Academic literature on the topic 'Costs of interruptions'

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Journal articles on the topic "Costs of interruptions"

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Growitsch, Christian, Raimund Malischek, Sebastian Nick, and Heike Wetzel. "The Costs of Power Interruptions in Germany: A Regional and Sectoral Analysis." German Economic Review 16, no. 3 (2015): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12054.

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Abstract A high standard of security of electricity supply comes at serious electricity system costs. However, these system costs have to be balanced with the economic costs induced by an insecure supply of electricity. Following a macroeconomic approach, we analyze the economic costs imposed by potential power interruptions in Germany. Using an extensive dataset on industries and households, we estimate both Values of Lost Load and the associated hourly costs of power interruptions for different German regions and sectors. We find that interruption costs vary significantly over time, between
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Sasangohar, Farzan, Birsen Donmez, Anthony C. Easty, and Patricia L. Trbovich. "Effects of Nested Interruptions on Task Resumption: A Laboratory Study With Intensive Care Nurses." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, no. 4 (2017): 628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720816689513.

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Objective: Interruptions to secondary tasks resulting in multiple tasks to resume may tax working memory. The objective of this research is to study such interruptions experienced by intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. Background: ICU nurses are frequently interrupted, resulting in a switch from primary to secondary tasks. In two recent studies, we observed that some of these secondary tasks also get interrupted, resulting in multiple tasks that have to be resumed, a phenomenon we refer to as nested interruptions. Although completing multiple secondary tasks in a serial fashion during an interru
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Shaposhnik, Hagit. "A Real-Time Interruption Management System Based on Eye-Tracking Data." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (2019): 1306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631122.

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Interruptions in the middle of a task have considerable costs. The objective of this study was to develop a system that postpones interruptions when they occur in periods of high workload. In Experiment 1, an air traffic control (ATC) simulator was presented with varying working memory demands. Pupil data were used to train a range of machine-learning classifiers to distinguish between high and low workload moments. The Gradient Boosted Tree (GBT) provided the best predictions. In Experiment 2, this classifier was used to develop a real-time interruption management system (IMS). The role of th
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Ketsche, Patricia G., and Lisette Branscomb. "The Long-Term Costs of Career Interruptions." Journal of Healthcare Management 48, no. 1 (2003): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00115514-200301000-00007.

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Nelson, John P., and J. David Lankutis. "Putting a Price on Power Interruptions: How Utilities and Customers Can Share Interruption Costs." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 22, no. 4 (2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2015.2459107.

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Wilson, Michael David, Simon Farrell, Troy A. W. Visser, and Shayne Loft. "On the Nature of Interruptions in Complex Dynamic Tasks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (2016): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601055.

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The formal study of interruption can improve workplace safety by providing insights into the cognitive processes underlying interrupted task performance (Boehm-Davis & Remington, 2009). Experimental studies examining the disruptive effects of interruptions have typically used basic laboratory paradigms (Trafton & Monk, 2007) and account for disruptive effects using prospective memory models (McDaniel, Einstein, Graham, & Rall, 2004) or activation-based models (Altmann & Trafton, 2002). However, the effects of interruptions in more complex dynamic tasks, such as air traffic cont
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Alonso, David, Aydin Tasevac, Lauren Williams, and Trafton Drew. "Investigating the costs of interruptions on visual search performance." Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (2020): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.772.

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McDaniel, Mark A., Gilles O. Einstein, Thomas Graham, and Erica Rall. "Delaying execution of intentions: overcoming the costs of interruptions." Applied Cognitive Psychology 18, no. 5 (2004): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1002.

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Gordon, Lynne Thomas. "PRACTITIONER APPLICATION: The Long-Term Costs of Career Interruptions." Journal of Healthcare Management 48, no. 1 (2003): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00115514-200301000-00008.

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Wilson, Michael David, Luke Strickland, Simon Farrell, Troy A. W. Visser, and Shayne Loft. "Prospective Memory Performance in Simulated Air Traffic Control." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 8 (2019): 1249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819875888.

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Objective To examine the effects of interruptions and retention interval on prospective memory for deferred tasks in simulated air traffic control. Background In many safety-critical environments, operators need to remember to perform a deferred task, which requires prospective memory. Laboratory experiments suggest that extended prospective memory retention intervals, and interruptions in those retention intervals, could impair prospective memory performance. Method Participants managed a simulated air traffic control sector. Participants were sometimes instructed to perform a deferred handof
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Costs of interruptions"

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Mattos, Marcel Souza. "Uma contribuição para a parametrização da proteção em sistemas de distribuição considerando custo de interrupções." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148681.

