Relevant bibliographies by topics / Costa Rica – Social conditions

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Academic literature on the topic 'Costa Rica – Social conditions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 24 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Costa Rica – Social conditions"

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Poirier, Mathieu J. P., Douglas Barraza, C. Susana Caxaj, Ana María Martínez, Julie Hard, and Felipe Montoya. "Informality, Social Citizenship, and Wellbeing among Migrant Workers in Costa Rica in the Context of COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 6224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106224.

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Costa Rica is home to 557,000 migrants, whose disproportionate exposure to precarious, dangerous, and informal work has resulted in persistent inequities in health and wellbeing in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a novel multimodal grounded approach synthesizing documentary film, experiential education, and academic research to explore socioecological wellbeing among Nicaraguan migrant workers in Costa Rica. Participants pointed to the COVID-19 pandemic as exacerbating the underlying conditions of vulnerability, such as precarity and informality, dangerous working conditions, social and systemic discrimination, and additional burdens faced by women. However, the narrative that emerged most consistently in shaping migrants’ experience of marginalization were challenges in obtaining documentation—both in the form of legal residency and health insurance coverage. Our results demonstrate that, in spite of Costa Rica’s acclaimed social welfare policies, migrant workers continue to face exclusion due to administrative, social, and financial barriers. These findings paint a rich picture of how multiple intersections of precarious, informal, and dangerous working conditions; social and systemic discrimination; gendered occupational challenges; and access to legal residency and health insurance coverage combine to prevent the full achievement of a shared minimum standard of social and economic security for migrant workers in Costa Rica.
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Lauderdale, Pat. "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN COSTA RICA: PRE-CONDITIONS FOR MILITARIZATION?" Review of Policy Research 6, no. 2 (November 1986): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00690.x.

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Valdivieso Mora, E., M. Ivanisevic, and D. Johnson. "Community Engagement and Cognition in a Sample of Older Adults Residing in Costa Rica." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.46.

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Abstract Objective Costa Rica has the highest percentage of older adults (65+) of the Central American and Latin American region. In fact, Costa Rica has the highest life expectancy within an advanced healthcare system and socioeconomic infrastructure that differentiates it from neighboring countries in Central America. Previous research has shown that older adults who engage in higher social engagement show overall better cognitive functioning (Chen et al., 2018); however, limited research has examined the impact of socialization on cognition across rural and urban regions and furthermore no research to date has examined these factors in Costa Rican older adults. This study examined the effects of community engagement on cognition in urban and rural older adults residing in Costa Rica. Participants and Method Participants were neurotypical older adults residing in San Jose (urban region, n = 156) and Guanacaste (rural region, n = 69). Those with a history of neurological conditions and major psychiatric disorders were excluded. Results Older adults residing in an urban area (M = 55.43, SD = 23.26) participate more in social engagement within the community compared to those residing in the rural region (M = 46.30, SD = 28.50), p = 0.019. Furthermore, in the urban sample, those with higher social engagement showed better performance on learning and encoding (r = 30), verbal memory (r = 0.26), and executive functioning (r = .20). In older adults residing in the rural region, higher social engagement was only associated with better visuospatial abilities (r = 0.27). Conclusions Findings suggest that social engagement in the community for older adults in Costa Rica may serve as a protective factor for their cognitive health. However, there are significant differences on what cognitive processes serve as a protective factor as a function of location (rural versus urban). This study highlights the importance of examining the quality of social engagement when evaluating the cognition of Costa Rican older adults. References Chen, Ya-Mei, Tu, Yu-Kang, Yu, Hsiao-Wei, Chiu, Tzu-Ying, Chiang, Tung-Liang, Chen, Duan-Rung, & Chang, Ray-E. (2018). Leisure time activities as mediating variables in functional disability progression: An application of parallel latent growth curve modeling. PLoS ONE, 13(10).
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Barr, Epsy Campbell, and Michael Marmot. "Leadership, social determinants of health and health equity: the case of Costa Rica." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 (December 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.139.

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Costa Rica has long been a country of special interest in the Americas and in global health because of its good health. The United Nations Development Programme ranks countries according to their level of human development based on life expectancy, education and national income. Although Costa Rica is ranked at 63 and classified as ‘High’, in terms of health it belongs in the ‘Very High’ group. In 2018 mean life expectancy for the ‘Very High’ countries was 79.5, while in Costa Rica it was 80. In 2018, under five mortality was 8.8/1000 live births, lower than countries ranked in the ‘Very High’ human development group. Expected years of schooling in Costa Rica is 15.4, closer to the average, 16.4 years, of the ‘Very High’ human development group than the average of the ‘High’ group. The country is much healthier than would be predicted by its national income; rather, other features of society’s development are likely to have played a key role in the development of good health. These include (i) the decision to cease investment in national defence, which freed up money to invest in health, education and the welfare of the population; (ii) the decision to create a universal health system financed by the State, employers and workers in the 1940s; and (iii) the educational system, that generated opportunities to lift important sectors of the population out of poverty, allowing them to have basic sanitary conditions that increase their possibilities to live longer and in better conditions. Despite these advances, inequalities in terms of income and social conditions persist, presenting challenges in the field of health, particularly for lower-income populations and those of African and indigenous descent. These inequalities must be addressed using decisions based on scientific evidence, a greater use of disaggregated data to reveal progress in addressing these inequalities, and with a broader articulation of the health sector with policies that act on the social determinants of health.
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Chaverri-Murillo, Jorge, Manuel Ramírez-Cardoce, and José Castro-Cordero. "684. Risk Stacking for Pneumococcal Disease in Costa Rica." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.691.

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Abstract Background The value of nontraditional high-risk factor stacking is not known in the Costa Rican population. We aim to describe risk factor stacking for pneumococcal disease (PD) in patients seeking care at Social Security Hospitals in Costa Rica Methods Descriptive study of adult patients with microbiological culture-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease seeking care at two tertiary hospitals in Costa Rica between years 2014 and 2016. Information on underlying comorbidities (nontraditional) and other risk factors for PD was analyzed and stalked for each age group (G1: <50, G2: 50–64, and G3: ≥65 y/o). Results We included 181 culture-positive patients. We found that patients in G1 predominantly stacked ≥2 risk factors (63%), the proportion of patients with ≥2 risk factor was similar to high-risk patients in G2 (33% vs. 38%). In G3, 18% didn’t stacked any other risk factor and 46% was on high-risk. Most frequent risk factors in G1/G2 were smoking and alcoholism, and in G3 chronic pulmonary and heart diseases. Conclusion We conclude that risk factor stacking is more relevant than high-risk conditions and PD also occurs in persons <50 y/o. We recommend that risk factor stacking should be considered in prevention strategies for PD. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Chappell, Whitney. "On the social perception of intervocalic /s/ voicing in Costa Rican Spanish." Language Variation and Change 28, no. 3 (October 2016): 357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394516000107.

