Relevant bibliographies by topics / Costs and revenues

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Costs and revenues'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Costs and revenues"

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Litman, Todd. "Using Road Pricing Revenue: Economic Efficiency and Equity Considerations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1558, no. 1 (1996): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155800104.

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Issues of economic efficiency, equity, external costs, and political feasibility as they can help determine the distribution of road pricing revenue are examined. Economic efficiency requires only that revenue be used to benefit society and that it not be refunded to users in proportion to how much they have paid. Efficiency does not require that revenue be dedicated to transportation programs. Horizontal equity implies that revenues should be returned to vehicle users as a class but only after external costs are compensated. Because most estimates of motor vehicle external costs are larger than the expected revenue of road-pricing proposals, the horizontal equity justification for returning revenues to drivers is reduced or eliminated. Vertical equity requires that revenues benefit low-income drivers as a class at least as much as the costs they bear and that disadvantaged residents (including nondrivers) benefit overall. Current conventional thinking is that revenues must be dedicated to transportation improvements to be politically feasible, but some analyses indicate that alternative distributions that include broad tax reductions or financial rebates benefit the largest number of citizens and therefore may be more politically popular.
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Střeleček, F., and P. Kollar. "Searching the proportional level of operating costs – specification of the minimum volume of production." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 3 (2012): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5457-agricecon.

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This article concerns the topic of various types of costs and refers to relations between them. It also solves relations between costs and the output in in-kind units, between costs and revenues (in financial units), between the unit price and the sale profit. The article also describes two possibilities how to find the break-even point: one way is to compare the dynamics of revenues and costs, the second one is to compare actual and expected variable costs. The article also suggests the way how to find the break-even point using cost-revenue ratio indicators.
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Adkins, Roger, and Dean Paxson. "Renewing Assets with Uncertain Revenues and Operating Costs." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 46, no. 3 (2010): 785–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109010000815.

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AbstractWe study optimal replacement and abandonment decisions for real assets, when both revenues and costs are uncertain and deteriorate with age. We develop an implicit representation of the renewal boundary as the solution to a set of simultaneous equations. This quasi-analytical method has the merit of computational ease and transparency. We show that the correlation between revenues and operating costs has a significant influence on the renewal boundary, and that the increase in revenue immediately following a renewal has a greater relative influence on the boundary than either operating cost or renewal cost. The quasi-analytical method is sufficiently flexible to deal with other real option models involving 2 variables.
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Bachas, Pierre, and Mauricio Soto. "Corporate Taxation under Weak Enforcement." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 4 (2021): 36–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180564.

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How should developing countries tax corporate income? We study this question in Costa Rica, where firms face higher average tax rates on profits when revenues marginally increase. We combine discontinuity and bunching designs to estimate the elasticity of taxable profit and separate it into revenue and cost elasticities. We find that firms faced with a higher tax rate slightly reduce revenues but considerably increase costs, thus producing a large elasticity of taxable profit of 3–5. In this context, the revenue-maximizing rate for a corporate tax on profit is below 25 percent, and we show that a tax policy that broadens the base while lowering the rate can almost double the tax revenue collected from these firms. (JEL D22, H25, H26, H32, K34, L25, O23)
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Becker, Peter, E. M. (Ted) Bilek, Terry Cunningham, et al. "Economics of Coharvesting Smallwood by Chainsaw and Skidder for Crop Tree Management in Missouri." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 4 (2011): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/28.4.214.

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Abstract Forest improvement harvests using individual-tree and group selection were conducted in four oak or oak-hickory stands in the Missouri Ozarks with conventional equipment (chainsaw and skidder). Volumes (and revenues) for different timber classes (sawlogs and smallwood from topwood and small trees) and hours of machine use were recorded to calculate production rates. Multiplying these by estimated hourly machine costs and adding loading and transportation costs plus stumpage yielded harvest plus delivery costs. Loggers kept machine costs low by operating old equipment with low capital costs and by owner servicing. Coharvesting of sawlogs and smallwood provided $240‐$340/person-day in net operating revenues to loggers. Smallwood harvest yielded positive net revenues because loggers paid little or nothing for this material. Nevertheless, loggers could continue to generate positive net operating revenues if they paid a modest fee of $4‐$5/ton for smallwood (as occurred in a subsequent salvage harvest). The cost of implementing best management practices (water bars and other erosion-control structures) with a skidder was affordable (≤2% of logger's net operating revenue). Overall, the results supported crop tree management as a financially rational alternative across a variety of sites and showed that smallwood harvest does not always require subsidy.
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Rahmah, Naili, Hari Kaskoyo, Sumaryo Gito Saputro, and Wahyu Hidayat. "Cost Analysis of Furniture Production: A Case Study at Mebel Barokah 3, Marga Agung Village, Lampung Selatan." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 8, no. 2 (2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl28207-217.

