Journal articles: 'Costa Rica – Juvenile literature'

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Araya-H., David, Christian Contreras, and Luis Sandoval. "Gray-bellied Hawk, Accipiter poliogaster (Temminck, 1824) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), in Costa Rica." Check List 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1559.

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Gray-bellied Hawk (Accipiter poliogaster) is a diurnal raptor with a distribution range and movements poorly known. A juvenile was recorded in Costa Rica in 2008 and 2009 for in the Caribbean lowlands. In this note we reported the first adult observation for Costa Rica and a new locality. Even though is uncertain how this species of bird was able to arrive to Costa Rica, we discuss possible explanations for that.

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Tevis, J. "Postcards from Costa Rica." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/isn022.

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Lewis, Cynthia. "Going Plastic in Costa Rica." Antioch Review 63, no. 1 (2005): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4614762.

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Mąkol, Joanna, Magdalena Felska, and Zofia Krol. "New genus and species of microtrombidiid mite (Actinotrichida: Trombidioidea, Microtrombidiidae) parasitizing spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) in Costa Rica." Acarologia 57, no. 3 (May 11, 2017): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20174174.

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A new genus and species of microtrombidiid mite, Araneothrombium dimalogunovi n. gen. et n. sp. is described based on larvae collected from a juvenile araneid spider in Costa Rica. The genus, tentatively placed in Eutrombidiinae, displays affinity to Verdunella Southcott, 1993 and Spinnitrombium Fain and Jocqué, 1996. This is the first record of Trombidioidea (excl. Trombiculidae s.l.) in Costa Rica.

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Harpelle, Ronald N. "The Social and Political Integration of West Indians in Costa Rica: 1930–50." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 1 (February 1993): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00000389.

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People of African descent in Costa Rica form a marginalised and geographically concentrated minority group. The limited interest that academics have shown towards people of African descent is a reflection of their position in Costa Rican society. National histories consistently ignore the contributions of West Indian immigrants to the economic and social development of modern Costa Rica. Moreover, the existing literature on people of African descent in Costa Rica fails to document properly West Indians' efforts to integrate into Hispanic society. As a result, several misconceptions continue to exist about the evolution of the West Indian community in Costa Rica.

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Werneck, M. R., A. Mastrangelli, R. Velloso, P. Baldassin, H. Jerdy, and E. C. Q. Carvalho. "The genus Rhytidodoides Price, 1939 (Digenea: Rhytidodidae) in Brazil: New geographic occurrence and report of pathology in the gallbladder." Helminthologia 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0004.

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SummaryThe present note describes the occurrence of Rhytidodoides intestinalis and Rhytidodoides similis (Digenea: Rhytidodidae) in the gallbladder of two juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas - Testu- dines, Cheloniidae) found on the coast of Brazil. Both were detected in gallbladder and intestine of green turtles: Rhytidodoides similis (United States, Panama, Costa Rica and Brazil) and R. intestinais (United States, Panama and Costa Rica). This note is the first report of R. intestinalis in Brazil and South-West Atlantic Ocean. Also the histological lesions caused by the parasites in one gallbladder are described.

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Vega Jiménez, Patricia. "Periodismo y literatura en Costa Rica (1833-1950)." Revista de Historia, no. 73 (June 29, 2016): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rh.73.1.

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This article analyzes the relationship between the development of journalism and literature, specifically the participation of Costa Rican writers in the press and the role played by the press in the publicity of literature. The journey to fulfill these objectives begins in 1833 and ends in 1950; this long period helps us identify the changes and continuities over time and therefore establish a comparative analysis.

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Acuña, María Eugenia. "Carlos Gagini y el Romanticismo en Costa Rica." Revista Iberoamericana 53, no. 138 (June 22, 1987): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.1987.4319.

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Solera, Rodrigo. "La novela de tema indígena en Costa Rica." Revista Iberoamericana 53, no. 138 (June 22, 1987): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.1987.4328.

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Monge Meza, Carlos Francisco, and Gabriel Baltodano Román. "Para una periodización de la crítica literaria en Costa Rica (Periods in Literary Criticism in Costa Rica)." LETRAS 2, no. 60 (February 22, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.2-60.1.

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El estudio es un análisis del desarrollo de la crítica literaria costarricense, desde sus orígenes hasta la actualidad. Para efectuar su periodización se tienen en cuenta aspectos exógenos y endógenos, vasos comunicantes que llevan, a su vez, a la formulación de cuatro etapas, organizadas por factores socioculturales y de índole propiamente literaria: a una etapa fundacional, la siguen una exploratoria, otra asociada a la academia universitaria y la contemporánea. Cada una se asocia a una ideología (proyecto de nación) y a un proyecto estético (la idea de literatura).This study is an analysis of the development of literary criticism in Costa Rica, from its origin to the present time. To define the distinct periods, both extraliterary and intraliterary aspects were taken into account. These communicating vessels, in turn, lead to the formulation of four stages, due to sociocultural and literary factors: a founding stage, an exploratory stage, one related to academe, and a contemporary stage, each of which is associated with an ideology (how the nation is conceived) and an esthetic proposal (how literature is conceived).

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Cruz-Saenz, Michele S. De, Helia Betancourt, and Henry Cohen y Carlos Fernandez. "Cancionero y romancero general de Costa Rica." Hispanic Review 69, no. 3 (2001): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3247084.

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Z., María Isabel Morales. "Las Hepaticas comunicadas para Costa Rica." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 4, no. 1 (December 31, 1991): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.4.1.6.

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A survey of the literature and a few unpublished identifications of recent collections indicate that 426 taxa have been reported from Costa Rica, including Cocos Island. The distribution of each taxon is indicated by province and parameters are given for most localities within each province.

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JONES, GEOFFREY, and ANDREW SPADAFORA. "Creating Ecotourism in Costa Rica, 1970–2000." Enterprise & Society 18, no. 1 (November 24, 2016): 146–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2016.50.