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A continuidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica a clientes é um objetivo constante das distribuidoras de energia, as quais estão constantemente buscando desenvolver soluções tecnológicas a fim de melhorar o desempenho das redes de distribuição. Com o crescimento das cargas eletrônicas e o expressivo aumento dos dispositivos automáticos nas redes, surge uma nova forma de analisar a rede de distribuição sob o aspecto da filosofia da proteção, considerando interrupções sustentadas e momentâneas, sob dois aspectos distintos, o primeiro considera o custo da energia não fornecida sob o período de
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Shiga, Alberto Akio. "Avaliação de custos decorrentes de descargas atmosféricas em sistemas de distribuição de energia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-03072007-081750/.

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As descargas atmosféricas sempre foram tratadas como acontecimentos fortuitos e de força maior, inerentes à vontade do homem. Contudo, mudanças significativas a esse respeito ocorreram recentemente na legislação brasileira, no Código Civil e na norma ABNT NBR 5410: 2004 (Instalações Elétricas de Baixa Tensão). Além disso, em 29 de abril de 2004 foi publicada a Resolução Normativa nº 61 da ANEEL, que estabelece as disposições relativas ao ressarcimento de danos, em equipamentos elétricos instalados em unidades consumidoras, causados por perturbações no sistema elétrico. De acordo com essa nova
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Lavenius, Jan. "An Algorithm for Finding Minimal Load Interruption Costs." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-116892.

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This thesis presents an algorithm for finding the minimal interruptioncost associated with the loads.Electric power systems are necessary to transfer electric energy fromproducers to consumers. The power system may lose stability as thesenonlinear systems are subject to contingencies. The loss of stabilitymay result in large costs for the society, by the loss of productivityand worsening standard of living. If the likelihood of instability is low,then it may be that it is not economically motivated to allocate costlyresources necessary to prevent this from happening. For some casesload sheddin
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Dzobo, Oliver. "Risk-based interruption cost index based on customer and interruption parameters." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8683.

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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Modern competitive electricity markets do not ask for power systems with the highest possible technical perfection, but for systems with the highest possible economic efficiency. Higher economic efficiency can only be achieved when accurate and flexible analysis tools are used. Thus, the modelling of reliability inputs, methodology applied in assessing supply reliability and the interpretation of the reliability outputs should be carefully considered in power system management. In order to relate investment costs to the resulting levels of supply reliabi
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Akpeji, Kingsley Oladipo. "Cost of Electricity Interruption to Commercial and Industrial End-Users." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31310.

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The question ‘what is the cost of electricity interruptions?’ is fraught with lots of complexities as electricity interruption is not a tradable commodity. A closely associated question is ‘from whose perspective should this cost be assessed – the electric utility or its customers?’ Extant research has shown that the primal focus should be on the electricity customer as the electric utility’s revenue loss after an electricity interruption event is significantly less than customers’ interruption cost (CIC). Existing methods of assessing the cost of electricity interruptions are not always consi
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Paar, Martin. "Využití genetických algoritmů při optimalizaci procesů v elektroenergetice." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233505.

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Current trends in regulation of electricity supply continuity in the power engineering industry includes introduction of systems and customers standards. The electricity market liberalization in the European Union is speeded up the process furthermore. Companies included in the distribution network bussiness therefore began to be interested more in the evaluation of risks associated with the aplication of these standards. The aim of the thesis is to minimize the expenses caused by power losses of the distribution network by means of distribution network reconfiguration depending on the standar
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Ip, Cho Nicolas Foumg Sian. "Incorporating time and statistical variations in load modelling for reliability and customer interruption costs evaluations." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16830.

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This study was carried out with two main objectives. Firstly to investigate different types of load modelling in reliability or CIC [customer interruption costs] evaluations to obtain an understanding on how these evaluations are performed and identifying the benefits or limitations of existing models. Secondly to develop several load modelling approaches, including a time dependent beta PDF load model, which are simulated using an appropriate simulation technique and software. A comparison using historical load data based on South African residential customers and shops (used as commercial cu
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McNamara, Kiersty. "Further Evaluation of Treatments for Vocal Stereotypy: Response Interruption Redirection and Response Cost." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7061.