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Analysis of production costs and revenues is important to reduce the risk of financial losses and increase company profits. The results of this analysis can be used as a reference in determining policies that can determine the direction of company development. However, many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have not done a cost and revenue analysis, which can affect the company's sustainability in the future. The objective of this study was to analyze the total production costs and revenues of an SME in a one-year production period (August 2018 – July 2019). The study was conducted by calculating fixed costs and variable costs at Mebel Barokah 3, an SME that produces furniture based on orders. The total revenue, revenue-cost ratio (R/C), and the break even pont (BEP) were also calculated. The results showed that the total production cost was IDR 455.855.730/year and the total revenue was IDR 89.794.270/year. The value R/C reached 1,19 and the value of BEP reached IDR 211.644.908/year. The values indicated that this business was economically profitable and reached BEP at the sales of IDR 211.644.908/year. The company should consider the costs incurred, improve work efficiency, and expand the market to achieve business sustainability in the future.Keywords: furniture, income, production costs, revenue, small and medium-sized enterprise
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Corrêa, Uellington, Gideon Carvalho de Benedicto, Francisval de Melo Carvalho, Renato Silvério Campos, Marcos Aurélio Lopes, and Bruna Pontara Vilas Boas Ribeiro. "Study of costs and revenue from the production and practice laboratories of the Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Minas Gerais - Campus Bambuí." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 40, no. 3 (2016): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016403031915.

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ABSTRACT The management of costs is used as a performance indicator by private companies in various sectors and, more recently, in public institutions, which offer free products and services to society. This article aimed to analyze the costs and revenues generated from the Production and Practice Labs (PPL) of Dairy Cattle and Dairy Products Processing from IFMG Campus Bambuí, to check the contribution of the revenues generated by these laboratories in reducing dependence on federal funds used to support these activities. The study was delimited with an investigation of the time series monthly revenues, costs and expenses of PPL analyzed from January 2012 to June 2014. The methodology used to determine the costs of Dairy Cattle production, was the operating cost and Dairy Products Processing cost absorption. The results demonstrate that both dairy farming as dairy products processing activity depended on federal funds to support them throughout the study period. The econometric analysis showed that domestic consumption revenue of Dairy Cattle PPL (domestic consumption of fresh dairy + animals for slaughter) was significant at 1% to reduce dependence on federal funds. Therefore is seems that for every increase in R$ 1.00 in the revenue of internal consumption from the dairy cattle lab reduced the deficit or transfer by the federation in R$ 1.32.
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Saputra, Sartono Maya, and Retno Ibut Utami. "PENGARUH BIAYA PROMOSI TERHADAP PENDAPATAN JASA “NAKAMURA HOLISTIC THERAPY” DI SURAKARTA." ProBank 2, no. 2 (2017): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36587/probank.v2i2.183.

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Promotion and communication are summarized in the promotional mix that contains a combination of the best strategy of the variable cost of advertising, the cost of personal selling and sales promotion costs, all of which are planned to achieve the objectives of the sales program: increasing service revenues in order to increase as well jumlahl aba obtained. this study aims to determine the effect of promotional costs consist of: the cost of advertising, sellling personal cost, and cost of sales promotions on services revenue. The data used in this research is data based on time series (time series). This research is explanatory research, ie research that explains the causal relationship between research variables through hypothesis testing. The analytical tool used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The study shows that the variable cost of advertising and sales promotion variable is not significant positive effect on service revenues. While the cost of personal selling significant negative effect on service revenues. Advertising, personal selling, and sales promotion together a significant effect on service revenues.Keywords: Advertising Costs, Fees Personal sellling, Cost of Sales Promotion, Revenue Services
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Saputra, Sartono Maya, and Retno Ibut Utami. "PENGARUH BIAYA PROMOSI TERHADAP PENDAPATAN JASA “NAKAMURA HOLISTIC THERAPY” DI SURAKARTA." ProBank 2, no. 2 (2017): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36587/probank.v2i2.183.