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Between the 1970s and the 2000s, Costa Rica became established as the world’s leading ecotourism destination. This article argues that although Costa Rica benefited from biodiversity and a pleasant climate, the country’s preeminence in ecotourism requires more than a natural resource endowment explanation. While previous literature has emphasized the efforts of the government and nongovernment organizations, this article demonstrates the critical role of small entrepreneurs in the co-creation of the industry. Making extensive use of oral history, the article explores the role of tour companies in drawing affluent Western ecotourists to the country, and of the creators of ecolodges and other forms of accommodation in providing them with somewhere to stay. Clustering created positive externalities, drawing new entrepreneurs into the industry who could also learn from knowledge spillovers. There were downsides to the new industry. The creation of the national image of a natural paradise enabled many businesses which were not environmentally sustainable to free ride on the green image.

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Merwin, Mark C., S. Robbert Gradstein, and Nalini M. Nadkarni. "Epiphytic bryophytes of Monteverde, Costa Rica." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 20, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.20.1.10.

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A survey of the literature and collections in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve and adjacent pastureland yielded a total of 198 epiphytic bryophyte taxa (120 species of hepatics in 50 genera, 77 species of moss in 48 genera, and 1 hornwort): 178 in the primary forest, 63 in the secondary forest, and 84 in the pastureland.

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Miller, Elaine M. "Staging Revolutionary France in Contemporary Costa Rica: Linda Berrón'sOlimpia." Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures 63, no. 4 (November 30, 2009): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397700903368799.

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Alvarado, Juan José, José Leonardo Chacón-Monge, Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín, Tania Pineda-Enríquez, Andrea Alejandra Caballero-Ochoa, Sofía Solano Rivera, and Raquel Romero Chaves. "Equinodermos del Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Costa Rica." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 1-1 (December 8, 2017): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1-1.31695.

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Echinoderms from the Museum of Zoology from the Universidad de Costa Rica. The Museum of Zoology, Universidad de Costa Rica (MZUCR) was founded in 1966 and houses the most complete collection of vertebrates and invertebrates in Costa Rica. The MZUCR currently has 24 collections containing more than five million specimens, and more than 13 000 species. The earliest collections date back to 1960 and include fishes, reptiles, amphibians, polychaetes, crustaceans and echinoderms. For the latter group, the MZUCR has a total of 157 species, in 1 173 lots and 4 316 specimens. These 157 species represent 54% of the total species of echinoderms from Costa Rica. The remaining species are distributed in the following institutions: California Academy of Sciences (CAS) (4.8%), Scripps Oceanographic Institute (SIO) (5.2%), National Echinoderm Collection “Dr. Ma. Elena Caso” from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (ICML-UNAM) (12.7%), the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute (USNM) (35.1%), and the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology (19.2%). There may be material from Costa Rica in the Natural History Museum of Denmark (NCD) and the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles (LACM), however, there was no access to such collections. There are 9.6% that do not appear in museums, but are reported in the literature. Based on this revision, the taxonomic list of echinoderms for Costa Rica is updated to 293 species, 152 genera, 75 families, 30 orders and 5 classes. The Pacific coast of Costa Rica has 153 species, followed by the Isla del Coco with 134 and the Caribbean coast with 65. Holothuria is the most diverse genus with 25 species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S272-S287. Epub 2017 November 01.

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Carrillo-Baltodano, Allan, Álvaro V. Morales-Ramírez, Jeffrey A. Sibaja-Cordero, and Jorge Cortés. "New records of marine planktonic invertebrates from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 1-1 (May 10, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.33261.

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The coral reef at Cahuita National Park in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica represents very diverse marine ecosystem. Most of this diversity knowledge has been the result of benthic surveys, while very little is known from pelagic studies. A zooplankton survey sampling was conducted monthly from September 2010 to August 2011, finding new records of marine invertebrates: 32 for the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, seven for Costa Rican water and 16 for the Caribbean coast of Central America. These reports include the hoplitomella larva of the sponge Thoosa sp., larval stages of three lophophorates, seven families, five genera and six species of polychaetes, a juvenile of the lancet Branchiostoma (Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata) and four pelagic chordates. Analyzing the zooplankton of Cahuita, is an essential approach to studying not only the diversity, but also enhances the possibility of better understanding the ecological goods and services that the coral reef can provide.

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Zucker, Evan L., and Margaret R. Clarke. "Developmental and Comparative Aspects of Social Play of Mantled Howling Monkeys in Costa Rica." Behaviour 123, no. 1-2 (1992): 144–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00165.

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AbstractThe social play of infant and juvenile mantled howling monkeys in Costa Rica was studied via focal sampling (529.2 h) of known individuals of known age over a 22-month period. Observations of adult males (291.2 h of focal samples), done over portions of 3 calendar years, provided supplemental data for the social play of adults. Developmental patterns of play are presented, and are compared with data available for other mantled howlers, other sites, and other species of howlers. Social play by infants and juveniles occurred at the rate of .56 bouts/h, represented 5.79% of the total focal observation time, and bouts had a mean duration of 6.19 minutes. Play by an adult male occurred at the rate of .03 bouts/h (.007/h for all 4 adult males combined), represented 0.24% of his total focal time, and had a mean duration of 5.0 minutes. Ontogenetically, social play began in the 8th week of life. Infants' rates of play and percentage of time spent in play increased from the I1 stage through the I3 stage, then decreased into the juvenile period (> 1 year of age). Mean durations of play bouts increased through the 3 infant stages, then decreased slightly in the J1 stage. The occurrence ofplay groups (3 or more individuals) increased through the infant and juvenile stages. As infants aged, a larger percentage of bouts occurred further from the infants' and juveniles' mothers. With respect to social variables, no overall developmental pattern was evident for playing with an older or younger partner, or a partner that was the offspring of a mother ranked higher or lower than one's own mother; different age classes showed different patterns. When an older sibling was available as a play partner, no preference for this relative was shown. I3's had the highest number of different play partners. Immature howlers played predominantly with other immatures (93% of their interactions). The behaviours observed during play were similar to those reported for other howlers; the behaviours emitted by an adult male were similar to those of the juvenile partner, as was the style and intensity of play. The social play of these mantled howlers is viewed with respect to social, demographic, and ecological variables. The play of howlers is both facilitated and constrained by these variables.

