Journal articles: 'Costs of hot water'

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Khassenov, A. K., B. R. Nussupbekov, D. Zh Karabekova, М. Stoev, B. K. Zeinolla, and А. K. Muratova. "Saving of heat energy costs while providing residents with heat and hot water." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 94, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019ph2/61-65.

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Qi, Guo Li, Jian Guan, Xue Min Liu, Zhong Wei Wang, Song Song Zhang, Yong Qiang Chang, and Peng Li. "Life Cycle Assessment on Layer-Combustion Hot-Water Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.285.

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Resource consumption, energy consumption, environmental impact and costs of layer-combustion boiler were assessed by using life cycle assessment (LCA). The costs during construction stage, resource and energy consumption during operation stage of layer-combustion hot-water boiler were focused on. Life cycle inventory was established. The results show that: throughout the boiler life cycle, the largest resource consumption indicator is that of coal with value of 93%, followed by natural gas and limestone. For the internal costs, although operation costs are obviously higher than construction costs, the construction costs still account for more than 30%, which is related to the relatively short servicetime of layer-combustion heating boilers. For the external costs, global warming accounts for the highest proportion.

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Lavoie, Eric A., Damien de Halleux, André Gosselin, and Jean-Claude Dufour. "DETERMINING THE PROFITABILITY OF GREENHOUSE ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES: A MODELING APPROACH." HortScience 29, no. 4 (April 1994): 249a—249. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.4.249a.

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The main objective of this research was to produce a simulated model that permitted the evaluation of operating costs of commercial greenhouse tomato growers with respect to heating methods (hot air, hot water, radiant and heat pumps) and the use of artificial lighting for 1991 and 1992. This research showed that the main factors that negatively influence profitability were energy consumption during cold periods and the price of tomatoes during the summer season. The conventional hot water system consumed less energy than the heat pump system and produced marketable fruit yields similar to those from the heat pump system. The hot water system was generally more profitable in regards to energy consumption and productivity. Moreover, investment costs were less; therefore, this system gives best overall financial savings. As for radiant and hot air systems, their overall financial status falls between that of the hot water system and the heat pump. The radiant system proved to be more energy efficient that the hot air system, but the latter produced a higher marketable fruit yield over the 2-year study.

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Melnikov, Vladimir, Uladzimir Navaseltsau, and Dzina Navaseltsava. "Energy efficiency of multi-apartment residential houses with individual heat supply." E3S Web of Conferences 212 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021201011.

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Centralized hot water systems widely used in Russia and Belarus are characterized by a considerable length and branching which inevitably leads to increased heat losses and to an unstable hydraulic system. The operation of the domestic hot water system in the circulation mode can be characterized by several parameters; one of which is the specific ratio of the cost of thermal energy for heating a cubic meter of hot water. The parameter is often regulated by law in Russia; exceeding this parameter is considered as administrative violation. The aim of the research is to determine the design and actual costs of thermal energy for hot water supply (hot water heating) and their comparison, analysis of the data obtained. The methodology for determining the design and real costs of thermal energy for hot water supply was to study the operation of the hot water supply system of a residential 144-apartment 9-storey building. The research showed that the actual circulating flow rate is much less than the calculated circulating flow rate. The authors note that in order to optimize the standard for heating a cubic meter of water it is necessary to observe the calculated circulation modes. This will require stabilization of the hydraulic systems of both the external and internal networks which is a difficult but feasible task. The research results are supposed to be taken into account when setting up existing hot water supply systems.

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Pacheco, Diana, Ana Cristina Rocha, Leonel Pereira, and Tiago Verdelhos. "Microalgae Water Bioremediation: Trends and Hot Topics." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051886.

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The need to reduce costs associated with the production of microalgae biomass has encouraged the coupling of process with wastewater treatment. Emerging pollutants in municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters, ranging from pharmaceuticals to metals, endanger public health and natural resources. The use of microalgae has, in fact, been shown to be an efficient method in water-treatment processes and presents several advantages, such as carbon sequestration, and an opportunity to develop innovative bioproducts with applications to several industries. Using a bibliometric analysis software, SciMAT, a mapping of the research field was performed, analyzing the articles produced between 1981 and 2018, aiming to identifying the hot topics and trends studied until now. The application of microalgae on water bioremediation is an evolving research field that currently focuses on developing efficient and cost-effective treatments methods that also enable the production of add-value products, leading to a blue and circular economy.

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Gużda, Arkadiusz, and Norbert Szmolke. "Analysis of Domestic Hot Water Production Efficiency for Detached Houses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 797 (November 2015): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.797.185.

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The article compares two means for domestic hot water production (DHW) for a detached house that is using gas boiler with a closed combustion chamber and air source heat pump water heater (ASHPWH). An analysis of domestic hot water production using an air source heat pump was made taking into account coefficient of performance listed according to the new BS EN 16147 standard. The analysis of outlay related to the investment and operating costs was also performed. Ultimately, the more profitable choice for domestic hot water production was made.

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Dudkiewicz, Edyta, and Natalia Fidorów-Kaprawy. "Hybrid Domestic Hot Water System Performance in Industrial Hall." Resources 9, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9060065.