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Promotion and communication are summarized in the promotional mix that contains a combination of the best strategy of the variable cost of advertising, the cost of personal selling and sales promotion costs, all of which are planned to achieve the objectives of the sales program: increasing service revenues in order to increase as well jumlahl aba obtained. this study aims to determine the effect of promotional costs consist of: the cost of advertising, sellling personal cost, and cost of sales promotions on services revenue. The data used in this research is data based on time series (time series). This research is explanatory research, ie research that explains the causal relationship between research variables through hypothesis testing. The analytical tool used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The study shows that the variable cost of advertising and sales promotion variable is not significant positive effect on service revenues. While the cost of personal selling significant negative effect on service revenues. Advertising, personal selling, and sales promotion together a significant effect on service revenues.Keywords: Advertising Costs, Fees Personal sellling, Cost of Sales Promotion, Revenue Services
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Blankenburg, William B. "Newspaper Scale & Newspaper Expenditures." Newspaper Research Journal 10, no. 2 (1989): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953298901000209.

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Data from the 1986 Inland Daily Newspaper Association Cost and Revenue Study were examined for the effects of scale on the costs of newspaper production factors. The study finds that total costs rise faster than circulation and that overall revenues rise faster still, although costs per page decline. A hypothesis that “quality” in newspapers yields profits finds some support, but questions remain.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Costs and revenues"

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Michel, Alyona. "Airline alliance revenue management : improving joint revenues through partner sharing of flight leg opportunity costs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78147.

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Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-128).
Airlines participating in alliances offer code share itineraries (with flight segments operated by different partners) to expand the range of origin-destination combinations offered to passengers, thus increasing market share at little cost. The presence of code share flights presents a problem for airline revenue management (RM) systems, which aim to maximize revenues in an airline's network by determining which booking requests are accepted. Because partners do not jointly optimize revenues on code share flights, alliance revenue gains from implementing advanced RM methods may be lower than an individual airline's gains. This thesis examines seat availability control methods that alliance partners can adopt to improve the total revenues of the alliance without formally merging. Partners share information about the opportunity costs to their network, called "bid prices", of selling a seat on their own flight leg, a mechanism termed bid price sharing (BPS). Results show that BPS methods often improve revenues and work best for networks with certain characteristics and partners with similar RM systems that exchange recently calculated bid prices as often as possible. Gains are typically only achieved if both alliance partners participate in the code share availability decision (called dual control) rather than one partner only, but implementation of dual control is more difficult for airlines in practice. In the best case scenario, gains of up to .40% where achieved, which can translate into $120 million per year for the largest airlines. In our simulations, BPS with dual control and frequent bid price calculation and exchange was the only method that produced consistently positive revenue gains in all the scenarios tested. Therefore, alliance airlines must consider the trade off between revenue gains and implementation difficulties of more frequent bid price exchange or dual control.
by Alyona Michel.
S.M.in Transportation
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Kiciroglu, Ahmet. "Scheduling With Discounted Costs." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1208321/index.pdf.

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Majority of the studies in the scheduling literature is devoted to time based performance measures. In this thesis, we develop a model that considers monetary issues in single machine scheduling environments. We assume all the jobs should be completed by a common due date. An early revenue is earned if the completion time is before or on the due date, and a tardy revenue is gained if the job is completed after the due date. We consider restricted and unrestricted due date versions of the problem. Our objective is the maximization of the net present value of all revenues. We first investigate some special cases of the problem, and present polynomial time algorithms to solve them. Then, we develop branch and bound algorithms with lower and upper bounding mechanisms. Computational experiments have shown that the branch and bound algorithms can solve large-sized problems in reasonable times.
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Štěpánková, Monika. "Vybrané položky účetních výkazů podniku a jejich analýza." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10138.

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The theoretical part of the thesis includes the main characteristics of firm's accounting statements and the use of information from accounting statemensts. In the chapter called "The use of information from the accounting statements" is also availability, reliability, intelligibility and comparability of data. The last part of the theoretical thesis are the time limits of publication data. The practical part of the thesis includes the main characteristics of the H. S. O. stavební a obchodní spol. s r. o. and the firm's accounting statements. Next chapter consists of the analysis of costs, revenues and income statement in the time series (the analyse of income statement summarizes costs and revenues). The time series is from 2005 to 2007. The last part of the thesis includes the cash flow analyse in the time series.
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O’Neil, Kason. "Review of the book Cutting costs and generating revenues in Education, by T.L. Adsit & G. Murdock." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4682.

