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Journal articles on the topic 'Costs of in-action'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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1

Khandelwal, Piyush, Fangkai Yang, Matteo Leonetti, Vladimir Lifschitz, and Peter Stone. "Planning in Action Language BC while Learning Action Costs for Mobile Robots." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 24 (May 11, 2014): 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v24i1.13671.

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The action language BC provides an elegant way of formalizing dynamic domains which involve indirect effects of actions and recursively defined fluents. In complex robot task planning domains, it may be necessary for robots to plan with incomplete information, and reason about indirect or recursive action effects. In this paper, we demonstrate how BC can be used for robot task planning to solve these issues. Additionally, action costs are incorporated with planning to produce optimal plans, and we estimate these costs from experience making planning adaptive. This paper presents the first appl

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2

Gregory, Peter, and Alan Lindsay. "Domain Model Acquisition in Domains with Action Costs." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 26 (March 30, 2016): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v26i1.13762.

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This paper addresses the challenge of automated numeric domain model acquisition from observations. Many industrial and commercial applications of planning technology rely on numeric planning models. For example, in the area of autonomous systems and robotics, an autonomous robot often has to reason about its position in space, power levels and storage capacities. It is essential for these models to be easy to construct. Ideally, they should be automatically constructed. Learning the structure of planning domains from observations of action traces has produced successful results in classical p

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Török, Georgina, Barbara Pomiechowska, Gergely Csibra, and Natalie Sebanz. "Rationality in Joint Action: Maximizing Coefficiency in Coordination." Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (2019): 930–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619842550.

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When people perform simple actions, they often behave efficiently, minimizing the costs of movement for the expected benefit. The present study addressed the question of whether this efficiency scales up to dyads working together to achieve a shared goal: Do people act efficiently as a group (i.e., coefficiently), or do they minimize their own or their partner’s individual costs even if this increases the overall cost for the group? We devised a novel, touch-screen-based, sequential object-transfer task to measure how people choose between different paths to coordinate with a partner. Across m

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4

Meagher, Benjamin R., and Kerry L. Marsh. "The costs of cooperation: Action-specific perception in the context of joint action." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 40, no. 1 (2014): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033850.

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5

Berry, RaJade M. "Affirmative action in higher education: costs, benefits, and implementation." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 16, no. 2 (2004): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-16-02-2004-b007.

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6

KLANDERMANS, BERT. "PERCEIVED COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATION IN UNION ACTION." Personnel Psychology 39, no. 2 (1986): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00588.x.

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7

Fan, Gaojian, Martin Müller, and Robert Holte. "The Two-Edged Nature of Diverse Action Costs." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 27 (June 5, 2017): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v27i1.13804.

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Diverse action costs are an essential feature of many real-world planning applications. Some recent studies have shown that diversity of action costs makes planning more difficult, and that searching using unit action costs can outperform searching the same domain with diverse action costs. In this paper, we provide experimental evidence and theoretical analysis showing that search can also benefit from action cost diversity. We show that on several IPC problems cost diversity has a positive effect (reduces search effort). We then present a theoretical analysis establishing that these positive

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Mohammadi, Fariborz, Shahabodin Fuladi Moghaddam, Iman Shabanzadeh, and Shahin Behdarvand. "Cost-benefit Analysis of Earthquake Costs and Building Retrofitting Costs in Iran." Health in Emergencies & Disasters Quarterly 10, no. 03 (2025): 207–16. https://doi.org/10.32598/hdq.10.3.575.1.

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Background: This article examines the cost of financial damages caused by earthquakes in the building sector and compares it with the estimation of retrofitting in Iran. This study compares the costs of two scenarios: “Action after the earthquake” and “strengthening the structures before the earthquake.” Materials and Methods: In this study, data obtained from governorates and building retrofitting engineering companies have been used. The scope of the study is earthquakes that occurred in the geographical area of Iran. Among them, 8 earthquakes were specifically studied: Mianeh, Ahar and Ha

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Schuch, Stefanie, Angelika Sommer, and Sarah Lukas. "Action control in task switching: do action effects modulate N − 2 repetition costs in task switching?" Psychological Research 82, no. 1 (2017): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0946-7.

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10

Eiter, T., W. Faber, N. Leone, G. Pfeifer, and A. Polleres. "Answer Set Planning Under Action Costs." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 19 (August 1, 2003): 25–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1148.