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Peetz, Peter. "Youth Violence in Central America." Youth & Society 43, no. 4 (October 11, 2010): 1459–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x10384236.

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The article analyzes the social construction of youth violence in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and El Salvador on the one hand, and the related security policies of the three states, on the other. In each country, there is an idiosyncratic way of constructing youth violence and juvenile delinquency. Also, each country has its own manner of reaction to those problems. In El Salvador youths are socially constructed as a threat to security, and the state implements predominantly repressive policies to protect citizens against that threat. In Nicaragua and Costa Rica, where the social discourse on youth violence is less prominent, the state’s policies are neither very accentuated nor very coherent, whether in terms of repressive or nonrepressive measures. There are strong relationships and mutual influences between the public’s fear (or disregard) of youth violence and the state’s policies to reduce it.

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Sevilla Morales, Henry. "Current Complexities of English Teaching in Costa Rica." LETRAS 1, no. 61 (November 13, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-61.6.

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AbstractCurrent complexities of English teaching in Costa Rica’s public secondary education are discussed. Using an autoethnographic research approach, critical incidents of an EFL teacher are examined in light of Complexity Theory. Findings suggest that classrooms are unpredictable sites of struggle where multiple rationalities coexist (and often conflict), which must be understood before random decisions are made. For applied linguistics, the study is relevant at three levels: it expands the bulk of literature on the subject, it calls for more attention to the complexities of EFL, and it opens an avenue for reflection and future research directions. ResumenSe analizan ciertos aspectos de las complejidades actuales sobre la enseñanza del inglés de secundaria en la educación pública de Costa Rica. Mediante la autoetnografía, se analizan incidentes críticos de un docente de inglés como lengua extranjera, a la luz de la teoría de la complejidad. Los hallazgos indican que el aula es un espacio de enfrentamientos entre las distintas racionalidades que coexisten, que deben comprenderse ante cualquier toma de decisiones. El estudio atiende tres aspectos: expande la bibliografía sobre el tema, resalta las complejidades de la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras y abre espacios de reflexión y rutas para investigaciones futuras.

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Yang, Ming. "Variación lingüística en Mamita Yunai, de Carlos Luis Fallas (Linguistic Variation in Mamita Yunai, by Carlos Luis Fallas)." LETRAS 2, no. 58 (January 30, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.2-58.6.

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Mamita Yunai, de Carlos Luis Fallas, es una obra emblemática de la literatura de Costa Rica. A pesar de los propósitos políticos, muestra un panorama de la variación lingüística en la región. En la novela, se registra con fidelidad las conversaciones entre pobladores de diferentes etnias en la costa caribeña costarricense poniendo de relieve el estilo coloquial en el texto. Este estudio procura arrojar luz sobre esos datos lingüísticos con la investigación sobre el español de Costa Rica, el préstamo entre el inglés criollo y el castellano, el español hablado por grupos marginados, como los inmigrantes chinos, los indígenas y los pobladores de origen africano.Mamita Yunai, by Carlos Luis Fallas, is an emblematic novel in Costa Rican literature. In spite of its politicial focus, it presents a panorama of the linguistic variation in this region. The writer has recorded the conversations within different ethnic groups on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, emphasizing the colloquial style in the text. This study addresses these linguistic data by analyzing Costa Rican Spanish, words borrowed from English Creole, and the Spanish spoken by marginal groups such as Chinese immigrants, indigenous peoples, and those of African origin.

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Marín, Pablo, José Manuel Mora, Lucia I. López, José Alberto Pérez Arrieta, Miguel A. Rodríguez, Alison Vega Cambronero, and Ignacio Arias. "New records on the distribution and habitat of the northern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous centralis (Mammalia, Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae) in Costa Rica." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 16, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.16.e67969.

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The northern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous centralis, is a rare and elusive species. It ranges from southern Mexico to northern South America. It has been detected in several types of habitats, but appears to prefer Tropical and Subtropical broadleaf forests. In Costa Rica, this species is difficult to observe and there are only eight records reported in the scientific literature. To search records of this armadillo, we used camera traps in north-western Costa Rica and visited several additional localities in the centre and the Caribbean lowlands of the country. We also examined and assessed records of this species from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database. We added four new locality records for C. centralis in Costa Rica, based on photos from camera traps and field observations. We found only three localities (five records) in GBIF additional to the eight reported in literature. Habitat in these new Costa Rican localities reported here varied from mature dense forest (one site) to semi-urban areas (two sites). Additionally, two individuals were detected in secondary forest patches, one of them adjacent to mature riparian forest. Given the species’ scarcity, much additional information still is required to ground protection actions in a scientific framework.

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Riley, Baker, and S. Gallicchio Vincent. "How United States healthcare can learn from Costa Rica: A literature review." Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology 12, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jphe2020.1212.

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Rosenthal, Jorge, Jessica Casas, Douglas Taren, Clinton J. Alverson, Alina Flores, and Jaime Frias. "Neural tube defects in Latin America and the impact of fortification: a literature review." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 3 (March 6, 2013): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000256.

