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Poirier, Mathieu J. P., Douglas Barraza, C. Susana Caxaj, Ana María Martínez, Julie Hard, and Felipe Montoya. "Informality, Social Citizenship, and Wellbeing among Migrant Workers in Costa Rica in the Context of COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 6224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106224.
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Costa Rica is home to 557,000 migrants, whose disproportionate exposure to precarious, dangerous, and informal work has resulted in persistent inequities in health and wellbeing in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a novel multimodal grounded approach synthesizing documentary film, experiential education, and academic research to explore socioecological wellbeing among Nicaraguan migrant workers in Costa Rica. Participants pointed to the COVID-19 pandemic as exacerbating the underlying conditions of vulnerability, such as precarity and informality, dangerous working conditions, social and systemic discrimination, and additional burdens faced by women. However, the narrative that emerged most consistently in shaping migrants’ experience of marginalization were challenges in obtaining documentation—both in the form of legal residency and health insurance coverage. Our results demonstrate that, in spite of Costa Rica’s acclaimed social welfare policies, migrant workers continue to face exclusion due to administrative, social, and financial barriers. These findings paint a rich picture of how multiple intersections of precarious, informal, and dangerous working conditions; social and systemic discrimination; gendered occupational challenges; and access to legal residency and health insurance coverage combine to prevent the full achievement of a shared minimum standard of social and economic security for migrant workers in Costa Rica.
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Lauderdale, Pat. "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN COSTA RICA: PRE-CONDITIONS FOR MILITARIZATION?" Review of Policy Research 6, no. 2 (November 1986): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00690.x.
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Valdivieso Mora, E., M. Ivanisevic, and D. Johnson. "Community Engagement and Cognition in a Sample of Older Adults Residing in Costa Rica." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.46.
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Abstract Objective Costa Rica has the highest percentage of older adults (65+) of the Central American and Latin American region. In fact, Costa Rica has the highest life expectancy within an advanced healthcare system and socioeconomic infrastructure that differentiates it from neighboring countries in Central America. Previous research has shown that older adults who engage in higher social engagement show overall better cognitive functioning (Chen et al., 2018); however, limited research has examined the impact of socialization on cognition across rural and urban regions and furthermore no research to date has examined these factors in Costa Rican older adults. This study examined the effects of community engagement on cognition in urban and rural older adults residing in Costa Rica. Participants and Method Participants were neurotypical older adults residing in San Jose (urban region, n = 156) and Guanacaste (rural region, n = 69). Those with a history of neurological conditions and major psychiatric disorders were excluded. Results Older adults residing in an urban area (M = 55.43, SD = 23.26) participate more in social engagement within the community compared to those residing in the rural region (M = 46.30, SD = 28.50), p = 0.019. Furthermore, in the urban sample, those with higher social engagement showed better performance on learning and encoding (r = 30), verbal memory (r = 0.26), and executive functioning (r = .20). In older adults residing in the rural region, higher social engagement was only associated with better visuospatial abilities (r = 0.27). Conclusions Findings suggest that social engagement in the community for older adults in Costa Rica may serve as a protective factor for their cognitive health. However, there are significant differences on what cognitive processes serve as a protective factor as a function of location (rural versus urban). This study highlights the importance of examining the quality of social engagement when evaluating the cognition of Costa Rican older adults. References Chen, Ya-Mei, Tu, Yu-Kang, Yu, Hsiao-Wei, Chiu, Tzu-Ying, Chiang, Tung-Liang, Chen, Duan-Rung, & Chang, Ray-E. (2018). Leisure time activities as mediating variables in functional disability progression: An application of parallel latent growth curve modeling. PLoS ONE, 13(10).
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Barr, Epsy Campbell, and Michael Marmot. "Leadership, social determinants of health and health equity: the case of Costa Rica." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 (December 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.139.
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Costa Rica has long been a country of special interest in the Americas and in global health because of its good health. The United Nations Development Programme ranks countries according to their level of human development based on life expectancy, education and national income. Although Costa Rica is ranked at 63 and classified as ‘High’, in terms of health it belongs in the ‘Very High’ group. In 2018 mean life expectancy for the ‘Very High’ countries was 79.5, while in Costa Rica it was 80. In 2018, under five mortality was 8.8/1000 live births, lower than countries ranked in the ‘Very High’ human development group. Expected years of schooling in Costa Rica is 15.4, closer to the average, 16.4 years, of the ‘Very High’ human development group than the average of the ‘High’ group. The country is much healthier than would be predicted by its national income; rather, other features of society’s development are likely to have played a key role in the development of good health. These include (i) the decision to cease investment in national defence, which freed up money to invest in health, education and the welfare of the population; (ii) the decision to create a universal health system financed by the State, employers and workers in the 1940s; and (iii) the educational system, that generated opportunities to lift important sectors of the population out of poverty, allowing them to have basic sanitary conditions that increase their possibilities to live longer and in better conditions. Despite these advances, inequalities in terms of income and social conditions persist, presenting challenges in the field of health, particularly for lower-income populations and those of African and indigenous descent. These inequalities must be addressed using decisions based on scientific evidence, a greater use of disaggregated data to reveal progress in addressing these inequalities, and with a broader articulation of the health sector with policies that act on the social determinants of health.
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Chaverri-Murillo, Jorge, Manuel Ramírez-Cardoce, and José Castro-Cordero. "684. Risk Stacking for Pneumococcal Disease in Costa Rica." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.691.
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Abstract Background The value of nontraditional high-risk factor stacking is not known in the Costa Rican population. We aim to describe risk factor stacking for pneumococcal disease (PD) in patients seeking care at Social Security Hospitals in Costa Rica Methods Descriptive study of adult patients with microbiological culture-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease seeking care at two tertiary hospitals in Costa Rica between years 2014 and 2016. Information on underlying comorbidities (nontraditional) and other risk factors for PD was analyzed and stalked for each age group (G1: <50, G2: 50–64, and G3: ≥65 y/o). Results We included 181 culture-positive patients. We found that patients in G1 predominantly stacked ≥2 risk factors (63%), the proportion of patients with ≥2 risk factor was similar to high-risk patients in G2 (33% vs. 38%). In G3, 18% didn’t stacked any other risk factor and 46% was on high-risk. Most frequent risk factors in G1/G2 were smoking and alcoholism, and in G3 chronic pulmonary and heart diseases. Conclusion We conclude that risk factor stacking is more relevant than high-risk conditions and PD also occurs in persons <50 y/o. We recommend that risk factor stacking should be considered in prevention strategies for PD. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Chappell, Whitney. "On the social perception of intervocalic /s/ voicing in Costa Rican Spanish." Language Variation and Change 28, no. 3 (October 2016): 357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394516000107.
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AbstractTo decipher for the first time what, if any, social meaning is indexed by nonstandard intervocalic /s/ voicing in Costa Rica, such as [paza] for pasa ‘raisin’, the present study digitally manipulates 12 utterances from six Costa Rican speakers to vary only in intervocalic [s] versus [z]. Based on 106 listeners’ responses to these stimuli, I find that intervocalic [z] indexes a lower social status for all speakers but also yields higher ratings of confidence, niceness, localness, and masculinity for male speakers. Given female speakers’ limited ability to evoke positive social meanings associated with [z], I argue that accessibility to the indexical field (Eckert, 2008) conditions men's and women's differential treatment of variation. Offering a satisfying explanation for the gender paradox (Labov, 2001:261–293), this work concludes that women agentively eschew nonstandard variants that result in no positive social gains but lead linguistic innovation when their access to the indexical field is unobstructed.