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The renewable and waste heat sources implemented for the preparation of domestic hot water (DHW) allow for energy conservation and environment protection along with resource savings and economic benefits. The solutions, including non-conventional sources, are especially demanded in large halls in which energy and water consumption are crucial for maintenance costs. In this article, energy analysis of a DHW preparation system for workers’ hygienic purposes in a industrial hall was performed. The DHW preparation system consisted of three sources: a flue gases heat exchanger as the waste heat source, solar collectors as the renewable heat source and a gas boiler as the conventional source. In the analysis, data of a variable-temperature supply of water and hourly water consumption data from the measurements in the industrial hall, located in Poland, were applied. The results for all of the 8760 h of one year were examined. The analysis outcomes show that implementation of non-conventional sources can supply 81.4% of energy needed for DHW preparation, avoiding a lot of running costs; just 18.6% of heat demand had to be obtained from a gas boiler. The analysis also confirms that the system may operate correctly when the appropriate device size is applied, along with a proper control strategy that avoids overheating water and uses alternative sources.

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Kachalouski, Yauheni, and Matuška Tomáš. "Performance of heat pump system for water heating in European climate." E3S Web of Conferences 182 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018203006.

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A performance of air-to-water and brine-to-water heat pump for domestic hot water preparation was analyzed in different climates of Europe. Air-source heat pumps are widely used energy source for domestic applications with low operation costs. Their system SPF was found at level of 3.0 for domestic hot water preparation for medium latitudes in Europe. Investigations on the ground-source heat pump performance show their average SPF are close to air-source technology.

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Akhmerova, Guzel, Alina Zalyalova, Roman Badrutdinov, Elza Khaziakhmetova, and Rashid Maksudov. "Upgrading the hot water supply system as a way to save energy." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127408010.

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The efficiency of works on replacement of steel pipelines of hot water supply of Kazan with pipes from polymer materials was considered. Due to the high corrosive activity of water, the service life of hot water pipelines does not exceed 8-10 years. To improve the reliability and quality of the supply of hot water to consumers, the possibility of modernizing hot water supply networks using pipelines made of polymer materials is being considered. The problem of physical wear of heat supply networks is disclosed; analysis of polymer pipelines use for energy saving purposes is carried out. Thermal energy savings are calculated after the modernization of heating networks. The costs, savings and payback period of the energy-saving measures are determined.

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Teixido, Alberto L., and Fernando Valladares. "Disproportionate carbon and water maintenance costs of large corollas in hot Mediterranean ecosystems." Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 16, no. 2 (April 2014): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2014.02.002.

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Emhofer, Johann, Klemens Marx, Tilman Barz, Felix Hochwallner, Luisa F. Cabeza, Gabriel Zsembinszki, Andreas Strehlow, Birgo Nitsch, Michael Wiesflecker, and Werner Pink. "Techno-Economic Analysis of a Heat Pump Cycle Including a Three-Media Refrigerant/Phase Change Material/Water Heat Exchanger in the Hot Superheated Section for Efficient Domestic Hot Water Generation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 7873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217873.

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Integration of a three-media refrigerant/phase change material (PCM)/water heat exchanger (RPW-HEX) in the hot superheated section of a heat pump (HP) system is a promising approach to save energy for domestic hot water (DHW) generation in multi-family houses. The RPW-HEX works as a desuperheater and as a latent thermal energy storage in the system. The latent thermal energy storage is charged during heating and cooling operation and discharged for DHW production. For this purpose, the water side of the RPW-HEX is connected to decentralized DHW storage devices. DHW consumption, building standards and climate, energy prices, material costs, and production costs are the constraints for the selection of the optimal storage size and RPW-HEX design. This contribution presents the techno-economic analysis of the RPW-HEX integrated into an R32 air source HP. With the aid of experimentally validated dynamic computer models, the optimal sizing of the RPW-HEX storage is discussed to maximize energy savings and to minimize the investment costs. The results are discussed in the context of a return of investment analysis, practical implementation aspects and energetic potential of the novel technology.

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Mazur, Aleksandra. "The impact of using of a DWHR heat exchanger on operating costs for a hot water preparation system and the amount of carbon dioxide emissions entering the atmosphere." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500052.

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The article analyzes the annual operating costs for several hot water preparation systems and their impact on the environment; also estimating the emission of pollutants, mainly carbon dioxide CO2, which enters the atmosphere as a result of the use of heating installations. The article also investigated the impact of installing a DWHR heat exchanger on a sewage system, draining graywater from the shower on the annual operating costs incurred by users of hot water supply installations. For each heat source an alternative variant was adopted, in which the installation was additionally equipped with a heat exchanger. The amount of annual savings resulting from the installation of a vertical DWHR heat exchanger was determined, depending on the heat source for the hot water preparation system and the duration of the shower bath per one inhabitant. For the same dependencies, the level of reduction of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere was also determined, as a positive effect of using the installation with a heat exchanger.

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Zhao, Zhong Chao, Wei Xian Feng, Hao Jun Mi, and Yong Xue. "Analysis and Evaluation for the Economic Performance of Ground Source Heat Pump System with Waste Heat Recover." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2421.

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Economic performance of investment capital, operational costs and supplying costs of domestic hot water for different scenarios of ground source heat pump system (GSHPS), which designed for a hotel located in the hot summer and warm winter area, have been analyzed using the dynamic annual cost method. The results show that the investment capital decreased while the operational costs increased first and then decreased with the ratio of waste heat recovery of GSHPS increased. The comprehensive benefit of GSHPS with waste heat recovery is distinct compared with conventional GSHPS. When the ratio of waste heat recovery is 50%, the dynamic annual costs of GSHPS are minimum and achieve the optimization of energy-saving effect.

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STRELKOV, Alexander K., Yury N. ZOTOV, and Irina Yu MIKHAYLOVA. "HOUSING PRESSURE REGULATOR WITH IMPROVED WATER-SAVING CHARACTERISTICS." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.01.10.

