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Perry, Katharine B., Yihua Wu, Douglas C. Sanders, J. Thomas Garrett, Dennis R. Decoteau, Russell T. Nagata, Robert J. Dufault, K. Dean Batal, Darbie M. Granberry, and Wayne J. Mclaurin. "Heat units to predict tomato harvest in the southeast USA." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 84, no. 3-4 (April 1997): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(96)02361-1.
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PERRY, K., D. SANDERS, D. GRANBERRY, J. THOMASGARRETT, D. DECOTEAU, R. NAGATA, R. DUFAULT, K. DEANBATAL, and W. MCLAURIN. "Heat units, solar radiation and daylength as pepper harvest predictors." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 65, no. 3-4 (August 1993): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(93)90004-2.
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Perry, Katharine B., and Todd C. Wehner. "A Heat Unit Accumulation Method for Predicting Cucumber Harvest Date." HortTechnology 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.1.27.
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The use of a previously developed model for predicting harvest date in cucumber production systems is described. In previous research we developed a new method using daily maximum temperatures in heat units to predict cucumber harvest dates. This method sums, from planting to harvest, the daily maximum minus a base temperature of 60F (15.5 C), but if the maximum is >90F (32C) it is replaced by 90F minus the difference between the maximum and 90F. This method was more accurate than counting days to harvest in predicting cucumber harvest in North Carolina, even when harvest was predicted using 5 years of experience for a particular location and planting date.
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Mahan, James, and Paxton Payton. "Design and Implementation of a Rainfed Matrix for Cotton." Agriculture 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8120193.
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Global production of agricultural products must continue to increase if shortages are to be avoided. While irrigated production is substantial since water available for both current and future production is limited, rainfed production will become increasingly important. In-season weather variability results in instability in rainfed production and in order to gain information on the mechanisms involved and their potential mitigation, it is important to monitor production over a range of possible environmental scenarios. We designed and implemented a rain matrix experimental approach for cotton based on a series of sequential plantings coupled with a rain-simulation protocol. The rain matrix in two years produced 56 growing environments with rain and thermal variability and 44 yield:environment comparisons. The yield:rain relationship was not strong (R2 = 0.35) Analysis of heat units over the matrix indicated (1) heat units varied with planting date and (2) heat units were sufficient to achieve maturity. Plantings reached maturity with <1250 heat units and reached maturity before a lethal freeze. The rain matrix design increased the number of yield:environment comparisons in a single year and though it is subject to undefined thermal interactions, may prove useful in understanding rainfed cotton production.
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Gospodinova, Galina, Galina Gospodinova, and Velika Kuneva. "THE EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION AND VARIETY ON THE HARVEST RATIO OF THREE COTTON TYPES (Gossypium hirsutum L.)." Proceedings of CBU in Natural Sciences and ICT 1 (November 16, 2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/pns.v1.114.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of variety and irrigation on three cotton types, and to study the effectiveness of irrigation on the productivity of these cotton types which were fed by different norms of mineral nutrition. To assess the impact of soil humidity and fertilizer amount, we set up a field trial with three varieties of cotton. The field experiment was carried out within the Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria between 2018-2019. A two way factorial ANOVA (with variety and irritation as factors) suggested a significant main effect of irrigation (p< .001). Variety showed the strongest impact on the differences in "flowering" of cotton which were 64% in 2018 and 41% for 2019 respectively. We established an efficiency coefficient (KEF) representing the ratio of the additional harvest and the actual irrigation rate. The KEF of irrigation water varied depending on the cotton varieties and the levels of fertilization. The highest values of KEF were recorded after fertilization by N8 as given by units of cultivar Helius (EF = 0.67). The effect of irrigation, expressed as a harvest per unit of irrigation water considerably varied over years. It was established as a ratio between the irrigation rate and the additional cotton produce. At zero fertilization Helius, each cubic meter of water carried an average 2.24 kilograms of cotton harvest over two years. Optimizing the water supply and fertilizing with N16 provided 2.83 kilograms. On average, the Darmi variety irrigation effect ranged from 0.63 kilograms (N24) to 2.43 kilograms per cubic meter (N16) during the given period.
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Peng, S., D. R. Krieg, and S. K. Hicks. "Cotton lint yield response to accumulated heat units and soil water supply." Field Crops Research 19, no. 4 (January 1989): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(89)90097-x.