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Hoch, Lukáš. "Řízení nákladů a kalkulace v podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222145.

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The Master's thesis deals with analysis of cost, revenues, and the would-be problem correcting model. For this analysis I have chosen a company Jitona, Inc. established in the furniture industry, located in Trebic.
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Salevid, Karin. "Market Requirements for Pumped Storage Profitability : Expected Costs and Modelled Price Arbitrage Revenues, Including a Case Study of Juktan." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-210136.

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The rapid integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (IRES) has caused a growing demand for power system flexibility on energy markets all over Europe. Being the only commercially proven large scale energy storage technology, pumped storage hydro power (PSHP) has by several studies been suggested as an efficient solution to miti­gate the impact of IRES. However, despite the perceived technical demand profit­ability remains as a major obstacle for PSHP development. In this study, a market requirement for PSHP profitability, defined in terms of price volatility, is pre­sented. Considering capital and operational expenditures as well as modelled potential price arbitrage revenues for a greenfield PSHP plant, it may be used as a tool for initial assessments of PSHP profitability in relation to market outlooks or modelled future prices. The results have further been used in a case study, where the price volatility required to motivate a restora­tion of the now decommissioned Swedish PSHP plant Juktan has been determined. The results show that the high capital expenditures characterising PSHP development do comprise in a high risk for developers; while feasibility depends on the sustainment of a highly volatile price climate during several decades, energy markets are often extremely uncertain.
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Mičková, Hana. "Analýza organizační struktury z hlediska místa vzniku nákladů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222180.

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Master´s thesis presents analysis of an organizational structure and its impact on company operation namely from different perspectives. Not only in term of place of costs origin but also from revenues point of view and their influence over evaluation of single organizational units by means of management accounting.
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Kovářová, Lucie. "Kalkulace v Zemědělském družstvu se sídlem ve Sloupnici." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224494.

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The diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of the costing system at the Agricultural Co-operative based in Sloupnice. The aim of this work is to develop a calculation of winter wheat which would fully meet the needs of the company´s management in evaluating the effectiveness of the cost spent on growing it. The proposal part then presents options worked out to address the problem areas found in analysing the current situation.
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Králová, Lenka. "Regulace alkoholu a tabákových výrobků v České republice z hlediska regulačních opatření, nákladů a výnosů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75146.

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The aim of the thesis is to compare recent approach of the State (Czech legislative) to restrictions on supply and demand of alcoholic and tobacco goods in Czech Republic. To reach this aim the thesis will specify current legislation, documentation and programs valid in Czech Republic. The comparison of the regulations related to demand for alcoholic and tobacco goods is based on the Accessibility, liabilities of entrepreneur, restrictions and obligatory labels on both alcoholic and tobacco goods, all what follow and direct of laws and ordinances of State. Additionally the taxation specifically the excise tax on alcohol and tobacco is used to compare alcohol and tobacco supply. The thesis will deal with the analysis of social and private costs and benefits of alcohol and tobacco products. In this part will deduce the results, if the costs are sufficiently covered by revenues from various products. If the Revenues are most efficient than the Costs. The main target of the findings is to compare restriction in the area of supply and demand of alcoholic and tobacco goods and the conclusion resulting from the findings.
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Paikertová, Sylvie. "Přináší kouření cigaret státu větší výnos, než je výše nákladů z kouření?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124954.

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The main goal of this thesis is to revise the view of tobacco issues and try to answer the question where ends and where begins costs and revenues from tobacco consumption from the perspective of state budget. Thesis defines own model, which try to identify some distortions from the reality, revising controversial Phillip Morris study (Little (2001)). The results of testing reveal inconsistent approach in calculating effects of smoking on the state budget, especially non-standard arrangement of revenue side of the state budget. Analysis also uncovers systematic overestimation of selected cost items of the state budget. The work is extended by the practical part, which discuss methodology of calculation of foreign papers and applies some findings to the Czech environment. Analysis is based on the principle of expenditure-based cost, which quantifies the limits of revenues and expenses from smoking for the end of 2010.
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Books on the topic "Costs and revenues"

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1942-, Murdock George, ed. Ways to cut costs and generate revenues in education. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publsihers, 2010.