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The issues related to the problem of reducing unproductive water losses in the systems of cold and hot water supply of apartment buildings are considered in the article. The insufficient efficiency of application of known water saving devices, reducing overhead costs, the cause of which is the contradiction between the requirements of rationality and ensuring the maximum demand for a public water supply service, is shown. The recommendations for improving the design of the piston apartment pressure regulator “after itself”, ensuring a reduction in nonproductive costs are developed. The results of an experimental study of a pressure regulator with an improved water saving characteristic are presented.

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MIKHAILOVA, Irina Yu. "ETERMINATION OF CALCULATED COSTS IN INTERNAL CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY OF MULTI-APARTMENT HOUSES." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.04.9.

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The article analyzes the relationship of the system of technical regulation in construction and regulatory relations for the provision of public services. Changes in the current system of legal regulation in the sphere of water supply of apartment buildings are considered. The article shows that the subject of rationing belongs to several areas of regulation, which requires improvement of the methodological basis for the design of in-house systems of hot and cold water supply of an apartment building and the creation of legitimate methodological tools. Recommendations on the formation of methodological procedures, the implementation of which will provide the legal legitimacy of the methods of hydraulic calculation. The method of determining the calculated (limit) costs of cold and hot water in centralized systems of drinking water supply of an apartment building.

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Gazizov, F. N., and I. G. Akhmetova. "Development of technique and program for analysis of options for transition to a closed hot-water supply scheme for heat supply systems." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 21, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2019-21-3-126-134.

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The article describes the prerequisites for development of methodology for integrated assessment of options for transition to a closed hot-water supply scheme. For analysis of promising options for transition to a closed system of hot water supply, criteria have been proposed that influence the choice of possible solutions. Block diagrams of boundary conditions and independent variables were created. A pyramid of indicators which affect the operating costs of heating system over 25 years of its operation was formulated. A method and a program for selecting the optimal transition scheme to a closed hot-water supply system with calculation of weighting factors have been developed.

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Smith, M. D., and I. Moelyowati. "Duckweed based wastewater treatment (DWWT): design guidelines for hot climates." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 11 (June 1, 2001): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0694.

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Conventional wastewater treatment systems are expensive in either investment or running costs. On the other hand, waste stabilisation ponds may be unable to meet effluent standards for nutrients. Wastewater treatment using duckweed therefore becomes more significant as an option capable of achieving effluent standards and generating revenue from selling the duckweed. However existing duckweed based wastewater treatment (DWWT) systems have high land requirements despite being able to reduce concentrations of organic compounds and pathogens to acceptable levels. Improved guidelines for the design of DWWT are necessary to obtain a reliable and cost-effective wastewater treatment plant using duckweed. This guideline provides a DWWT design program using spreadsheets for different configurations of wastewater treatment units using duckweed. The design program developed suggests that a combination of anaerobic ponds, DWWT systems and maturation ponds can minimise land requirements and capital costs while achieving specified effluent standards. In order to achieve effluent standards, the land required is typically from 1.5 to 1.8 m2/capita (excluding associated facilities), capital costs are in the range from 7.9 to 9.7 USD/capita, with a retention time from 15 to 18 days. Income generation is dependent mainly on the social and cultural acceptability of duckweed use within the community.

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Spriet, Jan, and Aonghus McNabola. "Decentralized Drain Water Heat Recovery: Interaction between Wastewater and Heating Flows on a Single Residence Scale." Proceedings 2, no. 11 (August 6, 2018): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110583.

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This paper studies the potential for drain water heat recovery on a single residence scale, showing its interaction with the space and domestic hot water heating system. The article performs a Monte Carlo simulation based on measured wastewater characteristics, and heat consumption data provided by the Building Energy Ratings database. It shows the necessity of a back-up heating system, on average between 8 and 42% of the demand can be met by recovered heat. This would signify a reduction in GHG emission varying between 7.6 and 22%, but would increase costs ranging from 120 to 130%. Using a hot water reservoir increases the share of recovered heat in the mix, reducing GHG emissions and costs. However at current traditional heating prices, the drain water heat recovery system for a single residence is not financially competitive with traditional systems, showing the need for different strategies.

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Mazur, Aleksandra, and Daniel Słyś. "The analysis of unit costs of preparing hot water for various sources of heat." E3S Web of Conferences 17 (2017): 00058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20171700058.

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Klimczak, Marcin, and Grzegorz Bartnicki. "Possibility of reducing the costs of hot water distribution while maintaining the user's comfort." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400067.

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Residents of multi-storey buildings expect that the systems operating within the facility will function reliably and in a manner that ensures comfort. One of the systems that improves comfort is water circulation. Unfortunately, its operation is associated with significant costs, especially in the form of heat losses. Various attempts are being made to improve the energy efficiency of this system while maintaining high comfort for users. It seems that limiting the activities to the use of dedicated regulatory fittings is not enough. The use of other solutions, e.g. additional thermal insulation, may be impossible for organizational reasons. A separate issue is the financial matters and cost-effectiveness of such activities.

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Cho, Dong-Hyun. "A Study on the Heat Transfer Rate Performance of the Hot Water Circulating in the Tubes in the Hot Water Panels Laid in the Walls and Floor of a Small Leisure Cabin in Relation to Changes in the Temperature and Flow Rate of the Hot Water." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 3468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1287.

