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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cotton – Growth regulators'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Jech, L. E., S. H. Husman, P. C. Ellsworth, and J. W. Diehl. "Whitefly Control Using Insect Growth Regulators." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211091.

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Management of whiteflies with two insect growth regulators was compared with standard practices in grower managed cotton near Gila Bend, AZ. The IGRs, Knack (pyriproxyfen) and Applaud (buprofezin) were tested in a randomized complete block experiment with seven replicates. University ofArizona recommendations were followed to time insecticide applications. Following IGR applications, the nymphal populations remained near or below action thresholds (≤ 0.5-1.0 large nymphs per 3.88 cm² disk) from early August through early October. The standard practices treatments maintained the nymphal population through only early September, when populations sharply increased IGR treatments resulted in adult populations below University of Arizona action thresholds nearly as long as the nymphs. There was an adult population peak that followed a nymphal peak near the middle of September.

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2

Ellsworth, P. C., J. W. Diehl, I. W. Kirk, and T. J. Henneberry. "Whitefly Growth Regulators: Large-Scale Evaluation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211092.

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Two insect growth regulators (IGRs) that are selective against whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) became available for the first time in 1996 to Arizona cotton growers under emergency exemption. These IGRs were studied in a commercial -scale whitefly management trial (178 acres) in 1996. The trial was designed to evaluate provisional whitefly recommendations. Three sets of factors were tested in a 48 plot factorial design: application methods, thresholds for initiating IGR use, and insecticide regimes. Ground (broadcast at 15 gallons/acre) and aerial applications (5 gallons/acre) were roughly equivalent over a wide range of variables examined (whitefly populations, number of sprays, cost, and yield). Under the higher population densities, ground applications sometimes suppressed whiteflies to a greater extent than aerial applications. The rapid advance of the population resulted in the initial triggering of all thresholds within just five days. No consistent trend in population suppression was seen for the thresholds tested (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 large, visible nymphs per 3.88 sq cm leaf disk located between the major and first, left lateral vein of the fifth main stem node leaf below the terminal). The control cost for the highest threshold was significantly less than for the middle threshold, but not for the lower threshold. Under emergency exemption, each IGR may be used only once per season. The sequence of use did not result in any consistent advantage in population suppression, cost, number of sprays needed, or yield. The IGR regimes were in general more efficacious, less disruptive, and less costly than the conventional insecticide regime. There were significantly fewer sprays needed by the IGR regimes compared to the conventional regime. All regimes successfully controlled whitefly populations for a 12 week period and cost significantly less than conventional programs tested in 1995 (Ellsworth et al. 1996a). IGRs are effective, long-lasting, and less environmentally disruptive alternatives to conventional insecticides. They reduce the risk of secondary pest outbreaks and pest resistance, and increase the opportunity of natural enemy conservation.

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3

Silvertooth, J. C., E. R. Norton, and P. W. Brown. "Cotton Growth and Development Patterns." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210757.

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Summaries of cotton crop phenology, as a function of heat units (HU, 86/55°F limits) have been developed across a wide range of production conditions in Arizona. Basic phenological events such as the occurrence of pinhead squares, squares susceptible to pink bollworm, and first bloom are described in terms of HU accumulations since planting (HUAP). Fruit retention guidelines and height: node ratios, which measure a crop's vegetative /reproductive balance, are developed as a function of HUAP. Similarly, the rate of canopy closure is described in terms of HUAP. The use of the number of nodes above the top white bloom to the terminal (NAWB) is developed as a measure of a crops progression towards cut-out. Also, the expected ranges of HU's accumulated since planting that are required to accomplish crop cut-out are shown for Upland and Pima cotton.

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4

Bartlett, A. C., L. J. Lewis, and B. A. Hunter. "Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly by Insect Growth Regulators." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208356.

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Two newly developed insect growth regulators were tested at two dose levels for control of the sweetpotato whitefly on cotton. The two chemicals showed some promise for control although the dose rate and application schedules were not optimal and plot sizes were too small to show a decrease in cotton stickiness or sugar content due to the treatments. In these tests a chitin synthesis inhibitor was more effective in controlling immature stages than a juvenile hormone mimic.

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5

Diehl, J. W., S. E. Naranjo, and P. C. Ellsworth. "Whitefly Growth Regulators: A Field Sampling Protocal for Nymphs." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211111.