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Holl, Karen D., Gretchen C. Daily, and Paul R. Ehrlich. "The Fertility Plateau in Costa Rica: a Review of Causes and Remedies." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 4 (1993): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002350x.
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The decline and subsequent above-replacement plateau in Costa Rican fertility rates illustrates a demographic pattern that is apparent in other developing countries. This paper discusses the complexity of factors that contribute to the fertility plateau in Costa Rica. These contributory factors include the social and economic status of women, socio-economic conditions in general, lack of government commitment to and supply of family planning services relative to demand, deficient sex and family-planning education, and the powerful institutional influence of the Catholic Church.We then discuss possible strategies, for developing and developed nations alike, to slow and eventually halt the exponential growth of the global human population. For this quintessential need the most important strategies, we suggest, are targeted education for both sexes and provision of comprehensive contraceptive and abortion services.
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Von Breymann-Miranda, Helga, Valeria Alexandra Chacón-Reyes, Mauricio Ramírez-Ramírez, Lucía Rodríguez-Ramírez, Paola Rojas-Álvarez, and Andrés Mora-Sandoval. "El impacto sobre la forma urbana de los nuevos proyectos de Vivienda de Interés Social en Costa Rica." Revista Geográfica de América Central 1, no. 68 (December 1, 2021): 159–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rgac.68-1.6.
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In Costa Rica, the social housing (VIS) projects developed in the last decade have been located in areas far from urban centers of limited access to facilities and infrastructure due to the prohibitive cost of land ownership in most central sectors of metropolitan cities. The conditions and characteristics of these contexts, available land uses (zoning), morphological configurations, continuity and contiguity between social housing projects and the urban pieces where they are inserted, are analyzed in this research through the study of five residential complexes developed in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. The projects, built between 2011 and 2018, were analyzed from the study of construction plans, cartography of the area, documentary review and analysis of secondary data. From the obtained results it is possible to identify the main difficulties arising from the morphological and typological fit that followed after the establishment of the residential complexes, as well as the contextual problems derived from the location of the projects.
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Picado Arroyo, Rytha, and Ana Cristina Rivas Bustos. "Las TIC y las Mipymes costarricenses: Situación actual, retos y oportunidades. (ICTs and Costa Rica SMEs: current status, challenges and opportunities)." TEC Empresarial 7, no. 2 (September 26, 2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/te.v7i2.1512.
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<p>Las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TICs) han tenido un fuerte impacto en el desarrollo económico y social de los países. Costa Rica no se abstrae de esta realidad y muchos menos las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (Mipymes) por lo cual la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Mipymes 2011 incursiona en temas de interés que relacionan el uso y aprovechamiento de las TIC. Este artículo resume los hallazgos más relevantes en las siguientes áreas: Internet, comercio electrónico, Internet en celulares y redes sociales.</p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>SMEfinancing was one of the areas investigated in the Second National Survey ofmicro, small and medium sized Costa Rican companies during 2011. The most usedfinancing sources, credit applications during the last five years, end use ofthis credit, and current credit requirements in various financing institutionswere investigated. Similar to other countries, own funding was the main optionfor these companies. Thus, this work examines the conditions that facilitatethe use of self financing or other options available. Through statisticanalysis of the information collected, variables like initial funding source,previous experience of the entrepreneur and priority given to financialmanagement were shown to present a definite relationship to financingstrategies for Costa Rican SMEs.</p>
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Vazquez, Kathleen, and Rachata Muneepeerakul. "Modeling Resilience and Sustainability of Water-Subsidized Systems: An Example from Northwest Costa Rica." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042013.
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Water-subsidized systems are growing in number and maintaining the sustainability of such complex systems presents unique challenges. Interbasin water transfer creates new sociohydrological dynamics that come with tradeoffs and potential regime shifts. The Tempisque-Bebedero watershed in Northwest Costa Rica typifies this class of watershed: Transferred water is used for power generation and irrigated agriculture with significant downstream environmental impacts. To improve and clarify our understanding of the effects of social and biophysical factors on the resilience of such systems, a stylized dynamical systems model was developed, using as a guide the situation in the Tempisque-Bebedero watershed. This model was analyzed to understand the nature of socio-hydrologic regimes that exist in this class of basins and what factors determine these regimes. The model analysis revealed five distinct regimes and different regime shift behaviors dependent on environmental and policy conditions. This work offers insights into other complex socio-hydrologic systems with similar processes.
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Herrero Amo, María Dolores, and M. Cristina De Stefano. "Public–private partnership as an innovative approach for sustainable tourism in Guanacaste, Costa Rica." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 11, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-11-2018-0078.
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Purpose The current tourism model based on luxury hotel resorts in the Gulf of Papagayo (Guanacaste, Costa Rica) is largely affecting the living condition of its nearby communities. This paper aims to discuss the importance of promoting public–private partnerships (PPPs) as innovative forms of governance to increase the sustainability of this tourism model. Design/methodology/approach Based on the review of institutional documents and the PPP literature, this article critically maps each stage of the process to design PPPs for sustainable tourism, taking into account the case of Guanacaste. In this way, it offers a practical guideline to plan partnerships involving academia, public institutions and private partners in particular tourism sites. Findings The paper shows that the feasibility of a PPP in Guanacaste strongly depends on the alignment of partners’ local interests, on the adequacy of the partnership to the social and economic conditions of the context wherein it has to be carried out, and on the appropriation of results from partners. Originality/value This work combines a theoretical and practical perspective to understand the interactive process to be carried out to design PPPs in developing tourism destinations.
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Somma, Nicolás M. "How Do Party Systems Shape Insurgency Levels?A Comparison of Four Nineteenth-Century Latin American Republics." Social Science History 40, no. 2 (2016): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.2.
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This article explores how variations in party systems shape the intensity of insurgency against national authorities in nineteenth-century Latin America. I argue that, under certain conditions, two-party systems may polarize and lead to intense insurgency because they simplify the process of blame attribution, encourage the incumbent party to exclude its opponent from power positions, and motivate leaders to emphasize extreme ideological positions. Conversely, multiparty systems may encourage flexible electoral and congressional alliances among parties, resulting in lower insurgency. I test the argument in four nineteenth-century Latin American republics with different insurgency levels. While in Colombia and Uruguay two-party systems polarized and fueled intense insurgency across the century, Chile and Costa Rica developed flexible multiparty systems that prevented polarization and favored low insurgency.
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Martínez-Esquivel, Daniel, Patsy Quesada-Carballo, Yerlin Quesada-Rodríguez, Derby Muñoz-Rojas, and Ana Laura Solano-López. "THE RELATION BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT IN NURSING STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS." Cogitare Enfermagem, no. 27 (September 28, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v27i0.87211.