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KING, GRAEME A., KATE G. HENDERSON, and ROSS E. LILL. "Shelf-life of stored asparagus is strongly related to post-harvest accumulated heat units." Annals of Applied Biology 112, no. 2 (April 1988): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1988.tb02069.x.
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Wang, Dongwang, Zhenhua Wang, Tingbo Lv, Rui Zong, Yan Zhu, Jinzhu Zhang, and Tianyu Wang. "Effects of drip tape modes on soil hydrothermal conditions and cotton yield (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under machine-harvest patterns." PeerJ 9 (August 23, 2021): e12004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12004.
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Background The layout of drip tapes under mulch has changed in Xinjiang, China, with the development of machine-harvest cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planting technology. This study aims to demonstrate the effects of drip tape modes on soil hydrothermal conditions, cotton yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of machine-harvest cotton under mulch in Xinjiang. Methods A field experiment was conducted to set up two machine-harvest cotton planting patterns (T1: the cotton planting model with one film, two drip tapes and six rows; T2: the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows), and a conventional planting mode (T3: the cotton planting model with one film, two drip tapes and four rows) as a control. Results Our results showed that the heat preservation and warming effects of the cotton planting model with one film, two drip tapes and six rows and the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows were better than that of the conventional planting mode. Soil temperature under the mulching film quickly increased and slowly decreased, which was beneficial to the early growth and development of cotton. The mean soil moisture content of the 0–60 cm soil layer in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows was significantly higher than the other two treatments at the middle and late stage of cotton growth (90 days after sowing (DAS) and 135 DAS). Moreover, the water holding capacity of the middle and upper part of the tillage layer in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows was the best. At the medium cotton growth stage, the main root layer in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows formed a desalination zone. At the late cotton growth stage, the soil salinity content of the 0–60 cm soil layer showed that the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows was the lowest, the cotton planting model with one film, two drip tapes and six rows was the highest, and the conventional planting pattern was in the middle. Among these three modes, the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows was more efficient in controlling soil salt accumulation. The agronomic traits and cotton quality in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows were better than that for the other two treatments. Compared with the other treatments, the cotton yield in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows increased by 6.15% and 11.0% and 8.1% and 12.3%, in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and WUE increased by 17.4% and 22.7% and 20.9% and 22.8%, in 2017 and 2018 respectively. In conclusion, the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows can be recommended for machine-harvest cotton planting for arid areas in Xinjiang, considering water conservation and improving cotton yield.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, Mueen Alam Khan, and Waqas Shafqat Chattha. "Developing short-season cotton genotypes with high harvest index might be an advantageous option under late duration plantings." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 18, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262120000106.
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AbstractShort duration cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar may be more profitable for the growers, as it will have shortened critical growth window for drought, heat and insect pests. Therefore, in the present research work, two cotton advance lines IUB-71 and IUB-73 along with an approved cotton cultivar IUB-13 were tested under four different sowing dates i.e. S1 (25th April), S2 (10th May), S3 (25th May) and S4 (10th June) in 2017 and 2018 under field condition. Field layout was RCBD factorial with four sowing dates as one factor and three cotton genotypes as another factor with three replications. Data were recorded for plant height, total number of nodes, bolls per plant, seed cotton yield (SCY), above ground fresh biomass (AGFB) and harvest index (HI). An overall decreasing trend with increasing sowing dates was observed in all the traits except HI that relatively increased in all the three genotypes. Within each sowing date, a higher value for each trait was observed for genotype IUB-73 except for AGFB might be due to higher reproductive allocation. It is concluded that IUB-73 due to superior SCY and HI specifically under late planting is best fit for short cotton seasons with reduced critical window for cotton management.
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Pasian, C. C., and H. J. Lieth. "785 PB 433 VALIDATION OF A ROSE SHOOT DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 545d—545. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.545d.