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We developed a sampling protocol for nymphs of the sweetpotato whitefly for timing the application of insect growth regulators. These plans require counting the number of large, visible nymphs within a 3.88 cm² leaf disk on the fifth main stem node leaf down from the terminal. Use of insect growth regulators for whitefly control is recommended when whitefly densities from 30 plants average 0.5 - 1.0 large nymphs per disk and 3 - 5 adults per leaf. We evaluated these sampling and decision- making plans within a large -scale field experiment. Precision was adequate for densities of 1.0 large nymph per leaf and greater, but sample sizes greater than 30 are needed for lower densities. The ability of samplers to detect and categorize nymphal instars and sampler-to-sampler variation in this ability were significant sources of variation. A binomial (presence/absence) sampling plan may diminish sampler-sampler variation while increasing efficiency and accuracy of decision- making.

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6

Silvertooth, J. C., P. W. Brown, and J. E. Malcuit. "Cotton Crop Growth and Development Patterns." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208631.

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Summaries of cotton crop phenology, as a function of heat units (HU, 86/55 °F limits) have been developed across a wide range of production conditions in Arizona. Optimum ranges of HU accumulations since 1 January are used to describe optimal planting dates for full season varieties. Basic events such as the occurrence of pinhead squares, squares susceptible to pink bollworm, and first bloom are described in terms of HU accumulations since planting. Fruit retention guidelines and height: node ratios measures a crop's vegetative/reproductive balance, are developed as a function of HUAP. The use of the number of nodes above the top white bloom to the terminal (NAWB) is developed as a measure of a crops progression towards cut-out. Also, the expected ranges of HU 's accumulated since planting that are required to accomplish crop cut-out are shown for three general maturity types of Upland cotton.

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7

Abdul-Razak, Mubarak Ali. "INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND FERTILIZERS ON COTTON YIELD AND PLANT BEHAVIOR." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184196.

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The effect of the plant regulator Mepiquat chloride (PIXᵀᴹ) (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride), in the early flowering stage, and combinations with soil and foliar application of fertilizers was investigated through seven field experiments conducted in 1982 and 1983 at three University of Arizona experimental locations. Three upland cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.), 'Deltapine 55', '61' and '62' were used. Cotton yield, boll properties, fiber properties, leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, plant partitioning and maturity were investigated. Petiole nitrate, leaf area index (LAI) and LAI interrelationship with yield were also included in this study. The use of PIX resulted in an increase in seed cotton yield and boll weight in one of the experiments, while fiber properties did not show any significant response to either PIX or fertilizers. PIX, however, had the tendency to enhance maturity by about 1 week. Use of PIX reduced plant height in all tested cultivars at all locations. The reduction in plant height ranged from 7 to 28% depending on the cultivar, location and the amount of PIX applied. The chlorophyll a and b content of leaves increased significantly as a result of PIX application in two of four tests, while their ratio decreased. Leaf area index between treatments were not significantly different except at one sampling date. In a regression study, however, yield was found to be related positively to LAI when soil and foliar application of fertilizer were added, while it was negative when PIX was applied. Neither PIX nor BALANCEᵀᴹ (1:18:18:1) application affected plant partitioning nor petiole nitrate concentration at most of the sampling dates.

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8

Rethwisch, Michael D., Greg Hurtado, and Rosario Hurtado. "Comparison of Various Plant Growth Regulators on Pima S-7 Cotton Yields." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210772.

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All plant growth regulators and nutritional products applied to Pima S-7 cotton during bloom economically increased lint yields, with increases ranging from 80 - 261 lbs. /acre. Greatest increase was noted with Boll-Set Plus, a product that contains raised levels of calcium and zinc. Cytokin and Boll -Set Plus significantly increased yields at one location. A lint yield increase of approximately 40 lbs/acre was noted when Tech-Flo Alpha was added to Cytokin. A single application of Foliar Triggrr resulted in equal yields as two applications of the Cytokin plus Tech-Flo Alpha.

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9

Brown, Paul B., and Carolyn A. Zeiher. "Cotton Heat Stress." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210949.

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Heat stress has been a subject of considerable concern among Arizona cotton growers due to a recent string of hot, humid summers. Research studies indicate heat stress develops when mean crop temperature exceeds 82.4F (28C). Serious heat stress develops when mean crop temperatures exceed 86E Several meteorological factors impact crop temperatures in Arizona; however, accurate estimates of crop temperature can be made using a model requiring air and dew point temperature. This model was used to evaluate heat stress conditions in Arizona over the past 10 years. Results from this evaluation show the past three years were difficult years for heat stress. Elevation and humidity levels are major factors impacting heat stress in any given year. Lower elevation areas are more prone to heat stress than high elevation areas such as Safford. Possible management options to minimize the impact of heat stress include early optimal planting dates, variety selection, field location and good water management.

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10

Bariola, Louis A. "Using Plant Growth Regulators to Control Pink Bollworms and Boll Weevils." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219781.