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Objective: to determine the relationship between depression and perceived social support in nursing students in the context of suicidal behaviors. Method: secondary analysis of data from a previous study. Sample from the census of nursing students in Costa Rica. Data collection performed by LimeSurveyduring 2020 by means of self-administered questionnaire composed of sociodemographic data section, Beck-II depression inventory and multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation were used. Results: The majority were female (79.5%), with a mean age of 22.15 years; 85.8% reported mild to minimal depression; 92.2% reported high perceived social support. A significant inverse correlation was identified between level of depression and perceived social support (r=-0.44, p<0.01). Conclusion: The understanding about mental health conditions by nursing science is broadened to improve care practices in a specific group.
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Posada-Izquierdo, Guiomar D., Beatriz Mazón-Villegas, Mauricio Redondo-Solano, Alejandra Huete-Soto, Diana Víquez-Barrantes, Antonio Valero, Paula Fallas-Jiménez, and Rosa María García-Gimeno. "Modelling the Effect of Salt Concentration on the Fate of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Costa Rican Fresh Cheeses." Foods 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081722.
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“Turrialba cheese” is a Costa Rican fresh cheese highly appreciated due to its sensory characteristics and artisanal production. As a ready-to-eat dairy product, its formulation could support Listeria monocytogenes growth. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 14.06% of the samples and the pathogen was able to grow under all tested conditions. Due to the increasing demand for low-salt products, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of salt concentration on the growth of pathogen isolates obtained from local cheese. Products from retail outlets in Costa Rica were analyzed for L. monocytogenes. These isolates were used to determine growth at 4 °C for different salt concentration (0.5–5.2%). Kinetic curves were built and primary and secondary models developed. Finally, a validation study was performed using literature data. The R2 and Standard Error of fit of primary models were ranked from 0.964–0.993, and 0.197–0.443, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between growth rate and salt concentration. A secondary model was obtained, with R2 = 0.962. The model was validated, and all values were Bf > 1, thus providing fail-safe estimations. These data were added to the free and easy-to-use predictive microbiology software “microHibro” which is used by food producers and regulators to assist in decision-making.
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Villalobos, Karol. "Ultrasound application in point of care by palliative medicine physicians: Initial experience of oncology palliative medicine consultation in two rural area hospitals in Costa Rica." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 31_suppl (November 1, 2017): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.31_suppl.254.
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254 Background: Point of care Ultrasonography (POCUS)—that is ultrasonography performed and interpreted by the clinician at the bedside—is a method of clinical focused evaluation assisted by ultrasound equipment which gives the health provider in limited resources conditions, a prompt and accurate diagnosis for a limited number of pathologies. Development of portable ultrasound equipment with accessible technologies in terms of health investment, allows developing such practice in non-conventional resource-limited settings as patient homes. Our proposal is to show point of care ultrasonography (POCUS) experiences by two Palliative Care specialist doctors with in government-managed Social Security service (CCSS) in rural areas in Costa Rica. Methods: Limited diagnosis examinations were performed both at the hospital as well as at out of hospital sites in rural areas of Turrialba, and San Carlos, Costa Rica. Percutaneous procedures took place at the hospital following monitoring and aseptic standards, using two different units (Contec CMS600P2B, Phillips Clearvue 550). Results: Each brief case presented in this article shows effective Point of Care Ultrasound uses for patients with life-limiting conditions in resource-limited settings. Use of this technology by palliative medicine specialists in these cases helped patients and their families by accelerating right diagnosis, limiting unnecessary hospital transportation or by helping making safer procedures. Conclusions: Point of care ultrasound usage by palliative medicine specialists is an innovation breaking paradigms that has shown in our case to be a successful help as an evaluation strategy in a limited-resources rural environment, with a frail population.
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Alho, Carlos F. B. V., Amanda F. da Silva, Chantal M. J. Hendriks, Jetse J. Stoorvogel, Peter J. M. Oosterveer, and Eric M. A. Smaling. "Analysis of banana and cocoa export commodities in food system transformation, with special reference to certification schemes as drivers of change." Food Security 13, no. 6 (October 13, 2021): 1555–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01219-y.
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AbstractFood systems analysis is increasingly being applied to understand relations between production, distribution, and consumption of food products, the drivers that influence the system, and the outcomes that show how well the food system performs on health and nutrition, on environmental sustainability, and on income and inclusiveness. Little attention has gone to the position of global export commodities, where production and consumption are far apart. Banana in Costa Rica and cocoa in Cote d’Ivoire were the subject of this study to find out what major drivers determine the functioning of these systems. Next to identifying drivers such as population growth and increased plant disease pressure, it was found that the typical far-away setting and different living conditions between producer and consumer countries required a special eye on governance as a tripartite arena (government, private sector, civil society) with their power relations, and on certification schemes as a driver that follows from corporate social responsibility. The certification schemes addressed cover all food system outcomes, although health and nutrition in a less conspicuous way. The descriptions of the functioning of the schemes were also linked to living wages and incomes for banana plantation workers in Costa Rica and cocoa smallholder farmers in Côte d’Ivoire. Although very meaningful, certification schemes so far do not prove to be a silver bullet, but they do have the potential, in combination with other measures, to help positive food system transformations.
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Almeida, Paul. "The Sequencing of Success: Organizing Templates and Neoliberal Policy Outcomes." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.13.2.cl74r52765281005.
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In the 1990s and early 2000s, government privatization and austerity programs served as the cornerstone of free market reforms implemented throughout the developing world. The selling off of government utilities, resources, and services laid the groundwork for a highly contested battleground in the global South over social and economic distribution. This study examines the sequencing of campaigns against neoliberal reforms in Central America. Two successful movement campaigns against privatization in El Salvador and Costa Rica followed failed collective attempts to impede similar economic reforms. The policy outcomes against neo-liberal measures are explained by the path-dependent nature of the organizing templates activists chose to employ and the breadth of social movement unionism achieved. The article offers insights into similar battles currently waged in the third world over the pace of economic globalization and the conditions in which oppositional movements are likely to succeed or fail.
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Chaves, Jose Pereira, and Luis M. Sierra Sierra. "ESTRATEGIA DE MANEJO DE LOS RECURSOS MARINOS Y COSTEROS EN ISLA UVITA, LIMÓN, COSTA RICA." Revista Ciencias Marinas y Costeras 1 (December 21, 2009): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/revmar.1.7.
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El presente trabajo se realizó en la Isla Uvita, declarada Monumento Nacional en 1985, ubicada en el litoral Caribe de Costa Rica. Esta zona se caracteriza por tener una gran riqueza de sus recursos marinos y costeros. El propósito fundamental fue ofrecer diversas acciones de conservación, manejo y desarrollo sostenible en dicha área, promoviendo la coordinación y participación de todos los sectores claves. Se hace referencia a la necesidad de ejecutar una estrategia de manejo que promueva la estabilidad de los recursos marinocosteros del sitio insular, para fortalecer tanto la riqueza particular como para establecer normas educativas y científicas que promuevan las condiciones adecuadas para el desarrollo sostenible. Isla Uvita presenta problemas de conservación y manejo, debido a la ausencia de una entidad administrativa que controle y norme los usos. Se conoció la percepción social del limonense mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario tipo encuesta y además se desarrolló un taller, en el sitio. Con base en la percepción social, la mayoría opinó que se deben controlar las actividades dentro de la isla, estableciendo controles de vigilancia, reconocen que este sitio lo debe manejar MINAET y JAPDEVA, apoyado por la Municipalidad de Limón, la cual ha de adquirir el compromiso de conservación. La estrategia de manejo hace énfasis en seis líneas estratégicas, como la organización institucional, protección, zonificación, educación y capacitación, monitoreo e investigación y recreación. The Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica is known for its marine resource diversity, and is where the Uvita Island Insular System is located. This site was declared a National Monument in 1985, and chosen as the site for the present study, which had the main objective of offering an adequate managing tool to perform several conservation and sustainable development actions on the Island, to promote the coordination and participation of all stakeholders. The study clearly identified the need for developing a management strategy to promote pertinent conservation actions at the site, to strengthen not only its particular diversity, but also to establish educational and scientific regulations to encourage the adequate conditions for the sustainable development of the Island. Currently, the Island faces conservation and management problems due to the lack of an administrator to control and regulate the use of the site. In order to learn about the perception of the local people, a survey type questionnaire was administered and a workshop held at the site. Based on the results of the survey, the majority of the local people thought that the Island activities should be regulated and vigilance controls established. It was also well recognized that government institutions, such as MINAE and JAPDEVA, should manage the site with the support of the local government, which should acquire a commitment towards conservation. ºThe study proposed a management strategy for the Island, placing emphasis on six lines of action: institutional organization, protection, zoning, education and training, monitoring, and research and recreation.