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AbstractObjectiveData on the prevalence of birth defects and neural tube defects (NTD) in Latin America are limited. The present review summarizes NTD prevalence and time trends in Latin American countries and compares pre- and post-fortification periods to assess the impact of folic acid fortification in these countries.DesignWe carried out a literature review of studies and institutional reports published between 1990 and 2010 that contained information on NTD prevalence in Latin America.ResultsNTD prevalence in Latin American countries varied from 0·2 to 9·6 per 1000 live births and was influenced by methods of ascertainment. Time trends from Bogota, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala City, Mexico and Puerto Rico showed average annual declines of 2·5 % to 21·8 %. Pre- and post-fortification comparisons were available for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico and Mexico. The aggregate percentage decline in NTD prevalence ranged from 33 % to 59 %.ConclusionsThe present publication is the first to review data on time trends and the impact of folic acid fortification on NTD prevalence in Latin America. Reported NTD prevalence varied markedly by geographic region and in some areas of Latin America was among the lowest in the world, while in other areas it was among the highest. For countries with available information, time trends showed significant declines in NTD prevalence and these declines were greater in countries where folic acid fortification of staples reached the majority of the population at risk, such as Chile and Costa Rica.

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Gutiérrez, Mariela A. "La herencia afrocaribeña de Anansi, el hermano araña, en Costa Rica." Revista Iberoamericana 65, no. 188 (December 27, 1999): 519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.1999.6041.

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Quesada, Uriel. "La emergencia del sujeto homosexual en Costa Rica: Dos textos paradigmáticos." Revista Iberoamericana, no. 242 (January 1, 2013): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.2013.7027.

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HEY, JEANNE A. K., and LYNN M. KUZMA. "Anti-U.S. Foreign Policy of Dependent States." Comparative Political Studies 26, no. 1 (April 1993): 30–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414093026001002.

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Literature on the foreign policy behavior of economically dependent states holds that they will comply with the foreign policy preferences of the United States, particularly on cold war issues. Regional foreign policies of Mexico and Costa Rica defy this view. Despite significant economic dependence on U.S. aid and trade, both Miguel de la Madrid and Oscar Arias developed peace plans for Central America that directly countered the objectives of the Reagan policy for the area. Pressures resulting from (a) regional security threats, (b) the flow of refugees into Costa Rica and Mexico, (c) the foreign policy traditions of each country, and (d) the need to counteract the effects of dependence guided these presidents to accept the risks of a defiant foreign policy in order to satisfy local demands. Even though heavily dependent and under pressure from the U.S. government to comply with its regional foreign policy, Mexico and Costa Rica implemented policies that served their own national interests and defied Washington.

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Alfaro Ureña, Alonso. "Gains from trade: The Costa Rican case." Revista de Ciencias Económicas 37, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rce.v37i2.40031.

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One of the oldest and most interesting questions in the economic literature is how to quantify the gains from trade. Recently, Costinot & Rodríguez-Clare (2014) (CRC) developed a methodology that uses the World Input Output Database (WIOD) to compute this value for a list of countries. Costa Rica has never been part of this database given the lack of appropriate data. However, with the publication of a new Input Output Table for Costa Rica, the Foreign Trade Ministry (COMEX) was able to develop a domestic version of the WIOD that includes the country. This paper presents the results of the CRC methodology using this version of the WIOD to compute gains from trade for the Costa Rican economy. Counterfactual exercises that compare the current situation with autarky and other average tariff levels using different productive structures and competition schemes in the economy are also presented. The results can provide valuable information on how much a small open economy like Costa Rica’s can benefit from international trade, and what are the differences in the results when compared to similar countries.

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Baltodano-Goulding, Rafael. "Probabilistic geotechnical designs in rural road infrastructure in Costa Rica." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133703020.

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Rural road infrastructure normally lacks information to perform rigorous geotechnical designs, due especially, to budgeting restrictions. Three different transportation projects in rural areas in Costa Rica are presented, where a probabilistic approach was followed. The statistical parameters selected from previous research can be used as local literature values to perform probabilistic geotechnical designs and analyses when there is not enough data to execute a statistical analysis in a project. Moreover, these values could be used to better understand values obtained from geotechnical site exploration and possible regional tendencies. It is possible to conduct probabilistic geotechnical design even when a project does not include a throughout site exploration, like in low-budget projects. Probabilistic design for rural road projects can be a useful tool in the pursuit of optimal and efficient designs where soil behavior is better understood.

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Monge, Carlos Francisco. "La escritura: pasión de la historia. La poesía contemporánea de Costa Rica." Revista Iberoamericana 53, no. 138 (June 22, 1987): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.1987.4330.

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Wilson, Bruce M., and Camila Gianella-Malca. "Overcoming the Limits of Legal Opportunity Structures: LGBT Rights’ Divergent Paths in Costa Rica and Colombia." Latin American Politics and Society 61, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 138–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2018.76.

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ABSTRACTCosta Rica and Colombia, two of the earliest Latin American countries to protect many LGBT rights, attempted to amplify those rights and litigate same-sex marriage (SSM) in mid-2000s; however, these attempts sparked a major anti-LGBT backlash by religious and conservative organizations. Yet a decade later, Colombia legalized SSM while Costa Rica still lacks the right to SSM. Using a most-similar systems comparative case study, this study engages the judicial politics literature to explain this divergent outcome. It details how courts, while staying receptive to many individual LGBT rights claims, deferred SSM legalization to popularly elected branches. In spite of the lack of legislative success in both countries, in Colombia a new litigation strategy harnessed that deference to craft a litigated route to legalized SSM. In Costa Rica, the courts’ lack of conditions or deadlines has left SSM foundering in the congress.

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Nuñez Escalante, Raby, and David Garro Acuña. "Tailless Whip Scorpions (Paraphrynus laevifrons) preying on metamorphic juvenile Gliding Leaf Frogs (Agalychnis spurrelli) in Costa Rica." Reptiles & Amphibians 28, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v28i1.15338.

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Angulo, Arturo, Carlos A. Garita-Alvarado, William A. Bussing, and Myrna I. López. "Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica: additions and nomenclatural revisions." Check List 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2013): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/9.5.987.