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AbstractTo decipher for the first time what, if any, social meaning is indexed by nonstandard intervocalic /s/ voicing in Costa Rica, such as [paza] for pasa ‘raisin’, the present study digitally manipulates 12 utterances from six Costa Rican speakers to vary only in intervocalic [s] versus [z]. Based on 106 listeners’ responses to these stimuli, I find that intervocalic [z] indexes a lower social status for all speakers but also yields higher ratings of confidence, niceness, localness, and masculinity for male speakers. Given female speakers’ limited ability to evoke positive social meanings associated with [z], I argue that accessibility to the indexical field (Eckert, 2008) conditions men's and women's differential treatment of variation. Offering a satisfying explanation for the gender paradox (Labov, 2001:261–293), this work concludes that women agentively eschew nonstandard variants that result in no positive social gains but lead linguistic innovation when their access to the indexical field is unobstructed.
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Holl, Karen D., Gretchen C. Daily, and Paul R. Ehrlich. "The Fertility Plateau in Costa Rica: a Review of Causes and Remedies." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 4 (1993): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002350x.

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The decline and subsequent above-replacement plateau in Costa Rican fertility rates illustrates a demographic pattern that is apparent in other developing countries. This paper discusses the complexity of factors that contribute to the fertility plateau in Costa Rica. These contributory factors include the social and economic status of women, socio-economic conditions in general, lack of government commitment to and supply of family planning services relative to demand, deficient sex and family-planning education, and the powerful institutional influence of the Catholic Church.We then discuss possible strategies, for developing and developed nations alike, to slow and eventually halt the exponential growth of the global human population. For this quintessential need the most important strategies, we suggest, are targeted education for both sexes and provision of comprehensive contraceptive and abortion services.
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Von Breymann-Miranda, Helga, Valeria Alexandra Chacón-Reyes, Mauricio Ramírez-Ramírez, Lucía Rodríguez-Ramírez, Paola Rojas-Álvarez, and Andrés Mora-Sandoval. "El impacto sobre la forma urbana de los nuevos proyectos de Vivienda de Interés Social en Costa Rica." Revista Geográfica de América Central 1, no. 68 (December 1, 2021): 159–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rgac.68-1.6.

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In Costa Rica, the social housing (VIS) projects developed in the last decade have been located in areas far from urban centers of limited access to facilities and infrastructure due to the prohibitive cost of land ownership in most central sectors of metropolitan cities. The conditions and characteristics of these contexts, available land uses (zoning), morphological configurations, continuity and contiguity between social housing projects and the urban pieces where they are inserted, are analyzed in this research through the study of five residential complexes developed in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. The projects, built between 2011 and 2018, were analyzed from the study of construction plans, cartography of the area, documentary review and analysis of secondary data. From the obtained results it is possible to identify the main difficulties arising from the morphological and typological fit that followed after the establishment of the residential complexes, as well as the contextual problems derived from the location of the projects.
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Picado Arroyo, Rytha, and Ana Cristina Rivas Bustos. "Las TIC y las Mipymes costarricenses: Situación actual, retos y oportunidades. (ICTs and Costa Rica SMEs: current status, challenges and opportunities)." TEC Empresarial 7, no. 2 (September 26, 2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/te.v7i2.1512.

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<p>Las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TICs) han tenido un fuerte impacto en el desarrollo económico y social de los países. Costa Rica no se abstrae de esta realidad y muchos menos las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (Mipymes) por lo cual la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Mipymes 2011 incursiona en temas de interés que relacionan el uso y aprovechamiento de las TIC. Este artículo resume los hallazgos más relevantes en las siguientes áreas: Internet, comercio electrónico, Internet en celulares y redes sociales.</p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>SMEfinancing was one of the areas investigated in the Second National Survey ofmicro, small and medium sized Costa Rican companies during 2011. The most usedfinancing sources, credit applications during the last five years, end use ofthis credit, and current credit requirements in various financing institutionswere investigated. Similar to other countries, own funding was the main optionfor these companies. Thus, this work examines the conditions that facilitatethe use of self financing or other options available. Through statisticanalysis of the information collected, variables like initial funding source,previous experience of the entrepreneur and priority given to financialmanagement were shown to present a definite relationship to financingstrategies for Costa Rican SMEs.</p>
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Vazquez, Kathleen, and Rachata Muneepeerakul. "Modeling Resilience and Sustainability of Water-Subsidized Systems: An Example from Northwest Costa Rica." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042013.

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Water-subsidized systems are growing in number and maintaining the sustainability of such complex systems presents unique challenges. Interbasin water transfer creates new sociohydrological dynamics that come with tradeoffs and potential regime shifts. The Tempisque-Bebedero watershed in Northwest Costa Rica typifies this class of watershed: Transferred water is used for power generation and irrigated agriculture with significant downstream environmental impacts. To improve and clarify our understanding of the effects of social and biophysical factors on the resilience of such systems, a stylized dynamical systems model was developed, using as a guide the situation in the Tempisque-Bebedero watershed. This model was analyzed to understand the nature of socio-hydrologic regimes that exist in this class of basins and what factors determine these regimes. The model analysis revealed five distinct regimes and different regime shift behaviors dependent on environmental and policy conditions. This work offers insights into other complex socio-hydrologic systems with similar processes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Costa Rica – Social conditions"

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Solis, Sanchez Pedro. "La relation entre secteurs marginaux et exercice du pouvoir: le cas d'un pays en voie de développement." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213304.

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Romero, Mária. "La structure agraire costaricienne dans le contexte de la politique néo-libérale: actualité et perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213181.

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Rhenan-Segura, Jorge. "Contribution à l'étude des secteurs moyens au Costa Rica : 1948-1986." Paris 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA03A142.

