Relevant bibliographies by topics / Costs of hot water

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Costs of hot water'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Costs of hot water"

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Khassenov, A. K., B. R. Nussupbekov, D. Zh Karabekova, М. Stoev, B. K. Zeinolla, and А. K. Muratova. "Saving of heat energy costs while providing residents with heat and hot water." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 94, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019ph2/61-65.

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Qi, Guo Li, Jian Guan, Xue Min Liu, Zhong Wei Wang, Song Song Zhang, Yong Qiang Chang, and Peng Li. "Life Cycle Assessment on Layer-Combustion Hot-Water Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.285.

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Resource consumption, energy consumption, environmental impact and costs of layer-combustion boiler were assessed by using life cycle assessment (LCA). The costs during construction stage, resource and energy consumption during operation stage of layer-combustion hot-water boiler were focused on. Life cycle inventory was established. The results show that: throughout the boiler life cycle, the largest resource consumption indicator is that of coal with value of 93%, followed by natural gas and limestone. For the internal costs, although operation costs are obviously higher than construction costs, the construction costs still account for more than 30%, which is related to the relatively short servicetime of layer-combustion heating boilers. For the external costs, global warming accounts for the highest proportion.
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Lavoie, Eric A., Damien de Halleux, André Gosselin, and Jean-Claude Dufour. "DETERMINING THE PROFITABILITY OF GREENHOUSE ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES: A MODELING APPROACH." HortScience 29, no. 4 (April 1994): 249a—249. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.4.249a.

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The main objective of this research was to produce a simulated model that permitted the evaluation of operating costs of commercial greenhouse tomato growers with respect to heating methods (hot air, hot water, radiant and heat pumps) and the use of artificial lighting for 1991 and 1992. This research showed that the main factors that negatively influence profitability were energy consumption during cold periods and the price of tomatoes during the summer season. The conventional hot water system consumed less energy than the heat pump system and produced marketable fruit yields similar to those from the heat pump system. The hot water system was generally more profitable in regards to energy consumption and productivity. Moreover, investment costs were less; therefore, this system gives best overall financial savings. As for radiant and hot air systems, their overall financial status falls between that of the hot water system and the heat pump. The radiant system proved to be more energy efficient that the hot air system, but the latter produced a higher marketable fruit yield over the 2-year study.
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Melnikov, Vladimir, Uladzimir Navaseltsau, and Dzina Navaseltsava. "Energy efficiency of multi-apartment residential houses with individual heat supply." E3S Web of Conferences 212 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021201011.

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Centralized hot water systems widely used in Russia and Belarus are characterized by a considerable length and branching which inevitably leads to increased heat losses and to an unstable hydraulic system. The operation of the domestic hot water system in the circulation mode can be characterized by several parameters; one of which is the specific ratio of the cost of thermal energy for heating a cubic meter of hot water. The parameter is often regulated by law in Russia; exceeding this parameter is considered as administrative violation. The aim of the research is to determine the design and actual costs of thermal energy for hot water supply (hot water heating) and their comparison, analysis of the data obtained. The methodology for determining the design and real costs of thermal energy for hot water supply was to study the operation of the hot water supply system of a residential 144-apartment 9-storey building. The research showed that the actual circulating flow rate is much less than the calculated circulating flow rate. The authors note that in order to optimize the standard for heating a cubic meter of water it is necessary to observe the calculated circulation modes. This will require stabilization of the hydraulic systems of both the external and internal networks which is a difficult but feasible task. The research results are supposed to be taken into account when setting up existing hot water supply systems.
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Pacheco, Diana, Ana Cristina Rocha, Leonel Pereira, and Tiago Verdelhos. "Microalgae Water Bioremediation: Trends and Hot Topics." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051886.

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The need to reduce costs associated with the production of microalgae biomass has encouraged the coupling of process with wastewater treatment. Emerging pollutants in municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters, ranging from pharmaceuticals to metals, endanger public health and natural resources. The use of microalgae has, in fact, been shown to be an efficient method in water-treatment processes and presents several advantages, such as carbon sequestration, and an opportunity to develop innovative bioproducts with applications to several industries. Using a bibliometric analysis software, SciMAT, a mapping of the research field was performed, analyzing the articles produced between 1981 and 2018, aiming to identifying the hot topics and trends studied until now. The application of microalgae on water bioremediation is an evolving research field that currently focuses on developing efficient and cost-effective treatments methods that also enable the production of add-value products, leading to a blue and circular economy.
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Gużda, Arkadiusz, and Norbert Szmolke. "Analysis of Domestic Hot Water Production Efficiency for Detached Houses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 797 (November 2015): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.797.185.