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In this study, hot water panels were laid in the three walls as well as the floor of a small leisure cabin to implement radiant heating with the heat supplied by the hot water circulating inside the hot water tubes in the hot water panels. As a result of the study as such, compared to the forced convection heating at the current technology level in which air is forced to circulate by the air conditioner, the radiant heat transfer by the hot water panels laid in the floor and walls of the small leisure cabin in this study implemented more comfortable heating and wellbeing heating beneficial to health because it implemented heating without any movement or circulation of air. In addition, this study investigated heater accessories suitable for small leisure cabins not larger than 6 m2 to significantly reduce thermal energy and manufacturing costs. The thermal energy lost by hot water per unit time and the thermal energy obtained by air inside the small leisure cabin per unit time coincided well at the accuracy of ±5%. Therefore, the reliability of the result of the heat transfer rate accuracy experiment in this study was secured. As the mass flow rate of the hot water increased, the heat transfer rate performance of the small leisure cabin improved. In addition, as the mass flow rate of hot water increased, the heat transfer rate performance of the small leisure cabin improved linearly.

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Liu, Yijun. "Systematic Renovation Design of Surface Water Source Heat Pump for a Hot Spring Center Based on Thermodynamic Analysis." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 1026–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390340.

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Currently, the application and renovation of surface water heat source pump (WHSP) mainly attempt to optimize heat exchangers, water pumps, the overall system, and economic frictional head loss. The mathematical model is often established and solved with such optimization objectives as optimization parameters, control forms, costs, and feasibility of investment and construction. There are relatively few studies that optimize the operating conditions with the minimal total energy consumption of system operations, and, on this basis, pursue global optimization design of the WSHP system. Therefore, this paper aims to carry out a systematic renovation design of the surface WSHP in a hot spring center in the national forest park of northern Guilin, southwestern China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The project mainly covers the design of hot spring system, air-conditioning system, and hot water system, as well as the exergy analysis of WSHP system. Among them, the design of hot spring system includes the regulation of raw water, cold water, and warmed water; the constant temperature control of hot spring pools; the waste heat utilization of warmed water from the pools. The scientific nature of the design was proved through experiments.

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Liu, Fengguo, Zhenxi Ma, and Rui Zhang. "A study on the design and analysis of a gas engine heat pump water heater using shower wastewater as heat source." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 9, no. 3 (April 12, 2019): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2019.002.

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Abstract Shower wastewater contains large amounts of heat, and recovering and utilizing shower wastewater heat energy to heat shower water is of great significance for energy saving. This paper proposed a gas engine heat pump water heater (GEHPWH) using shower wastewater as the heat source. Thermodynamic models were built to evaluate the performance of the GEHPWH and compare it with an electrical heat pump water heater (EHPWH). The results show that the GEHPWH has higher hot water outlet temperature and coefficient of performance (COP) than the EHPWH under the same conditions. Furthermore, the GEHPWH can maintain stable hot water outlet temperature and higher primary energy ratio (PER) in variable water flow mode, which resolves the issue that the conventional EHPWH needs an auxiliary heat source. Finally, based on a case, the GEHPWH reveals smaller energy consumption and lower operating costs compared with three other conventional hot-water schemes.

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Brazeau, Randi H., and Marc A. Edwards. "OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRIC HOT WATER RECIRCULATION SYSTEMS FOR COMFORT, ENERGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH." Journal of Green Building 8, no. 2 (April 2013): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.8.2.73.

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Hot water recirculation systems (RECIRC) are labeled green and are sometimes mandated in local plumbing codes. Previous work conducted under non-optimized operation schemes demonstrated that these systems actually waste energy and water versus standard (STAND) water heater counterparts. Optimization of RECIRC system operation by minimizing pump operation did improve energy efficiency 6–60%, saving consumers 5–140% annually in associated utility costs. However, STAND systems were still more energy efficient than any of the RECIRC systems. With respect to factors that might influence pathogen growth, reducing RECIRC pump operations increased disinfectant residual by as much as 560% as compared to the baseline RECIRC system; however, STAND systems still had 25–250% more total chlorine residual than any of the RECIRC systems. At 60°C operating temperature, STAND systems have 30–230% more volume at risk for pathogen growth (e.g., volume with temp 37–46°C) than any of the RECIRC systems. Thus, in the context of “green” design, RECIRC systems provide a convenience to consumers in the form of nearly instant hot water, at a cost of higher capital, operating and overall energy costs. RECIRC systems have distinct advantages in controlling pathogens via thermal disinfection but disadvantages in control via secondary disinfection residual.

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Kovac, Martin, and Katarina Knizova. "Comparison between Energy Performance of Building and Investments to the Renewable Energy Sources." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.518.

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The subject of the paper is to calculate the energy performance of building in proposed variants. The differences in the variants are in the using of conventional and renewable sources for heating and domestic hot water system. Target of the second part of paper is to know, how much money we need to invest into the proposed variants for heating and domestic hot water systems and how much money will by the user paying for operating costs. The conclusion of the paper describes the payback periods of proposed variants.

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Gazizov, F., and I. Ahmetova. "The main indicators of choosing the scheme of providing hot water supply in cities." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 05021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912405021.

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In the article the basic indicators defining the choice of this or that scheme of the organization of the closed hot water supply of the cities (further – HWS) using open schemes of HWS are considered. Block diagrams of boundary conditions and independent variables are presented. A pyramid of conditions affecting the level of capital and annual costs for the maintenance of heat supply systems for the useful life (25 years) of the equipment is proposed. The main provisions of the method and the program of choosing the most appropriate scheme of transition to the closed circuit of preparation of hot water with the calculation of weight coefficients are formulated.