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11

Hood, L. R. "Multiple Plant Growth Regulator Use on Short Staple Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209534.

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A field trial was initiated during the 1992 growing season to evaluate the activity of Cytokin and Piz applied alone or in combination to short staple cotton. The Cytokin treatment significantly increased lint yield over the other treatments. There were no statistically significant differences between the non-treated check and any other treatment. The Cytokin treatment increased lint yield an average of 81 pounds over the check plots. Fruit retention remained high throughout the season, indicating that Pix would not normally have been needed.

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12

Hood, L. R. "Multiple Plant Growth Regulator Use on Short Staple Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210271.

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A field trial was conducted during the 1992 & 1993 growing seasons to evaluate the activity of Cytokin and Pic applied alone or in combination to short staple cotton. The Cytokin treatment significantly increased tint yield over the other treatments in 1992. There were no statistically significant seed cotton differences between the non - treated check and any treatment in 1993. Fruit retention remained high throughout 1992 and very high throughout the 1993 season. Under high fruiting conditions, use of a plant growth regulator would not normally be recommended.

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13

Clark, L. J., and E. W. Carpenter. "Plant Growth Regulator Studies at the Safford Agricultural Center, 1993." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209604.

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14

Clark, L. J., and E. W. Carpenter. "Plant Growth Regulator Studies at the Safford Agricultural Center, 1994." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210270.

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Methanol, Cytokin and PGR IV plant growth regulators were tested on long and short staple cotton on the Safford Agricultural Center in 1994. It was a follow up study on Methanol and Cytokin and a first time look at PGR IV.

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15

Briggs, R. E., and J. M. Nelson. "Growth Regulator Test on Upland Cotton at the Marana Agricultural Center, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204849.

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A field study was conducted at the Marana Agricultural Center to evaluate the effectiveness of growth regulators on Deltapine 90 cotton. The Pix treatment yielded significantly higher than the check and any of the other treatments.

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16

Clark, L. J., and E. W. Carpenter. "Plant Growth Regulator/Foliar Nutrient Studies at the Safford Agricultural Center, 1995." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210773.

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Methanol, Cytokin, Cytoplex, PGR IV and Foli-Zyme plant growth regulators were tested on long and short staple cotton on the Safford Agricultural Center in 1995. It was a follow up study on Methanol, Cytokin and PGR IV and a first time look at Cytoplex and Foli-Zyme. Trends toward increased lint yield were seen with Cytokin and Cytoplex with the other treatments yielding near or below the untreated check Some increase in maturity was seen on the short staple plots by all of the treatments. Some differences in HVI data were also observed.

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17

Rethwisch, Michael D., Nathan Rovey, Nathan Heeringa, and Aron Quist. "Comparison of Early Season and Mid-Season Applied Plant Growth Regulators on DPL 5415 Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210758.

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Several plant growth regulators were applied to DPL 5415 cotton to evaluate effectiveness on cotton lint yield. Growth regulators applied in small amounts over multiple applications early in the growing season reduced yields compared with the check while a single application applied at full-bloom slightly increased lint yields. High night time temperatures from late July into early September were detrimental for cotton production. Increased squaring of early season applications compared with the check may have resulted in reduced yields due to increased stress from temperatures and/or nutrient availability. Increased stress in the early treated (more fruit) plots may have had greater fruit abscission.

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18

Silvertooth, J. C., P. W. Brown, and J. E. Malcuit. "Basic Cotton Crop Development Patterns." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208324.

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Summaries of cotton crop phenology, as a function of heat units (HU, 86/55°F limits) have been developed across a wide range of production conditions in Arizona. Optimum ranges in HU accumulations since January 1 are used to describe planting dates to maintain optimum yield potentials with full season varieties. Basic events such as the occurrence of pinhead squares, squares that are susceptible to pink bollworm, and first bloom are described in terms of HU accumulations since planting. Also, the expected ranges of HU's accumulated since planting that are required to accomplish crop cut -out are shown for three general maturity types of Upland cotton.

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19

Husman, S. H., W. B. McCloskey, and W. T. Molin. "Methanol Effect on Upland Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209602.

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The effects of foliar applied methanol on Upland cotton were measured in a large field study in Phoenix, AZ. An untreated check was compared to weekly applications of 30% methanol, 30% methanol plus 1% Urea and 0.1 % Fe EDTA, and 1% Urea and 0.1% Fe EDTA. Plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, soil water use and lint yields were measured. There were no differences in any of the measured variables between treatments.

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20

Hofmann, Wallace C., Peter T. Else, and Ramadjita Tabo. "The Effects of Three Plant Growth Substances on DPL 90." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204039.