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Temperature effects on the rate of flowering rose shoot development were previously modeled using a thermal units (heat units) approach. The current objective was to validate this model for three rose cultivars and to determine its suitability for use in rose production. Flowering shoots of `Cara Mia', `Royalty', and `Sonia' plants, grown in greenhouses at three temperature settings, were observed daily to determine when each of the following developmental events occurred: “harvest”, “bud break”, “unfolding of each leaf”, “visible flower bud”, and “shoot ready for harvest”. Each stage was defined to facilitate accurate, repeatable observations. Average hourly air temperatures were used in computing the accumulated thermal units (TU) required for shoots to develop from from one stage to the next. The base temperature (used in the TU computation) did not differ significantly among the cultivars; the value of 5.2C was used. Using these to predict the days on which the shoot was ready for harvest resulted in ±2 day accuracy for most shoots of `Royalty' and `Sonia' and ±2.5 days accuracy for most `Cara Mia' shoots. This indicates that this method is suitable for timing of rose crops and deciding on temperature set-points.
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Cai, Yang, Shuo-Jun Mei, Di Liu, Fu-Yun Zhao, and Han-Qing Wang. "Thermoelectric heat recovery units applied in the energy harvest built ventilation: Parametric investigation and performance optimization." Energy Conversion and Management 171 (September 2018): 1163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.06.058.
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Masasi, Blessing, Saleh Taghvaeian, Prasanna H. Gowda, Daniel N. Moriasi, and Patrick J. Starks. "Assessment of Heat Unit Availability and Potential Lint Yield of Cotton in Oklahoma." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 6 (2020): 943–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14006.
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HighlightsWater availability challenges have increased interest in cotton production in Oklahoma.An attempt was made to understand the feasibility of growing cotton in all counties of Oklahoma.Many areas in Oklahoma have sufficient thermal conditions for cotton production.Potential cotton lint yields generally increase from northern to southern areas of the state.Abstract. With the expansion of planted area, Oklahoma is increasingly becoming a major cotton producing state in the United States (U.S.). However, the feasibility of growing cotton in all counties of Oklahoma has not been determined. In this study, a heat unit based model was used to estimate the potential cotton lint yields (PCLYs) for all 77 counties of Oklahoma using 38 years (1981-2018) of air temperature data. PCLYs were estimated for optimal (no stress) conditions. The long-term total heat units (THUs) were more than 1000°C·d in 99% of counties, an indication that many areas in Oklahoma may have conducive thermal conditions for cotton production in most years. Similar to the THUs, the PCLYs generally increased from the northern to the southern counties of the state, and long-term averages ranged from 407 to 2472 kg ha-1. About 97% of the counties achieved long-term average PCLYs of at least 1000 kg ha-1. However, the results showed significant interannual variability of the estimated PCLYs in each county over the 38-year period. Low and high PCLYs mostly coincided with years characterized by cool and warm growing seasons, respectively. Reductions of PCLY ranging from 6% to 29% were observed when planting was delayed by just one week from the optimized planting date. This indicates that cotton producers need to carefully consider planting date to maximize cotton lint yield. As THUs were the only factor considered for calculating PCLYs in this study, future research should incorporate other variables such as rainfall and heat stress to improve PCLY estimations. Keywords: Air temperature, Planting date, Soil temperature, Yield gap, Yield variability.
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Nada, M., and M. Ragab. "PREDICTION OF AMERICAN BOLLWORM, Helicoverpa armigera (HÜB.), DEPENDED ON THE ACCUMULATED HEAT UNITS IN COTTON FIELDS." Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 1, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2010.86715.
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Mullenix, Kim K., and Lawton Stewart. "Cotton Byproduct Use in Southeastern Beef Cattle Diets: Quality, Intake, and Changes in Feed Characteristics." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab096.031.