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Jensen, Jørgen Dejgård, Lartey Godwin Lawson, and Mogens Lund. "Economies of Capacity Use in Decontamination of Pig Carcasses." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 45, no. 1 (February 2013): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800004624.

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This article analyzes the economies of capacity use regarding hot water decontamination to reduce postslaughter risk of pathogens in meat, taking interfarm heterogeneities of Salmonella risk and costs of transportation into account, using Denmark as a case study. If risk reduction goals are stated at the processing plant level, then the exploitation of the favorable cost-effectiveness properties of hot water slaughtering requires fairly ambitious risk reduction goals and thus high use of decontamination capacity. If instead risk reduction goals are formulated for the sector as a whole, the cost-effectiveness properties can be exploited even for relatively low-risk reduction goals.

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Nguyen, Xuan Vien. "Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Cold Thermal Energy Storage Tanks Operating in Water Chiller Air Conditioning System." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 4159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144159.

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In this study, cold and thermal storage systems were designed and manufactured to operate in combination with the water chiller air-conditioning system of 105.5 kW capacity, with the aim of reducing operating costs and maximizing energy efficiency. The cold storage tank used a mixture of water and 10 wt.% glycerin as a phase-change material (PCM), while water was used as heat transfer fluid (HTF). The cold storage heat exchanger was made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). On the other hand, the thermal storage tank used water as the storage fluid with a capacity of 50 L of hot water per hour. The thermal storage did not use a pump for water transfer through the heat exchanger, so as to save energy and operating costs. In this paper, the operating parameters of the cold and thermal storage tanks are shown according to the results of experimental research, including the temperatures of cooling and heating load, heat transfer fluid, and cold storage material during the discharge process, as well as the discharge duration. The system assisted the air conditioner in cooling the internship workshop space at the university with an area of 400 m2, contributing to a remarkable reduction in air-conditioning system operating costs during the daytime. Furthermore, the system recovered waste heat from the compressor of the water chiller, and a thermal storage system was successfully built and operated, providing 50 L of hot water at a temperature of 60 °C per hour to serve the everyday needs of school students. This design was suitable for the joint operation of cold and thermal storage tanks and the water chiller air-conditioning system for cooling and heating applications.

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Ju, Rui, and Qiu Na Cui. "Application Analysis of the Water-Source Heat Pump in Hot Summer and Cold Winter." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3036.

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This paper is based on the BIN metrological data and calculates the cold and heat load of the building.According to the performance parameters of the WSHP, the energy consumption and cost of two typical schemes is calculated.Contrast the investment and cost of the SWHP and air conditioning system and discuss the applicability of commercial buildings. Result shows that WSHP costs less than traditional air conditioning in the present operation conditions. Energy-saving effect is remarkable.

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Mori, Taro, Yusuke Iwama, Hirofumi Hayama, and Emad Mushtaha. "Optimization of a Wood Pellet Boiler System Combined with CO2HPs in a Cold Climate Area in Japan." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 5531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215531.

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Hot water supply is one of the leading consumers of energy in the building sector in cold climate areas. The use of woody biomass is effective in reducing CO2 emissions in hot-water supply systems. This report deals with a system that combines a wood pellet boiler (PB) and a heat pump system with CO2 (CO2HP) that is used in a facility for disabled people. The following research was conducted. The operation of a hybrid system combining a PB and CO2HPs was investigated. While operating the system, four specific operations were developed as countermeasures to save on costs and reduce system troubles while reducing CO2 emissions. The processes and results are introduced. Numerical simulations were carried out to optimize the operation. The hot water temperature, water volume, and hot water loads were simulated. The influence of the water volume ratio on the cost and primary energy consumption under the requirements for safe system operation was studied. The regional economic ripple effects (REREs) of this system were studied. The wood pellet boiler is not only a measure for reducing primary energy consumption but can also play an important role in a regional economy for sustainable development in countries that import energy resources such as Japan.

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Cheng, Wang, Dien, Slininger, and Singh. "Economic Analysis of Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Sequential Deacetylation, Hot Water and Disk-Refining Pretreatment." Processes 7, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100642.

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A new process for conversion of sugarcane bagasse to ethanol was analyzed for production costs and energy consumption using experimental results. The process includes a sequential three-stage deacetylation, hot water, and disk-refining pretreatment and a commercial glucose-xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strain. The simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SScF) step used was investigated at two solids loadings: 10% and 16% w/w. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for the major operating parameters. The minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) varied between $4.91and $4.52/gal ethanol. The higher SScF solids loading (16%) reduced the total operating, utilities, and production costs by 9.5%, 15.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. Other important factors in determining selling price were costs for fermentation medium and enzymes (e.g. cellulases). Hence, these findings support operating at high solids and producing enzymes onsite as strategies to minimize MESP.

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Gordic, Dusan, Milun Babic, Dubravka Jelic, Davor Koncalovic, Nebojsa Jovicic, and Vanja Sustersic. "Energy auditing and energy saving measures in 'Zastava Automobili' factory." Thermal Science 13, no. 1 (2009): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0901185g.

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This paper deals with energy audit procedure implemented on only Serbian car manufacturer 'Zastava Automobili'. Based on the results of energy auditing and performed technological and economical feasibility studies several energy saving measures were proposed. The measures are related to different energy sources: steam, hot water, compressed air, electricity, and water. Such energy efficiency programs reduce energy costs and increase production profitability of the factory.