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Recently, planning based on answer set programming has been proposed as an approach towards realizing declarative planning systems. In this paper, we present the language Kc, which extends the declarative planning language K by action costs. Kc provides the notion of admissible and optimal plans, which are plans whose overall action costs are within a given limit resp. minimum over all plans (i.e., cheapest plans). As we demonstrate, this novel language allows for expressing some nontrivial planning tasks in a declarative way. Furthermore, it can be utilized for representing planning problems

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11

Teplická, Katarína, and Soňa Hurná. "Comparison of Environmental Costs in Divisions with Different Geographical Action and their Significance in Environmental Management." Management Systems in Production Engineering 31, no. 3 (2023): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2023-0027.

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Abstract The relevance of the decision of this scientific research is related to the requirements of Industry 4.0. orientated to environmental sustainability. This article summarizes the scientific discussion on the issue of the comparison of environmental costs in various divisions such as Slovakia, Italy, Brazil, Mexico, China. The main goal of this article is to compare costs in divisions of the parent company with different geographical working. The object of the research was the parent company EMBRACO. Methods of research were focused on using economic analysis with indicators of the cost

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12

Бабанов, В., V. Babanov, В. Хомяков, and V. Homyakov. "The Principle of Least Action in Logistics." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 6, no. 6 (2019): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c1b66b0876490.61891287.

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The article deals with the application of the Principle of least action in logistics, as well as some issues of building a rational logistics based on this principle; logistics is the management of the movement of material and related information and financial flows on the way from the primary source of resources to the final consumer of finished products with minimal costs; logistics is a key link between the supplier and the buyer, capable of competently constructed work to increase the utility of products and profits of the enterprise; one of the tasks of logistics is to reduce the specific

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13

Raettig, Tim, and Lynn Huestegge. "Dual-Action Costs and Benefits in a Uni-Modal Single-Onset Paradigm." Experimental Psychology 70, no. 6 (2023): 344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000604.

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Abstract: While performing two actions at the same time has mostly been associated with reduced performance, several recent studies have observed the opposite effect, that is, dual-action benefits. Previous evidence suggests that dual-action benefits result from single-action inhibitory costs – more specifically, it appears that under certain circumstances, single-action representations are derived from dual-action representations by removing (i.e., inhibiting) one of the component actions. In the present paper, we investigated if this is tied to the presence of multi-modal response demands (i

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14

OSADCHA, G.G. "Management accounting in action: the regulatory method of cost accounting." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №6(253)2022 167 (October 25, 2022): 64–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7249718.

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The subject of the study –regulatory method of cost accounting in the management accounting system of manufacturing enterprises. The purpose of the article – practical implementation of the regulatory method by food industry enterprises in accordance with the current national accounting and tax legislation in the sequential preparation of documents for analytical accounting of expenses with the reflection of expenses on synthetic accounting accounts. Methodology. The work is built on the basis of the structural–logical method and a number of general scientific research m

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15

Cheah, Soo‐Jin, Amirul Shah, and Fauziah. "Tracking hidden quality costs in a manufacturing company: an action research." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 28, no. 4 (2011): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02656711111121816.

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16

Buchan, R., and M. Cruickshank. "Security for costs against foreign claimant in Scottish patent infringement action." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 8, no. 3 (2013): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jps223.

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17

Watkins, Michael. "Building Momentum in Negotiations: Time-Related Costs and Action-Forcing Events." Negotiation Journal 14, no. 3 (1998): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.1998.tb00163.x.

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18

Nicolle, Antoinette, and Kevin Riggs. "The costs of giving up: Action versus inaction asymmetries in regret." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 6 (2013): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13001143.

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AbstractKurzban et al.'s opportunity cost model of mental effort relies heavily on counterfactual thinking. We suggest that a closer inspection of the role of counterfactual emotions, and particularly of action/inaction asymmetries in anticipated regret, may be important in understanding the role of opportunity costs in decisions to persist with a current task.

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19

Sáenz-Segura, F., R. A. Schipper, D. Miranda, and J. M. Chaves. "Modelling price scenarios for sustainable collective action and farm production: pepper in El Roble settlement, Costa Rica." Journal on Chain and Network Science 15, no. 1 (2015): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2015.x001.

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Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is considered a non-traditional cash crop for enhancing local development in Costa Rica and a suitable activity for small farmers. Trade of pepper has been done by using contractual agreements between producers and processors, which provides at least three functions: insurance, incentives and information. Contracts also require a high level of commitment from contracting parties to keep the equity, efficiency, and sustainability of the trade relationship. The shift of trade conditions from a competitive to a monopsony market encouraged a group of farmers to start an as

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20

Patterson, James J. "Culture and identity in climate policy." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change e765 (January 21, 2022): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.765.