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The article compares two means for domestic hot water production (DHW) for a detached house that is using gas boiler with a closed combustion chamber and air source heat pump water heater (ASHPWH). An analysis of domestic hot water production using an air source heat pump was made taking into account coefficient of performance listed according to the new BS EN 16147 standard. The analysis of outlay related to the investment and operating costs was also performed. Ultimately, the more profitable choice for domestic hot water production was made.
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Dudkiewicz, Edyta, and Natalia Fidorów-Kaprawy. "Hybrid Domestic Hot Water System Performance in Industrial Hall." Resources 9, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9060065.

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The renewable and waste heat sources implemented for the preparation of domestic hot water (DHW) allow for energy conservation and environment protection along with resource savings and economic benefits. The solutions, including non-conventional sources, are especially demanded in large halls in which energy and water consumption are crucial for maintenance costs. In this article, energy analysis of a DHW preparation system for workers’ hygienic purposes in a industrial hall was performed. The DHW preparation system consisted of three sources: a flue gases heat exchanger as the waste heat source, solar collectors as the renewable heat source and a gas boiler as the conventional source. In the analysis, data of a variable-temperature supply of water and hourly water consumption data from the measurements in the industrial hall, located in Poland, were applied. The results for all of the 8760 h of one year were examined. The analysis outcomes show that implementation of non-conventional sources can supply 81.4% of energy needed for DHW preparation, avoiding a lot of running costs; just 18.6% of heat demand had to be obtained from a gas boiler. The analysis also confirms that the system may operate correctly when the appropriate device size is applied, along with a proper control strategy that avoids overheating water and uses alternative sources.
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Kachalouski, Yauheni, and Matuška Tomáš. "Performance of heat pump system for water heating in European climate." E3S Web of Conferences 182 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018203006.

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A performance of air-to-water and brine-to-water heat pump for domestic hot water preparation was analyzed in different climates of Europe. Air-source heat pumps are widely used energy source for domestic applications with low operation costs. Their system SPF was found at level of 3.0 for domestic hot water preparation for medium latitudes in Europe. Investigations on the ground-source heat pump performance show their average SPF are close to air-source technology.
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Akhmerova, Guzel, Alina Zalyalova, Roman Badrutdinov, Elza Khaziakhmetova, and Rashid Maksudov. "Upgrading the hot water supply system as a way to save energy." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127408010.

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The efficiency of works on replacement of steel pipelines of hot water supply of Kazan with pipes from polymer materials was considered. Due to the high corrosive activity of water, the service life of hot water pipelines does not exceed 8-10 years. To improve the reliability and quality of the supply of hot water to consumers, the possibility of modernizing hot water supply networks using pipelines made of polymer materials is being considered. The problem of physical wear of heat supply networks is disclosed; analysis of polymer pipelines use for energy saving purposes is carried out. Thermal energy savings are calculated after the modernization of heating networks. The costs, savings and payback period of the energy-saving measures are determined.
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Teixido, Alberto L., and Fernando Valladares. "Disproportionate carbon and water maintenance costs of large corollas in hot Mediterranean ecosystems." Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 16, no. 2 (April 2014): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2014.02.002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Costs of hot water"

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Maboda, Sivuyile. "Do solar water heaters improve access to hot water and reduce electricity costs? : the complexities of implementing energy poverty interventions in South African Townships : a case study of Nyanga Township." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12232.

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Solar energy is abundantly available in South Africa, but it is a highly under-utilised resource. One way of efficiently using the resource is solar water heating (swh), a natural process whereby hot water for domestic and/or industrial use is heated by the sun. In 2009, a national swh strategy was drafted by the Department of Energy, which specifies a target to install 1 million heaters in households by 2015. Provincial and local governments have also developed their own swh strategies and the roll out of swhs has started in some municipalities (i.e. the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality and the City of Cape Town).
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Almutairi, Hamad Hhn. "Low energy air conditioning for hot climates." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/low-energy-air-conditioning-for-hot-climates(8e4fe7e9-c0d0-4bc3-8b81-96ced66331e1).html.