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21

Husman, S. H., J. C. Silvertooth, and C. Ramsey. "The Effects of PIX Application Timing on Lint Yield and Growth and Development Parameters." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208614.

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Two field studies were conducted in 1991 to further evaluate Upland cotton yield and development responses to PIX application timing as a function cotton growth stage. Treatments imposed in 1991 were intended to further clarify some response trends observed in previous field studies. Treatments in 1991 were all at the maximum label rate of 1.5 pt./acre with application timing the main variable. Timing was based on growth stage and heat unit accumulation since date of planting. The study in Waddell, Az. resulted in no significant yield differences across all treatments. In contrast, the study at the Maricopa Agricultural Center resulted in a statistically significant yield response by approximately 100 lbs. lint /acre for all FIX treatments compared to the untreated check plots. Plant growth and development measurements indicated the height: node ratio counts to be a good reflection of vegetative tendencies under field conditions in the two studies.

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22

Norton, E. R., L. J. Clark, H. Borrego, and Bryan Ellsworth. "Evaluation of Two Plant Growth Regulators from LT Biosysn." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198160.

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A single field study was conducted during the 2004 cotton growing season at the University of Arizona Safford Agricultural Center to evaluate the effect of two plant growth regulators (PGRs) manufactured by LT Biosyn Inc. on the growth, development, yield, and fiber quality of cotton grown in the southeastern region of the state. This test was designed as a follow up study to work that was performed in 2003 on a grower cooperator site that demonstrated positive lint yield responses to the use of one of the PGRs used in this project. This was an eight treatment test involving the application of two PGRs, HappyGroTM (HG) and MegaGroTM (MG). The two formulations are intended to have different effects on plant growth and development. The HG formulation is a kinetin based product designed to enhance cell division and differentiation. The MG formulation is designed to enhance root growth early in the season. Several treatment combinations were designed to investigate varying scenarios of application of these two products alone and in conjunction with each other. The test included a control and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plant measurements were collected throughout the season to look for differences in plant growth and development. Lint yield was estimated by harvesting the entire plot and weighing the seedcotton with a weigh wagon equipped with load cells. Sub samples were collected for fiber quality and percent lint determinations. Plant measurements revealed extremely high fruit retention levels throughout the entire season with end of season levels near 75%. This high fruit retention resulted in very low vigor. Under these conditions, while lint yield was extremely high for this region (1300-1600 lbs. lint per acre), no statistical differences were observed among treatments. Fiber quality measurements also revealed no significant differences.

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23

Briggs, R. E., J. M. Nelson, and G. Hart. "Plant Growth Regulator Research on Upland Cotton at the Maricopa and Marana Agricultural Centers in 1989." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208295.

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Field tests were conducted at the Maricopa and Marana Agricultural Centers to evaluate the effectiveness of growth regulators on Deltapine 90 cotton. With full season management, the check treatment yielded as well as any of the growth regulator treatments at both locations.

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24

Husman, S. H., J. C. Silvertooth, and C. Ramsey. "The Effects of PIX Application Timing on Upland Cotton Lint Yield and Growth and Development Parameters." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209554.

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Four commercial scale field studies were conducted in 1991 and 1992 to further evaluate Upland cotton yield and development responses to PIX application timing as a function of cotton growth stage. Treatments imposed in both years intended to further clarify some response trends observed in previous years of field studies. Treatments were all at the maximum label rate of one and one half pints with application timing the main variable. Timing was based on heat unit accumulation and resultant growth stage since date of planting. Two of the four studies resulted in significant lint yield increase of roughly one hundred pounds across all PIX treatments in contrast to the untreated check. The two studies which resulted in lint yield increases both had height:node ratio measurements in excess (vegetative) of previously defined guidelines.

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25

Husman, S. H., and J. C. Silvertooth. "The Effects of PIX Application Timing on Upland Cotton Lint Yield and Growth and Development Parameters." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209610.

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Six commercial scale field studies were conducted from 1991-1993 to further evaluate and predict Upland cotton yield and development responses to PIX application timing as a function of cotton growth and condition. Treatments imposed intended to further clarify some response trends observed in previous years of field studies. Treatments were all at the maximum label rate of one and one half pints with application timing the main variable. Timing was based on heat unit accumulation and resultant growth stage since date of planting. Two of the six studies resulted in significant lint yield increase of roughly one hundred pounds across all PIX treatments in contrast to the untreated check. The two studies which resulted in lint yield increases both had height: node ratio measurements in excess (vegetative) of previously defined guidelines.