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Culture and (collective) identity need to become more central in thinking about how ambitious climate policy for decarbonization can be enacted within domestic (i.e., national, subnational) politics. Policy attention has long centered on material costs and benefits of action, including distributions of costs/benefits between different actors and over time. The challenge of reconciling concentrated short-term costs to specific actors and groups with diffuse long-term benefits to a much wider range of actors remains central, particularly considering inequality both within and between societies.

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21

Dykstra, Josiah, Kelly Shortridge, Jamie Met, and Douglas Hough. "Opportunity Cost of Action Bias in Cybersecurity Incident Response." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (2022): 1116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661490.

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The hours and days immediately following the discovery of a cyber intrusion can be stressful and chaotic for victims. Without a documented and well-rehearsed incident response plan, people are prone to costly fear-based reactions. Action bias is the human tendency to favor action over inaction. It feels better for victims to do something even if rushed decisions are suboptimal to thoughtful, careful alternatives. Furthermore, the null baseline of doing nothing or watchful waiting can sometimes be advantageous. This paper describes an application of opportunity cost to action bias. While these

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22

Geißer, Florian, Thomas Keller, and Robert Mattmüller. "Delete Relaxations for Planning with State-Dependent Action Costs." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Combinatorial Search 6, no. 1 (2021): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/socs.v6i1.18341.

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Supporting state-dependent action costs in planning admits a more compact representation of many tasks. We generalize the additive heuristic and compute it by embedding decision-diagram representations of action cost functions into the RPG. We give a theoretical evaluation and present an implementation of the generalized additive heuristic. This allows us to handle even the hardest instances of the combinatorial Academic Advising domain from the IPPC 2014.

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23

Ivankovic, Franc, Dan Gordon, and Patrik Haslum. "Planning with Global State Constraints and State-Dependent Action Costs." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 29 (May 25, 2021): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v29i1.3481.

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Planning with global state constraints is an extension of classical planning in which some properties of each state are derived via a set of equations, rules or constraints. This extension enables more elegant modelling of networked physical systems such as power grids. So far, research in this setting focused on domains where action costs are constant, rather than a function of a state in which the action is applied. This limitation prevents us from accurately specifying the objective in some real-world domains, leading to generation of suboptimal plans. For example, when reconfiguring a powe

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24

Walters, Megan. "Transaction costs of collective action in Hong Kong high rise real estate." International Journal of Social Economics 29, no. 4 (2002): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068290210419861.

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25

Matsumura, Toshihiro, Takeshi Murooka, and Akira Ogawa. "Randomized strategy equilibrium in the action commitment game with costs of leading." Operations Research Letters 39, no. 2 (2011): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orl.2011.02.004.

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26

Li, Yanhong, David J. Whellan, Mark E. Dunlap, et al. "Resource Use and Medical Costs by Cause of Death in HF-ACTION." Journal of Cardiac Failure 17, no. 8 (2011): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.06.263.

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27

Marshall, Graham R. "Transaction costs, collective action and adaptation in managing complex social–ecological systems." Ecological Economics 88 (April 2013): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.12.030.

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28

Opp, Karl-Dieter. "Soft Incentives and Collective Action: Participation in the Anti-Nuclear Movement." British Journal of Political Science 16, no. 1 (1986): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400003811.

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The standard explanation of collective action in modern political economy can be outlined as follows: a collective (or public) good is only an incentive for a joint contribution to its provision, if those who benefit from the good at least perceive some influence arising from their contribution, the costs of contributing being otherwise greater than the benefits derived from it; otherwise joint efforts for the provision of the collective good will not ensue. If the good itself does not stimulate collective action, contributions will nevertheless occur when selective incentives become effective

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29

Speck, David, David Borukhson, Robert Mattmüller, and Bernhard Nebel. "On the Compilability and Expressive Power of State-Dependent Action Costs." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 31 (May 17, 2021): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v31i1.15981.