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Based on a combination of intensive literature review, electronic database searches, re-identification of museum specimens and fieldwork, we hereby provide an updated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica. This checklist, systematically arranged at the ordinal and familial level, includes nomenclatural revisions, distributional information, and when appropriate, cross-references on the basis of Bussing (1998). According to our results, the native Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna is composed by 250 species, divided into 119 genera, 49 families and 19 orders; increasing in 108 the number of species originally reported by Bussing (1998). By far, the vast majority of these species, according to their supposed tolerance to salinity, are peripheral (63.2%), followed by secondary freshwater fishes (23.6%); only 13.2% are primary freshwater fishes. 24 species in this checklist appear to be endemic to Costa Rica. In addition to the native fauna 8 exotic species are reported.

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NELSEN, Matthew P., Robert LÜCKING, José Luis CHAVES, Harrie J. M. SIPMAN, Loengrin UMAÑA, and Enia NAVARRO. "A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: the genus Haematomma (Lecanorales: Lecanoraceae)." Lichenologist 38, no. 3 (May 2006): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282906005573.

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The genus Haematomma is treated as part of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica. Together with literature reports, fourteen taxa are recognized as occurring in the country (plus three species to be expected), and three of them are new to science: Haematomma nicoyense Nelsen, Lücking & Chaves, with a sorediate thallus, russulone and atranorin, and zeorine apothecia with a split between proper excipulum and thalline margin, Haematomma staigeriae Nelsen, Lücking & Umaña, with a sorediate thallus, russulone and lichexanthone, and submuriform ascospores, and Haematomma fluorescens var. longisporum Nelsen, Lücking & Navarro, with russulone and lichexanthone and ascospores up to 120 μ m in length with up to 27 septa. A key is presented for the 17 taxa known or expected from Costa Rica.

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Pérez-Alvarado, Carlos Javier, and Víctor Vásquez-Cruz. "Updates on the diet items of Conophis lineatus (Squamata: Dipsadidae)." Caldasia 43, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v43n1.83517.

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Conophis lineatus is a widely distributed species, from Mexico to Costa Rica, recognized for its wide diet breadth. Here we present two feeding events under natural conditions, as well as a review of literature on the species in the diet of C. lineatus.

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Werneck, M. R., L. Modolo Conti, and B. Berger. "Report of Enodiotrema megachondrus (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1901 (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) in a green turtle Chelonia mydas Linnaeus, 1758 (Testudines, Cheloniidae) from Brazil." Helminthologia 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2016-0019.

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Summary This paper describes the occurrence of Enodiotrema megachondrus (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1901 in a juvenile green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas Linnaeus, 1758) found on the coast of Brazil. This parasite has been described in Caretta caretta from Egypt, France, the Mediterranean Sea, the Madeira Archipelago, the Adriatic Sea and the USA, in C. mydas from Egypt and the USA, in Eretmochelys imbricata from Cuba, in Lepidochelys olivacea from Mexico and Costa Rica and in Lepidochelys kempii from USA. This note represents the first report of E. megachondus in a green sea turtle in the South-West Atlantic Ocean.

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Serrano Cervantes, Leopoldo. "Detección de la presencia del ácaro (Aculops lycopersici) causante del bronceamiento del tomate (Lycoprsicon esculentum) en El Salvador, América Central." Agronomía Mesoamericana 2 (June 22, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v2i0.25223.

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In October 1989, microscopic specimens of (acaros) with symptoms of browning and plant mortality in young and older tomato plants from various locations in El Salvador were sent tó the entomologist Ing. Ronald Ochoa from Costa Rica. lng. Ronald Ochoa is associated with the Diagnostics Network of the Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigation y Enseñanza (CATlE) based in Turrialba, Costa Rica. Microscopic examination of this material confirmed the taxonomic identification as Aculops lycopersici (Acariformes: Eriophyidae), suspected since May 1988 with the first observation and collection of samples. Abrief review of literature and a phone conversation with the specialist who identified the material, permits reporting for the first time of the presence of this species in El Salvador. This finding is a warning about this pest which could be apotential problem in the tropics of Central America. This paper discusses personal observations of some of the characteristics, habits and appearances of this species, small experiments, and it includes a review of literature pertinent to this subject

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Carrascosa López, Conrado, and Marival Segarra Oña. "¿Es el ecoturismo una fuente Inagotable de riqueza? Recomendaciones para Su sostenibilidad (Is ecotourism an inexhaustible source of wealth? Recommendations for its sustainability)." TEC Empresarial 9, no. 3 (November 23, 2015): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/te.v9i3.2432.

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El ecoturismo se puede definir como aquel turismo que se fundamenta en la naturaleza y su protección. Supone una pequeña porción del turismo, aunque ha tenido un gran desarrollo recientemente y su auge está íntimamente asociado a una progresiva concienciación medioambiental generalizada. Costa Rica tiene una herencia natural y una biodiversidad exuberante, su principal fuente de riqueza es el turismo y es, además, pionero en el desarrollo del ecoturismo desde hace más de treinta años. Es interesante aprender desde la propia experiencia y echar la vista atrás para comprobar cómo ha sido este desarrollo y qué aspectos pueden mejorarse. Desde su nacimiento en Costa Rica, han aparecido ciertos aspectos necesarios de corregir para que no se agote dicho modelo. En este artículo se plantea la pregunta de si el ecoturismo es inagotable y se darán razones al respecto en las líneas siguientes. Para ello se hace una revisión de la literatura académica sobre ecoturismo, se estudian múltiples proyectos ecoturísticos en Costa Rica y en otros lugares de América Latina para conocer cuál es su estado actual, sus principales preocupaciones y dificultades, para así poder concluir con algunas recomendaciones para que se pueda mejorar la sostenibilidad del ecoturismo. Abstract:Ecotourism can be defined as tourism based on nature and its protection. It represents a small share of tourism but has made great progress recently.This progress is closely associated with a progressive generalized environmental awareness. Costa Rica has an exuberant natural heritage and biodiversity, its main source of income is tourism, and has been a pioneer in the development of ecotourism for over thirty years. It is important to review this development to see what aspects can be improved.Since its birth in Costa Rica, there are certain aspects that must be corrected to prevent to exhaust this model. In this article, the question of whether ecotourism is inexhaustible will be answered; several reasons are given in the following lines. A deep review of the academic literature on ecotourism has been done, multiple ecotourism projects have been studied in Costa Rica and elsewhere in Latin America to know about their recent status, and their main concerns and difficulties. This paper concludes with some recommendations to improve ecotourism’s sustainability.