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Arias, Adrian, Robert L. Pressey, Rhondda E. Jones, Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero, and Joshua E. Cinner. "Optimizing enforcement and compliance in offshore marine protected areas: a case study from Cocos Island, Costa Rica." Oryx 50, no. 1 (August 4, 2014): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000337.
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AbstractIllegal exploitation of resources is a cause of environmental degradation worldwide. The effectiveness of conservation initiatives such as marine protected areas relies on users' compliance with regulations. Although compliance can be motivated by social norms (e.g. peer pressure and legitimacy), some enforcement is commonly necessary. Enforcement is expensive, particularly in areas far from land, but costs can be reduced by optimizing enforcement. We present a case study of how enforcement could be optimized at Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica, an offshore protected area and World Heritage Site. By analysing patrol records we determined the spatial and temporal distribution of illegal fishing and its relationship to patrol effort. Illegal fishing was concentrated on a seamount within the Park and peaked during the third year-quarter, probably as a result of oceanographic conditions. The lunar cycle in conjunction with the time of year significantly influenced the occurrence of incursions. The predictability of illegal fishing in space and time facilitates the optimization of patrol effort. Repeat offenders are common in the Park and we suggest that unenforced regulations and weak governance are partly to blame. We provide recommendations for efficient distribution of patrol effort in space and time, establishing adequate governance and policy, and designing marine protected areas to improve compliance. Our methods and recommendations are applicable to other protected areas and managed natural resources.
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León-León, Giselle. "¿PUEDE EL BURNOUT AFECTAR AL ESTUDIANTADO UNIVERSITARIO?. CAN BURNOUT AFFECT THE UNIVERSITY’S STUDENTS?" Revista Electrónica Calidad en la Educación Superior 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2013): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/caes.v4i1.457.
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En este artículo se explica cómo los estudiantes, en su proceso de formación universitaria, pueden ser afectados por el Síndrome de Burnout, el cual se presenta como una manifestación del estrés crónico, producto de las condiciones psicológicas y sociales del proceso de formación, las cuales pueden desencadenar actitudes y sentimientos negativos que afectan su desempeño y la percepción de la carrera. El estudio se llevó a cabo con la colaboración de 20 estudiantes de segundo nivel de una carrera de enseñanza de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. La información fue recopilada mediante la aplicación del test de Maslach, adaptado especialmente para la muestra estudiada y por medio de una serie de preguntas abiertas. Ambos instrumentos permitieron identificar el nivel de Burnout estudiantil y algunos de los factores que influyen en su manifestación, respectivamente. Entre los resultados, es importante notar que los estudiantes se ven afectados por cansancio emocional, relacionado con factores curriculares y sociales, generados por el estrés (sobrecarga académica, acceso a la tecnología, mediación docente en el aula, doble rol).Palabras clave: Síndrome de Burnout, estudiantes, formación universitaria, factores.AbstractThis article explains how students in their university training process can be affected by the burnout syndrome, which is presented as a manifestation of chronic stress, resulting from psychological and social conditions of the training process, which can trigger negative attitudes and feelings affect their performance and perception of race. The study was carried out with the collaboration of 20 students from second level of a teaching career at the National University of Costa Rica. The information was collected by applying the test of Maslach, adapted especially for the study sample and through a series of open questions. Both tools helped identify the level of student burnout and some of the factors that influence their expression, respectively. Among the results, it is important to note that students are affected by emotional exhaustion, related to curricular and social factors, generated by stress (academic overload, access to technology in the classroom teaching mediation, double role).Keywords: The Burnout Syndrome, students, university training, factors.
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Perdomo-Argüello, Francisco J., Estelina Ortega-Gómez, Purificación Galindo-Villardón, Víctor Leiva, and Purificación Vicente-Galindo. "STATIS multivariate three-way method for evaluating quality of life after corneal surgery: Methodology and case study in Costa Rica." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 20, no. 4 (2022): 6110–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023264.
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<abstract><p>Vision-related quality of life (QoL) analyzes the visual function concerning individual well-being based on activity and social participation. Because QoL is a multivariate construct, a multivariate statistical method must be used to analyze this construct. In this paper, we present a methodology based on STATIS multivariate three-way methods to assess the real change in vision-related QoL for myopic patients by comparing their conditions before and after corneal surgery. We conduct a case study in Costa Rica to detect the outcomes of patients referred for myopia that underwent refractive surgery. We consider a descriptive, observational and prospective study. We utilize the NEI VFQ-25 instrument to measure the vision-related QoL in five different stages over three months. After applying this instrument/questionnaire, a statistically significant difference was detected between the perceived QoL levels. In addition, strong correlations were identified with highly similar structures ranging from 0.857 to 0.940. The application of the dual STATIS method found the non-existence of reconceptualization in myopic patients, but a statistically significant recalibration was identified. Furthermore, a real change was observed in all patients after surgery. This finding has not been stated previously due to the limitations of the existing statistical tools. We demonstrated that dual STATIS is a multivariate method capable of evaluating vision-related QoL data and detecting changes in recalibration and reconceptualization.</p></abstract>
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Fluhrer, Tanja, Fernando Chapa, and Jochen Hack. "A Methodology for Assessing the Implementation Potential for Retrofitted and Multifunctional Urban Green Infrastructure in Public Areas of the Global South." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010384.
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Urban green infrastructure (UGI) provides multiple functions that combine ecological and social benefits. UGI is being increasingly promoted and implemented in the Global North. In other parts of the world, such as in the Global South, infrastructures for UGI implementation and promotion are sparse. The state of infrastructure development and informal settlements in the Global South present different constraints and demands that should be explicitly addressed. This study presents an approach to addressing the specific conditions and physical limitations of UGI development in urban areas of the Global South. A four-step methodology was developed to assess the implementation potential for retrofitted and multifunctional urban green infrastructure in public areas. This methodology consists of (1) an initial site analysis, (2) defining design criteria and general strategies, (3) exploring the different dimensions of multifunctionality as the basis for deriving spatial typologies, and (4) assessing spatial suitability for potential placements for UGI elements. The methodology was applied to a study area in the metropolitan region of San José, Costa Rica. The results indicate the potential to improve the hydrological (up to 34% of surface runoff reduction), ecological (an increase of green space by 2.2%, creation of 1500 m length of roadside greenery and two new habitat types), and social conditions (2200 m of road type upgrading) of the site through UGIs. This assessment of different multifunctionality dimensions can serve as a guide for future UGI promotion and implementation in urban areas of the Global South.