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Cette recherche est centree sur le developpement des classes moyennes au costa rica. L'analyse porte sur trois periodes: 1) la fondation de l'etat national et l'apparition du liberalisme; 2) la consolidation de l'etat liberal; 3) la crise des annees 1930 et l'apparition de l'etat reformiste. Pour chaque periode, on porte une attention particuliere sur les classes sociales, sur l'influence exercee par la production du cafe sur les couches sociales, sur les reformes aussi bien socio-politiques que dans le domaine de l'education, ainsi que sur leurs effets par rapport aux groupes economiquement marginaux. On decrit ce que l'on appelle "les fait de '48", et comment ces developpements historiques faciliterent la consolidation des classes moyennes, ce qui ouvrit la voie a l'etat providence. On examine les principales reformes, telles que la nationalisation du systeme bancaire et la promulgation de lois du travail protectionnistes, en mettant l'accent sur l'importante influence des institutions educatives. On analyse egalement les elements qui faciliterent la legitimation des valeurs et des ideologies des classes moyennes. Parmi ces elements, on peut citer les partis politiques, les groupements professionnels, les ecoles techniques, le "solidarismo", etc. ; on etudie egalement l'influence de leurs valeurs et de leurs traditions sur la conscience collective de la societe costaricaine, en mettant l'accent sur le role central joue par l'elite intellectuelle. En dernier lieu, on examine la mobilite sociale (1948-86), notamment par rapport aux classes moyennes. .
The study focuses on the development of the middle classes in costa rica, three periods are analyzed: 1) the founding of the national state and the emergence of liberalism; 2) the consolidation of the liberal state; 3) the crisis of the 1930's and the emergence of the reformist state. Within each period, special attention is given to social class, the impact that coffee production had on social strata, sociopolitical and educational reforms and their effects on economically marginal groups. The so-called "facts of '48" are described and how these historical developments facilitated the consolidation of the middle classes which furthered the emergence of the welfare state. The main reforms are discussed, such as the nationalization of the banking system and the protectionist labor law. The ever central impact of the educational institutions is emphasized. The elements which facilitated the legitimization of the middle class values and ideologies are analyzed. Among those discussed are: political parties, professional membership groups, technical schools, "solidarismo", etc. Also discussed is the way they impacted with their values and traditions on the collective consciousness of costa rican society. The central role of an intellectual elite is emphasized. Lastly, social mobility (1948-86) is examined, particularly in terms of the middle classes. The study concludes with reflexions on future developments within the costa rican democratic system
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Aguilar, Cortes Sonia M. "Les organisations de travailleurs agricoles: conditions de développement, limitations et perspectives dans le cas du Costa Rica." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213614.

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Rodríguez, Jiménez Nadia Margarita Maria. "Les organisations paysannes, leurs relations et leur rôle dans la participation au développement rural : le cas de la région Huetar Norte au Costa Rica." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010690.

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Au Costa Rica il y a eu un processus rapide de libéralisation, pour faire face à la nouvelle situation, les producteurs et leurs organisations ont été obligées d'adopter de nouvelles stratégies d'action. L'adaptation est difficile et les stratégies ne sont pas toujours efficaces. La thèse propose une analyse sociologique de la position des organisations dans la région Huetar Norte au Costa Rica. Elle analyse particulièrement trois questions: les divers usages et appropriations de la participation par les acteurs qui interviennent dans l'appui aux organisations paysannes; les relations de pouvoir à l'intérieur des organisations et avec d'autres puis une analyse des avantages et des limites des méthodes de la recherche participative. La thèse offre, comme résultat, une typologie pour l'analyse des relations et des choix stratégiques des organisations ainsi qu'une mise en perspective de l'avenir des diverses organisations en fonction des stratégies adoptées.
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Hatt, Kierstin C. "Development, transnational power, and environmental degradation : a case study of the Costa Rican banana industry." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36950.

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This dissertation undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the Costa Rican banana industry, including a case study based on fieldwork at an independent banana plantation in Costa Rica's Atlantic zone. A basic premise is that a coherent understanding of the banana industry and its consequences can only be achieved through the appreciation of the complexity of its organization. That is, the Costa Rican banana industry is a political-economic, socio-cultural, and environmental system articulated through a high degree of interaction at the micro and macro levels. Modernization and world systems theories are shown to provide partial and insufficient accounts of the dynamics at work in the Costa Rican banana industry. An embedded model of world systems theory, which includes aspects of sustainable development, is proposed to address these concerns. The analysis at various levels is intended to support the argument that consideration of environmental dynamics must be addressed in future theoretical accounts of development.
Following world systems theory, the strong role of the banana transnationals within the industry and in relation to national development is examined. Other links between the Costa Rican banana industry and the broader international political economy are also examined, including the 'banana wars', as well as environmental issues, such as DBCP and other agrochemical usage. Significant changes in the Costa Rican banana industry since the 1980's are considered. These include: (1) a sharp increase in banana production, and an increase in independent banana producers, (2) the dissolution of the banana unions, and their replacement with a new system of labour relations (solidarismo); and (3) the recent concern for issues of environmental destruction. These changes, combined with the centrality of the banana industry to Costa Rican development, have resulted in significant consequences at the micro level. These are manifested in the organization of banana production and in operations on the plantation, as seen with respect to working conditions, quality control and of transnational power. In addition, environmental degradation, and underdevelopment and marginalization beyond the plantation are examined as direct consequences of the Costa Rican banana industry. This is supported with extensive ethnographic detail.
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Senior, Angulo Diana. "Afro-descendance et citoyenneté en Amérique centrale (1948-1966)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA045.

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La thèse analyse, dans une perspective historique et comparative, le parcours suivi vers la citoyenneté sociale par les populations afro-descendantes d’Amérique centrale entre 1948 et 1966. Avec le système esclavagiste puis son abolition comme points de départ de la réflexion, les Africains et les Afro-descendants du monde entier ont commencé à systématiser leurs réflexions, leurs luttes et leur organisation, notamment au travers de personnalités comme Marcus Garvey ou d’organisations comme le Mouvement panafricaniste, afin de rejeter la stigmatisation apportée par l’invention coloniale de la « race noire ». Ce processus s’est initié entre la Première Guerre mondiale et l’émergence du système des Nations unies, qui a fourni la base d’un nouvel ordre international, se traduisant notamment par la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme et le début de la décolonisation en Afrique. Après les indépendances centraméricaines au début du XIXe siècle et au cours des processus de construction républicaine à l’oeuvre dans chacun des pays de la région, le développement national au Guatemala, au Honduras, au Nicaragua, au Costa Rica et au Panama a toutefois été marqué par l’empreinte identitaire laissée par la Couronne espagnole dans la région ainsi que par des politiques de métissage et/ou de blanchiment de la population. À partir de la deuxième partie du XIXe siècle, la vague d’immigration d’origine africaine en provenance des Caraïbes a remis en question cet imaginaire collectif et l’idée de citoyenneté portée par les élites de chaque pays. Si la question normative de la citoyenneté afro-descendante en Amérique centrale s’est donc longtemps inscrite dans un contexte international d’exclusion raciale, qui renvoie notamment au système de ségrégation aux États-Unis, le développement progressif de dispositifs légaux dans chaque pays a ouvert une nouvelle ère d’intégration citoyenne après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, faisant écho aux nouveaux instruments juridiques internationaux et à la Charte internationale des droits de l’homme
The thesis analyzes, through comparative and historical perspectives, the path followed by theAfrodescendant populations in Central America, between 1948 and 1966, towards social citizenship. Having theslavery system and its latter abolition as a starting point, the African and Afrodescendant populations around theworld systematized their thoughts, battles and organization, especially through personalities such as Marcus Garveyand the Pan Africanist Movement; as means to counteract the burden created by the colonial invention of the “blackrace”. This process had place when the World War I and the United Nations System provided the base for a newinternational order; which after World War II, turned into creating the Organization of United Nations, the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights and the beginning of decolonization in Africa. In addition, after the Central AmericanIndependence and in the middle of their republican construction, the differentiated national development followed byGuatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, took over the identity footprint institutionalized by theSpanish crown in the region; which afterwards turned into the miscegenation and/or population whitening. However,the wave of Caribbean Afrodescendant immigration from the second half of the nineteenth century, confronted thecollective imaginary as well as the citizen profile chosen by each of these country elites. Therefore, the singularnormative and social citizenship progress of the Afrodescendant populations in Central America, fell within theinternational racial exclusion context, such as United States’ racial segregation; as well as the paradoxicalrefinement of civil matters legal provisions in each country, and the strengthening of national measures restrictingimmigration; all of the above as part of a new human rights era, with its international legal instruments and theInternational Bill of Human Rights
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González, Pantaleón Mariá del Pilar. "The growth of a secondary city in Costa Rica : a case study of the development of Puntarenas." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23841.