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York, Heather A., Bernal Rodríguez-Herrera, Richard K. Laval, Robert M. Timm, and Kaitlin E. Lindsay. "Field key to the bats of Costa Rica and Nicaragua." Journal of Mammalogy 100, no. 6 (December 19, 2019): 1726–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz150.

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Abstract With more than 1,400 species of bats described worldwide, the order Chiroptera is second only to rodents in ecological and taxonomic diversity. Bats play critically important roles in natural systems as seed and pollen dispersers, predators of invertebrates and vertebrates, and sanguinivores. The Central American countries of Costa Rica and Nicaragua have at least 123 species of bats (in nine families and 66 genera), or nearly 10% of the world's known species. Because of the importance of proper species identification for ecological and systematic studies and conservation efforts, we present a dichotomous key to the bats of this region. Our goal is the positive, in-hand identification of living bats that may be released unharmed after identification. Identifying Neotropical bats and understanding the taxonomic changes that affect the names used for the various species over time can be a challenge. This key includes the 123 species known to occur in Costa Rica and Nicaragua as well as three that are expected to occur in these countries but which have not yet been recorded. We provide illustrations of key characters useful for differentiating bats to species and updated taxonomic notes to assist the reader in assessing the literature. Con más de 1,400 especies de murciélagos descritos en todo el mundo, el orden Chiroptera es el segundo más diverso después de los roedores respecto a taxonomía. Los murciélagos juegan papeles de importancia crítica en los sistemas naturales como dispersores de semillas, polinizadores, depredadores de vertebrados e invertebrados, así como hematófagos. Costa Rica y Nicaragua presentan al menos 123 especies de murciélagos (en 9 familias y 66 géneros), casi el 10% de las especies conocidas en el mundo. Debido a la importancia de la identificación precisa de las especies para los estudios ecológicos, sistemáticos y de conservación, presentamos una clave dicotómica para los murciélagos de esta región. Nuestro objetivo es la identificación correcta con los murciélagos in vivo y que se pueden liberar sin daño después de la identificación. La caracterización de los murciélagos neotropicales y el seguimiento del estatus taxonómico de cada especie puede ser un reto en el proceso de identificación. Esta clave incluye las 123 especies conocidas en Costa Rica y Nicaragua, así como 3 no registradas pero con distribución potencial. Proporcionamos ilustraciones de características claves útiles para diferenciar murciélagos al nivel de la especie y notas taxonómicas actualizadas para ayudar al lector a la identificación.

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Dauphin, Gregorio. "Catalogue of Costa Rican Hepaticae and Anthocerotae." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 26, no. 1 (August 12, 2005): 141–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.26.1.17.

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This catalogue contains literature reports and new records of Costa Rican Hepaticae and Anthocerotae, proceeding from monographs, revisions, floristic inventories, ecological bryophyte studies and herbarium specimens. The nomenclature has been updated in several genera. A total of 582 hepatic and eight hornwort species are reported from Costa Rica. The present work adds 26 new species records, and excludes 49 dubious records. Three new synonyms are proposed: Taxilejeunea carinata Herzog (=Lejeunea anomala Lindenb. & Gottsche); Taxilejeunea standleyi Herzog (=T. obtusangula [Spruce] A. Evans) and Syzygiella gracillima Herzog (=S. perfoliata [Sw.] Spruce).

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Couri, MS, and B. Marques. "Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy from Costa Rica: descriptions and first records (Diptera, Muscidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, no. 3 (August 2009): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842009000400025.

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Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera, Muscidae) occurs in temperate and tropical regions of the world. It is known in the Neotropical Region from fifteen species. The genus is here recorded for the first time from Costa Rica, on the basis of three species: G. auriceps Malloch, 1934; G. mexicana Giglio-Tos, 1893 and G. tropicalis Malloch, 1934. A key for the recognition of these three species is given. G. auriceps is redescribed, including the morphology of male and female terminalia and the male of G. tropicalis is described for the first time. For G. mexicana, a well-known species in the literature, only a brief diagnosis and the material examined are listed.

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PACHECO, CRISTIAN, JOSÉ LUIS CARBALLO, JORGE CORTÉS, JOHANNA SEGOVIA, and ALEJANDRA TREJO. "Excavating sponges from the Pacific of Central America, descriptions and a faunistic record." Zootaxa 4370, no. 5 (January 15, 2018): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4370.5.1.

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Excavating sponges are one of the main groups of bioeroders in coral reefs. Their diversity has been thoroughly studied in some regions: in the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, and the Indo-Pacific, including the Mexican Pacific. However, there is a lack of information from the Pacific of Central America, with only a few records from Panama and Costa Rica. This study provides additional distributional records and taxonomic descriptions of species collected between 2011 and 2016 at nine localities along the Pacific coast of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. A total of fourteen species of excavating sponges from three orders, three families, and five genera are considered valid in this area. Nine are new records for Central America, six are new records for El Salvador, three are new records for Nicaragua and eleven are new records for Costa Rica. The species collected from Panama were already recorded before. The species here described are Cliona amplicavata, Cliona californiana, Cliona euryphylle, Cliona microstrongylata, Cliona aff. mucronata, Cliona pocillopora, Cliona tropicalis, Cliona vermifera, Cliothosa tylostrongylata, Pione cf. carpenteri, Pione mazatlanensis, Thoosa calpulli, Thoosa mismalolli and Siphonodictyon crypticum. We also reviewed the literature related to excavating sponges from Central America, and the taxonomic status of respective species was updated. We provide a faunistic record of 14 excavating sponge species for Central America. Our data are expected to be useful for management and conservation purposes.