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While state-dependent action costs are practically relevant and have been studied before, it is still unclear if they are an essential feature of planning tasks. In this paper, we study to what extent state-dependent action costs are an essential feature by analyzing under which circumstances they can be compiled away. We give a complete classification for all combinations of action cost functions and possible cost measures for the compilations. Our theoretical results show that if both task sizes and plan lengths are to be preserved polynomially, then the boundary between compilability and no

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30

Politi, Mary C., Ashley J. Housten, Rachel C. Forcino, Jesse Jansen, and Glyn Elwyn. "Discussing Cost and Value in Patient Decision Aids and Shared Decision Making: A Call to Action." MDM Policy & Practice 8, no. 1 (2023): 238146832211486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23814683221148651.

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Direct and indirect costs of care influence patients’ health choices and the ability to implement those choices. Despite the significant impact of care costs on patients’ health and daily lives, patient decision aid (PtDA) and shared decision-making (SDM) guidelines almost never mention a discussion of costs of treatment options as part of minimum standards or quality criteria. Given the growing study of the impact of costs in health decisions and the rising costs of care more broadly, in fall 2021 we organized a symposium at the Society for Medical Decision Making’s annual meeting. The focus

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Skarzhinskaya, Elena. "Stackelberg leader in a collective action model." Economics and the Mathematical Methods 57, no. 4 (2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s042473880017519-9.

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Within a mathematical modelling framework, we analyze the conditions allowing a self-governedcollective to achieve Stackelberg equilibrium. It is assumed that members of the collective generate common income through individual effort, which income is then distributed among all members of the collective according to their predetermined share. Effort invested by each agent wields (imposes) a positive influence on the marginal income resulting from the effort invested by any other agent. Each member of the collective aims to maximize their individual gain. Within a model built on the most general

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32

Bellver-Domingo, Águeda, Lledó Castellet-Viciano, Vicent Hernández-Chover, and Francesc Hernández-Sancho. "The Quantification of Non-Action Costs as an Incentive to Address Water Pollution Problems." Water 15, no. 3 (2023): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030582.

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Diffuse pollution is one type of pollution generated by agricultural, livestock, and urban runoff that is responsible for surface and groundwater pollution. As a result, the exposed population develops different diseases that affect their short, medium, and long-term quality of life. Researchers need to be able to assess the loss of quality of life in monetary terms to include this social impact in decision-making processes. Specifically, if no measure is implemented to correct the situation, these costs can be considered as the non-action costs of the social impact of water pollution. This st

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Zubizarreta, E., M. Lodge, M. Abdel-Wahab, and A. Polo. "Cervical Cancer in the Commonwealth: Collective Action." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (2018): 153s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.57300.

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Background and context: Fifty-three countries are members of the Commonwealth. These countries span Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific and are diverse - they are among the world's largest, smallest, richest and poorest countries. Thirty-one of these members are classified as small states - countries with a population size of 1.5 million people or less and larger member states that share similar characteristics with them. The Commonwealth Secretariat is planning to tackle the problem of cervical cancer in their low and middle member states (LMIC) through the project “Cervical Ca

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34

Andreu Perez, Pedro, Gina Cioffi, Jenny Karam, Caroline Child, Fernando Tricta, and Giacomo Chiesi. "Cost of Care of Rare Hematologic Disorders in the United States: Call to Action for Policy Supporting Pharmacologic Innovation." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (2021): 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-151271.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Rare diseases (RD) present a societal concern because of lack of treatment availability and difficulty developing new treatments. Even when treatment options exist, there are considerable barriers to diagnosis and access to specialty care. OBJECTIVES: To estimate direct (attributable to patient care), indirect (patients' and caregivers' loss of productivity), and mortality-related costs of 5 rare hematologic disorders (atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome [aHUS], acute intermittent porphyria, acquired aplastic anemia, beta thalassemia major, and sickle cell disease) and eval

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35

BUTTS, NANCY KAY, KELLY M. KNOX, and T. SHANE FOLEY. "Energy costs of walking on a dual-action treadmill in men and women." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, no. 1 (1995): 121???125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199501000-00021.

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36

Shah, Anuj K., and Jens Ludwig. "Option Awareness: The Psychology of What We Consider." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (2016): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161098.

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The standard economic view suggests that people will commit an action if its expected benefits outweigh its costs. But before people weigh the costs and benefits of an action, what affects whether they think of the action in the first place? We argue that actions are more likely to enter into consideration when they are cognitively accessible. We describe three psychological parameters that influence accessibility: automatic assumptions, identity, and perceptions of privacy. These parameters make it possible to identify new interventions for behavior change.

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37

Geißer, Florian, Thomas Keller, and Robert Mattmüller. "Abstractions for Planning with State-Dependent Action Costs." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 26 (March 30, 2016): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v26i1.13742.