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The purpose of this study was to expand on research by evaluating the effects of response interruption redirection and response cost alone to reduce vocal stereotypy and to evaluate whether response cost increases the effectiveness of response interruption redirection. Treatment phases included response interruption redirection, response cost, and response interruption redirection plus response cost. We saw high rates of vocal stereotypy during baseline, toy baseline, and pre-intervention phases. During all treatment phases, we saw substantial decreases in stereotypy. For t
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Maddur, Harish Santosh. "Access to Electricity in Rural India Tradeoffs and Interventions for Meaningful Electrification." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/486.

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This thesis investigates the engineering economics of interventions to reduce consumer inconvenience due to unreliable electricity supply in rural India. The work introduces and applies a novel approach to estimate interruption costs as loss in consumer surplus due to restricted consumption of electricity services. Chapter 2 reports an assessment that compares grid extension with distributed generation (DG) alternatives, based on the subsidies they will necessitate, and costs of service interruptions that are appropriate in the rural Indian context. Despite the inclusion of interruption costs,
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Alvehag, Karin. "Risk-based methods for reliability investments in electric power distribution systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33815.

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Society relies more and more on a continuous supply of electricity. However, while underinvestments in reliability lead to an unacceptable number of power interruptions, overinvestments result in too high costs for society. To give incentives for a socioeconomically optimal level of reliability, quality regulations have been adopted in many European countries. These quality regulations imply new financial risks for the distribution system operator (DSO) since poor reliability can reduce the allowed revenue for the DSO and compensation may have to be paid to affected customers.This thesis devel
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Books on the topic "Costs of interruptions"

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Nava, Stefano, and Luca Fasano. Ventilator Liberation Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0039.

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The weaning process should ideally begin as soon as the patient is intubated and continue through the treatment of the cause inducing acute respiratory failure. Weaning includes the assessment of readiness to extubate, extubation, and post-extubation monitoring; it also includes consideration of non-invasive ventilation which has been shown to reduce the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in selected patients. Weaning accounts for approximately 40% of the total time spent on mechanical ventilation and should be achieved rapidly, since prolonged mechanical ventilation is associated wit
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Book chapters on the topic "Costs of interruptions"

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Candelas, Francisco A., Fernando Torres, Pablo Gil, and Santiago T. Puente. "Static Scheduling with Interruption Costs for Computer Vision Applications." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36569-9_34.

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Anupama, Anjana Solanki, and Chandan Kumar. "The Effect of Vacation Interruptions Policy on the Queueing System with Cost Optimization." In Performance Prediction and Analytics of Fuzzy, Reliability and Queuing Models. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0857-4_11.

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Radziukynas, Virginijus, Neringa Radziukynienė, Arturas Klementavičius, and Darius Naujokaitis. "Operator’s Interruption-Cost-Based Sectionalization Method For 3-Feeder Radial Distribution Architecture." In Energy Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38134-8_3.

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Bautista-Valhondo, Joaquín, and Rocío Alfaro-Pozo. "A GRASP Algorithm to Optimize Operational Costs and Regularity of Production in Mixed-Model Sequencing Problems with Forced Interruption of Operations." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00374-6_30.

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Abu-Siada, Ahmed. "Preface." In Recent Advances in Renewable Energy. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681085425117020001.

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Due to the continuous resources’ reduction and cost increase of conventional fossil fuel along with the global trend to decrease the greenhouse effect, clean energy production from renewable sources has been given a global great concern. Among renewable energy sources, wind energy conversion systems have received a worldwide notable attention. It is expected that more than 10% of the global electricity demand will to be generated by wind energy conversion systems by the year 2020. During their early implementation stage, wind turbines were to be disconnected during abnormal and fault conditions within the electricity grid it is connected to. Owing to the fact that current wind installations supply a significant portion of the load demand, disconnecting windfarms may lead to business interruption and discontinuity of power supply to the end user. As such, transmission line operators have developed strict grid codes that wind turbine generator must meet to maintain its connection to support the grid during various fault conditions. To comply with these codes, flexible AC transmission systems have been widely used with current wind energy conversion systems to modulate reactive and/or active power at the point of common coupling of the wind turbine generator and the grid. This book presents the applications of various flexible ac transmission system devices to wind energy conversion systems. Devices such as unified power flow controllers, superconducting magnetic energy storage and static synchronous compensator are covered in this book. Topologies, control systems along with case studies of the aforementioned devices are presented and discussed. This book will be useful for postgraduate research students, upper-division electrical engineering students and practicing engineers.
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Borensztein, Eduardo, and Prakash Loungani. "Asian Financial Integration: Trends and Interruptions." In Costs and Benefits of Economic Integration in Asia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753987.003.0003.