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Fossil fuels are the major sources of electrical power generation in the world. Among all fossil fuels, oil is considered as the most sought-after fuel. The burden on countries that provide subsidized electricity produced from oil-fired power plants is noteworthy. Kuwait is a notable example of these countries. Electricity in Kuwait is heavily consumed by residential air conditioning, which comprises 60% of the total electricity generated at peak times on a hot summer day. From this perspective, residential air conditioning in Kuwait was selected to undergo further investigation regarding low energy air conditioning choices. Three solutions to control the rapid growth of demand for electricity by residential air conditioning are examined. The first solution investigated assesses the orientation and grouping of houses in Kuwait in order to examine their effect on cooling load and electrical energy consumption for future houses. Four residential cases were developed; each case comprises six typical houses. The cases identified are: (1) single block facing east-west, (2) single block facing north-south, (3) double block facing east-west and (4) double block facing north-south. Cooling loads are calculated using the DesignBuilder building thermal simulation software. Case (2) is found to have the smallest cooling load, and case (1) the largest. The estimated savings from applying case (2) compared to the average of the four cases for the future houses planned to be built by the government by the year 2016 (i.e. approximately 20,000 houses) are found to be approximately .US 33 million of power system capital costs, 15 GWh per year of electrical energy consumption and 11 kilotons per year of CO2 emissions. In the second solution, a lifecycle cost analysis is performed to evaluate the economic feasibilities of electricity driven chilled water system compared to predominant air conditioning system in Kuwaiti houses which is Packaged- Direct Expansion. The study considers the total cash paid by the consumer and the total cash paid by the government, since electricity is subsidized in Kuwait. The study finds that the chilled water system is not cost-effective for consumers due to high installation cost. However, a chilled water system would be cost-effective for the government because it consumes 40%less electrical energy than Packaged-DX. So, the study suggests subsidising the installation of chilled water systems so that the installation cost to the consumer is the same as for Packaged-DX systems. In the third solution, the study examines the viability of a single-effect LiBr absorption chiller driven by steam extracted from the steam turbine in the configuration of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP). The analysis shows that CCPP with absorption chiller yields less net electrical power available to utility grid compared to similar CCPP giving electricity to the grid and to Direct-Expansion air conditioning systems for the same cooling requirements. The reasons for that are the reduction in steam turbine power output resulted from steam extraction, and the amount of electrical energy required to operate the configuration of CCPP with absorption chiller.
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Šmarda, Milan. "Vytápění panelového domu tepelným čerpadlem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231737.

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Diploma thesis deals with change of heating source for a block of flats with aim to reduce heating costs. Thesis contains calculations of energy requirements of house, including requirements for heating and domestic hot water preparation. Several ways of heating by a heat pump were designed based on the calculated values. Each variant of the designed heating system is compared with current operational costs. Possible cost economies and maximum value of investment costs of the heating system were assessed
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Pekkala, Ossian. "Integrated heat exchanger for shower cabins : Legal issues, cost efficiency, designing a prototype." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22088.

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The global energy usage have been growing and is expected to grow in the forthcoming years. The negative effects of increased energy use are greatly depending on the type of base raw materials required for converting the energy and the negative consequences those have on the environment. From the energy used, fossil fuels stands for the largest part. Excess use of fossil fuels have been shown to have considerable negative effects on the environment, including, but not limited to global warming. Renewable energy is today the world’s fastest growing energy source limiting the negative consequences of growing energy use. The commercial and residential buildings stands together for about 40 % of the total energy usage. Residential buildings alone stands for 20 % of the total world delivered energy consumption by end-use sector. In EU the average residential energy use amounts to 25 % and for individual countries like Sweden and Finland it is 21 %. The EU energy efficiency directive from year 2012 sets a target to save 20 % of the unions primary energy usage by year 2020 compared to the year 1990. The EU countries also agreed in October 2014 on a new energy efficiency target of at least 27 % by the year 2030. To reach this goal, improved energy efficiency are required in all sectors. Finland’s energy efficiency law for buildings from 2013 greatly reduces the minimum energy usage allowed for new buildings. Finland is also preparing for a new law that would by 2020 require all new buildings to be zero or close to zero energy buildings. This is defined by the Ministry of the Environment as buildings that have very high energy efficiency, where the already greatly reduced energy demand is satisfied extensively by renewable energy. As part of the goal to greatly increase buildings energy efficiency, this work focus on heat exchangers for showers. The purpose of this project is to investigate how two different heat exchangers works for shower cabins. This is done by testing a system where the heat exchangers are linked together. The system works by transferring heat from the drainage water and the moist air to the incoming colder drinking water before the cold water is heated in the mixerto desired shower temperature. The measurements are taken for different simulated shower situations. The Heat exchangers efficiency are calculated and the energy savings are examined with annual energy savings. The payback time shows that the system is not currently viable. The efficiency need to be improved, the main issue being the constituent materials heat transfer attributes between cold and hot water. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the system would be viable with improved heat exchanger efficiency and adequate shower use, which depends on the user and the amount of people using the shower. The main issue with increased heat transfer efficiency is the greater risk of contamination between the incoming cold drinking water and the outgoing dirty drainage water.
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Rajdlík, Lukáš. "Návrh vytápění rekreačního domku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399563.