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Extending the classical planning formalism with state-dependent action costs (SDAC) allows an up to exponentially more compact task encoding. Recent work proposed to use edge-valued multi-valued decision diagrams (EVMDDs) to represent cost functions, which allows to automatically detect and exhibit structure in cost functions and to make heuristic estimators accurately reflect SDAC. However, so far only the inadmissible additive heuristic has been considered in this context. In this paper, we define informative admissible abstraction heuristics which enable optimal planning with SDAC. We discu

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38

Potts, Deborah. "Public action for housing: Reflections on trends in global housing unaffordability in large cities." Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 112, no. 1 (2023): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/trn.2023.a926448.

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ABSTRACT: Housing costs in relation to incomes have been increasing in many of the world's largest cities for decades. For urban residents at the lower end of urban income distributions, reasonably 'decent' housing providing basic health and space standards has become increasingly unaffordable. This leads to downward trends in their overall welfare as they are forced to make ever more difficult trade-offs between housing needs and other essential consumption costs such as food, water, heating and transport to work. The proportion of affected city residents has also increased with housing becom

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39

Galih, Renra Hata. "REVIEW OF ACTION ON FOREIGN WHO ILLEGAL FISHING IN TAREMPA IMMIGRATION OFFICE AREA." Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Keimigrasian 4, no. 1 (2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jikk.v4i1.222.

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Illegal fishing, namely fishing activities by foreign people or vessels in waters that are the jurisdiction of a country, without permission from that country, or contrary to laws and regulations. The problem of Illegal fishing not only causes problems regarding Indonesia's natural resources but also raises various immigration problems from the initial detention until the perpetrators of illegal fishing are deported to their home countries. The process of Immigration Administration Action (TAK) causes a lot of costs to be incurred, therefore simplification of the Immigration Analyst Actions (T

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Schmidt, Ulrich. "Agency costs and income taxation." Journal of Governance and Regulation 1, no. 1 (2012): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v1_i1_p6.

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This paper analyzes agency costs and the moral hazard problem in the presence of income taxation. As basic framework, income taxes are integrated in the hidden action model of agency theory. In the case of symmetric information no agency costs occur, i.e. optimal risk-sharing can be achieved, if and only if the tax is proportional. It is well-known that asymmetric information causes a welfare loss, termed agency costs, even if no taxes are imposed. Introducing a proportional income tax now increases (decreases) these agency costs if the agent exhibits decreasing (increasing) absolute risk aver

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41

Kolaj, Rezear, Edmira Ozuni, Dubravka Skunca, and Dorjana Zahoalia. "The Challenges of Collective Action for Olive Growers in Albania." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i1.93-98.

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Despite a considerable increase of surfaces with new olive cultivars during last two decades in Albania, the yields have not followed the expected trend. Participation of farmers in common activities would have benefits for costs cutting and efficiency as well as for the commons in a broader economic and social aspect. An opportunity for reducing costs and increasing farmers' income is the organization of farmer’s production by the principles of collective action. The research objective is to find factors affecting the olive growers (farmers) participation in collective actions in Berat area,

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42

Kolaj, Rezear, Edmira Ozuni, Dubravka Skunca, and Dorjana Zahoalia. "The Challenges of Collective Action for Olive Growers in Albania." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i1.p93-98.

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Despite a considerable increase of surfaces with new olive cultivars during last two decades in Albania, the yields have not followed the expected trend. Participation of farmers in common activities would have benefits for costs cutting and efficiency as well as for the commons in a broader economic and social aspect. An opportunity for reducing costs and increasing farmers' income is the organization of farmer’s production by the principles of collective action. The research objective is to find factors affecting the olive growers (farmers) participation in collective actions in Berat area,

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43

Kolaj, Rezear, Edmira Ozuni, Dubravka Skunca, and Dorjana Zahoalia. "The Challenges of Collective Action for Olive Growers in Albania." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 1 (2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v7i1.p93-98.

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Despite a considerable increase of surfaces with new olive cultivars during last two decades in Albania, the yields have not followed the expected trend. Participation of farmers in common activities would have benefits for costs cutting and efficiency as well as for the commons in a broader economic and social aspect. An opportunity for reducing costs and increasing farmers' income is the organization of farmer’s production by the principles of collective action. The research objective is to find factors affecting the olive growers (farmers) participation in collective actions in Berat area,

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44

Chung, Kay, and Michael G. Papaioannou. "Do Enhanced Collective Action Clauses Affect Sovereign Borrowing Costs?" Journal of Banking and Financial Economics 1/2021, no. 15 (2021): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/2353-6845.jbfe.2021.1.5.