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McEleney, Corey. "Art for Nothing’s Sake." In Futile Pleasures. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823272655.003.0004.

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Chapter Three initiates a two-chapter sequence on the most hotly contested literary genre in early modern England: romance. It offers close readings of two Elizabethan texts frequently cited for their condemnations of romance: Roger Ascham’s The Scholemaster and Thomas Nashe’s The Unfortunate Traveller. Critics generally take these texts at face value, citing them as unequivocal Protestant diatribes against the pleasures of romance and arguing that Ascham and Nashe project such pleasures onto the dangers of traveling abroad to Italy. The chapter draws on Paul de Man’s theory of irony in order to think about the disjunction between the texts’ didactic statements, on the one hand, and the mode in which those statements are delivered, or undelivered, on the other. In opposition to conventional readings that recuperate such disjunctions, the chapter analyzes how the rhetorical motions and narrative structures of these texts fail to line up with Ascham’s and Nashe’s more explicit condemnations of romance. Specifically, it show how the texts’ errancy and play, in the forms of digression, alliteration, and narrative interruptions, undercut their pedagogical intentions. Rather than simply celebrating such play, however, the chapter points to its high costs for both writers.
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"Design and Implementation of Monitoring System Using PLC for ICT-Integrated Fish Farm." In Smart Grid Test Bed Using OPNET and Power Line Communication. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2776-3.ch007.

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The key to a Smart Grid is to manage electric power within the grid efficiently. There are many advantages in building a smart grid but it is useful in using it as an ancillary power grid for the business that can be damaged extensively due to blackout or interruption of power caused by hurricanes at power plants, substations and other related infrastructures. Fish farms in the republic of Korea use a considerable power and suffer a serious loss from a mass stranding caused by power interruptions. This chapter introduces a case study which aims to design a power line-based communication for the fish farms/vertical farms as the cost of constructing an internet network at the farm with UTP cables and other communication equipment is very high. This section includes a designing technique for the entire system and its necessary applications.
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"Cost Analysis and Profitability." In Measuring Business Interruption Losses and Other Commercial Damages. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119204381.ch6.

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Roos, Jerome. "Syndicated Lending and the Creditors’ Cartel." In Why Not Default? Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691180106.003.0009.

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This chapter considers the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s. Unlike the 1930s, when debt moratoriums were widespread, the debt crisis of the 1980s was marked by a striking absence of unilateral default. With payment suspensions effectively ruled out as a permissible policy response, debtors and creditors engaged in a concerted effort to reschedule the amortization of principal, refinance maturing obligations and prevent an interruption of interest service at all costs. The chapter shows how the highly concentrated and interlocked nature of syndicated lending contributed to the emergence of a coherent international creditors' cartel that was capable of effectively coordinating collective action among the major Wall Street banks, keeping the debtors in the lending game by rolling over maturing obligations while simultaneously imposing strict market discipline on the borrowing governments through the credible threat of a refusal of further credit in the event of noncompliance.
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Conference papers on the topic "Costs of interruptions"

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Kjolle, G., K. Samdal, and K. Brekke. "Incorporating short interruptions and time dependency of interruption costs in continuity of supply regulation." In 20th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2009). IET, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.0791.

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Mostafavi, Golnoosh, Mehran Ahmadi, and Majid Bahrami. "Effect of Fin Interruptions on Natural Convection Heat Transfer From a Rectangular Interrupted Single-Wall." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73129.

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Steady-state external natural convective heat transfer from a single-wall vertically-mounted rectangular interrupted fin arrays is investigated. A systematic numerical, experimental, and analytical study is conducted on the effect of adding interruptions to a single vertical plate, on natural convective heat transfer. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used in order to develop a two-dimensional numerical model for investigation of fin interruption effects. To perform an experimental study and to verify the analytical and numerical results, a custom-designed testbed was developed. Results show tha
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El-Bassiouny, A., M. El-Shimy, and R. Hammouda. "Impact of power transformer failures on customer interruptions costs using customer damage functions." In 2017 Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mepcon.2017.8301237.