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Despite the growth of secondary cities, there is still little written about these intermediate cities in the literature. This thesis addresses this gap by examining the growth of Puntarenas, one such secondary city in Costa Rica.
Within the framework of dependency theory and an historical background, this case study examines several factors which have affected the development of this city over the last three decades. An undiversified economy based on fishing, migration patterns, and Puntarenas' dependent relationship with the capital, San Jose, are analyzed in depth.
The study, which is based on interviews, statistical data, and published literature, suggests that although there has been some effort to limit the concentration of resources in the centre of the country and to develop secondary cities, these cities continue to be neglected by central powers and, for the most part, are only taken into account when they serve the interests of the centre.
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Scyner, Andrew. "Family and community medicine in Costa Rica : where professionalization meets development." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26706.

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Family and Community Medicine was introduced to Costa Rica through the McGill-CENDEISSS Project of 1989-1994. The development of this new speciality is interpreted as a "professionalization" drive, which, while appropriating the discourse of the international primary health care movement, in fact places more importance, as a social movement, on negotiating for and expanding its own jurisdictional space. Two bodies of literature are called upon to provide theoretical guidance, namely, writing on "professionalization" and ethnographic interpretations of "development" in the so-called Third World. The phenomenon of Family and Community Medicine in Costa Rica is described as an international, national, and local movement. The town of Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui is the focus of an ethnographic description of the speciality's local-level implementation.
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Soto-Acosta, Willy. "Costa Rica et l'intégration centraméricaine : invariance ou dynamique ? : analyse politique d'un processus historique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX32024.

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Le costa rica, a cause de son histoire et de sa position geographique tache de s'isoler des autres pays centramericains. En 1960, il se produit une modification de son attitude car cet etat adhere au marche commun centramericain. A partir de 1987, le costa rica exerce un leadership dans le processus de pacification integration centramericain mais pour en beneficier en tant qu'etat. Aujourd'hui, il se voit confronte a un choix : participer a la "maison commune" centramericain ou faire cavalier seul, dans un contexte international caracterise par la concurrnce entre "blocs" de pays
Costa rica intends to isolate from the others central americain countries as consequence by its history and geographical position. In 1960 there was a modification about its attitude. Costa rica participated in the centram american common market. From 1987, costa rica takes the leadership into central americain pacification integration process, essentially for its benefits as state. At present, costa rica requirest to find an issue: this implies to contribute in the regional integration or to go it alone
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Books on the topic "Costa Rica – Social conditions"

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Simposio, La Sociedad Colonial en Mesoamérica y. el Caribe (1986 San José Costa Rica). Costa Rica colonial: Ponencias sobre Costa Rica. [San José?]: Comisión Costarricense V Centenario [d]el Descubrimiento de América, 1989.

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Paulino, Vargas Solís Luis, ed. Costa Rica: Dos visiones críticas. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia, 2009.

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L, Tatiana Treguear. Niñas prostituidas: Caso Costa Rica. Costa Rica: Fundación Procal, 1994.

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Lara, Silvia. Inside Costa Rica. Albuquerque, N.M: Resource Center Press, 1995.

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Costa Rica entre guerras: 1914-1940. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 2005.

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Borbón, Josette Altmann. Costa Rica en América Latina: Historia inmediata. San José, Costa Rica: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Sede Costa Rica, 1998.

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Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica). Escuela de Economía. and Costa Rica. Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica., eds. Evolución socioeconómica de Costa Rica, 1975-1989. San José, Costa Rica: Escuela de Economía, Universidad Nacional, 1992.

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Universidad Estatal a Distancia (Costa Rica). Editorial, ed. Costa Rica hoy: Una sociedad en crisis. San José: Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia (EUNED), 2001.

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Delito y cambio social en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: FLACSO Costa Rica, 2012.

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A, Luis A. Tenorio. Reservas indígenas de Costa Rica. 2nd ed. [San José, Costa Rica: Comisión Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Costa Rica – Social conditions"

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Ulate, Allen Cordero. "Forest, Water, and Struggle: Environmental Movements in Costa Rica." In Handbook of Social Movements across Latin America, 255–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9912-6_18.

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Cardenal, Rodolfo. "The Rise and Fall of Social Catholicism in Costa Rica." In Church and Politics in Latin America, 176–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09661-9_9.

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Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. "Achieving and Sustaining Social Development with Limited Resources: The Experience of Costa Rica." In Social Development and Public Policy, 277–322. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374232_7.

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Huber, Evelyne. "Gendered Implications of Tax Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Jamaica." In Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context, 301–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230625280_14.

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Fernández-Fernández, Ana Lucía. "Central American Transnational Families Headed by Single Women: Coloniality and Subjectivity in Nicaragua and Costa Rica." In Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, 25–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15278-8_2.

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Sandoval-García, Carlos. "20 Public Social Science at Work: Contesting Hostility Towards Nicaraguan Migrants in Costa Rica." In Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, 351–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28012-2_20.

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Budowski, Monica. "Chapter Two: Universalism in Healthcare and Social Citizenship in Chile, Uruguay and Costa Rica." In Navigating Private and Public Healthcare, 15–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9208-6_2.

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Vega-Carballo, José Luis. "Parties, Political Development and Social Conflict in Honduras and Costa Rica: A Comparative Analysis." In Central America, 92–111. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19789-7_4.

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Flores Golfín, Daniela, Tamara Rusansky, and Fleur Zantvoort. "Interconnected Experiences: Embodying Feminist Research with Social Movements." In Gender, Development and Social Change, 211–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82654-3_10.