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This master’s thesis deals with design of different variants of heating and warming of hot service water for holiday building (year-round weekend house, made of bricks). After calculations of the design heat load and heat requirement for heating and warming of hot service water for different types of operations the suitable heat sources are chosen. For heat sources the general design of heating is made. In the end the thesis includes economical analysis for each variant in view of investment and operating costs. The most suitable heat source is chosen from the results of analysis.
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Böhme, Florén Simon. "Solel och solvärme ur LCC-perspektiv för ett passiv-flerbostadshus." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162430.

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This master’s degree project concerns the combination of a multi dwelling passive house with solar energy for the generation of electricity and domestic hot water (DHW). Different alternatives with either solar thermal systems or photovoltaic (PV) systems are compared with two reference alternatives producing DHW from electricity or district heating. The economical comparison uses a life cycle cost (LCC) perspective based on the present value of expenditures for investment, energy and annual operating and maintenance. The energy yields from the solar energy systems were calculated by hand and with simulation software. Calculation and dimensioning of PV systems were carried out with a software called PVSYST. Solar thermal systems were calculated by hand and with the software Winsun Villa Education. Both softwares use hourly weather data for the calculations. The LCCs are lower for the two reference alternatives than for the solar energy alternatives. The reference alternative with district heating generates the lowest LCC. The alternatives with solar thermal energy replace more energy and have significantly lower LCCs than the PV alternatives. The study also shows the importance of using cheap and environmentally friendly backup energy for producing DHW. When aiming for a quantitative energy use target, the DHW-circulation losses ought to be taken into account as these can be extensive.
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Palkovič, Peter. "Možnosti snížení nákladů za energie pro RD." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231826.

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Thesis deals with the possibility of reducing the energy costs of a typical family house located in Brno. In the first part is a detailed calculation of heat loss of the building, considering heat gain and subsequent quantification of costs for heating, hot water and total annual costs. In other sections provide specific calculation of the economics for the partial implementations of planned procedures leading to a reduction in heating costs (replacing windows, doors, facades and floor ceiling). A calculation for changing the heating method and compared to the existing boiler. A possible reduction in the energy required when using energy from the Sun. In the penultimate section briefly review the options for what you get a subsidy from the grant program "New Green Savings Programme" and reduce the initial investment. Finally the comprehensive proposals of different options exchanges boiler insulation, replacing windows and doors, and the subsequent evaluation of the best solution when investing 350 000 CZK.
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Kingdon, Lorraine B. "Hot Water Issues." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295533.

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Dvouletý, Tomáš. "Využití odpadního tepla pro vytápění a ohřev TV." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230347.

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The thesis aims to design a device for utilization of waste heat for heating and hot water in NETME Centre in area of FSI VUT in Brno. First of all there is summary of available sources of waste heat and evaluation of serviceability. Next there is design of a device for utilization of waste heat. Design incluades calculation of heat exchangers and selection of particular heat exchangers. It also incluades design of duct system which anables transportation of heated water from heat exchangers to machine room. In machine room is situated storage tank for accumulation of gained waste heat. This storage tank is conected to heating system and to consumption of hot water which anables utilization of waste heat. Finally there is economic evaluation based on amount of gained waste heat, consumption of heat and costs.
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Eriksson, Mimmi. "Corrosion and microfluidics in hot water microsystems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Mikrosystemteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207573.