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Halstead, D. Kent. Higher education revenues & expenditures: A study of institutional costs. Research Associates of Washington, 1991.

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Alexander, Lamar. Revenues and expenditures in intercollegiate athletics: The feasibility of collecting national data by sport. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1992.

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United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement, ed. Revenues and expenditures in intercollegiate athletics: The feasibility of collecting national data by sport. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1992.

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Alexander, Lamar. Revenues and expenditures in intercollegiate athletics: The feasibility of collecting national data by sport. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1992.

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David, Listokin, ed. The fiscal impact handbook: Estimating local costs and revenues of land development. Transaction Publishers, 2012.

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Parker, Richard A. Illegal immigration in San Diego County: An analysis of costs and revenues. Senate Publications, 1993.

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Research, United States Forest Service Timber Management. Analysis of costs and revenues in the timber program of four national forests. U.S. Forest Service, Timber Management, Land Management Planning, 1986.

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Oakley, Karen. A new mandatory borough act: Local education costs and potential revenues of newly created boroughs. House Research Agency, Alaska State Legislature, 1988.

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(Firm), BPP Learning Media. AAT qualifications and credit framework (QCF) AQ2013: Level 3 Diploma in Accounting : Costs and revenues. 2nd ed. BPP Learning Media, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Costs and revenues"

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Mulhearn, Chris, and Howard R. Vane. "Firms’ Costs and Revenues." In Economics for Business. Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-42923-0_4.

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Gruneberg, Stephen L. "Costs, Revenues and Pricing." In Construction Economics. Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13998-9_7.

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Cashian, Paul. "Costs, Revenues and Profit." In Economics, Strategy and the Firm. Macmillan Education UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26648-4_4.

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Mallard, Graham, and Stephen Glaister. "Markets, Costs and Revenues." In Transport Economics. Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06823-1_4.

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Mulhearn, Chris, and Howard R. Vane. "Firms’ Costs and Revenues." In Economics for Business. Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34466-2_4.

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Bhise, Vivek D. "Costs, Revenues, and Time Considerations." In Decision-Making in Energy Systems. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003107514-9.

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Veenstra, Albert. "Revenues and Costs of Maritime Shipping." In Ports and Networks. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315601540-13.

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La Torre, Mario. "Costs and Revenues of Audiovisual Products." In The Economics of the Audiovisual Industry. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137378477_4.

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Miller, Phillip. "An Overview of NFL Revenues and Costs." In The Economics of the National Football League. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6290-4_4.

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Ahonen, Tomi T., and Joe Barrett. "Business Case for UMTS: Revenues, Costs and Profitability." In Services for UMTS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470014172.ch13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Costs and revenues"

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LoRe, Anthony, Paul Stoller, and Robert Hauser. "Maximizing Energy Revenues: Providing the Best Incentive to the Contract Operator." In 14th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec14-3184.

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Communities that own waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities rely heavily on the revenues generated by their facility to help pay for the costs to finance, operate and maintain these facilities. The two primary revenue streams are tipping fees and energy sales, generally in the form of electricity. While communities often retain all of the tipping fee revenue, revenue from the sale of energy is nearly always shared with the contract operator. In some cases the shared energy revenues include both capacity and electricity payments. The basis of this strategy is to offer the contract operator an added incentive to maximize this revenue stream through more efficient operation and, in the case of capacity payments, to meet certain capacity commitment criteria required by the energy purchaser. This strategy recognizes that the contract operator has some degree of control over the factors that affect energy production. Under most existing service agreements, which date back to the 1980s, energy revenues are shared on a 90/10 basis, with 90 percent going to the community. Now that many of these service agreements are coming up for renewal or are expiring, communities will need to revisit how best to share energy revenues with the contract operator in order to maximize the total revenues retained by the community. This paper analyzes several different approaches to sharing energy revenues in light of the operational experience gained over the past 20 plus years and concludes that, while energy revenue sharing is still in the best interest of the community, the widely employed strategy of a 90/10 split may not offer the best incentive, and therefore may not lead to the maximization of energy revenues to the community.
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Gibesova, Beata. "OPTIMIZING OF COSTS AND REVENUES ON STONE AND COAL QUARRIES." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/13/s03.079.

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Grace, Dale, and Thomas Christiansen. "Risk-Based Assessment of Unplanned Outage Events and Costs for Combined-Cycle-Plants." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68435.