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AbstractThis chapter presents three experiences of doing research with social movements using feminist methodologies. It explores challenges, ethics and possibilities of feminist research with Extinction Rebellion in the Netherlands, the Movement of People Affected by Dams in Brazil and the Abortion Rights Movement in Costa Rica. The chapter asks: What makes these methodologies “feminist”, and how do “feminist researchers” relate to feminist and socio-environmental movements differently? We explore what the role of feminist research and knowledge production is in contributing to social struggles, reflecting on the contradictions of activist and academic knowledge production. All of our engagements approached social movements as producers of situated knowledges and emphasise the importance of our embodied experiences as we actively align ourselves with these struggles.
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Naranjo-Madrigal, Helven, and Andrew B. Bystrom. "Analyzing Fishing Effort Dynamics in a Multispecies Artisanal Fishery in Costa Rica: Social and Ecological System Linkages." In Viability and Sustainability of Small-Scale Fisheries in Latin America and The Caribbean, 379–404. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76078-0_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Costa Rica – Social conditions"

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Viquez, Andres Viquez, Irene Hernandez Ruiz, and Fabian Perez Gutierrez. "A Study of the Social Perception of Technology in Public Spaces in Alajuela Central Canton, Costa Rica." In 2019 IV Jornadas Costarricenses de Investigación en Computación e Informática (JoCICI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jocici48395.2019.9105268.

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Priscilla Basilio Cardoso Barros Trindade, Luis Felipe Nunes Coutinho, Marco Aurélio Costa Caiado, and Conrad Dean Heatwole. "Evaluation of Nutrient Modeling by SWAT under Tropical Conditions." In 21st Century Watershed Technology: Improving Water Quality and Environment Conference Proceedings, 21-24 February 2010, Universidad EARTH, Costa Rica. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29405.

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Donald D Snethen, Tom Stiles, Daniel L Devlin, and William L Hargrove. "Gleaning Information from Multiple Data Sources to Determine Watershed Water Quality Conditions." In 21st Century Watershed Technology: Improving Water Quality and Environment Conference Proceedings, 21-24 February 2010, Universidad EARTH, Costa Rica. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29446.

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Quesada Céspedes, Rebeca, Sidey Arias Valverde, Oscar Pacheco Urpí, Gerardo Zúñiga Calero, Oscar José Pacheco Prieto, Hannia Vega Bolaños, Emilia Calvo Vargas, and Karen Berrocal Artavia. "Retos de la acuicultura marina litoral: Caso cultivo de ostras en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica." In I Congreso Internacional de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/cicen.1.70.

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Costa Rica muestra una condición incipiente en el desarrollo de la acuicultura marina, a pesar de los esfuerzos invertidos por más de veinte años. La experiencia en el cultivo de Crassostrea gigas alcanzada por comunidades, la institucionalidad pública y ONG´s, desde el ámbito social- económico y ambiental, evidencian que el país cuenta con las condiciones idóneas, para direccionar la ostricultura como un nuevo sector socio-económico con y desde las comunidades marino costeras del litoral pacífico. El presente trabajo expone los logros obtenidos por comunidades y actores locales; además los retos que ambas partes se han propuesto para hacer de esta actividad una herramienta más que contribuye con la sustentabilidad y empoderamiento de familias y comunidades que actualmente se encuentran en condiciones de pobreza.
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Ruiz Barajas, Sandra, Guillermo E. Alvarado, Belén Benito Oterino, and Álvaro Climent. "ANÁLISIS DE SISMICIDAD ASOCIADA AL LLENADO DE EMBALSES. CASO DEL CENTRO DE PRODUCCIÓN DE PIRRÍS (COSTA RICA)." In 1st Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2017.2017.6666.

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The presented work is the result of a new collaboration between the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (ICE) and the Technical University of Madrid (UPM) for the investigation of induced seismicity issues. Triggered seismicity associated with the filling of artificial water reservoirs is known since six decades ago. However, it is the case of triggered seismicity more complicated to model their effects. More than 100 cases of reservoir induced/triggered seismicity have been collected around the world and this issue continues today being a research topic of great importance. Indeed, new developments and contributions are constantly being made with the aim of achieve a better understanding of their characteristics and genesis. The main aim of the presented work is to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of the seismic events recorded around the Pirrís reservoir before, during and after its filled. With the analysis of the seismic events we try to know and control the influence of the reservoir operations on the seismic activity of the area. Different parameters are studied, using methodologies proposed by different authors, in order to explain the possible effects of reservoir filling in changing the stress conditions in the environment and to detect any possible anomaly. Moreover, some analysis have been done in order to find a possible correlation between the water level in the reservoir and the evolution of the seismic activity recorded. Overall, the results of this study will provide important conclusions about the sensitivity of certain parameters to evaluate and model the effects of filling reservoirs on the seismic activity in the vicinity and we will present the spatial-temporal evolution of the seismicity associated with the specific case of the Pirrís hydraulic project.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6666
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Pérez Monge, Luis Alonso. "SISTEMAS INFRAESTRUCTURALES COMO ARTICULADORES TRANSFRONTERIZOS: Planteamientos urbano-económicos para la intervención de la frontera entre Nicaragua y Costa Rica." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10057.

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The accelerated global process of hyperglobalization has affected the dynamics of geopolitical borders, overcoming historical border conflicts through the articulating capacity of infrastructures. The global commercial transport system seeks to optimize and propose new routes to increase cargo capacity, focusing again on Central America, where the border between Nicaragua and Costa Rica meets the ideal geographical and territorial conditions to develop a new commercial crossing, because the new Panama Canal cannot meet the growth in demand due to capacity and size. This border recovers a geostrategic interest, projecting itself as the ideal sector to develop a transoceanic connection, as in the 19th century, a situation that led to border conflicts. Today this is manifested as a new opportunity to intervene the territory from the connectivity networks, under a new urban concept, achieving a transnational cohesion from the infrastructural systems. Keywords: border, connectivity, territory, infrastructural El acelerado proceso de hiperglobalización ha afectado las dinámicas de las fronterizas geopolíticas, superando conflictos limítrofes históricos por medio de la articulación de las infraestructuras. El sistema mundial de transporte comercial busca optimizar y proponer nuevas rutas para aumentar la capacidad de carga, fijándose nuevamente en Centroamérica, donde la frontera entre Nicaragua y Costa Rica reúne las condiciones geográficas y territoriales ideales para desarrollar un nuevo paso comercial. Esta frontera recobra un interés geoestratégico, proyectándose como el sector ideal para desarrollar una conexión transoceánica, como en el siglo XIX, situación que derivó en conflictos fronterizos. Hoy esto se manifiesta como una nueva oportunidad para intervenir el territorio desde las redes de conectividad, bajo un nuevo concepto urbano, logrando una cohesión transnacional desde los sistemas infraestructurales. Palabras clave: frontera, conectividad, territorio, infraestructural
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ORTIZ, GIANNINA, and CESAR GARITA. "A BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE APPROACH TO PRIORITIZE BRIDGE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES." In Structural Health Monitoring 2021. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2021/36245.