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Tompkins, Cynthia, and Enrique Jaramillo Levi. "When New Flowers Bloomed: Short Stories by Women Writers from Costa Rica and Panama." World Literature Today 67, no. 1 (1993): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40148914.

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Samper-Villarreal, Jimena, Brigitta I. Van Tussenbroek, and Jorge Cortés. "Seagrasses of Costa Rica: from the mighty Caribbean to the dynamic meadows of the Eastern Tropical Pacific." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 1-1 (May 10, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.33260.

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Seagrass meadows are declining worldwide, mostly attributed to anthropogenic disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of these meadows is urgent in order to establish adequate management and conservation strategies. Here, we analyzed the current knowledge on the seagrass meadows in the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Costa Rica, Central America. Current knowledge was based on literature searches, herbarium collections, informal interviews, and personal observations. We report a total of five genera and seven species for Costa Rica: Thalassia testudinum, Syringodium filiforme, Halophila decipiens, Halophila baillonis, Halodule wrightii, Halodule beaudettei, and Ruppia maritima. Six species are reported for the Caribbean, and four species for the Pacific. Thalassia testudinum, S. filiforme, and H. decipiens have only been reported for the Caribbean. Halodule beaudettei has only been reported for the Pacific coast. Halophila baillonis, H. wrightii and R. maritima have been reported for both coasts. Seagrasses were found at a total of 31 locations in Costa Rica, most from the Pacific coast; 16 of which are reported here for the first time. Seagrass meadows from both coasts are vastly different. Along the Caribbean coast, meadows are often dominated by the robust T. testudinum, they are extensive and stable, persisting for decades. In contrast, the meadows along the Pacific coast are more dynamic and are dominated by pioneer and smaller ephemeral species, such as H. baillonis and H. beaudettei. The number of studies on Costa Rican seagrasses is scarce but has been increasing over time, and mostly concern taxonomic reports and basic descriptions of the dynamics of T. testudinum meadows from the Caribbean. Research, conservation and management efforts on Costa Rican seagrass meadows would benefit from continued monitoring and research on associated fauna and flora, incorporating ecosystem resilience and services.

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Lizano-Madriz, Fulvio, and Carmen Cordero-Esquivel. "Las “licenciaturas” como grado académico: Una revisión bibliográfica en el contexto de Costa Rica." Revista Electrónica Educare 21, no. 3 (August 2, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ree.21-3.4.

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This paper aims to present a literature review made in order to verify the current use of the “licentiate” academic degree. In the scope of this study, there is a debate about the pertinence of continuing to offer such academic degree on topics related to computing. This debate has special relevance in the context of the process of proposing new graduate and postgraduate programs. The literature included in this paper was published from 1981 to the present. The criteria used to analyze bibliographic information focus on aspects going from the general to the specific level, starting with a review of the global situation to continue later to approach the specific context of Costa Rica. In addition, this literature review has an orientation based on the following aspects: practices or applications, an objective to identify main ideas, a perspective to display a position, a representative coverage, and a historical-conceptual organization; and this orientation is targeting a general audience, and specially policymakers. Results shows no presence of the licentiate degree in computing in developed regions like USA and Europe, and a decadence in the relevance of such degrees in Latin America and Costa Rica.

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Gutiérrez Cruz, Merlyn, María Jesús Such Devesa, and Patricia Gabaldón Quiñones. "LA MUJER EMPRENDEDORA EN EL TURISMO RURAL: PECULIARIDADES DEL CASO COSTARRICENSE A TRAVÉS DE LA REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA." Cuadernos de Turismo, no. 46 (December 16, 2020): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/turismo.451691.

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Este artículo analiza el fenómeno de la mujer emprendedora en el turismo rural en Costa Rica, enmarcándola en el contexto latinoamericano y en el de las emprendedoras rurales. A partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se define el perfil de las empresarias, sus motivaciones y las barreras que enfrentan. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto las importantes similitudes entre las emprendedoras turísticas rurales costarricenses con el resto de las emprendedoras en Latinoamérica y del mundo. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de las emprendedoras dentro del marco del turismo rural, esencial para el desarrollo económico del país. This article analyzes the phenomenon of entrepreneurial women in rural tourism in Costa Rica, framed within the Latin-American and rural entrepreneurship context. Using a systematic literature review, the profile of business-women gets defined through their motivations to start their businesses and the barriers they face. The results show the important similarities between Costa Rican rural tourism entrepreneurs and other female entrepreneurs in Latin America and the world. This study contributes to the knowledge of these entrepreneurs within the framework of rural tourism, essential for the economic development of developing countries.

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Berger, Andreas, John L. Clark, and Anton Weber. "Besleria macropoda (Gesneriaceae): lectotypification, distribution, functional epiphylly and discordant fruit morphology of a rare Costa Rican endemic." Phytotaxa 233, no. 2 (November 4, 2015): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.233.2.2.

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Besleria macropoda, a rare and poorly known gesneriad endemic to Costa Rica, was recently collected for the first time on the southern slopes of the Fila Costeña (Puntarenas Province, SE Costa Rica). The collection considerably widens the geographic distribution to the southeastern part of Costa Rica. Moreover, the following unique characters not previously addressed in the literature were observed and are documented here: (1) The elongate peduncles of the inflorescences are clamped in a channel formed by the sunken midrib of the leaf, rendering the flowers and fruits positioned in the center of the leaf blade. The epiphyllous appearance of the inflorescence on the leaf surface enhances contrasting colors that may aid the pollination and/or fruit dispersal. (2) The fruits split open irregularly, with the fleshy carpel lobes becoming reflexed. This fruit dehiscence deviates from the indehiscent berries that typically characterize Besleria. This results in displaying a globose head of red placental tissue covered by tiny, red seeds. A preliminary survey of Besleria fruits suggests that this peculiar fruit type is present in at least 15 species representing almost 8% of the genus. Fruit morphology of Besleria is therefore less uniform than previously recognized and the “indehiscent berry” can no longer serve as a distinctive generic character of Besleria, which necessitates consideration in floras and identification keys. In addition, a list of herbarium specimens, lectotypification, a distribution map, IUCN red list assessment and an amended key to diagnose Besleria relative to Gasteranthus are provided.