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Detrich, V., P. Skala, Z. Spacek, and V. Blazek. "Evaluation of Measures Undertaken in the Distribution Network Based on the Potential of Reducing the Costs of Supply Interruptions." In Power Tech 2007. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pct.2007.4538601.

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Rathwell, Terry G. "Prevention, Preparedness, Response and the Bottom Line." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27340.

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This paper discusses the relationship between the management of health, safety and the environment (prevention, preparedness and response) at various phases of pipeline development and operation and the costs and cost benefits associated with this essential management function. HSE management systems are an integral component of all phases of pipeline activity, including concept and design, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance. Effective HSE management systems are not free and they do involve immediate expenditures of time, resources and money. Future gains are very real but
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Burley, Colt, Mohammed Arefeen, and Arran Davidson. "Riding through Power Disturbances using Local Energy Storage." In SPE Gulf Coast Section Electric Submersible Pumps Symposium. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204514-ms.

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Abstract The nature of Oil and Gas production presents numerous challenges for creating and maintaining reliable electrical infrastructure. Production assets are often widely dispersed over remote geographical areas, leaving them vulnerable to wildlife, storms and poor load management. Unfortunately for ESPs, even an extremely short interruption in electrical service can lead to significant downtime, stress on equipment, and additional field labor costs. The economic and operational advantages to providing a readily available, alternative source of power during these short duration events is s
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Tomczak, Michał, and Piotr Jaśkowski. "The method of scheduling construction projects increasing the use of resources of the general contractor." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.019.

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In carrying out construction projects, enterprises strive to obtain the highest degree of harmonization of the work of the resources involved. It is manifested in ensuring continuous and regular production with a full usage of their executive potential. The purpose of harmonization is to eliminate unjustified interruptions in the work of resources. When planning the realization of non-repetitive construction projects, one should use methods of scheduling that allow the analysis of the project model not only as a function of time. It is also important to take into account the effectiveness of u
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Lidar, Per, Niklas Bergh, Arne Larsson, and Gunnar Hedin. "Waste Management Strategy for Cost Effective and Environmentally Friendly NPP Decommissioning." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96006.

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Decommissioning of nuclear power plants generates large volumes of radioactive or potentially radioactive waste. The proper management of the dismantling waste plays an important role for the time needed for the dismantling phase and thus is critical to the decommissioning cost. An efficient and thorough process for inventorying, characterization and categorization of the waste provides a sound basis for the planning process. As part of comprehensive decommissioning studies for Nordic NPPs, Westinghouse has developed the decommissioning inventories that have been used for estimations of the du
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Schellenberg, Josh A., Michael J. Sullivan, and Joe H. Eto. "Incorporating customer interruption costs into reliability planning." In 2014 IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference (REPC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/repcon.2014.6842206.

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Schellenberg, Josh, Barney Speckman, and Joseph H. Eto. "Integrating customer interruption costs into outage management systems." In 2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc.2016.7519888.

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Reports on the topic "Costs of interruptions"

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Sullivan, Michael, Myles T. Collins, Josh Schellenberg, and Peter H. Larsen. Estimating Power System Interruption Costs: A Guidebook for Electric Utilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1462980.

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LaCommare, Kristina Hamachi, and Joseph H. Eto. Understanding the cost of power interruptions to U.S. electricity consumers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834270.

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Balducci, Patrick J., Joseph M. Roop, Lawrence A. Schienbein, John G. DeSteese, and Mark R. Weimar. Electric Power Interruption Cost Estimates for Individual Industries, Sectors, and U.S. Economy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926127.

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Schellenberg, Josh, and Peter Larsen. Changes to the Underlying Econometric Models for the Interruption Cost Estimate (ICE) Calculator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1769301.

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Jiang, Yuxiang. Unsettled Technology Areas in Electric Propulsion Systems. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021012.

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Electric vehicle (EV) transmission technology—crucial for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)—is developing quickly and customers want good performance at a low cost. Single-speed gearboxes are popular in electric drive systems due to their simple and cost-effective configuration. However, multispeed gearboxes are being taken to market due to their higher low-speed torque, dynamic performance, and energy efficiency. Unsettled Technology Areas in Electric Propulsion Systems reviews the economic drivers, existing techniques, and current challenges of EV transmiss
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Juan Jose Ospina-Tejeiro, Carlos Alfonso Huertas-Campos, et al. Monetary Policy Report - April de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2021.

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Abstract:
1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lowe
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