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Abstract Cotton is grown on over 4.5 million hectares in the southeastern U.S. annually, and byproducts of cotton production are utilized as feedstuffs in beef systems. Cotton breeding efforts and variety recommendations for crop production represent potential changes in cotton seed size, density, and quality, which may influence whole cottonseed feed quality characteristics. Also, cotton breeding to reduce gossypol concentration without compromising yield may improve value in ruminant diets. A recent feed intake trial demonstrated greater consumption of ultra-low gossypol seed compared with seed derived from a more widely planted cotton variety (0.072% vs 0.53% free gossypol, respectively) in growing steers (1.9 and 1.1 kg/hd/d, respectively). Historically, cottonseed is limited in bull diets due to the associated of decreased fertility in males due to gossypol. However, a recent study found that feeding up to 3.2 kg/hd/d over a 60-d period to developing beef bulls did not affect sperm quality. Heat damage commonly occurs in cottonseed during storage after the ginning process, but the feed value of heat damaged cottonseed is unknown. A recent study indicated that in situ dry matter (52.2 vs 69.2%) and N (78.1 vs 91.6%) disappearance decreased for heat damaged compared to normal cottonseed, respectively. Cotton gin trash remains a prevalent byproduct with traditionally limited use. Some gins have equipment for baling gin trash in 180-to-270 kg modules, which allow ease of access and transport of gin trash waste for cow-calf producers. Similar to gin trash, grazing cotton crop residue after harvest can decrease the amount of hay fed during the winter. A recent 3-yr study indicated a 2.5 hd/ha stocking rate of mature, non-lactating cows over a 30-d period decreased hay consumption by 65 %. By understanding the feed characteristics and management needed to utilize cotton byproducts, cattle operations can decrease feed cost while maintaining animal performance.
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Herbert, D. Ames, Sean Malone, Susanne Aref, Joel Faircloth, and Ozzie Abaye. "Boll Removal Studies Provide Insights into Compensation Ability of Virginia Cotton: A Necessary Step for Further Improvement of Insect Management Strategies." Journal of Entomological Science 41, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.2.147.
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In developing management strategies for hemipteran pests in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), it is important to understand the potential of plants to compensate for loss of the fruiting structures. Because of its northern latitude, Virginia has fewer available heat units relative to other cotton-producing states. Therefore, there may be limited opportunity for compensation relative to more southerly production areas. Previous work in Virginia demonstrated that cotton can sustain relatively high levels of first position square loss with no yield loss. This study evaluated the impact of a single event loss of 10–14-d-old bolls via mechanical removal on cotton lint yields with the premise that boll loss would have greater impact than square loss as less time and fewer heat units are available for compensation. Field experiments examining four levels of boll removal (0, 5,15 and 20%) were conducted in 2001,2002 and 2003. Each boll removal level was imposed at three different dates, beginning 2 wks after first flower and at 3- to 5-d intervals thereafter. Yields ranged from 1103–1422 in 2001, 909–1124 in 2002, and 843–1015 kg lint per ha in 2003. There were no significant differences in lint yields among the boll removal dates or removal levels. The results of our study showed that cotton in Virginia, which approaches the northernmost latitude for cotton production, is capable of sustaining losses as high as 20% of 10–14-d-old bolls at a single removal event without affecting lint yield. Results were consistent despite the wide variation in rainfall and temperatures during the 3 study years.
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Shellie, Krista C. "Viticultural Performance of Red and White Wine Grape Cultivars in Southwestern Idaho." HortTechnology 17, no. 4 (January 2007): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.4.595.
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A collection of 23 red and six white wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars were evaluated for viticultural performance in Parma, ID. Vine yield, fruit composition, and vegetative growth were measured over four growing seasons, and data were used to compare relative cultivar performance based on yield to pruning ratio and fruit maturity. Relative differences among cultivars in budbreak day of year [96 (6 Apr.) to 122 (2 May)] and days from budbreak to harvest (143 to 179 days) varied from year to year. The earliest and latest maturing cultivars in 3 of 4 years were ‘Blauer Portugieser’ (143 days), ‘Nebbiolo’ (177 days), ‘Barbera’ (179 days), ‘Orange Muscat’ (144 days), ‘Flora’ (149 days), ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ (166 days), and ‘Viognier’ (168 days). Cultivars differed in yield (2.4 to 7.0 tons/acre), vegetative vigor (4.6 to 20.4 yield/pruning weight), and harvest soluble solids concentration (21.1 to 26.5), but differences in harvest pH (3.0 to 4.1) and titratable acidity (2.48 to 13.03 g·L−1) varied from year to year. Average heat unit accumulation (1646) was 160 units higher than the 78-year site average. Few (less than 150) units accumulated in April and October, most units accumulated in July, and diurnal difference in air temperature was ≈15 °C. Performance results from this study can assist cultivar site selection by comparing climate data for an intended site with that of Parma. For example, the low acidity and earliness of ‘Blauer Portugieser’ suggests it is best suited to a site with less heat unit accumulation than Parma, and the high acidity and late maturity of ‘Barbera’, ‘Nebbiolo’, and ‘Carignan’ suggest these cultivars are best suited to a site with more heat unit accumulation than Parma. The inconsistent relationship between onset of budbreak and earliness observed in this study suggests opportunity to match short-season cultivars late to break bud such as Flora to short-season growing sites prone to late-season frost.
