjia Wei. "Evaluation and Analysis on Carrying Capacity of Comprehensive Ecology in Cost Zone." In 2015 International conference on Applied Science and Engineering Innovation. Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/asei-15.2015.102.

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Reports on the topic "Cost zone"

1

Hattiangadi, Anita U., Deena Ackerman, Theresa H. Kimble, and Aline O. Quester. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Lump Sum Bonuses for Zone A, Zone B, and Zone C Reenlistments: Final Report. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425491.

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Cameron, Richard J., and William O. Heath. Conceptual Design and Cost Estimate: Six-Phase Soil Heating of the Saturated Zone Complex 34 Site at Cape Canaveral. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada352350.

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Brodie, Katherine, Brittany Bruder, Richard Slocum, and Nicholas Spore. Simultaneous mapping of coastal topography and bathymetry from a lightweight multicamera UAS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41440.

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A low-cost multicamera Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) is used to simultaneously estimate open-coast topography and bathymetry from a single longitudinal coastal flight. The UAS combines nadir and oblique imagery to create a wide field of view (FOV), which enables collection of mobile, long dwell timeseries of the littoral zone suitable for structure-from motion (SfM), and wave speed inversion algorithms. Resultant digital surface models (DSMs) compare well with terrestrial topographic lidar and bathymetric survey data at Duck, NC, USA, with root-mean-square error (RMSE)/bias of 0.26/–0.05 and 0.34/–0.05 m, respectively. Bathymetric data from another flight at Virginia Beach, VA, USA, demonstrates successful comparison (RMSE/bias of 0.17/0.06 m) in a secondary environment. UAS-derived engineering data products, total volume profiles and shoreline position, were congruent with those calculated from traditional topo-bathymetric surveys at Duck. Capturing both topography and bathymetry within a single flight, the presented multicamera system is more efficient than data acquisition with a single camera UAS; this advantage grows for longer stretches of coastline (10 km). Efficiency increases further with an on-board Global Navigation Satellite System–Inertial Navigation System (GNSS-INS) to eliminate ground control point (GCP) placement. The Appendix reprocesses the Virginia Beach flight with the GNSS–INS input and no GCPs.

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Niles, John S., and J. M. Pogodzinski. Steps to Supplement Park-and-Ride Public Transit Access with Ride-and-Ride Shuttles. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1950.

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Public transit ridership in California declined in the five years before the pandemic of 2020–21 and dropped significantly further after the pandemic began. A sharp downward step in the level of transit boarding occurred after February 2020, and continues to the date of this report as a result of the public-health guidance on social distancing, expanded work-at-home, and a travel mode shift from public transit to private cars. A critical issue has come to the foreground of public transportation policy, namely, how to increase the quality and geographic reach of transit service to better serve the essential trips of mobility disadvantaged citizens who do not have access to private vehicle travel. The research focus of this report is an examination of the circumstances where fixed route bus route service could cost-effectively be replaced by on-demand microtransit, with equivalent overall zone-level efficiency and a higher quality of complete trip service. Research methods were reviews of documented agency experience, execution of simple simulations, and sketch-level analysis of 2019 performance reported in the National Transit Database. Available evidence is encouraging and suggestive, but not conclusive. The research found that substitutions of flexible microtransit for fixed route buses are already being piloted across the U.S., with promising performance results. The findings imply that action steps could be taken in California to expand and refine an emphasis on general purpose microtransit in corridors and zones with a relatively high fraction of potential travelers who are mobility disadvantaged, and where traditional bus routes are capturing fewer than 15 boardings per vehicle hour. To be sufficiently productive as fixed route replacements, microtransit service technologies in the same or larger zones need to be capable of achieving vehicle boardings of five per hour, a challenge worth addressing with technology applications. Delivery of microtransit service can be undertaken through contracts with a growing set of private sector firms, which are developing processes to merge general purpose customers with those now assigned to ADA-required paratransit and Medi-Cal-supported non-emergency medical transport.

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Johnson, Billy, and Zhonglong Zhang. The demonstration and validation of a linked watershed-riverine modeling system for DoD installations : user guidance report version 2.0. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40425.

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A linked watershed model was evaluated on three watersheds within the U.S.: (1) House Creek Watershed, Fort Hood, TX; (2) Calleguas Creek Watershed, Ventura County, CA; and (3) Patuxent River Watershed, MD. The goal of this demonstration study was to show the utility of such a model in addressing water quality issues facing DoD installations across a variety of climate zones. In performing the demonstration study, evaluations of model output with regards to accuracy, predictability and meeting regulatory drivers were completed. Data availability, level of modeling expertise, and costs for model setup, validation, scenario analysis, and maintenance were evaluated in order to inform installation managers on the time and cost investment needed to use a linked watershed modeling system. Final conclusions were that the system evaluated in this study would be useful for answering a variety of questions posed by installation managers and could be useful in developing management scenarios to better control pollutant runoff from installations.

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6

Devarajan, Shantayanan, and Dani Rodrik. Do the Benefits of Fixed Exchange Rates Outweigh Their Costs? The Franc Zone in Africa. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3727.

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Doyle, Debra. Beach Response to Subsidence Following a Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquake Along the Washington-Oregon Coast. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6948.

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Bonaldi, Pietro, Ali Hortaçsu, and Jakub Kastl. An Empirical Analysis of Funding Costs Spillovers in the EURO-zone with Application to Systemic Risk. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21462.

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Wraight, Sarah, Julia Hofmann, Justine Allpress, and Brooks Depro. Environmental justice concerns and the proposed Atlantic Coast Pipeline route in North Carolina. RTI Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.mr.0037.1803.

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This report describes publicly available data sets and quantitative analysis that local communities can use to evaluate environmental justice concerns associated with pipeline projects. We applied these data and analytical methods to two counties in North Carolina (Northampton and Robeson counties) that would be affected by the proposed Atlantic Coast Pipeline (ACP). We compared demographic and vulnerability characteristics of census blocks, census block groups, and census tracts that lie within 1 mile of the proposed pipeline route with corresponding census geographies that lie outside of the 1-mile zone. Finally, we present results of a county-level analysis of race and ethnicity data for the entire North Carolina segment of the proposed ACP route. Statistical analyses of race and ethnicity data (US Census Bureau) and Social Vulnerability Index scores (University of South Carolina’s Hazards & Vulnerability Research Institute) yielded evidence of significant differences between the areas crossed by the pipeline and reference geographies. No significant differences were found in our analyses of household income and cancer risk data.

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Johnson, Paul C., Pamela M. Carlson, and Paul Dahlen. Prediction of Groundwater Quality Improvement Down-Gradient of In Situ Permeable Treatment Barriers and Fully-Remediated Source Zones. ESTCP Cost and Performance Report. Defense Technical Information Center, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada487009.

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