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Vizitiu, Robert Ştefan, Gavril Sosoi, Andrei Burlacu, and Florin Emilian Ţurcanu. "CFD analysis of a dual heat recovery system." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198502007.

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This paper presents a CFD Heat Transfer Analysis of an originally designed system for heat recovery in the building sector. The heat exchanger has a dual role, which means it will produce simultaneously hot water and warm air. The key to the efficiency of the heat exchanger is the heat pipe system which recovers thermal energy from residual hot water and transfers it to the secondary agents. The paper includes a case study structured by different mesh distributions and flow regimes. The purpose of the heat exchanger is to reduce the costs of producing thermal energy and to increase the overall energy efficiency of buildings.

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Pereira, Tiago Cardoso, Rui Amaral Lopes, and João Martins. "Exploring the Energy Flexibility of Electric Water Heaters." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010046.

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This paper describes a system to support the development and assessment of methodologies that explore the energy flexibility provided by electric water heaters. The proposed system follows a modular approach and allows users to share and remotely control the referred devices. The operation of this system is presented in this paper considering a case study where the energy flexibility provided by a 100 L electric water heater is used to reduce electricity costs under the Portuguese tariff context. The collected results reveal that increasing the available energy flexibility leads to larger savings. These results also show that the referred savings depend on the instant associated to hot water consumption events.

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Brazeau, Randi H., and Marc A. Edwards. "A REVIEW OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF RESIDENTIAL HOT WATER INFRASTRUCTURE: PUBLIC HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, AND CONSUMER DRIVERS." Journal of Green Building 6, no. 4 (November 2011): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.6.4.77.

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Residential water heating is linked to the primary source of waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, and accounts for greater energy demand than the combined water/wastewater utility sector. Furthermore, home water heating is the second largest energy consumer in the home and thus represents an integral part of the water-energy nexus. To date, there has been little practical research that can guide decision-making by consumers, public health officials and regulators with regards to water heater selection and operation to minimize energy costs and the likelihood of waterborne disease. Scientific uncertainties associated with existing “green” advice have potentially created misguided policy with long-term negative repercussions. This review is aimed at defining the current state of knowledge related to hot water infrastructure and in highlighting current gaps in the research. While there are many sustainability claims of certain water heater types (i.e., hot water recirculation systems and instantaneous water heaters) these claims have not been substantiated in head-to-head testing of the interplay between water temperature, energy, microbial growth, and scaling, all measures that need to be better defined.

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Hart, Donald R., and Marc A. Rosen. "Environmental and Health Benefits of Utility-Based Cogeneration in Ontario, Canada." Energy & Environment 5, no. 4 (December 1994): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9400500405.

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The potential environmental benefits of utility-based cogeneration are examined, using the energy system in Ontario, Canada, as a case study. Data are presented regarding fuel cycle emissions, environmental and health effects, and associated economic costs of the existing provincial energy system, as a basis for comparison to a more efficient energy system with utility production of useable steam and hot water. Estimates are presented of reductions in emissions, effects and environmental and health costs that could be achieved by the improved system. Costs associated with mortality, morbidity, lost work days, lost crop yield, lost fish yield and building damage are considered. The analysis suggests that utility cogeneration could reduce these costs by 10 to 45%, depending on the cogeneration scenario.

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Guan, Neng, Chuanshuang Hu, Litao Guan, Weiwei Zhang, Hong Yun, and Xiaojing Hu. "A Process Optimization and Performance Study of Environmentally Friendly Waste Newspaper/Polypropylene Film Layered Composites." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020413.

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Waste newspaper are currently used in a single way and have low utilization rates. In this paper, the optimal process of preparing environmentally friendly layered composites by using waste newspaper combined with polypropylene film lamination was studied. The effects of hot-pressing temperature, hot-pressing time and paper content on the properties of the composites were analyzed. The results showed that under the process conditions of hot-pressing temperature 180 °C, compression time 20 min and paper content 66.7%, the obtained composite material had a flexural strength of 126 MPa, a tensile strength of 95 MPa, an impact strength of 5.3 kJ/m2 and a water absorption thickness expansion ratio of 3.2%. Tensile performance increased by 164% compared to the original waste newspaper. Compared to our previous work, the hot processing time had been cut in half and costs were lower. In terms of creep properties, the unrecoverable strain rate was reduced by 57.5% compared to pure polypropylene. The results show that the material can maintain excellent flexural strength, tensile strength and water absorption performance while making good use of waste newspaper.

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Yu, Yuan, Ke Zhi Yu, and Hai Zhang. "The Energy-Saving and Carbon Emission Analysis of Solar-Assisted Air Source Heat Pump System for Hot Water Supply." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 1440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.1440.

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The innovation of solar water heating system of students living community in Shanghai Ocean University is illustrated in this paper. A new water heating system including solar, air source heat pumps and gas boiler is established owing to the high energy consumption of original system. The comprehensive energy consumption, carbon emission and operating cost comparison between the original and new system is analysed based on the measured water, power and natural gas consumption. The results show that the comprehensive energy consumption is reduced by about 27.5%, the carbon commission decreased by 6%, and the operating costs reduced by approximately 23.6%, which means the new hot water system is successful.

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Lizana-Moreno, Fernando. "Development of solar domestic hot water systems in Costa Rica." Revista Tecnología en Marcha 28, no. 1 (March 3, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/tm.v28i1.2187.

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Kljajic, Miroslav, and Jovan Petrovic. "Applicability assessment of central and solar hot water systems integration in Serbia." Thermal Science 16, suppl. 1 (2012): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120130070k.