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Unexpected outages and maintenance costs reduce plant availability and can consume significant resources to restore the unit to service. Although companies may have the means to estimate cash flow requirements for scheduled maintenance and on-going operations, estimates for unplanned maintenance and its impact on revenue are more difficult to quantify, and a large fleet is needed for accurate assessment of its variability. This paper describes a study that surveyed 388 combined-cycle plants based on 164 D/E-class and 224 F-class gas turbines, for the time period of 1995 to 2009. Strategic Power Systems, Inc. (SPS®), manager of the Operational Reliability Analysis Program (ORAP®), identified the causes and durations of forced outages and unscheduled maintenance and established overall reliability and availability profiles for each class of plant in 3 five-year time periods. This study of over 3,000 unit-years of data from 50 Hz and 60 Hz combined-cycle plants provides insight into the types of events having the largest impact on unplanned outage time and cost, as well as the risks of lost revenue and unplanned maintenance costs which affect plant profitability. Outage events were assigned to one of three subsystems: the gas turbine equipment, heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) equipment, or steam turbine equipment, according to the Electric Power Research Institute’s Equipment Breakdown Structure (EBS). Costs to restore the unit to service for each main outage cause were estimated, as were net revenues lost due to unplanned outages. A statistical approach to estimated costs and lost revenues provides a risk-based means to quantify the impact of unplanned events on plant cash flow as a function of class of gas turbine, plant subsystem, and historical timeframe. This statistical estimate of the costs of unplanned outage events provides the risk-based assessment needed to define the range of probable costs of unplanned events. Results presented in this paper demonstrate that non-fuel operation and maintenance costs are increased by roughly 8% in a typical combined-cycle power plant due to unplanned maintenance events, but that a wide range of costs can occur in any single year.
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Hummel, Martin. "OPTIMIZING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COSTS AND REVENUES ON QUARRIES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/13/s03.080.

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Rickli, Jeremy L., Jaime A. Camelio, and Giovannina Zapata. "Partial Disassembly Sequence Optimization of End-of-Life Products for Value Recovery." In ASME 2009 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2009-84171.

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End-of-life product recovery operations require performance improvement to be viable in an industrial environment. A genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to optimize end-of-life partial disassembly decisions based on disassembly costs, revenues, and environmental impacts. Facilitating disassembly optimization with costs, revenues, and environmental impacts is necessary to enhance sustainable manufacturing through value recovery. End-of-life products may not warrant disassembly past a unique disassembly stage due to limited recovered component market demand and minimal material recovery value. Remanufacturing is introduced into disassembly sequence optimization in the proposed GA as an alternative to recycling, reuse, and disposal. The proposed GA’s performance is first verified through optimizing partial disassembly sequences considering costs and environmental impacts independently. Extension to a multi-objective case concerning costs, revenues, and impacts is achieved by specifying a new set of multi-objective crossover probabilities from independent crossover probabilities.
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White, Thomas M., and David L. Nederveld. "The Technical and Economic Considerations for Extracting Metals From Ash at Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Facilities: Go or No Go!" In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5422.

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The past few years have produced significant variations in the U.S. economic climate. In turn, the revenues from the extraction and sale of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals from WTE plants have experienced wildly positive/negative swings in value. The revenue from sales of these metals and the capital costs for the process installation directly impacts financial payback, and answers the simple question: “should we do this project?” Some key criteria will be discussed: source reduction and curbside recycling and their impact on metals yield (projected vs. actual), plant size and “economy of scale”, and operating and maintenance costs. This paper will review six recent and planned metals recovery projects in the U.S. Technologies and scopes of work include simple addition of metals recovery equipment, complete systems and buildings at existing facilities, and planned systems and buildings at new facilities. The paper will summarize the criteria for metals revenue and project costs, which determine whether the project is a “Go” or a “No Go”.
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Schwarz, Peter, Navid Goudarzi, and Ercument Camadan. "Adjusting the Levelized Cost of Energy for Different Rates of Compensation for Solar Generation: A Case Study." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16938.