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Pasian, C. C., and J. H. Lieth. "PREDICTION OF ROSE FLOWERING SHOOT DEVELOPMENT." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 609f—609. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.609f.
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Temperature affects the rate of rose shoot development. In this study heat units were used to quantify “physiological age”. The objective was to determine whether rose shoots require the same number of heat units to reach various stages regardless of climatic conditions. The dates of occurrence of “bud break” (BB), unfolding of each leaf, “visible flower bud” (VFB), and harvest (H) were observed for 126 shoots of 'Cara Mia' roses growing under 5 different temperature and light regimes. Average air temperature (T) and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) levels were recorded hourly. Heat units, defined as the sum of the difference T-Tb (units: °C hr-1) where Tb is the base temperature, were found to be a suitable for tracking most phases of rose crop development. The duration of the phase from H to BB showed considerable variation and thus could not be predicted this way. The duration from BB to VFB or H could be predicted reasonably well to occur at 5900 ± 670 and 12300 ± 1000 °C hr-1 (Mean ± Std. dev.), respectively, assuming Tb =6 °C. The occurrence of unfolding of each leaf can be predicted similarly. PPFD integrals had no significant effect on any development rates.
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Hurst, P. L., G. Boulton, and R. E. Lill. "Towards a freshness test for asparagus: spear tip asparagine content is strongly related to post-harvest accumulated heat-units." Food Chemistry 61, no. 3 (March 1998): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(97)00031-9.
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Abdurrohim, Muhammad Syaifuddin, Winarso Drajat Widodo, and Ketty Suketi. "Heat Unit Establishment as Harvest Criteria on “Mas Kirana” Banana at Various Times of Anthesis." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.5.2.41-48.
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The method for determining the appropriate time to harvest banana could affect the shelf life and quality of banana fruits during storage. The objectives of this study were to establish the heat unit as harvesting criteria of banana “Mas Kirana” and to evaluate how heat unit affects fruit shelf life and postharvest maturity characteristics. The research was conducted at PTPN VIII Parakansalak Plantation, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia, in November 2017 to February 2018. Laboratory analysis was conducted in Postharvest Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture IPB in February to April 2018. The experiment was organized in a completely randomized design with a single factor of eight different flower tagging times after anthesis. Each treatment was replicated five times totaling 40 experimental units. The results showed that the different times of anthesis did not affect fruit size, weight per hand, number of fruits per hand and weight per fruit. Different time of anthesis did not affect respiration rate, fruit shelf life, physical and chemical quality. The minimum heat unit of 650ºC degree days can be used as harvesting criteria for banana “Mas Kirana”. The number of day after anthesis was 39 to 43 with fruit shelf life of 12 to 16 days.
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Anderson, Nicholas Todd, Kerry Brian Walsh, and Dvoralai Wulfsohn. "Technologies for Forecasting Tree Fruit Load and Harvest Timing—From Ground, Sky and Time." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071409.
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The management and marketing of fruit requires data on expected numbers, size, quality and timing. Current practice estimates orchard fruit load based on the qualitative assessment of fruit number per tree and historical orchard yield, or manually counting a subsample of trees. This review considers technological aids assisting these estimates, in terms of: (i) improving sampling strategies by the number of units to be counted and their selection; (ii) machine vision for the direct measurement of fruit number and size on the canopy; (iii) aerial or satellite imagery for the acquisition of information on tree structural parameters and spectral indices, with the indirect assessment of fruit load; (iv) models extrapolating historical yield data with knowledge of tree management and climate parameters, and (v) technologies relevant to the estimation of harvest timing such as heat units and the proximal sensing of fruit maturity attributes. Machine vision is currently dominating research outputs on fruit load estimation, while the improvement of sampling strategies has potential for a widespread impact. Techniques based on tree parameters and modeling offer scalability, but tree crops are complicated (perennialism). The use of machine vision for flowering estimates, fruit sizing, external quality evaluation is also considered. The potential synergies between technologies are highlighted.