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Energy systems for consumers? supply with sanitary hot water (SHW) can be considered as a separate category of the system with many similar functions, performances and integral elements. This similarity of energy systems for SHW supply and the way in which they are used enable systemic planning, proposing and undertaking measures for improvements and advancements. This is possible not only by the reconstruction and modernization of existing technological solutions but also by their replacement with new, modern and more efficient solutions. The basic idea and the aim of this paper is the development of a concept for integrated and upgraded system of SHW supply for different types of buildings from residential to more complex buildings intended for different purposes. The analysis is based on the application of a systemic approach adapted to the conditions in urban communities and includes only modern but commercial technologies. This paper presents the results of a net energy analysis of integrated central and solar hot water supply system and compares it with the conventional sanitary hot water system in the City of Novi Sad, Serbia. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through a simulation example. It is shown that 23% reduction in the total system?s costs can be achieved as compared to the existing solution. Also, the methodology is applied to a residential block as a unit and obtained results indicate that investments in the development and construction of integrated systems are justified.

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Riddell, Eric A., Kelly J. Iknayan, Blair O. Wolf, Barry Sinervo, and Steven R. Beissinger. "Cooling requirements fueled the collapse of a desert bird community from climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 43 (September 30, 2019): 21609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908791116.

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Climate change threatens global biodiversity by increasing extinction risk, yet few studies have uncovered a physiological basis of climate-driven species declines. Maintaining a stable body temperature is a fundamental requirement for homeothermic animals, and water is a vital resource that facilitates thermoregulation through evaporative cooling, especially in hot environments. Here, we explore the potential for thermoregulatory costs to underlie the community collapse of birds in the Mojave Desert over the past century in response to climate change. The probability of persistence was lowest for species occupying the warmest and driest sites, which imposed the greatest cooling costs. We developed a general model of heat flux to evaluate whether water requirements for evaporative cooling contributed to species’ declines by simulating thermoregulatory costs in the Mojave Desert for 50 bird species representing the range of observed declines. Bird species’ declines were positively associated with climate-driven increases in water requirements for evaporative cooling and exacerbated by large body size, especially for species with animal-based diets. Species exhibiting reductions in body size across their range saved up to 14% in cooling costs and experienced less decline than species without size reductions, suggesting total cooling costs as a mechanism underlying Bergmann’s rule. Reductions in body size, however, are unlikely to offset the 50 to 78% increase in cooling costs threatening desert birds from future climate change. As climate change spreads warm, dry conditions across the planet, water requirements are increasingly likely to drive population declines, providing a physiological basis for climate-driven extinctions.

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Yahia, E. M., A. Mondragon, M. Balderas, P. Santiago, and L. Lagunez. "400 Effects of Hot Air Treatments on the Postharvest Physiology and Quality of Mango Fruit." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 512F—513. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.512f.

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Heat treatments have several potential positive effects in fruit, including insect and decay control, amelioration of chilling injury, and delay of ripening and senescence. Hot water treatment (46.1°C for 65-90 min, depending on fruit weight) has been used in Mexico and some other countries as a quarantine insect control treatment for mangoes. Hot air treatments can provide several advantages compared to hot water in regard to installations, costs, reduced injury, and compatibility with other systems such as controlled atmospheres. In this work we have investigated the effect of hot air treatments at 44 to 48°C and 50% relative humidity for 160 and 220 min, on the physiology and quality of `Manila' and `Óro' mango fruit stored at 10°C and 85% relative humidity for up to 4 weeks. No injury was observed in both cultivars exposed for 160 min, but some injury was observed when fruit were exposed for 220 min. Some of these fruit also failed to ripen. Heat treatment (especially for 160 min) delayed ripening of fruit, as measured with color and texture changes, compared to the control. Heat treatment changed the protein composition of the fruit and affected the activity of peroxidases.

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Blackwell, Huw. "A technical note investigating the combination boiler market as a proxy for a simple thermal quality of service standard in heat interface units." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 5 (February 6, 2019): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418824799.

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Heat interface units used in district heating networks provide very similar services to those expected from domestic gas boilers. As heat interface units become more common, it is becoming clear that heat interface units are often oversized. This technical note aims to review and summarise the technical specification of equipment typically available from combination boiler (also known as combi boilers) manufacturers in the UK. This includes thermal outputs and flow rate limitations, particularly those associated with domestic hot water production. It is proposed for use as an equivalent typical minimum domestic hot water flow rate and maximum thermal power benchmark for domestic hot water production by heat interface units, which are utilised in the equivalent role in the communal and district heating market. The aim is to prevent extensive oversizing of heat interface units, thereby reducing capital costs, pipe sizes and improving efficiency on district and communal heating networks. Practical application: This technical note proposes a DHW quality of service standard based on a review of the UK heating system market (specifically the combination boiler market) and water consumption restrictions arising from Building Regulations. This may be used to define an equivalent maximum thermal power and minimum service flow rate when specifying heat interface units used in residential communal heating systems and district heating systems.

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Salo, Sonja, Aira Hast, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, Sanna Syri, Janne Hirvonen, and Kristian Martin. "The Impact of Optimal Demand Response Control and Thermal Energy Storage on a District Heating System." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 3, 2019): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091678.