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Abstract The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) was developed for conventional, non-renewable energy sources, and can be misleading for renewable sources. The intermittent nature of renewable energy resources requires further refining the LCOE definition to prevent overvaluing renewables. Utilities must consider revenues as well as costs in comparing renewables to each other, as well as to conventional, non-renewable fuels. This paper explores the utility net revenues from solar energy — revenues from customer grid purchases net of payments made for solar generation by the customer exported to the utility — under three rate alternatives: Net Metering, Net Purchasing, and Gross Metering. Using individual customer data from Austin Energy for solar customers for the year of 2018, the net revenues to the utility under these three mechanisms were studied for two cases: increasing block rates and flat rates. The results demonstrate that even though the levelized cost of solar adoption is unaffected by the choice of rate, solar adoption by the utility is generally most favorable under gross metering, and least favorable under net metering. Moreover, the outcome can differ on whether the utility uses flat rates or increasing block rates, and on the customer’s level of consumption. This work provides a broader system-level understanding of renewable energy technologies that can be used by engineers, researchers, and government agencies when studying the life-cycle cost of power-generating systems.
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Tăbîrcă, Alina Iuliana, Loredana Cristina Tănase, and Valentin Radu. "Social Costs of Globalization in Emergent Economies." In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/7.

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This research focuses on identifying and analyzing the main factors that generate social costs in the context of globalization. In emerging economies, the social and economic factors underlying a significant and the growing income inequality tend to be different from work factors in many OECD countries. The importance of the informal economy, combined with the persistence of significant geographic disparities in economic performance, is a significant factor in the inequality of revenues in all emerging economies. In turn, the informal economy and geographic disparities are closely linked to other aspects of inequality such as gender, ethnic differences, disparities in educational achievement, and working conditions. This paper develops these factors and synthesizes their effect in order to serve as a starting point for a further econometric research to measure the impact in emerging economies.
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Susila, Gede Putu Agus Jana, I. Wayan Cipta, Ni Luh Wayan Sayang Telagawathi, and Gede Wira Kusuma. "The Impact of Capital Adequacy and Operational Costs on Operational Revenues (BOPO) on Operating Profit." In 6th International Conference on Tourism, Economics, Accounting, Management, and Social Science (TEAMS 2021). Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.211124.005.

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Townsend, Aaron K., and Michael E. Webber. "Energetic and Economic Performance of a Compressed Air Energy Storage Facility in Texas as a Function of Technical and Cost Parameters." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63830.

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In this research an optimization model was used to determine the sensitivity of the revenue, net cash flow (defined as revenue less amortized capital costs, fixed and variable operating costs, and return on investment), and operational characteristics of a compressed air energy storage (CAES) facility to certain technical factors in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) zonal market. The technical factors considered were compressor capacity and storage capacity relative to turbine capacity, non-spinning reserve market participation, minimum allowable runtime of the compressor and turbine systems, and costs associated with startup of the compressor and turbine systems. Additionally, the work showed that the nine-year optimization problem could be decomposed into nine single-year optimization problems with decreased computation time and minimal divergence from the nine-year solution. Previous work had determined the optimal compressor and storage capacities for a given expander capacity; the current work expanded on the previous work to show that the economics of CAES are reasonably insensitive (defined as within 5% of the maximum net cash flow) to compressor capacity within a range of 0.45 to 0.8 MW per MW of turbine capacity in the West zone of ERCOT and 0.25 to 0.5 MW per MW of turbine capacity in the non-West zones in ERCOT. Similarly, the economics of CAES are reasonably insensitive to storage capacity within a range of 20 to 60 MWh per MW of turbine capacity in the West zone of ERCOT and 12 to 35 MWh per MW of turbine capacity in the non-West zones. Previous work had determined that participation of the turbine-generator system in the non-spinning reserve market increased the revenues and net cash flow and reduced the amount of electricity bought and sold in the balancing energy market. This work confirmed the previous finding and also determined that the participation of the motor-compressor as dispatchable load in the non-spinning reserve market increased the revenues and net cash flow and increased the amount of electricity bought and sold. The increase in electricity sales due to the motor-compressor participation in the non-spinning reserve market only partially offset the decrease in the amount of electricity sold due to the turbine-generator participation. The net effect of both systems participating in the non-spinning reserve market was an increase in revenue of 29% to 37% and net cash flow of 130% to 250% and a decrease in the amount of electricity bought and sold by about 10%. This work also found that a CAES facility is sensitive to minimum runtime constraints and startup costs. Minimum runtime constraints reduce the net cash flow by 11% to 13% and increase the amount of electricity bought and sold by 1% to 3%, for a minimum runtime of 4 hours. The effect of startup costs is to reduce both the net cash flow by 5% to 6% and the amount of electricity bought and sold by 4% to 5% for startup costs of $2/MW-start.
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Reports on the topic "Costs and revenues"

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Ahmed, Anwaar, Bismark Agbelie, Steven Lavrenz, Michael Keefer, Samuel Labi, and Kumares Sinha. Costs and Revenues Associated With Overweight Trucks in Indiana. Purdue University, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314987.