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Given the general condition of road infrastructure in Costa Rica, the proper prioritization of maintenance activities for bridges is essential for government institutions to effectively plan and assign resource investments. This work presents the main results of an extension project developed by the e-Bridge program of the Costa Rica Institute of Technology, with the objective of designing and applying a methodology for prioritizing maintenance activities for bridges, taking as a case study the actual bridges managed by a specific regional municipality. To this end, first, a given set of bridges were inspected and evaluated. Then, with this detailed inventory information, a set of key bridge performance indicators were defined including structural condition, environmental variables, and socio-economical categories. Consequently, a tailor-made methodology was proposed to prioritize different kinds of maintenance activities for the respective bridges using the above-mentioned indicators. The methodology was implemented using a business intelligence tool to manage all the information and solve prioritization queries. This tool and the major findings of the project were shared during the project with community actors and municipality collaborators through several workshops. The resulting methodology and developed tool effectively support decision-making regarding bridge maintenance activities for the target municipality and could be applied nation-wide.
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Orozco Varela, Luis Pablo, Mariana Blanco Ortiz, Gustavo Campos Fonseca, María Cubillo González, and Javier Nuñez Marín. "El Museo Dialoga: el museo y la sociedad en comunicación crítica." In Congreso CIMED - II Congreso Internacional de Museos y Estrategias Digitales. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cimed22.2022.15643.

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El Museo Dialoga: el museo y la sociedad en comunicación crítica. Autores: MSc. Luis Pablo Orozco Varela[1] Sra. Mariana Blanco Ortiz[2] Sr. Gustavo Campos Fonseca[3] Sra. María Cubillo González[4] Sr. Javier Nuñez Marín[5]. Resumen La ponencia consiste en compartir y analizar en profundidad el quehacer comunicativo del Museo de Cultura Popular de la Escuela de Historia de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, específicamente a partir de la iniciativa de diálogo virtual denominada “#elmuseodialoga”, la cual ha potencializado la presencia del museo en las redes sociales académicas y ha contribuido a potenciar enlaces dialógicos con académicos, dentro y fuera de la universidad, así como con actores de la sociedad civil en su conjunto. Esta iniciativa surgió ante el desafío presentado por la pandemia COVID 19 con el fin de potencializar acciones de extensión y difusión de carácter virtual por medio del uso de las redes sociales con las que cuenta el museo, por ejemplo, el canal de youtube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter y linkedin. Para ello, académicos que laboran en el museo y estudiantes de la Escuela de Historia, han aunado esfuerzos en pro de generar una alternativa de comunicación acorde a los nuevos desafíos de la virtualidad. En ese sentido, se ha potenciado a lo largo de poco más de un año, cuarenta ediciones de diálogo virtual, contando con invitados tanto nacionales, como internacionales, esto último dentro de la modalidad #elmuseodialogainternacional. El espacio de diálogo cuenta con tres ejes trasversales que permiten cubrir un amplio espectro de posibilidades temáticas: a) Cultura popular, historia, arte y patrimonio, b) difusión del quehacer académico y c) temas de actualidad nacional e internacional. En el primer eje abordamos todo lo relativo a patrimonio cultural, materia e inmaterial, tradiciones, cultores populares, arte costarricense, entre otros. A partir del segundo eje, trabajamos en difundir el aporte de investigaciones de académicos tanto de la UNA como de otras universidades nacionales e internacional, con el fin de divulgar a públicos más amplios la contribución del conocimiento producido por las universidades a la sociedad en su conjunto. En el caso del tercer eje, reforzamos la relación pasado-presente, generando espacios de lectura de la realidad nacional e internacional, abriendo también horizontes de prospectiva. Palabras claves: Comunicación, Pedagogía, Cultura contemporánea, Patrimonio Cultural, Historia. The Museum Dialogues: the museum and society in critical communication. Resume The presentation consists of sharing and analyzing in depth the communicative work of the Museum of Popular Culture of the School of History of the National University of Costa Rica, specifically from the virtual dialogue initiative called "#elmuseodialoga", which has potentiated the presence of the museum in academic social networks and has contributed to fostering dialogic links with academics, inside and outside the university, as well as with actors from civil society as a whole. This initiative arose in order to enhance virtual extension and dissemination actions through the use of social networks that the museum has, for example, the YouTube channel, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn. To this end, academics who work at the museum and students from the School of History have joined forces to generate a communication alternative in line with the new challenges of virtuality. In this sense, forty editions of virtual dialogue have been promoted over the course of just over a year, with both national and international guests, the latter within the #elmuseodialogainternacional modality. The dialogue space has three transversal axes that allow covering a wide spectrum of thematic possibilities: a) Popular culture, history, art and heritage, b) dissemination of academic work and c) current national and international issues. In the first axis we address everything related to cultural heritage, material and immaterial, traditions, popular cultists, Costa Rican art, among others. From the second axis, we work on disseminating the contribution of academic research from both the UNA and other national and international universities, in order to disclose to wider audiences, the contribution of the knowledge produced by universities to society as a whole. In the case of the third axis, we reinforce the past-present relationship, generating spaces for reading the national and international reality, also opening prospective horizons. Keywords: Communication, Pedagogy, Contemporary Culture, Cultural Heritage, History. [1] Académico Museo de Cultura Popular, Escuela de Historia, UNA. [2] Estudiante Escuela de Historia, UNA. [3] Estudiante Escuela de Historia, UNA. [4] Estudiante Escuela de Historia, UNA. [5] Estudiante Escuela de Historia, UNA.
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Rodríguez Cerdas, Sofía. "Museo Urbano: Planteamiento conceptual que integra la conexión, exposición e interacción con material cultural en espacios públicos, en la Avenida Central, San José." In ISUF-h 2019 - CIUDAD COMPACTA VERSUS CIUDAD DIFUSA. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isufh2019.2019.9974.

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Museo Urbano, es un planteamiento conceptual desde el cual se logra entender el espacio público como un medio dispuesto a conectar, comunicar y gestar las diversas interacciones sociales y múltiples actividades desarrolladas en este, para la puesta en valor de la identidad urbana. Este constructo se ha desarrollado en el marco de la investigación del trabajo final de graduación para optar por el título de Licenciatura en Arquitectura. El trabajo se desarrolló mediante la indagación de referentes teóricos. En primera instancia, se estudió el constructo espacio público como hábitat común, que involucra la confrontación y convivencia humana. Posteriormente se analizó el concepto de museo, con el fin de ser deconstruido, como campo de comunicación entre la gente y su contenido; enfocándolo en el otorgar experiencias como medio social e interactivo. La investigación toma como laboratorio de análisis el eje peatonal de la Avenida Central en San José, Costa Rica, diagnosticando su situación en términos de las dinámicas que allí se gestan. A partir de ello, se desarrolla un plan estratégico que identifica acciones y transformaciones para la visualización del planteamiento en ese eje central de la ciudad de San José. Museo Urbano evidencia escenas y componentes urbanos como relatores de los valores cotidianos de la ciudad y que conducen a entender la cultura como componente intrínseco del espacio público. Es a través de la valoración del espacio público como Museo que se justifica también la necesidad de gestión del mismo, para fortalecer los valores físicos y simbólicos de la ciudad.
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Rodríguez Cerdas, Sofía. "Museo Urbano: Planteamiento conceptual que integra la conexión, exposición e interacción con material cultural en espacios públicos, en la Avenida Central, San José." In ISUF-h 2019 - CIUDAD COMPACTA VERSUS CIUDAD DIFUSA. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isufh2019.2020.9974.