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Ortiz, Orlando O., Marco Cedeño-Fonseca, José E. Jiménez, Jairo Hidalgo-Mora, Marco López-Mora, and Riccardo M. Baldini. "Novelties in Costa Rican aroids (Araceae) with nomenclatural notes." Acta Botanica Mexicana, no. 128 (September 8, 2020): e1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/abm128.2021.1750.

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Background and Aims: Araceae is a worldwide family of herbaceous plants, most notable for its striking morphological diversity and broad habitat diversity. It comprises eight subfamilies, 143 genera, and 3667 species. The Central American region has about 780 species, of which 262 are distributed in Costa Rica. In this contribution, we include four new aroid records for the Costa Rican flora belonging to the genera Anthurium, Philodendron, and Spathiphyllum. In addition, nomenclatural aspects of A. myosuroides are discussed. Methods: The new records resulted from fieldwork on Fila Anguciana, Cerro Turrubares, and Volcán Miravalles. The correct taxonomic identity of the species was confirmed based on literature and comparison with herbarium specimens, especially type specimens from the herbaria of the Universidad de Panama (PMA) and the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), as well as consultation of the JSTOR Global Plants database and the collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris (P) online. Descriptions, taxonomic discussions, and figures of the morphological characteristics of the new records are provided. Key results: We present Anthurium roseospadix, A. myosuroides, Philodendron pseudauriculatum and Spathiphyllum dressleri as new records for the Costa Rican flora. Moreover, lectotypification for Pothos myosuroides is proposed. Conclusions: Considering the new records presented in this work, the aroid flora of Costa Rica now comprises 266 species, and the total species numbers for Anthurium, Philodendron, and Spathiphyllum increased to 94, 63, and 10, respectively.

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Arce, Natalia, and Roger Moya. "WOOD CHARACTERIZATION OF ADULT CLONES OF TECTONA GRANDIS GROWING IN COSTA RICA." CERNE 21, no. 3 (September 2015): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201521031751.

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ABSTRACT Tectona grandis is an important wood in the commercial market due to its excellent workability, durability and aesthetic characteristics. Therefore, it is important to improve the conditions of reproduction and development in commercial plantations using clone reproduction, in order to produce trees with better wood quality. In this study we analyzed the general properties, physical properties and color of 20 adult teak clones (fifteen-year-old) from the area of Guanacaste, Costa Rica. It was found that at 15 years, the clones have a diameter which varies from 19.82 cm to 30.13 cm, the percentage of heartwood ranges from 49.76 to 60.02%, and that these values are similar to those found in the literature. In regards to the physical properties, it was found that the specific gravity ranges from 0.45 to 0.60 g.cm-3, the green moisture content varies from 70% to 110.6%. In the color properties, it was found that L* values ranged from 48 to 59, a* 7 to 9.5 and b * from 20.5 to 26.3. Likewise it was determined that the color change (ΔE*) compared to commercial wood color, is commonly categorized as perceptible in all clones. However, three of the clones studied have a darker color and reddish wood which indicates a color more desirable to the end user.

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Montero-Astúa, M., G. Saborío-R., C. Chacón-Díaz, W. Villalobos, C. M. Rodríguez, L. Moreira, and C. Rivera. "First Report of Xylella fastidiosa in Nerium oleander in Costa Rica." Plant Disease 92, no. 8 (August 2008): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-8-1249a.

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Oleander (Nerium oleander L.) shrubs presenting mottling, leaf tip and margin scorch, short internodes, defoliation, and branch dieback were observed at different localities in the Central Valley in Costa Rica. Severity of the symptoms ranged widely, and most plants showed both diseased and healthy branches. In severe cases, entire sections of the plant were defoliated. Symptoms resembled those described for oleander leaf scorch (OLS) caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa in the United States (3). This bacterium has been reported in coffee and citrus plants in Costa Rica. Sixty plants from five different places were sampled and tested using ELISA (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) against X. fastidiosa. Thirty-five plants showed absorbance mean value of duplicate wells greater than the mean of control wells plus three times the standard deviation, and therefore were considered positive. Thirty-three of the sixty samples were processed for an immunofluorescence assay modified from Carbajal et al. (1) with antibody to X. fastidiosa (Agdia Inc.). Thirteen samples showed fluorescent rod-shaped bacilli with morphology similar to those observed from a pure culture of X. fastidiosa obtained from coffee. Ten of these thirteen samples were positive by ELISA. DNA extracts (2) from three of the oleander plants with high ELISA absorbance values were tested by nested PCR with primer pair 272-1/272-2 followed by the pair 272-1 int/272-2 int (4). Two of the samples were positive for the bacterium and one of the PCR products was cloned and sequenced in both directions (GenBank Accession No. EU009615). The negative (PCR mix) and positive (pure culture of X. fastidiosa isolated from grapevine) controls for nested-PCR were indeed negative and positive, respectively. The BLAST program was used to compare the sequence to the nucleotide collection (nr/nt) and Microbe Assembled Genomes databases in GenBank. All matches corresponded to X. fastidiosa sequences. The sequence showed 97% similarity with strains Found-4 (coffee strain from Brazil) and Found-5 (citrus strain from Brazil) and 96% similarity with strain Ann-1 from oleander in California. On the basis of serological, microscopic, and molecular detection of X. fastidiosa from oleander exhibiting symptoms of OLS similar to those reported in the literature, this pathogen likely is causing the symptoms we observed in Costa Rica. References: (1) D. Carbajal et al. Curr. Microbiol. 49:372, 2004. (2) M. J. Green et al. Plant Dis. 83:482, 1999. (3) Q. Huang et al. Plant Dis. 88:1049, 2004. (4) M. R. Pooler and J. S. Hartung. Curr. Microbiol. 31:377, 1995.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Costa Rica – Juvenile literature'

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