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This thesis addresses some important issues when designing microfluidic systems for hot pressurized water. The properties and behavior of water at elevated temperatures and in micro scale is briefly reviewed, and opportunities and possible problems of using hot pressurized water in microfluidic devices are brought up. Experimental work was focused on corrosion resistance for commonly used microsystem materials in hot pressurized water, and the microfluidic behavior for hot pressurized water. An experiment system was successfully designed, assembled and used for corrosion resistance experiments in hot pressurized water. Corrosion resistance tests were performed for some common materials used in microfluidic and microsystems (silicon, stainless steel grade 304, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, soda-lime glass and borosilicate glass) in deionized water and in low concentration HCl (0.1 mM) at two different temperatures (180oC and 270oC). All of the tested materials, except soda-lime glass, showed a good overall performance in the low temperature range. In the high temperature range, all materials showed signs of corrosion to some extent. Severe damages and high corrosion rates were observed for silicon and the two glasses, and stainless steel 304 showed signs of pitting corrosion. A microfluidic study identified some major issues needed to be overcome to make future microfluidic studies with hot pressurized water possible. Important observations included the importance of a short traveling distance for a hot micro flow to avoid rapid cooling, and to choose a suitable dye to avoid particles clogging thin capillaries and micro channels.
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Books on the topic "Costs of hot water"

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Grigg, P. An assessment of the cost-effectiveness and potential of heat pumps for domestic hot water heating. Garston: Building Research Establishment, 1985.

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Hot water. New York: Berkley Books, 2006.

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Don, Wallace. Hot water. New York, NY: Soho, 1991.

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Wodehouse, P. G. Hot water. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2003.

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Horay, Patrick. Hot water therapy. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 1991.

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Baxter, Mary Lynn. In hot water. Don Mills, Ont: MIRA, 2005.

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Phil, Stronach, ed. Hot water details. London: International Thomson, 1986.

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Hot Water Music. S. l: Black Sparrow Press, U.S., 1998.

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Cook, J. J. In hot water. New York: Berkley Prime Crime, 2015.

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Hot water man. London: Mandarin, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Costs of hot water"

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Panayiotopoulos, C. P. "Hot Water Epilepsy." In Reflex seizures and related epileptic syndromes, 47–49. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4042-9_9.

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Fallik, Elazar, and Zoran Ilić. "Hot Water Treatments." In Novel Postharvest Treatments of Fresh Produce, 241–58. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315370149-9.

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Li, Jiaming, Buchun Si, Qiuzi Xu, Na Duan, and Zhidan Liu. "Hot Water Pretreatment." In Handbook of Biorefinery Research and Technology, 1–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6724-9_6-1.

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Bebek, Nerses. "Hot Water Epilepsy." In Atlas of Epilepsies, 1119–24. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-128-6_165.

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Worthing, Derek, Nigel Dann, and Roger Heath. "Hot water services." In Marshall and Worthing’s The Construction of Houses, 477–96. 6th ed. Sixth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. | Revised edition of: The construction of houses / Duncan Marshall ... [et al.]. 5th ed. London; New York: Routledge, 2013.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429397820-22.

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Lloyd Owen, David. "The Costs Involved." In Global Water Funding, 145–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49454-4_4.

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Lloyd Owen, David. "Addressing Capital Costs." In Global Water Funding, 263–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49454-4_7.

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Lloyd Owen, David. "Lowering Operating Costs." In Global Water Funding, 295–315. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49454-4_8.

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Heckman, Charles W. "Flies in Hot Water." In Ecological Strategies of Aquatic Insects, 286–90. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2018] | “A Science Publishers Book.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315119892-27.

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Sukhatme, S. P. "Hot Water Storage Systems." In Solar Water Heating Systems, 113–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5480-9_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Costs of hot water"

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Saxinger, Andreas, and Gentiana Haxhiu. "Options for housing companies to meter heating and hot water costs." In 25th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2018_49.

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Fowler, Nathaniel, Jeff Wiand, Bryan Eddy, Andrew D. Lowery, and James E. Smith. "Green Heat: Hot Water Energy Offset System." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32058.

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The implementation of renewable energy systems is often regarded by the consumer to be too costly and too complex to maintain and operate. For instance converting sunlight or wind energy to electricity along with the conditioning equipment required to put energy into the system can be cost prohibitive for a residential or commercial application. The proposed system implements multiple renewable energy components working in series. These components bypass those costly electrical energy conversions by converting the acquired energy into heat, which can be utilized to offset a portion of the energy consumed within the home or business. This system can be made completely transparent with little or no impact on the consumers’ lifestyle. Also, the proposed system, by only attempting to offset a portion of the current usage, will be simple and inexpensive to assemble and maintain with a short return on investment. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration an estimated 10 quadrillion Btu’s are consumed by 113.6 million houses in the United States, while 1.8 quadrillion Btu’s of the total energy is used for hot water heating [1]. It has been shown that approximately 20% of the energy costs associated with most residential and small commercial businesses stem from hot water heating. A patent-pending technology, called a viscous controller, attached at the base of a wind turbine, which operates in series with a traditional thermal solar collector to supplement the energy used in the hot water tank. This technology reduces the cost of the system and allows for the average homeowner and small business owner to offset their current energy usage, incorporate renewable energy sources, and offer a 4–5 year return on initial investment. More importantly, if this system is implemented in only a portion of the target market, it has the potential to completely offset the rising energy demands for the United States each year for the foreseeable future.
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Moaveni, Saeed. "Thermal Analysis of a Solar Hot Water System and a Stock Tank." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90106.