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Museo Urbano, es un planteamiento conceptual desde el cual se logra entender el espacio público como un medio dispuesto a conectar, comunicar y gestar las diversas interacciones sociales y múltiples actividades desarrolladas en este, para la puesta en valor de la identidad urbana. Este constructo se ha desarrollado en el marco de la investigación del trabajo final de graduación para optar por el título de Licenciatura en Arquitectura. El trabajo se desarrolló mediante la indagación de referentes teóricos. En primera instancia, se estudió el constructo espacio público como hábitat común, que involucra la confrontación y convivencia humana. Posteriormente se analizó el concepto de museo, con el fin de ser deconstruido, como campo de comunicación entre la gente y su contenido; enfocándolo en el otorgar experiencias como medio social e interactivo. La investigación toma como laboratorio de análisis el eje peatonal de la Avenida Central en San José, Costa Rica, diagnosticando su situación en términos de las dinámicas que allí se gestan. A partir de ello, se desarrolla un plan estratégico que identifica acciones y transformaciones para la visualización del planteamiento en ese eje central de la ciudad de San José. Museo Urbano evidencia escenas y componentes urbanos como relatores de los valores cotidianos de la ciudad y que conducen a entender la cultura como componente intrínseco del espacio público. Es a través de la valoración del espacio público como Museo que se justifica también la necesidad de gestión del mismo, para fortalecer los valores físicos y simbólicos de la ciudad.
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Reports on the topic "Costa Rica – Social conditions"

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Quirós, Daniel, David Ulloa, Catalina Murillo, Olivia Fernández, Luis Chaves, Santiago Porras, Shirley Campbell Barr, et al. Costa Rica 2050: tales of change. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004679.

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Major changes demand exertions of the imagination. Costa Rica possesses significant challenges in its Nationally Determined Contribution presented in 2020 (NDC 2020), the National Decarbonization Plan, and the National Adaptation Policy; meeting them requires work, commitment, and creative work that enables us to visualize it. These stories offer us a glimpse into the future we aspire to and the future we fear, a glimpse of what is coming and what could come. Costa Rica has the economic and technological conditions for transformation. Having the necessary conversations to promote it is still pending, conversations in which citizens feel involved. With this in mind, we propose these stories as a way to start the discussion and invite us to contemplate what could come and what we could do to build a better future.
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Granada, Isabel, and Paola Ortiz. Descarbonizando el transporte en Costa Rica. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004553.

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El Plan Nacional de Descarbonización, oficializado en el año 2019, plantea la hoja de ruta de Costa Rica para transformarse en un país de cero emisiones netas para el año 2050, apostando por un modelo de desarrollo basado en la bioeconomía, el crecimiento verde, el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de la ciudadanía y la inclusión social. Costa Rica apunta a contar con una economía descarbonizada, alcanzando el nivel de emisiones más bajo posible de forma consistente con la meta climática global. A partir de esta meta y considerando la realidad nacional, se identificaron los paquetes de política pública y actuaciones que se deben implementar para alcanzar la meta al 2050. Las acciones se presentan en tres etapas: a) etapa inicial (2018-2022), b) etapa de inflexión (2023-2030) y c) etapa de normalización del cambio (2031-2050). Respecto al sector transporte, este es la principal fuente de emisiones y enfrenta un rezago de infraestructura y estándares. La triplicación de la flota vehicular en los últimos 30 años, dominada por vehículos privados y sin inversión proporcional en infraestructura, ilustra la problemática del transporte en el país. Además, el transporte público urbano sufre de rutas poco alineadas a la demanda, llevando a un mayor uso de vehículos privados, que a su vez crean demanda para crecientes importaciones de gasolina.
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Terminio, Ilka. Elecciones presidenciales y legislativas Costa Rica 2022. Fundación Carolina, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/ac05.2022.

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Costa Rica llevó a cabo elecciones generales el pasado 6 de febrero. El porcentaje de votos obtenido por las candidaturas harán necesaria la celebración de un balotaje entre el expresidente José María Figueres, del partido Liberación Nacional, y el recién llegado a la política, Rodrigo Chaves, de Progreso Social Democrático. La participación electoral para estos comicios ha sido la más baja en la historia democrática, con un 59,71%. Seis partidos llegaron a la Asamblea Legislativa, pero el oficialismo no consiguió ninguna diputación y tuvo una votación escasa. En esta elección se alcanzó el mayor número de legisladoras mujeres, con varias fracciones paritarias y únicamente una de carácter progresista. El balotaje se realizará el próximo 3 de abril entre dos figuras con serios cuestionamientos y en un ambiente de poco entusiasmo político.
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Cuberes, David, Florencia Saravia, and Marc Teignier. Gender Gaps in STEM Occupations in Costa Rica, El Salvador and Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004578.

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This paper documents the existence of significant gender gaps in STEM occupations in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico and estimates the aggregate costs associated with these gaps in Mexico. For Mexico we calibrate and simulate a version of the general equilibrium occupational choice model of Hsieh et al. (2019) to estimate the output losses associated with these differences since 1992. We find that if barriers in STEM occupations were eliminated aggregate output would have been between 1% and 10% larger, depending on the year. If female-specific social norms were also eliminated, the rise in aggregate output would be between 1.4% and 14%. For comparison purposes, we also compute the gains of eliminating all the distortions in high-skilled occupations as well as in all occupations. We find that aggregate output would rise between 16.5% and 3.6% in the first case and between 36.7% and 12% in the latter.
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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, Gabriela Saborío Muñoz, and Renato Vargas. La Plataforma de Modelación Económica-Ambiental Integrada (IEEM): Guías técnicas de la Plataforma IEEM: Construcción de una matriz de contabilidad social para Costa Rica para el año 2016. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003017.

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Los modelos de equilibrio general computable (EGC) son sistemas de ecuaciones matemáticas que permiten describir una economía completa. Intensivos en datos, estos requieren que la información utilizada para resolver dichas ecuaciones esté organizada de manera particular que toma la forma de una Matriz de Contabilidad Social (MCS), la cual describe el flujo circular de transacciones entre agentes económicos para un periodo de referencia. En este documento se describe el procedimiento seguido para la construcción de una MCS para Costa Rica para el año 2016, la cual utiliza, tanto los Cuadros de Oferta y Utilización, como las Cuentas Económicas Integradas más recientes del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales del Banco Central de Costa Rica (BCCR) como fuente principal de datos. La MCS resultante identifica 139 actividades y 183 productos. Además de detallar los pasos tradicionales para la construcción de este tipo de matrices, este documento constituye una contribución importante al estado de la ciencia en Latinoamérica al proveer una descripción detallada de todos los ajustes necesarios para desagregar actividades económicas, productos y factores productivos. A pesar de que la MCS aquí descrita ha sido desarrollada para ser utilizada con la Plataforma de Modelado Económico Ambiental Integrada (IEEM), puede ser utilizada para calibrar cualquier modelo de EGC.
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Martínez, Juliana, and Diego Sánchez. ¿Puede la COVID-19 avanzar la política social inclusiva? Las transferencias monetarias de emergencia en Centroamérica. Fundación Carolina, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt60.