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26

Guinn, G., and D. L. Brummett. "ABA and Auxin Contents of Squared and Flowers in Relation to Water Deficit Stress and Subsequent Young Boll Shedding." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208260.

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Water deficit increases boll shedding. Large squares, however, are much less likely to shed, possibly because they contain high concentrations of free and total auxin (indole-3-acetic acid or IAA). Our previous research indicated that much of this IAA disappears by the time the squares open as flowers and the IAA content remains low for about four days after anthesis. If water deficit decreases the IAA content, or increases the ABA conten4 of squares and flowers, then water deficit before flowering could have a carry-over effect and increase the shedding rate of young bolls that subsequently develop from them. In field plots, water deficit increased the ABA content of flowers as much as 66 %. Water deficit first decreased and later increased the concentrations of free and total IAA in squares that were analyzed about three days before anthesis. Flowers contained much less IAA than squares. Despite pronounced effects of water deficit on the IAA content of squares it is unlikely that it had any carry-over effect on the free IAA content of young bolls that subsequently developed from them. Water deficit slightly increased the total IAA content of flowers, but had no effect on their free IAA. Because water deficit increased the ABA content but did not decrease the IAAA content of flowers, any carry-over effect of water deficit on young boll shedding might have been from changes in ABA but not from changes in IAA before the young-boll stage.

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27

Silvertooth, J. C., J. E. Malcuit, D. R. Howell, and C. R. Farr. "PIX Multiple Application Evaluations in Arizona on Upland and Pima Cotton, 1989." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208261.

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28

Clark, L. J., and E. W. Carpenter. "A Study of PIX Rates across CaZa and Triggrr on Long and Short Staple Cotton, Safford Agricultural Center, 1989." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208293.

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An experiment was designed to test seven treatments of PIX on both short and long staple cotton. The treatments included single applications of 1/2- and 1-pint rates and multiple applications of 1/8- and 1/4-pint rates. Because of the exceptionally good growing season with lots of early heat units, both short- and long-staple plants set fruit early, which limited their vegetative growth naturally without the need for FIX. Yields were high with lint production over 1800 and 1400 pounds of lint for short and long staple, respectively. Plant mapping also was performed on each treatment.

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29

Clark, Lee J., and Eddie W. Carpenter. "Influence of Multiple Applications of PIX on Long and Short Staple Cotton, Safford 1989." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208294.

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A four-by-four factorial experiment was performed on the Safford Agricultural Center to determine if CaZn, Foliar Triggrr or Soil Triggrr would cause increases in lint yields on short or long staple cotton. Four levels of PIX were used to see if there would be any interaction between PIX and the other materials. The results in 1989 showed that CaZn and the Trier products did not increase yields, the levels of PIX did not increase yields and there was no interaction between them. Very favorable weather conditions and good crop management kept plants from growing vegetative and prevented crop stress, thus reducing the opportunity for the plant growth regulators to increase yields. Yields were excellent with over 1700 and 1600 pounds of lint per acre for short and long staple cotton, respectively.

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30

Cornish, Katrina, Phenmin Lu, John W. Radin, Edgar L. Turcotte, and Eduardo Zeiger. "Photosynthetic Rate and Stomatal Conductance are Related to Heat Tolerance in Pima Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208325.

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Breeding for high yield in hot environments (heat tolerance) has tripled the yield of Pirna cotton since 1949. We compared six strains (one primitive non-cultivated line, four cultivars representing advancing stages in the breeding process, and one unreleased advanced line) for their gas exchange properties in the greenhouse. Both photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance increased with improving genetic yield potential. Photosynthetic rate was enhanced more in the morning than in the afternoon. Stomatal conductance did not limit photosynthesis; rather, the changes resulted from alterations of characteristics of the green mesophyll cells. There is no evidence that increased yield results from the enhanced photosynthetic rates of single leaves. However, the increased stomatal conductance in modem lines was also expressed in the field in 1990, allowing increased transpiration rate and evaporative cooling of leaves. Heat tolerance in Pima cotton may be related to the ability of plants to cool themselves by transpiration.

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31

Bartels, P. G., and J. Olvey. "Uptake and Reside of 3, 4-Dichloro-5-Isothiazole Carboxylic Acid in Cotton Plants and Soils Under Field Conditions." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208326.

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DICA (3, 4-dichloro-5-isothiazole carboxylic acid) is being used as a chemical hybridizing agent in the cotton breeding program of Chembred Seed Company. This compound produces male sterile flowers. Registration of this compound by EPA requires that a plant residue study be conducted to provide data on the quantitative amounts of residues in F₁ plants and seeds, F₂ seeds and in the soil. This study was carried out in Arizona because the hybrid F₂ cotton seeds will be grown in Arizona.