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During the cold winter months in the Midwestern States, a common problem that many livestock farmers face is to prevent the cattle drinking water, in a stock tank, from freezing. There are commercial water heating systems that consist of drinking fountains, submersible, or floating heaters. However, these units have typically high initial and operating costs. In this paper, we present the analysis and design of a low cost solar system that are made with tractor inner tubes and other readily available materials. Car and tractor inner tubes make good solar collectors because of their mechanical strength and thermophysical properties. The low cost solution reported here could also be used to address warm water supply and or space heating needs in developing countries. In this paper, the transient thermal response of wooden stock tanks with Fourier numbers around 0.01 is considered. Exact analytical solutions in the form of infinite series are used. The product solution of a cylinder and a plane wall is used to model the stock tank. Moreover, given the small Fourier number, a series of numerical experiments were performed to determine the number of terms that must be retained from the infinite series solutions to obtain accurate results. A theoretical model for the solar collector was also developed, and a series of physical experiments were performed to verify the theoretical models of the stock tank and the collector. The experimental results show that theoretical models, developed in this paper, predict the thermal behaviors of the collector and the stock tank well.
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Hamano, Kotatsu, Yuqiu Yang, Zhiyuan Zhang, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Degradation Mechanism of Hot Water Immersed Glass SMC." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87407.

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Due to its high productive, low cost and excellent properties, sheet molding compound (SMC) is widely used in many areas, including automobiles, aerospace, electronics, defense, energy, recreational and home-related industries. At current study, SMC molding panels were cut from bath tab moldings, and tensile specimens in two directions were prepared from the panel. The materials were made of 25mm-length glass fiber, unsaturated resin and other filler. Hot water immersion test was conducted at 90 °C until 1500 hours from one side and double side of the plate. Not only elastic modulus and tensile strength but also initial fracture stress obtained from both stress-strain curve and acoustic emission (AE) measurement were obtained. According to initial fracture stress’s change, it is found that the degradation behavior depended on the interfacial properties. Also it was shown that initial fracture stress can be used as allowable design stress.
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Zaltash, Abdolreza, Andrei Petrov, Randall Linkous, Edward Vineyard, David Goodnack, and Bakarne Egilegor. "Performance Evaluation of a 4.5 kW (1.3 Refrigeration Tons) Air-Cooled Lithium Bromide/Water Hot-Water-Fired Absorption Unit." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41380.

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During the summer months, air-conditioning (cooling) is the single largest use of electricity in both residential and commercial buildings with the major impact on peak electric demand. Improved air-conditioning technology has by far the greatest potential impact on the electric industry compared to any other technology that uses electricity. Thermally activated absorption air-conditioning (absorption chillers) can provide overall peak load reduction and electric grid relief for summer peak demand. This paper describes an innovative absorption technology based on integrated rotating heat exchangers to enhance heat and mass transfer resulting in a potential reduction of size, cost, and weight of the “next generation” absorption units. This absorption chiller (RAC) is a 4.5 kW (1.3 refrigeration tons or RT) air-cooled lithium bromide (LiBr)/water unit powered by hot water generated using the solar energy and/or waste heat. Typically LiBr/water absorption chillers are water-cooled units which use a cooling tower to reject heat. Cooling towers require a large amount of space and increase start-up and maintenance costs. However, RAC is an air-cooled absorption chiller which requires no cooling tower. The purpose of this evaluation is to verify RAC performance by comparing the Coefficient of Performance (COP or ratio of cooling capacity to thermal energy input) and the cooling capacity results with those of the manufacturer. The performance of the RAC was tested at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in a controlled environment at various hot and chilled water flow rates, air handler flow rates, and ambient temperatures. Temperature probes, mass flow meters, rotational speed measuring device, pressure transducers, and a web camera mounted inside the unit were used to monitor the RAC via a web control-based data acquisition system using Automated Logic Controller (ALC). Results showed a COP and cooling capacity of approximately 0.58 and 3.7 kW respectively at 35°C (95°F) design condition for ambient temperature with 40°C (104°F) cooling water temperature. This is in close agreement with the manufacturer data of 0.60 for COP and 3.9 kW for cooling capacity. Future work will use these performance results to evaluate the potential benefits of rotating heat exchangers in making the “next-generation” absorption chillers more compact and cost effective without any significant degradation in the performance. Future studies will also evaluate the feasibility of using rotating heat exchangers in other applications.
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Gill, Gurjot S., and Alan S. Fung. "30-Year Life Cycle Cost of Solar Based Domestic Hot Water Systems for Ontario." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54313.