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La pandemia de la COVID-19 generó en América Latina una triple crisis social, económica y de salud cuyas consecuencias persistirán por muchos años. A la vez, sin embargo, muchos consideran que la pandemia y las respuestas a la que dio lugar constituyen una oportunidad única de consolidar políticas públicas más inclusivas en el futuro. ¿Hasta qué punto es esto cierto? Este documento aborda esta pregunta a través de un análisis de las oportunidades creadas por la adopción de transferencias de emergencia -un instrumento novedoso y popular en toda la región— en Costa Rica, El Salvador y Guatemala. Se trata de tres países distintos en cuanto al nivel de desarrollo de su política social pero donde, a la vez, existe una urgencia común por adoptar políticas más inclusivas que reduzcan los altos niveles de desigualdad. A partir de la triangulación de distintas fuentes (incluyendo debates legislativos, análisis de prensa y entrevistas a actores), describimos las respuestas que se dieron a la pandemia en general y, los programas de transferencias de emergencia en particular. Consideramos los resultados de corto plazo en cada país y profundizamos en los cambios que han podido generar en las narrativas, instrumentos de política y actores estatales de cara al futuro. Este documento de trabajo constituye un aporte a la discusión sobre el concepto de oportunidad en tiempos de crisis en América Latina y en el mundo en general, así como una contribución empírica significativa para la comprensión de las respuestas a la pandemia en Centroamérica, la región menos estudiada de América Latina.
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Bull, Benedicte. A Social compromise for the Anthropocene? Elite reactions to the Escazú Agreement and the prospects for a Latin American transformative green state. Fundación Carolina, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtfo07en.

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The world is urgently facing the need for a “green transformation”, involving not only a transition towards the use renewable energy and reduction of biodiversity loss, but a deep social change towards social justice and sustainability. Such action requires social compromises between elites and popular sectors that allow the building of strong institutions to implement changes. Latin America is faced with huge tasks to increase equality, justice and sustainability, but it also plays a pivotal role in the global green transformation. The region is further characterized by both strong elites, strong socio-environmental movements and deep environmental conflicts making social compromises difficult. This Working Paper discusses elite reactions to the most advanced regional agreement on environmental regulation and conflict resolution, the Escazù Agreement. In many countries, elites opposed it vehemently referring to national sovereignty, but particularly rejecting the institutional implications of the agreement involving a stronger compromise to allow popular participation. This was opposed by economic elites in democratic countries (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Peru) as well as governmental elites in authoritarian countries (El Salvador and Venezuela). However, in various cases, elite opposition was overcome after popular mobilization and dialogue. The paper discusses what we can learn from elite reactions to the Escazú Agreement of importance for future social compromises as a basis for the emergence for transformative states in Latin America.
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Bull, Benedicte. ¿Un compromiso social para el Antropoceno? Reacciones de las élites al Acuerdo de Escazú y las posibilidades de un Estado verde transformador latinoamericano. Fundación Carolina, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtfo07.

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El mundo enfrenta con urgencia la necesidad de una “transformación verde”, que implica no solo una transición hacia el uso de energías renovables y la reducción de la pérdida de biodiversidad, sino también un profundo cambio social hacia la justicia social y la sostenibilidad. Ello requiere de compromisos sociales entre élites y sectores populares que permitan construir instituciones fuertes para implementar cambios. América Latina afronta enormes desafíos para aumentar la igualdad, la justicia y la sostenibilidad, pero también puede jugar un papel fundamental en la transformación verde global. La región también se caracteriza por tener élites robustas, fuertes movimientos socioambientales y profundos conflictos ambientales, que dificultan los compromisos sociales. Este documento analiza las reacciones de las élites al acuerdo regional más avanzado sobre regulación ambiental y resolución de conflictos, el Acuerdo de Escazù. En muchos países, las élites se opusieron con vehemencia, arguyendo la injerencia sobre su soberanía nacional, pero rechazando particularmente las implicaciones institucionales del acuerdo que suponen un mayor compromiso para permitir la participación popular. A esto se opusieron las élites económicas de los países democráticos (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica y Perú), así como las élites gubernamentales de los países autoritarios (El Salvador y Venezuela). Sin embargo, en varios casos, la oposición de las élites fue superada gracias a la movilización social y al diálogo. Este documento analiza los aprendizajes de las reacciones de las élites al Acuerdo de Escazú ante futuros compromisos sociales como base para el surgimiento de Estados transformadores en América Latina.
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Altamirano Montoya, Álvaro, Mariano Bosch, Carolina Cabrita Felix, Rodrigo Cerda, Manuel García-Huitrón, Laura Karina Gutiérrez, and Waldo Tapia Troncoso. 2020 Pension Indicators for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002967.

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The PLAC Network's Pension Indicators are a dataset containing information related to the labor markets and pension systems of the nineteen PLAC Network member countries: Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay. The indicators are divided into five main categories: environment, performance, sustainability, society's preparedness for aging and reform, and pension system design. Each one of these categories are divided into a few subcategories as well. These indicators were constructed with the objective of becoming an important tool for the improvement of the following aspects of pension systems: coverage, sufficiency of benefits, financial sustainability, equity and social solidarity, efficiency, and institutional capacity. An important characteristic of this dataset is the comparability of these indicators since it permits the identification of areas of cooperation and knowledge exchange among countries. The dataset is accompanied by a User's Manual, which can be found in this link https://publications.iadb.org/en/users-manual-idb-plac-network-pension-indicators
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Altamirano Montoya, Álvaro, Mariano Bosch, Carolina Cabrita Felix, Rodrigo Cerda, Manuel García-Huitrón, Laura Karina Gutiérrez, and Waldo Tapia Troncoso. 2019 Pension Indicators for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002966.

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The 2019 PLAC Network's Pension Indicators are a dataset containing information related to the labor markets and pension systems of the nineteen PLAC Network member countries: Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay. The indicators are divided into five main categories: environment, performance, sustainability, society's preparedness for aging and reform, and pension system design. Each one of these categories are divided into a few subcategories as well. These indicators were constructed with the objective of becoming an important tool for the improvement of the following aspects of pension systems: coverage, sufficiency of benefits, financial sustainability, equity and social solidarity, efficiency, and institutional capacity. An important characteristic of this dataset is the comparability of these indicators since it permits the identification of areas of cooperation and knowledge exchange among countries. The dataset is accompanied by a User's Manual, which can be found in this link: https://publications.iadb.org/en/users-manual-idb-plac-network-pension-indicators
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