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Kostiuk, Ruslan. "Social-reformist Experiments in Latin America during the Cold War." Latin-american Historical Almanac 31, no. 1 (August 26, 2021): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2021-31-1-83-105.
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The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of the practical policy of Latin American national reformism and social reformism during the Cold War. The author shows that the political and ideological gamut of the non-communist left movement in Latin America in the bipolar period was very wide. Specifically in this scientific article, the author refers to examples of the exercise of power by different directions of the socialist movement in the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Panama, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Peru, Chile. The author shows the existing connections between Latin American national reformism and the Socialist International and at that time comes to the conclusion that the ideology and practice of Latin American social democracy during the Cold War had a special, specific character. The common features characteristics of both the ideological project and the practical policy of the social reformist forces in the period under review were a commitment to political transformations, the expansion of social and political rights of citizens, the strengthening of the state and public sector in the economy, the priority of social policy, an anti-oligarchic strategy, a focus on a fair agrarian reform, anti-imperialism and the desire to defend national independence in foreign policy. In some cases (Nicaragua, Panama, Chile), the nature of social-economic transformations went beyond the framework of classical social reformism and had a revolutionary democratic content. The results of the center-left experiments in Latin American countries during the Cold War have varied, but by the 1990s most of them had failed. This is largely due to the fact that in the specific historical conditions of Latin American countries, national reformism in power led to the development of authoritarian and personalist tendencies, an increase in corruption and bureaucracy, attempts to merge the party and state apparatus.
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Wang, Zhijun, Sara W. Erasmus, and Saskia M. van Ruth. "Preliminary Study on Tracing the Origin and Exploring the Relations between Growing Conditions and Isotopic and Elemental Fingerprints of Organic and Conventional Cavendish Bananas (Musa spp.)." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051021.
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The stable isotopic ratios and elemental compositions of 120 banana samples, Musa spp. (AAA Group, Cavendish Subgroup) cultivar Williams, collected from six countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica Republic, Ecuador, Panama, Peru), were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Growing conditions like altitude, temperature, rainfall and production system (organic or conventional cultivation) were obtained from the sampling farms. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed separation of the farms based on geographical origin and production system. The results showed a significant difference in the stable isotopic ratios (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O) and elemental compositions (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb) of the pulp and peel samples. Furthermore, δ15N was found to be a good marker for organically produced bananas. A correlation analysis was conducted to show the linkage of growing conditions and compositional attributes. The δ13C of pulp and peel were mainly negatively correlated with the rainfall, while δ18O was moderately positively (R values ~0.5) correlated with altitude and temperature. A moderate correlation was also found between temperature and elements such as Ba, Fe, Mn, Ni and Sr in the pulp and peel samples. The PCA results and correlation analysis suggested that the differences of banana compositions were combined effects of geographical factors and production systems. Ultimately, the findings contribute towards understanding the compositional differences of bananas due to different growing conditions and production systems linked to a defined origin; thereby offering a tool to support the traceability of commercial fruits.
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Artavia-Aguilar, Cindy Vanessa, and Luis Roberto Campos-Hernandez. "Diversidad: Una mirada desde las concepciones del colectivo profesional en orientación. Retos y desafíos." Revista Electrónica Educare 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ree.20-3.22.
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Social changes and new world paradigms require reflection on professional interventions in an increasingly diverse context. The analysis of the theory and practice of professional work in Guidance becomes a priority constant. This research aims to collect conceptions built on the diversity concept by a group of counselors during their professional excersice and from their experiences in the Costa Rican Education System and the research also tries to define the interventions and professional conditions necessary to meet diversity, as a concept, from the discipline. The research has a qualitative approach; it was performed with 10 professionals in Guidance of the Costa Rican Education System. They were selected by convenience and were interviewed using an open question questionnaire. The information obtained was systematized and presented in three categories related to analysis matrices: diversity concept, diversity in Counseling professional intervention and proposals and conditions to approach diversity from the discipline. The main findings focus on the reflection of professional work in developing the concept diversity as a socio-personal construct, the interventions rooted in daily practice and professional features to address diversity that are related to knowledge, sensitivity, innovation , flexibility, professional ethics and vocation.
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Durán Sosa, R., and R. Alexandre Castanho. "Methodological development for teaching environmental management within the framework of the university research and teaching project in the Central of Heredia (March to September 2020), Costa Rica. A preliminary study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 900, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/900/1/012041.
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Abstract In January 2020, the “Urban and social reconfiguration project of Heredia, and youth population, 1985-2020” starts its operations. Its objective is to analyze the urban capacities for social life, and the imprint of young people has developed between 1985 to 2020 in Heredia. Thus, to achieve the proposed goals, a methodology is established that joins research and teaching areas. Consequences of institutional policies impact this methodology to come from a national emergency of Covid-19, which causes the substantial methodological changes of the project. This preliminary study aims to communicate the methodological challenges in teaching environmental management in the current context. The method is interviews applied to students and academics participating in the project, consultation of secondary sources, records, databases, institutional reports, and observation of areas representing a less epidemiological risk to researchers. The conclusions of this experience are the following: (i) changes in the techniques of the methods and tools used in science; (ii) resilience of academic staff to take on extra hours; development of new learning technologies; and (iii) approach to the pedagogical discussion related to the project in the current conditions, which it makes a solid and enriching panorama for academic issues.
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Vargas-Cubero, Ana Lorena, and Gabriela Villalobos-Torres. "El uso de plataformas virtuales y su impacto en el proceso de aprendizaje en las asignaturas de las carreras de Criminología y Ciencias Policiales, de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica." Revista Electrónica Educare 22, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ree.22-1.2.
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The objective of this study is to determine how the use of Moodle online educational platform helps students of Criminology and Police Sciences to learn. A high percentage of the students from these majors work and study facing adverse conditions. Improvements in mediation, variety of resources, and autonomous learning may turn into meaningful learning opportunities for students. The methodology of this study is based on a quantitative approach by means of a sample survey. A nineteen-item semi-structured questionnaire was administered to fifty students to explore aspects related to working order, academic performance, and online course mediation. Forty-one out of fifty participants responded evaluating two courses from the Cátedra de Ambiente, Política y Sociedad [Chair of Environment, Politics, and Society] and three courses from the Cátedra de Trabajo Social [Chair of Social Work] that were offered during the first quarter of 2016. The gathered information was tabulated to facilitate its analysis. The results indicate that the use of online platforms and technology can be used to improve meaningful learning. However, the resources do not have an incidence without well-structured courses, resources, and the appropriate mediation from instructors.
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Smith, Carolyn E., and Maren Oelbermann. "Climate Change Perception and Adaptation in a Remote Costa Rican Agricultural Community." Open Agriculture Journal 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2010): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010072.