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The heating of water for domestic purposes presently accounts for 24 percent of Canadian residential energy consumption (Natural Resources Canada, 2006). This energy demand is primarily met by conventional sources such as electricity, natural gas and oil. Recent changes in fuel availability and price as well as environmental concerns lead consumers to give further consideration to the use of solar energy for heating water. The objective of this paper is to simulate the different domestic hot water (DHW) systems to examine their fuel consumption, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, life cycle costs and pay back periods. In this case study, seventeen different DHW systems were simulated using TRNSYS as simulation engine. These include solar-based models (with electric and natural gas backup tanks), electric and natural gas tank models (with and without gray water heat recovery), on-demand and combo-boiler systems. This paper will discuss three solar-based systems in detail, however their result comparison with other systems will be discussed. Three different solar-based systems are: I) Solar pre-heat with .56 efficiency natural gas back up tank; II) Solar pre-heat with .94 efficiency electric back up tank; III) Timers (off during peak times 7am till 10 pm) with solar pre-heat and electric (.94 efficiency) secondary. Results indicate that solar alternative having timers with solar pre-heat and electric secondary gives best results in terms of annual fuel consumption ($93) and GHG emissions (266 kg). However on demand modulating gas combo boiler (0.78 efficiency) with gray water heat recovery (0.6 efficiency) has best 30-year life cycle cost ($12332).
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Steinweg, Jan, Martin Stegmann, Gunter Rockendorf, Dr Ingo Bellin, Lutz Schäfer, Martin Lienhard, and Dr Ekkehard Schomburg. "Development of a Cost Efficient Buried Hot Water Storage – Conception and First Results." In EuroSun 2010. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/eurosun.2010.16.29.

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Liu, Lanbin, Lin Fu, and Yi Jiang. "Application of an Exhaust Heat Recovery System for Domestic Hot Water." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54223.

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Typically there is a great deal of waste heat available in drainage system of large-scale public bathhouses, such as public bathhouses in schools, barracks and natatoriums. The paper advances a heat pump system used in bathhouses for exhaust heat recovery. The system consists of solar energy collection system, drainage collection system and heat pump system for exhaust heat recovery. In the system, tap water is heated by energy from solar energy collection system, and is used as hot water for bathing at the beginning. At the same time, drainage collection system collects sewage from bathhouses, and then electric heat pump starts up and recovers the exhaust heat in sewage and heats the tap water. In this way, heat is recycled. Practical operation of the system was introduced, and drainage temperature as well as equipment capacity was optimized based on a practical example. Compared with gas-fired (oil-fired, coal-fired, electric) boilers, the system has advantages of lower energy consumption, less pollution and lower operating cost. Therefore, the system has great superiority in energy conservation and has a good application prospect.
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Solin, Jussi, Jouni Alhainen, Ertugrul Karabaki, and Wolfgang Mayinger. "Effects of Hot Water and Holds on Fatigue of Stainless Steel." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63291.