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Newell, Richard, and Daniel Raimi. Shale Public Finance: Local Government Revenues and Costs Associated with Oil and Gas Development. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21542.

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Miller, Gary W., Raymond L. Sarles, and Raymond L. Sarles. Costs, yields, and revenues associated with thinning and clearcutting 60-year-old cherry-maple stands. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-582.

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Miller, Gary W., Raymond L. Sarles, and Raymond L. Sarles. Costs, yields, and revenues associated with thinning and clearcutting 60-year-old cherry-maple stands. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-582.

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Beach, Rachel, and Vanessa van den Boogaard. Tax and Governance in the Context of Scarce Revenues: Inefficient Tax Collection and its Implications in Rural West Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.005.

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In recent years, domestic and international policy attention has often focused on broadening the tax base in order to include a greater share of the population in the ‘tax net’. This is based, in part, on the hope that the expansion of taxation will result in positive ‘governance dividends’ for taxpayers. However, the implications of extending the tax base in rural areas in low-income countries has been insufficiently considered. Through the case studies of Togo, Benin, and Sierra Leone, we demonstrate that extending taxation to rural areas is often highly inefficient, leading to few, if any, revenue gains when factoring in the costs of collection. Where revenues exceed the costs of collection, they often only cover local government salaries with little remaining for the provision of public goods and services. The implications of rural tax collection inefficiency are thus significant for revenue mobilisation, governance and public service delivery, accountability relationships with citizens, and taxpayer expectations of the state. Accordingly, we question the rationale for extending taxation to rural citizens in low-income countries. Instead, we argue for a reconceptualisation of the nature of the fiscal social contract, disentangling the concept of the social contract from the individual. Rather, a collective social contract places greater emphasis on the taxation of wealth and redistribution and recognises that basic rights of citizenship are not, or should not, be contingent on paying direct taxes to the government. Rather than expanding taxation, we argue for the expansion of political voice and rights to rural citizens, through a ‘services-first’ approach.
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Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra, and Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.

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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.
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Cafferata, Fernando G., Bridget Lynn Hoffmann, and Carlos Scartascini. How Can We Improve Air Pollution?: Try Increasing Trust First. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003453.

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Environmental policies are characterized by salient short-term costs and long-term benefits that are difficult to observe and to attribute to the government's efforts. These characteristics imply that citizens' support for environmental policies is highly dependent on their trust in the government's capability to implement solutions and commitment to investments in those policies. Using novel survey data from Mexico City, we show that trust in the government is positively correlated with citizens' willingness to support an additional tax approximately equal to a days minimum wage to improve air quality and greater preference for government retention of revenues from fees collected from polluting firms. We find similar correlations using the perceived quality of public goods as a measure of government competence. These results provide evidence that mistrust can be an obstacle to better environmental outcomes.
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Poterba, James, and Todd Sinai. Income Tax Provisions Affecting Owner-Occupied Housing: Revenue Costs and Incentive Effects. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14253.

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Iyer, Ananth V., Olga Senicheva, Steven R. Dunlop, Dutt J. Thakkar, Andrew Colbert, and Hannah Pratt. Synthesis Study: Facilities (Enterprise Development, Sponsorship/Privatization). Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317109.

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The Indiana Department of Transportation maintains 17 rest area locations with 28 separate rest area facilities located on interstates for driver safety and convenience. Although the rest areas provide many benefits to the traveling public, the rest areas do not earn direct profits. Moreover, the Indiana Department of Transportation is increasingly challenged by inadequate funding from taxes generated on the interstates. Constrained by Title 23, that prohibits the commercialization and the privatization of the rest areas, the state of Indiana has a high interest in sustainable sources of revenue at the rest areas that would be able to promote the states and facilities tourism and commerce. The benefits that can be recognized by taking up this project are (i) higher revenues for the INDOT (ii) cost savings wherever possible (iii) environmental benefits (iv) better services and safety measures for overnight travelers (v) partnerships with local businesses.
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Witzgall, Christoph. The parametric cost-revenue model (PAREC) for electronic message service systems. National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.tn.1225.

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