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32

Silvertooth, J. C., J. E. Malcuit, S. H. Husman, W. S. Winans, and L. Hood. "Cotton Response to Mutiple Applications of PIX, 1990." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208327.

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Three field experiments were conducted in 1990 in Arizona to evaluate cotton crop response to several treatment regimes of multiple applications of PIX (an anti-gibberellic acid plant growth regulator). Treatment regimes used in 1990 employed higher rates of PIX/acre/application and extended times of applications later into the fruiting cycle than earlier experiments in 1988 and 1989. Similar to earlier experiments, results in 1990 demonstrated the ability of some PIX treatments to significantly reduce plant height, relative to the untreated check treatments. The 1990 cotton production season in Arizona consisted of conditions which led to excessive rates of fruit loss and abortion, and somewhat vegetative plants. Final fruit retention levels of 30 to 50% were realized in the three 1990 experiments after a period of fruit loss through July and August. Lint yield results revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between several selected treatments at only one of the locations in 1990.

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33

Hood, L. R., and J. C. Silvertooth. "High Rate PIX Use on Upland Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209532.

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A field trial was initiated during the 1992 growing season to evaluate the activity of high rate Pix use on upland cotton. The cotton field used for this trial maintained high fruit retention and low to moderate height-to-node ratios throughout the growing season. Fix treatments at label and above label rates both significantly reduced lint yield compared to the non-treated check This reinforces the concept of a feedback approach using crop monitoring (vs scheduled inputs according to calendar dates) to make management decisions on crop inputs.

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34

Nelson, J. M., and G. Hart. "Effect of Foliar Applications of PGRIV on Yield of Pima and Upland Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209533.

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The commercial product PGRIV was tested in small plots on cotton at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Multiple foliar applications of this product had no significant effect on lint yield of Pima S-7 and DPL 90 cotton.

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35

McDaniel, R. G., and A. K. Dobrenz. "Drought Tolerance in the Progeny of Interspecific Cotton Hybrids." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209552.

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The F2 and F3 progeny of interspecific cotton crosses were evaluated under field conditions. The plants were maintained under drip irrigation with stress applied by withholding water during plant development and early flowering periods. Physiological and biochemical plant responses were measured throughout the growing season on an array of representative plants from the field population. Considerable variability was found to exist among these progeny for all traits measured in both years of the present study. Responses of parental controls were quite consistent for both seasons.

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36

Silvertooth, J. C., J. E. Malcuit, L. Hood, and S. H. Husman. "Cotton Response to Applications of PIX, 1992." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209553.

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Four field experiments were conducted in 1992 in Arizona to evaluate cotton crop response to several treatment regimes of multiple applications of PIXTM (an anti - gibberellicacid plant growth regulator). Treatment regimes used in 1992 employed higher rates of PIX/acre /application and extended times of applications later into the fruiting cycle than earlier experiments in 1988 through 1991. Some treatments used exceeded currently labeled maximum use rates in an attempt to evaluate the possible need of increasing maximum rates. Similar to earlier experiments, results in 1992 demonstrated the ability of some PIX treatments to significantly reduce plant height, relative to the untreated check treatments. Excellent fruit retention levels were experienced in each experimental site in 1992, irrespective of PIX treatments. Lint yield results revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between several selected treatments at two of the locations in 1992.

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37

Ozuna, S. E., and J. C. Silvertooth. "Fruiting Distribution Patterns among Three Cotton Varieties under Irrigated Conditions." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210303.

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A field experiment was conducted at the UA Maricopa Agricultural Center (MAC) to determine the fruiting distribution patterns of two commonly grown Upland cultivars, DP 33b and DP 5415, and one American Pima cultivar, Pima S-7. Results indicate that cotton plants (G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L.) produce total yield at fruiting branches one through 18, with the majority of yield occurring at fruiting branches one through 12. Among fruiting branches one through 12, the majority of yield is occurring at fruiting positions one and two. These results indicate that the bulk of the yield is produced early in the season and declines as the season progresses

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38

Norton, E. R., and J. C. Silvertooth. "Development of a Yield Projection Technique for Arizona Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210304.

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A series of boll measurements were taken at numerous locations across the state in 1997 in an attempt to continue to develop a yield prediction model that began in 1993. Results from 1995 showed the strongest relationship between final open boll counts and yield. Based on these results, data was collected in 1997 from several locations around the state. Boll counts were made just prior to harvest and then correlated to yield. Results showed that a good estimate for lint yield could be obtained using the factor of approximately 13 bolls/row-ft./bale of lint for Upland cotton on 38 to 40 inch row spacings.