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Direct strain controlled LCF data for solid specimens is still very rare. In PVP2013-97500 and PVP2014-28465 we reported results for niobium stabilized X6CrNiNb1810mod steel (type 347) fatigued in 325°C and 200°C PWR water according to VGB water chemistry specification. New data in this paper further confirms the conclusions: we are unable to repeat as high Fen factors or short lives as predicted according to NUREG/CR-6909. The slowest strain rate used 4·10−6 in 325°C water would predict Fen > 12, i.e. laboratory specimen data below the current ASME design curve, but our results are superior for this steel generally used in German NPP’s. However, the difference is not necessarily grade specific. Use of 100% relevant fabricated material batch and standard LCF methodology are regarded to play an important role. Notable hardening can be measured, when long duration holds in elevated temperatures are introduced between blocks of cyclic strains at lower temperatures. This is the case for thermal gradient loaded primary circuit components, e.g. the PWR pressurizer spray lines or surge line, which connects the pressurizer to primary coolant line. In PVP2011-57942 we reported improved endurances in fatigue tests aiming to roughly simulate steady state operation between fatigue transients in such NPP components. New test types have been introduced to generalize the results. Mechanisms of time and temperature dependent relaxation of fatigue damage and/or improvement of material fatigue performance during holds are not yet fully revealed, but the rate controlling thermal activation energy is below shown to be near that for vacancy and interstitial atom diffusion. This allows us to draft a thermodynamic prediction model. Improved accuracy of fatigue assessment helps in focusing optimally scheduled nondestructive testing to the most relevant locations and maintaining high level of reliability without excessive cost and radiation doses for inspection personnel. This paper provides previously unpublished experimental results and proposes methods to improve transferability of laboratory test data to fatigue assessment of NPP components. The effects of material, water environment, temperature and service loading patterns are discussed.
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Liao, Mengyuan, Yuqiu Yang, Ying Yu, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Hydrothermal Ageing Mechanism of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite in Hot Water." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87314.

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As well known, sustainability issues represented by the environment and resource protection have been paid close attention nowadays. Natural fiber has been an increasing interest and promising as reinforcing fiber in polymeric composites due to its low density, cost, acceptable specific strength and biodegradation. Even though, the principle challenge for natural fibers used as reinforcement is their internal strong water-absorption ability when the exposed in wet and water environment. Long-term hydrothermal degradation behavior of Glass reinforced composite (GFRP) and jute reinforced composite (JFRP) have been discussed in previous study on the basis of the great amount of physical and mechanical testing results. As former working reported, gained water content increases linearly against the square root of aging time followed by gradual increase trend in longer duration both in JFRP and GFRP. In particularly, JFRP’s weight loss performance occurred earlier with higher value compared to GFRP. However, water absorption and weight loss mechanism, relationship between weight change and retention of mechanical property for JFRP didn’t report and illustrate clearly and extensively. Therefore, in order to figure it out comprehensively, the current study was focus on hydrothermal ageing mechanism and corresponding degraded mechanical behavior. Firstly, 2 layers of deeply dried and natural dried jute woven fabric reinforced unsaturated polyester were fabricated by hand-layup method. The cut samples were immersed into 80°C hot water bath for predetermined durations and inspected by ultrasonic wave. Afterwards, 3-point bending test with acoustic emission (AE) measurement was carried out for aged samples. The weight change mechanism, evolution of internal deterioration and mechanical property along with ageing time was investigated. The result indicated that JFRP can absorb water easily and quickly compared with GFRP owing to jute fiber’s hydroscopic nature. Weight loss was caused as a result of resin particle loss and pectin dissolution from the developed micro-crack owing to hydrothermal water environment. What’s more, internal serious deterioration occurred after 24 hours immersion leading to larger reduction of mechanical property.
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Reports on the topic "Costs of hot water"

1

Henderson, H., and J. Wade. Disaggregating Hot Water Use and Predicting Hot Water Waste in Five Test Homes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1130167.

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Henderson, Hugh, and Jeremy Wade. Disaggregating Hot Water Use and Predicting Hot Water Waste in Five Test Homes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1221085.

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Hoeschele, M., and E. Weitzel. Hot Water Distribution System Model Enhancements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1059152.

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Hoeschele, M., and E. Weitzel. Hot Water Distribution System Model Enhancements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219820.

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5

Park, Cheol, and Stanley T. Liu. Performance of a commercial hot water boiler. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6225.

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Davila, Alejandro, Carmen Cejudo Marmolejo, and Katherine LM Stoughton. Domestic Hot Water Temperature Maintenance Technology Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1813897.

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Burch, J. A Realistic Hot Water Draw Specification for Rating Solar Water Heaters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219719.

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Lutz, J. D., Xiaomin Liu, and J. E. McMahon. Modeling patterns of hot water use in households. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/451216.

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Lutz, James D., Xiaomin Liu, James E. McMahon, Camilla Dunham, Leslie J. Shown, and Quandra T. McCure. Modeling patterns of hot water use in households. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821315.

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R. Blackstone. NORTH PORTAL-HOT WATER CALCULATION-SHOP BUILDING #5006. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/891527.

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