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Current agroecosystem management practices in tropical latitudes may not be an economically feasible and an effective long-term adaptation strategy to climate change. As such, implementing, improving and refining sustainable land management practices may be a more effective adaptation strategy. This study determined the perception and knowledge of climate change by landowners in a remote Costa Rican agricultural community, and evaluated the type of sustainable agricultural practices currently implemented and how such practices could also serve as a climate change adaptation strategy. Based on this information, recommendations for successful adaptation applicable to other communities were also discussed. This study showed that community members observed changes in local weather patterns over the past decade, which paralleled changes in the distribution patterns of vegetation and wildlife. Results also showed that community members had a good understanding of climate change and its potential impact(s) on agricultural production. Community members were continually striving to implement long-term sustainable agroecosystem management practices to maintain productivity, integrity and agroecosystem resilience while also meeting economic and socioecological needs. For example, implementing seedbanks helped to improve the quality of crops and provided a source of seeds adapted to current climate conditions. Other adaptation strategies included agroforestry for soil and water conservation and as a source of fruits, nuts and forage for people and livestock. The use of livestock nutritional supplements to offset low-quality forage during the now more intense dry season, compared to previous dry seasons, were also used as an adaptation strategy. An affiliation with social networks to help access resources and implement sustainable agriculture and climate change adaptation strategies were essential in this community. Based on surveys with community members, this study developed a 3- stage plan for developing successful adaptation programs for application in other small agricultural communities in tropical latitudes.
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Tesfaiie, L. A. "Effectiveness of political leadership in the conditions of presidential and semi-presidential democratic republics: dynamics of main indicators." Ukrainian Society 79, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2021.04.154.
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The purpose of the study is to provide a comparative analysis of democratic leadership effectiveness in the relatively large presidential and semi-presidential countries of the world. Providing powerful political leadership is the essential task for presidents and institutions of the presidency in presidential and semi-presidential democratic republics. Countries with presidential and semi-presidential systems of government should be combined under the term “countries (states) with the executive presidency or presidential states (countries)” that reflects their common feature, namely: critical role of the institution of the presidency. Two main indicators of political leadership effectiveness in democratic states are the EIU’s Democracy Index (DI) and comparable GDP (PPP) per capita that reflect the current situation and comparative dynamics in the political and economic fields of societal development. The United States confidently hold economic leadership in the group of polities with an executive presidency, but the DI in this country during the last 15 years has steadily declined. In the subgroup of presidential republics, three Latin American states – Uruguay, Chile and Costa Rica – have noticeably outranked the United States (and South Korea) by the EIU’s DI. The experience of Chile deserves attention: there had been a dramatic upsurge of social unrest in late 2019, but the Chilean president, Sebastián Piñera, and his government took the political initiative and led the process of changing the constitution successfully. In 2020 the semi-presidential Republic of China (Taiwan) had been the absolute leader in political development and economic growth among the states with an executive presidency. The president, Tsai Ing-wen, played a crucial role in implementing and realizing democratic leadership there. Lithuania is the apparent leader in democracy and economic improvement among the European semi-presidential states during the last two decades. The next research of the author in this direction will be devoted to the comparative institutional analysis of the presidency functioning in the United States and Ukraine as the sample countries with presidential and semi-presidential systems of government systems respectively at the present stage of development.
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Sojo, Ana. "Social policies in Costa Rica." CEPAL Review 1989, no. 38 (October 3, 1989): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/430676ca-en.
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Reyes-Díaz, Michael, Ana Celly, Cinta Folch, Nicolas Lorente, Valeria Stuardo, Maria Amelia Veras, Henrique Barros, et al. "Latin American Internet Survey for Men who have Sex with Men (LAMIS-2018): Design, methods and implementation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): e0277518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277518.
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Despite men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) from Latin America (LA) are still a vulnerable population for known health-related conditions and social problems, availability of comparable data across LA countries for assessment and monitoring purposes is limited. The objective of this article is to present the study design and the questionnaire of LAMIS-2018 (Latin America MSM Internet Survey), its recruitment strategy, rates and sources by country, and the lessons learned from its implementation. LAMIS-2018 was a cross-sectional, internet-based survey targeting MSM living in 18 LA countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela) that gathered data about sexual behaviors, HIV/STI and viral hepatitis knowledge, prophylactic use of antiretrovirals, psychosocial health, and access to sexual health services. The survey went online for four months and was available in three languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch). Promotion was carried out using dating apps, websites, social networks, and by community-based and academic organizations of each participating country directly in gay venues and in their own premises. Overall, 64,655 MSM participated in LAMIS-2018. Dating apps and websites were the most important recruitment source in most countries, except for Honduras, Nicaragua, and Suriname, where community-based organizations recruited most of the participants. Beyond the LAMIS-2018 implementation description, we highlight the feasibility of such a study in this context, based on the collaboration between community-based and academic organizations to obtain a large sample of MSM in the region. LAMIS-2018 data will contribute to identify determinants of risk behaviors and prevention needs of vulnerable MSM populations in each country of the region.
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González-Mendoza, Julio Alfonso, and Marlen Del Socorro Fonseca-Vigoya. "Cadena de Valor Turismo de Salud del Área Metropolitana de Cúcuta." Respuestas 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.632.
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Antecedentes: La economía colombiana, se ha caracterizado por una amplia apertura y libre mercado, tanto que hoy tiene tratados comerciales con los bloques más importantes del mundo. Esta característica exige tener unas condiciones de alta competitividad y diversificación, por lo que los Gobiernos nacional y regional intentan impulsar algunos sectores que tradicionalmente han sido inexplotados como el turismo y específicamente el Turismo de Salud, con el fin de convertirlo en un sector de clase mundial, que coadyuve a generar fuentes de riqueza, empleo y diversificación de la economía. El Turismo Médico es un sector que cada día toma mayor fuerza y credibilidad y en algunos países como Singapur, Malasia o Costa Rica constituyen un aporte importante al PIB. Objetivo: Describir la cadena de valor de sector Turismo de Salud, del Área de Cúcuta, determinar sus ventajas y desventajas y proponer estrategias que permitan su desarrollo como alternativa económica para la zona de frontera. Método: Documental y cuantitativo, enfocado en los actores del subsector, con especial énfasis en las Instituciones Prestadoras de Salud, y teniendo como teorías fundamentales, la Cadena de Valor y el Diamante de Porter. Resultados: La región cuenta con la infraestructura, una posición geoestratégica y las condiciones sociales y económicas necesarias, para lograr el surgimiento del subsector,aunque para lograrlo se requiere, principalmente, que las instituciones de salud logren acreditaciones internacionales, sus trabajadores tengan un buen nivel de bilingüismo y se desarrolle una adecuada estrategia de mercadeo y de articulación entre actores del sistema. Conclusiones: Existen las condiciones necesarias para que el turismo de salud se convierta en una alternativa económica viable, siendo necesario diseñar políticas y estrategias dirigidas a la articulación de los actores, el mejoramiento de la infraestructura, la capacitación del recurso humano y la certificación de calidad de las instituciones prestadoras de salud.Abstract Background: The Colombian economy has been characterized by a wide open free market, including current agreements with major trade blocs in the world. This feature requires high competitiveness and diversification conditions, thus national and regional governments must try to promote some sectors that have traditionally been unexploited such as Health Tourism, in order to make it become a world-class industry that contributes to generate economic wealth, employment and diversification of the economy. Health tourism is a growing industry in countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Costa Rica, making an important contribution to the GPD. Objective: To establish the chain value in Health Tourism in the Cúcuta area, determining its advantages and disadvantages and proposing strategies for its development as an economic alternative to the border area. Method: Documental and quantitative, focused on Health Provider Institutions, with chain value and porter diamond as fundamental theories. Results: The results indicate that the region has the necessary infrastructure, a geostrategic position and the social and economic conditions that favor the emergence of the sector. It is necessary for the health institutions to obtain international accreditation, bilingual skills of the employees, and an adequate marketing strategy and articulation between the actors of the system. Conclusions: There are conditions for development of health tourism as a viable economic alternative. Design of policies, infrastructure improvement, human resource training, and quality certification of health institutions are necessary.Palabras Clave: Alternativa económica, Cadena de Valor, Norte de Santander, Turismo de Salud.