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Husman, Stephen H., Randy Wegener, and Frank Meizler. "Pix - Dry Flowable vs. Liquid Formulation Performance Evaluation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210771.

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Cotton crop response was evaluated using the growth regulator FIX in a conventional liquid formulation compared to an equivalent rate of a newly developed dry flowable (DF) formulation. The DF formulation will be available in 1996 in water soluble packets with each 57 gram packet the equivalent of one pint liquid PIX. Both formulations regulated plant height and height:node ratios equally.

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40

Norton, E. R., and J. C. Silvertooth. "Development of a Yield Projection Technique for Arizona Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210934.

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A series of boll measurements were taken at numerous locations across the state in 1995 in an attempt to continue to develop a yield prediction model that began in 1993. Results from 1995 showed the strongest relationship between final open boll counts and yield. Based on these results, data was collected in 1996 from several locations around the state. Boll counts were made just prior to harvest and then correlated to yield. Results showed that a good estimate for lint yield could be obtained using the factor of approximately 13 bolls/row-ft./bale of lint for Upland cotton on a 38 to 40 inch row spacing.

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41

Silvertooth, J. C., and E. R. Norton. "Evaluation of Late Season Pix™ Applications." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210950.

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The effects of late-season Pix™ on the growth characteristics and yield of Upland cotton was examined in this study. Three treatments were imposed late season (3447 HUAP), 1, a check plot, receiving no Pix™; 2 receiving 0.75 pt/acre, and 3; receiving 1 pt/acre. The imposed treatments did not have a statistically significant effect on plant growth characteristics or earliness, nor were there any significant overall yield differences detected among treatments.

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42

Brown, Paul W. "Heat Stress and Cotton Yields in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211290.

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Yield of upland cotton was related to heat stress in Yuma, LaPaz, Maricopa, and Pinal Counties for the period 1987-1999. Heat stress during the primary fruiting cycle was assessed using heat stress units (HSU) which were derived from mean daily canopy temperatures computed using a canopy temperature model and local AZMET weather data. Mean lint yields were computed for years with low, intermediate and high levels of HSU. Yields in years with low levels of heat stress were always significantly greater than yields in years with high levels of heat stress. Differences in yield between high and low heat stress years ranged from 100 lb/a in Maricopa County to 254 lb/a in Yuma County and averaged 166 lb/a across all counties. Differences in yield between the low and intermediate stress years, and intermediate and high stress years averaged 86 and 80 lb/a, respectively across all counties; however, these differences were not always significant in individual counties.

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43

Silvertooth, J. C. "Recent Yield and Fiber Micronaire Tendencies for Upland Cotton in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211312.

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Problems associated with increasing trends towards high micronaire values for Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) have been a matter of concern for the Arizona cotton industry in recent years. The discounts on fiber value associated with high micronaire has been compounded by the fact that market prices for cotton fiber has been very low in recent years and yields have been stable at best. An evaluation of recent yield and fiber quality data from a number of locations in Arizona was evaluated in relation to trends within Arizona and across the U.S. cotton belt. Results indicate similar patterns exist in terms of stable yields (yield plateau) and increasing micronaire values between Arizona and other U.S. cotton producing states. The conclusion is presented that these patterns are at least due in part to a common genetic base for varieties that grown in Arizona and beltwide. There also appears to be some distinct relationships associated with high micronaire with region and individual farm management practices.

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44

Guinn, G., and D. L. Brummett. "Hormonal Changes in Relation to Cutout." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204827.

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Experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to determine whether hormonal changes may be involved in the decreases in growth and boll retention commonly referred to as cutout. Nitrogen deficiency decreased the auxin content and growth of fruiting branches. The auxin contents of fruiting branches, squares, and bolls decreased during the season as the plants entered cutout. ABA in bolls increased slightly, but the ABA content of squares and fruiting branches showed no consistent changes. The results indicate that decreases in auxin (IAA) may be involved in cutout.

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45

Silvertooth, J. C., D. R. Howell, C. R. Farr, and J. E. Malcuit. "Evaluation of PIX Multiple Application Treatments on Upland and Pima Cotton in Arizona, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204828.

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Four field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1988 to evaluate the effects of various multiple application treatment combinations of PIX on the growth and development, as well as the lint yields of both upland and pima cotton. Plant height was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in some FIX treatments in comparison to the checks for short periods of time after the treatment applications. Those effects did not persist, nor did they translate into any significant positive differences among treatments in terms of lint yields for either of the upland or pima experiments.

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46

Bartels, Paul G., Jack Easley, and John Nelson. "Effect of PIX (Mepiquat Chloride) on the Growth, Development, and Yield of Pima S-7 (P-69) and Deltapine (90) Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208615.