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Demand response has been studied in district heating connected buildings since the rollout of smart, communicating devices has made it cost-effective to control buildings’ energy consumption externally. This research investigates optimal demand response control strategies from the district heating operator perspective. Based on earlier simulations on the building level, different case algorithms were simulated on a typical district heating system. The results show that even in the best case, heat production costs can be decreased by only 0.7%. However, by implementing hot water thermal storage in the system, demand response can become more profitable, resulting in 1.4% cost savings. It is concluded that the hot water storage tank can balance district heating peak loads for longer periods of time, which enhances the ability to use demand response strategies on a larger share of the building stock.

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Juanicó, Luis Eduardo. "World Energy Saving from Cars: An Innovative and Feasible Proposal." ISRN Renewable Energy 2011 (October 15, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/890378.

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Many devices have been proposed for energy saving (by heating water) from the waste heat of car engines, some dating as far back as the early 1900's. However, so what this heated water could be used for remains an open question. In this paper, a new proposal is presented to answer this question. This is an onboard car and on-ground systems, for heating water to be used for the benefit of the community, as this hot water would be applied to meet the heating demand in buildings. Concerns about the added mass on the car, costs, and benefits and the user interface were discussed, and a universal system that could satisfy all of these criteria was developed.

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Mansur, Marcelo Borges. "Solvent extraction for metal and water recovery from industrial wastes and effluents." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 64, no. 1 (March 2011): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672011000100006.

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The use of solvent extraction to recover metals and water from industrial residues is highlighted in this work. The method was applied (1) to selectively concentrate Zn from effluents generated by the zinc industry, (2) to separate Zn and Fe from spent pickling effluents produced by the hot-dip galvanizing industry, and (3) to recover Co and Ni from spent batteries. Batch and pilot scale data was used to point out solvent extraction as a feasible method to reuse both metals and water thus resulting in energy savings with reducing environmental impacts, minimizing costs required to transport hazardous materials to waste sites, to replace the discharged wastewater and to produce the raw material that would be previously discharged as wastes.

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Taler, Jan, Marcin Trojan, Dawid Taler, Piotr Dzierwa, and Karol Kaczmarski. "Improving flexibility characteristics of 200 MW unit." Archives of Thermodynamics 38, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2017-0005.

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Abstract Calculations were performed of the thermal system of a power plant with installed water pressure tanks. The maximum rise in the block electric power resulting from the shut-off of low-pressure regenerative heaters is determined. At that time, the boiler is fed with hot water from water pressure tanks acting as heat accumulators. Accumulation of hot water in water tanks is also proposed in the periods of the power unit small load. In order to lower the plant electric power in the off-peak night hours, water heated in low-pressure regenerative heaters and feed water tank to the nominal temperature is directed to water pressure tanks. The water accumulated during the night is used to feed the boiler during the period of peak demand for electricity. Drops in the power block electric power were determined for different capacities of the tanks and periods when they are charged. A financial and economic profitability analysis (of costs and benefits) is made of the use of tanks for a 200 MW power unit. Operating in the automatic system of frequency and power control, the tanks may also be used to ensure a sudden increase in the electric power of the unit. The results of the performed calculations and analyses indicate that installation of water pressure tanks is well justified. The investment is profitable. Water pressure tanks may not only be used to reduce the power unit power during the off-peak night hours and raise it in the periods of peak demand, but also to increase the power capacity fast at any time. They may also be used to fill the boiler evaporator with hot water during the power unit start-up from the cold state.

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Park, Kwon, and Seiyong Kim. "Utilising Unused Energy Resources for Sustainable Heating and Cooling System in Buildings: A Case Study of Geothermal Energy and Water Sources in a University." Energies 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 1836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11071836.

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Recently, Korea has become increasingly interested in unused, but possibly useful energy resources, due to the world-wide controversy over nuclear power and limitations in renewable energy production. Among these unused resources, the water that is produced in our surroundings is available as a potential energy source for heating, cooling and domestic hot water. This water is relatively stable on the supply side, available as a high-efficiency source in all seasons, and is continuously replenished without polluting the environment. This paper analyses the energy savings generated based on the actual use of a sustainable heating and cooling system that operates using the water escaping from a nearby building. The results indicate the value of protecting the environment as well as reducing energy consumption and associated costs.

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Villasmil, Willy, Marcel Troxler, Reto Hendry, Philipp Schuetz, and Jörg Worlitschek. "Parametric Cost Optimization of Solar Systems with Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage for Buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124603003.

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In combination with seasonal thermal energy storage (STES), solar energy offers a vast potential for decarbonizing the residential heat supply. In this work, a parametric optimization is conducted to assess the potential of reducing the costs of water-based STES through the use of alternative thermal insulation materials and the integration of an underground storage outside the building. The investigated configurations include: a hot-water tank, a solar collector installation, and a multifamily building with a solar fraction of 100%. The storage is either integrated inside the building or buried underground in its direct vicinity. A simulation-based analysis shows that if the tank is integrated inside an existing building (as part of a retrofitting action) – where costs are primarily driven by the loss of living space – vacuum-insulation panels can lead to significant savings in living space and a cost advantage compared to the use of conventional glass wool. Nevertheless, storage integration inside an existing building is a more expensive option compared to an external integration due to the high costs associated to the internal building modification and loss of living space. Despite the high excavation costs and increased heat losses, the concept of burying the storage underground is a promising option to allow the integration of large-volume seasonal storage systems in new and existing buildings.

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Sweeney, James F., Michael B. Pate, and Wongyu Choi. "Life cycle production and costs of a residential solar hot water and grid-connected photovoltaic system in humid subtropical Texas." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 8, no. 5 (September 2016): 053702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4963238.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Costs of hot water'

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