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Sarafanova, A. G., and A. A. Sarafanov. "TOURISM INDUSTRY AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: IMPACT AND CONSEQUENCES." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 7, no. 201 (July 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-7-201-49-60.
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The study aims to explore the relationship between the pandemic and the tourism industry. The emergence of infectious diseases is one of the consequences of tourism and mobility of citizens. The article examines the scientific research of foreign authors on the impact of epidemiological diseases on the tourism industry. The pricing strategies of travel companies caused by the policy of curbing the spread of coronavirus infection are analyzed. The authors cite some forms of adaptation of the tourism industry to the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic (in such countries as Costa Rica, Jamaica, the Republic of Fiji, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Israel, Japan, the UAE, China). A statistical analysis of the tourism development in the Russian Federation (the number of incoming and outgoing tourists, the number of hotels and similar accommodation facilities) was carried out. The COVID-19 pandemic has reoriented the outbound tourist flow to domestic destinations. The advantages of developing domestic trips in comparison with international ones regarding their role in the economic development of regions are presented. The pandemic has led to an inevitable surge in the use of digital technologies due to the norms of social distancing and nationwide restrictions. One of the most popular forms of technological applications in the tourism industry is virtual reality. The use of virtual reality can contribute to the creation of a new, more sustainable model of tourism. The article presents four scenarios for the recovery of world tourism, developed by the McKinsey Global Institute and the Oxford Institute of Economic Policy (Oxford Economics). The authors identified priority areas of transformation of the tourism industry in the post-pandemic period, including at the technological level.
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Harpelle, Ronald N. "The Social and Political Integration of West Indians in Costa Rica: 1930–50." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 1 (February 1993): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00000389.
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People of African descent in Costa Rica form a marginalised and geographically concentrated minority group. The limited interest that academics have shown towards people of African descent is a reflection of their position in Costa Rican society. National histories consistently ignore the contributions of West Indian immigrants to the economic and social development of modern Costa Rica. Moreover, the existing literature on people of African descent in Costa Rica fails to document properly West Indians' efforts to integrate into Hispanic society. As a result, several misconceptions continue to exist about the evolution of the West Indian community in Costa Rica.
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Esquivel, Freddy. "Neoliberalismo en Costa Rica:." Cátedra Paralela, no. 9 (June 30, 2021): 76–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cp.vi9.104.
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El presente artículo expone algunas de las principales repercusiones en la “cuestión social” en Costa Rica a partir de la puesta en práctica de los planteamientos neoliberales durante el siglo XX. Se destaca el deterioro de las condiciones de reproducción material de una amplia población, así como el debilitamiento de ciertas formas de organización y representación política que caracterizó las luchas sociales de ese país.
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Narváez, Benjamín N. "Re-envisioning Caribbean Costa Rica." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 95, no. 1-2 (March 30, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-bja10005.
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Abstract While West Indians constituted a much larger immigrant group in the port of Limón, Costa Rica and its environs, Chinese also migrated there during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In hopes of maintaining their culture and in response to the prejudice they faced, both groups formed their own tightknit transnational subcommunities. Nevertheless, they also interacted with each other. These interactions ranged from tension and conflict on the one hand, to routine, peaceful interaction and even collaboration on the other. In particular, class differences and the marginalization these groups experienced combined to produce this complex relationship. Tension and conflict often emerged due to both sides hoping to move up the social ladder and because of the economic power that many Chinese held as shopkeepers and lenders. Nevertheless, as groups experiencing social marginalization and living in proximity to each other, they could develop neutral or positive social and economic relationships.
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Zamora Zamora, Carlos Alberto. "El primer seguro social de Costa Rica." Diálogos Revista Electrónica 9 (January 20, 2008): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/dre.v9i0.31153.
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Durante la primera parte del siglo XIX Costa Rica pasó de ser Provincia del Reino de Guatemala,a Estado de la Federación Centroamericana y, finalmente República independiente. BraulioCarrillo fue una figura dominante de esta trasformación. Estos cambios políticos impulsaron lasideas de desarrollo nacional para lo cual era necesario estimular el comercio internacional. Estatrasformación puso de manifiesto la necesidad de mejorar la infraestructura vial, concretamentela construcción de un camino desde el interior del país hacia el Caribe. El gobierno propuso en1839 el proyecto de construcción de “El Camino a Matina”, lugar cercano al Puerto de Moín,iniciando su construcción en 1840. Las malas condiciones ambientales produjeron estragos enla salud de los trabajadores lo que condujo a la creación de un sistema para atender a quienesenfermaban. Este reporte analiza la creación de este modelo de atención sanitaria exclusivopara los trabajadores de El Camino a Matina cuyos elementos de obligatoriedad, prepago,financiamiento compartido, riesgos laborales y prestaciones en dinero le dan características deun seguro social rudimentario. Los hechos relatados revisten interés ya que ocurrieron variasdécadas antes del surgimiento de los seguros sociales en Alemania.
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Otterstrom, Samuel M., Sarah M. Otterstrom, Amy Kimball Engar, Sarah Udall, and Thomas A. Robins. "Comparative Nicaraguan Migrant and Non-Migrant Experiences in the Early Twenty-First Century." Social Sciences 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100355.
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This paper examines the circumstances in which Nicaraguan migrants to Costa Rica found themselves and the situations of families in Nicaragua who had household members who had moved to Costa Rica from the late 1990s to 2012. Through surveys and interviews conducted in both Nicaragua and Costa Rica, this paper peers into the immigrant experience of Nicaraguans in Costa Rica and explores such issues as does time in Costa Rica improve the immigrant situation, how competitive were immigrants’ wages compared to those of their home country of Nicaragua, and what percentage of immigrants would send remittances home. The background literature written on the topics of central American migration, chain migration, push and pull factors, and remittances help contextualize the findings of this study. This paper also includes a consideration of how social or trust networks may relate to migrants’ tendency to send remittances. The analysis of the data collected yielded findings such as a small correlation between an immigrant’s salary and the amount of time the immigrant stayed at his or her job, a six times greater wage earned by Nicaraguan immigrants in Costa Rica than the average Nicaraguan wage, and a lower percentage of immigrants sending remittances back to Nicaragua than one might expect, from responses of both Nicaraguan migrants and non-migrants.
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Junkins, Richard J. "Historical Sources in Costa Rica." Latin American Research Review 23, no. 3 (1988): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100022470.
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Costa Rica has received greater attention from scholars in recent years than in the past. The nation's relative tranquility and stability compared with its neighbors continue to attract the attention of historians and social scientists seeking explanations for Costa Rican exceptionalism. The following summary of the main domestic sources of materials for studying the history of Costa Rica is presented in the hope of encouraging further research.