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Plant Growth Regulators (PGR's) are used in cotton production to reduce excessive vegetative growth. This study was conducted to determine the effect of mepiquat chloride (PIX) on growth, and yield of Pima S7 and Deltapine 90 cotton. Single and multiple applications of PIX were conducted over the growing season. Plant mapping measurements were performed 13 times. Seed cotton yield estimates were obtained with a mechanical picker. Analysis of the mapping data showed that vigor index for control and PIX treated Pima and Deltapine plants was linear for the first 9 weeks, then leveled off as flowering and boll set occurred. PIX treated Pima plants were approximately 5cm shorter than the control after the 9th week. Heights of PIX treated Deltapine were similar to the controls. The number of nodes above white bloom in the FIX treated plants was not modified. PIX treatment of Pima cotton reduced the seed cotton yield compared to controls but yield of PIX treated Deltapine was similar to the controls.

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Nelson, J. M., and G. Hart. "Late-Season PIX Treatment for Cotton Termination." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208616.

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A field study was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center to evaluate the effect of a late - season application of PIX on Upland cotton termination. A 28 August application of PIX or FIX + Prep had only a small effect on late-season growth and no effect on defoliation or yield.

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48

Unrah, B. L., J. C. Silvertooth, A. J. Steger, and E. R. Norton. "Dry Matter Accumulation by Upland and Pima Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209597.

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Several investigations of dry matter accumulation by Upland cotton (Gossvpium hirsutum L.) have been conduced, however no investigations of this type have included American Pima cotton (G. barbadense L.). We conducted a study to describe the total dry matter accumulation and partitioning of that dry matter into various plant parts for both Upland and Pima cotton. During the growing seasons of 1990, 1991, and 1992 at two south-central Arizona locations, both Upland (var. DPL 90) and Pima (var. S-6) cotton were grown. Beginning 14 to 20 d after emergence, whole cotton plants were removed and cotton plants were separated into stems, leaves (including petioles), burs (carpel walls), lint, and seeds. The bur fraction, also included squares, flowers, immature bolls, and burs from mature bolls, Regression analyses was used to model nutrient uptake as a function of both days after planting (DAP) and heat units after planting (HUAP). Regression analyses indicated that HUAP was equally good, and in most cases superior to using DAP to model dry matter accumulation and partitioning within both Upland and Pima cotton. The general patterns of dry matter partitioning for Upland and Pima cotton are similar. However, Upland and Pima differ in the relative amount of dry matter incorporated into reproductive (bur, seed, and lint) and vegetative (leaf and stem) structures. Upland cotton produced 3527 lb /acre more total dry matter than Pima cotton. At the end of this study the vegetative /reproductive ratio for Upland was 83% compared to 70% for Pima. Upland was also more efficient at partitioning lint dry matter within the total dry matter of the reproductive structures. Dry matter incorporated into reproductive structures was 23% lint for Upland, compared to only 14% lint in Pima cotton. In summary, Upland placed more total dry matter into reproductive structures, and of the amount placed into reproductive structures, a greater proportion was incorporated into lint, when compared to Pima cotton.

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49

Zeiher, Carolyn A., Paul W. Brown, Jeffrey C. Silvertooth, Nkonko Matumba, and Nancy Mitton. "The Effect of Night Temperature on Cotton Reproductive Development." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209598.

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A field study was initiated in the summer of 1993 to investigate the effect of increased night temperatures on cotton reproductive development. DPL 5415 was planted on May 10. Treatments consisted of two temperature regimes placed in a completely randomized design with four replications. The two temperature treatments were initiated at first bloom and treatments terminated after 6 weeks. Cotton grown under ambient night temperature served as the control treatments while plants where the infrared radiation balance was modified to increase the nighttime foliage temperature served as the high night temperature treatment. This study showed that increasing the nighttime foliage temperature of cotton reduced vegetative dry matter production, plant height, and fruit retention. The photosynthetic capacity of the two treatments was not significantly different, suggesting that increased respiration at these higher nighttime foliage temperatures may be responsible for the reduction in assimilated carbon which contributed to the poor fruit retention.

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50

Brown, P. W., and J. C. Silvertooth. "Boll Maturity Estimates for Mid- and Late-Season Flowering Dates in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209599.

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Boll maturity dates and the number of days after flowering for a boll to reach physiological maturity were estimated for six representative flower dates: 15 July, 29 July, 12 August, 26 August, 9 September and 23 September. Estimates were developed for 28 locations using historical heat unit (HU) information using the assumption that 600 HUs are required after flowering for a boll to reach physiological maturity. The results are presented in both tabular and graphical forms.

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