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This paper analyzes the effects of including collective action clauses (CACs) and enhanced CACs in international (nondomestic law-governed) sovereign bonds on sovereigns’ borrowing costs, using secondary-market bond yield spreads. Our findings indicate that inclusion of enhanced CACs, introduced in August 2014, is associated with lower borrowing costs for both noninvestment-grade and investment-grade issuers. These results suggest that market participants do not associate the use of CACs and enhanced CACs with borrowers’ moral hazard, but instead consider their implied benefits of an orderly a

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Langergraber, Kevin E., David P. Watts, Linda Vigilant, and John C. Mitani. "Group augmentation, collective action, and territorial boundary patrols by male chimpanzees." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 28 (2017): 7337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701582114.

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How can collective action evolve when individuals benefit from cooperation regardless of whether they pay its participation costs? According to one influential perspective, collective action problems are common, especially when groups are large, but may be solved when individuals who have more to gain from the collective good or can produce it at low costs provide it to others as a byproduct. Several results from a 20-y study of one of the most striking examples of collective action in nonhuman animals, territorial boundary patrolling by male chimpanzees, are consistent with these ideas. Indiv

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Nishizaki, Ichiro, Tomohiro Hayashida, and Noriyuki Hara. "Coordination Games with Communication Costs in Network Environments." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 2 (June 27, 2023): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2010.2.1077.

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In this paper, we deal with a coordination game in a network where a player can choose both an action of the game and partners for playing the game. In particular, a player interacts with players connecting through a path consisting of multiple links as well as with players directly connecting by a single link. We represent decay or friction of payoffs with distance as communication costs, and examine the effect of the communication cost on behavior of players in the game and network formation. We investigate properties of equilibrium networks by classifying the link cost and the communication

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Feldman, Gilad, and Kin Fai Ellick Wong. "When Action-Inaction Framing Leads to Higher Escalation of Commitment: A New Inaction-Effect Perspective on the Sunk-Cost Fallacy." Psychological Science 29, no. 4 (2018): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617739368.

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Escalation of commitment to a failing course of action occurs in the presence of (a) sunk costs, (b) negative feedback that things are deviating from expectations, and (c) a decision between escalation and de-escalation. Most of the literature to date has focused on sunk costs, yet we offer a new perspective on the classic escalation-of-commitment phenomenon by focusing on the impact of negative feedback. On the basis of the inaction-effect bias, we theorized that negative feedback results in the tendency to take action, regardless of what that action may be. In four experiments, we demonstrat

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Bisetto, Cesar Gomes, and Murillo de Oliveira Dias. "Marketing Strategy in Action: Negotiating a Distribution Center in Brazil." British Journal of Marketing Studies 13, no. 4 (2025): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjms.2013/vol13n45363.

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A distribution company in Brazil sought to acquire a property for its distribution center, aiming to convert rental costs into real estate assets and boost financial performance. After a lengthy negotiation with the property owners, the parties faced the challenge of the representative's controlling behavior and excessive demands. This case highlights the importance of understanding the underlying interests of all parties involved in a business negotiation and adapting marketing strategies accordingly. The case enabled us to identify potential issues and concerns, and the conclusions are helpf

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Drozdova, O. R., and G. N. Semenova. "OPTIMIZING THE COSTS OF THE ORGANIZATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE PANDEMIC." Chronos: economy sciences 6, no. 1(29) (2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2712-9713-29-1-3.

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The relevance of the article lies in the analysis and development of proposals for optimizing the costs of an organization in a pandemic. In the context of the 2020 pandemic many businesses have suffered and action needs to be taken to continue operating. This problem can be solved in several ways, namely by increasing sales and reducing costs.

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Țîrlea, Mariana Rodica. "Practical Aspects Regarding the Technique of the Method of Calculation and Accounting of Production Costs." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 28, no. 2 (2022): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2022-0054.

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Abstract The method of calculating costs by manufacturing phases is limited to the range of classical methods of calculating costs. Basically, the “classical methods of calculating costs” refers both to direct costs but also to indirect costs related to a unit of product. The method on calculation phases of manufacturing costs consists in determining the actual cost on each production phase, partly deepened to the product level at the end of the production process, respectively at the end of the management period. The aim of the research is the practical application of the method of calculatin

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