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Berhorst, Anja. "Evaluationskultur in Costa Rica." Zeitschrift für Evaluation 18, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31244/zfe.2019.02.08.
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Gilliland, Nancy, and Lillyana Picado E. "Elder Abuse in Costa Rica." Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect 12, no. 1 (July 31, 2000): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j084v12n01_08.
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Stough, Laura M., and Ana Ruth Aguirre-Roy. "Learning Disabilities in Costa Rica." Journal of Learning Disabilities 30, no. 5 (September 1997): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002221949703000513.
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Herrera, Bernal Rodríguez, Federico Chinchilla Miranda, and Laura J. May Collado. "Lista de especies, endemismo y conservación de los mamíferos de Costa Rica." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2002.6.1.104.
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Abstract: The geographical position of Costa Rica has historically played an important role in the composition and diversity of our mammalian fauna, consisting of species originating both in the Neartic and Neotropical regions. Based on published data, new descriptions and reports, we here present an updated list of all terrestrial and aquatic Costa Rican mammals. We summarize available information on their status, and present our concerns regarding those species with populations under alarming conditions. The mammalian fauna of Costa Rica is mainly Neotropical. A total of 238 species, grouped in 140 genera and 44 families, were documented. The order Chiroptera is the most diverse, followed by Rodentia, Cetacea, and Carnivora. About 7% of the species are endemic to Costa Rica (or Costa Rica-Nicaragua, Costa Rica-Panamá). Unfortunately, despite of all the efforts to protect our fauna and flora, threat to Costa Rican mammals is increasing, and a number of species have gone, and are going extinct. As in most other areas, habitat loss, both in terrestrial and coastal ecosystems, poses the greatest threat to mammalian diversity of Costa Rica. Other factors, such as poaching, inappropriate gear used in fisheries, and other human exploitation are also threatening mammal populations in Costa Rica. Future conservation efforts should focus on more detailed conservation and management strategies, particularly of large mammals (e.g. monkeys, felids).Key words: Costa Rica, species richness, mammals, conservation, endemism.
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Acuña, Carlos. "Cuidados Paliativos en Costa Rica." Revista Terapéutica 11, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33967/rt.v11i2.60.
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En Costa Rica, durante las tres últimas décadas se ha logrado desarrollar diversosprogramas de cuidados paliativos tanto a nivel público como privado, dentro de laSeguridad Social como a través de organizaciones no gubernamentales sin fines delucro, respectivamente; siendo considerada dentro del grupo de países con mayordesarrollo alcanzado en Latinoamérica. Se cuenta con legislatura en la materia desdeel año 1994, mediante la resolución de un recurso de amparo presentado ante la SalaConstitucional, que garantiza el derecho a los Cuidados Paliativos para los habitantesdel territorio nacional. Asimismo, se han aprobado otras leyes tales como: la Ley8600 de beneficios para los responsables de pacientes en fase terminal, siendo elúnico país latinoamericano con esta legislatura. Además, desde el año 2008 existeun Consejo Nacional de Cuidados Paliativos, integrado por representantes titularesy suplentes de los actores sociales de organizaciones que tienen relación con losCuidados Paliativos, y tiene como función asesorar al Estado en materia de CuidadosPaliativos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar el desarrollo histórico de loscuidados paliativos en Costa Rica.
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Rojas Noskova, Kira. "Costa Rica y el Brexit." Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/peds.5-1.1.
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El objetivo del artículo es generar una reflexión sobre los efectos de la ya materializada salida de Reino Unido de la Unión Europea (UE) en las relaciones comerciales de Costa Rica. El abordaje del fenómeno se realiza desde la perspectiva de las teorías de la interdependencia compleja y del realismo periférico. A su vez, brinda una mirada a las derivaciones sociales de esta decisión, cuyas consecuencias pueden ser estudiadas desde múltiples aristas. Metodológicamente, se emplea la técnica de revisión bibliográfica de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Entre los hallazgos encontrados, se obtiene que el comercio entre Costa Rica y Reino Unido mantiene la balanza comercial a favor del primero y que se deben redoblar esfuerzos para mejorar la oferta exportable con productos de mayor valor agregado. En el ámbito económico, se concluye que el Brexit no amenaza la estabilidad de la economía costarricense, sino que ofrece oportunidades para fortalecer las relaciones entre ambos países a través de los instrumentos comerciales disponiblesy de la cooperación. En el ámbito social, es un fenómeno del cual se deben aprender lecciones importantes para el desarrollo de políticas conjuntas, con el fin de mejorar los procesos de integración.
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Hespenheide, Henry. "A Review of Philenis Champion, 1906 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae), with Descriptions of New Species from Central and South America." Diversity 10, no. 3 (August 8, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10030084.
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A brief review of the history of the taxonomic treatment of the genus Philenis Champion is presented and characters are discussed. Philenisflavipes Champion and P.fuscofemorata Champion, and 11 new species are described, including the first records from South America: P.anzaldoinewspecies (Costa Rica, Panamá), P.costaricensisnew species (Costa Rica), P.laselvaensisnew species (Costa Rica), P.auritibiaenew species (Costa Rica), P.brunneanew species (Costa Rica, Panamá), P.muscamimeticanewspecies (Panamá), P.chiriquiensisnew species (Panamá), P.guyanensisnew species (French Guiana), P.ferrugineanew species (Ecuador), P.howdeninew species (Ecuador), and P.kuschelinewspecies (Colombia, Ecuador). A key is provided to separate the species, and an unusual type of “multifurcate” scale is reported for some species. Two species have been associated with plants of the family Araceae. Most collections of this genus by the Arthropods of La Selva (ALAS) biodiversity project in Costa Rica were made by passive trapping methods during the dry season and at lower to middle elevations along an altitudinal transect on the slopes of Volcan Barva. The coloration of some species in the genus is hypothesized to mimic social Hymenoptera or flies.
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Wherry, Frederick. "Trading Impressions: Evidence from Costa Rica." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 610, no. 1 (March 2007): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716206296818.
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Muñoz Guillén, Mercedes. "David Díaz Arias. 2015. Crisis social y memorias en lucha: guerra civil en Costa Rica, 1940-1948. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica." Diálogos Revista Electrónica 16 (November 25, 2015): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/dre.v0i0.22014.
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Arguedas Abarca, María Fernanda. "ECONOMÍA POPULAR Y ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL." Revista de Ciencias Sociales, no. 168 (September 24, 2020): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rcs.v0i168.43966.
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López, Róger. "Laboratorio de Nematología, Escuela de Fitotecnia, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica." Agronomía Mesoamericana 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v8i2.24672.
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Meloidogyne incognita failed to reproduce on the weeds Lantana camara, Melampodium divaricatum, Bidens pilosa, Lepidium virginicum, and Tagetes filifolia under greenhouse conditions. Reproduction on Asclepias curassavica, Acmella oppositifolia, T. microglossa, and T. jalisciensis was poor. Root galling on a successive tomato crop was severe in pots previously planted with T. jalisciensis, moderately severe after T. microglossa and A. oppositifolia, light after T. filifolia and B. pilosa, and with no galling following A. curassavica, L. camara, M. divaricatum and L. virginicum.