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Ruan, R. Roger, Paul L. Chen, and Simon Almaer. "Nondestructive Analysis of Sweet Corn Maturity Using NMR." HortScience 34, no. 2 (April 1999): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.2.319.
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This paper describes the relationship between the maturity stages and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characteristics of sweet corn (Zea mays L.). The NMR parameter T2, which is the spin–spin relaxation time constant, and two conventional maturity parameters, moisture content and alcohol insoluble solids (AIS), of sweet corn samples during maturation, were determined and correlated with reference maturity indices, namely, heat units and sensory maturity scores. The relationships between T2 and the heat unit and sensory maturity score of the samples were linear, suggesting that T2 can be used to establish mathematical models for the prediction of sweet corn maturity to determine harvest time. The major advantages of using NMR are the nondestructive nature, the speed, and the simplicity of the method.
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Machado, R. M. A., P. Bussières, T. V. Koutsos, M. H. Prieto, and L. C. Ho. "Prediction of optimal harvest date for processing tomato based on the accumulation of daily heat units over the fruit ripening period." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 79, no. 3 (January 2004): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2004.11511789.
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DWYER, L. M., and D. W. STEWART. "INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD AND WATER STRESS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND DEVELOPMENT RATE OF BARLEY MEASURED IN HEAT UNITS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-003.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare ’Bruce’) was grown in a greenhouse under three photoperiods (8, 12 and 16 h) and nine watering treatments, resulting in different timing, duration and intensity of water stress. Phenological development, according to the Feekes scale, was monitored three times a week and leaf area was measured weekly from tillering to ripening. Final aboveground and root dry matter production and grain yield were obtained at harvest. Phenological observations were fit to a nonlinear photothermal model that expressed phenological development as a function of heat units modified by photoperiod. In the absence of water stress, maximum leaf area was directly proportional to photoperiod and the time of maximum leaf area was delayed at longer photoperiods. Water stress hastened leaf area senescence and, in general, the more severe the stress, the greater the reduction in leaf area. Most stress treatments also resulted in lower shoot/root ratios than found in well-watered controls, as well as significant yield reductions. Reduction in biomass and yield components appeared independent of photoperiod. In contrast, not only was phenological development rate proportional to photoperiod, but the effect of water stress on development rate was modified by photoperiod. Development was significantly delayed by several water stress treatments; no treatment significantly hastened development. A stress period from tillering to the beginning of stem extension caused the largest, and most consistent, delay and the duration of the delay was inversely proportional to the photoperiod.Key words: Barley, degree days, phenology, leaf area, biomass
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Mounzer, Oussama H., Wenceslao Conejero, Emilio Nicolás, Isabel Abrisqueta, Yelitza V. García-Orellana, Luis M. Tapia, Juan Vera, Jose M. Abrisqueta, and Maria del Carmen Ruiz-Sánchez. "Growth Pattern and Phenological Stages of Early-maturing Peach Trees Under a Mediterranean Climate." HortScience 43, no. 6 (October 2008): 1813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1813.
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The phenological stages of early-maturing peach trees were described using the traditional nomenclature of Baggiolini and according to the BBCH General Scale. The heat requirement of each stage was calculated as growing degree hours (GDH) and growing degree days (GDD). The annual growth pattern of trunk, shoot, and fruit was also studied. After dormancy breaking involving 225 chilling units, this early peach cultivar required ≈6244 GDH to reach full bloom and 27106 GDH before the fruit could be harvested. In the case of GDD, the heat requirements were 329 and 1246 for full bloom and fruit harvest, respectively. According to plant growth measurements, shoot growth lasted ≈7 months with a significant increase in the growth rate after fruit harvest reaching a maximum value in July. Trunk growth followed a similar annual pattern as that of the shoots but with its maximum rate occurring ≈30 days latter. Fruit growth, which lasted an average of 89 days from full bloom to harvesting, took place under mild climatic conditions (10 Feb. to 10 May) coinciding with only 30% of the total annual shoot length. This pattern of reproductive and vegetative growth pointed to the interest of redirecting regulated deficit irrigation practices in early-maturing cultivars toward postharvest water-saving strategies, but only to the extent that any limitation of shoot and trunk growth does not adversely affect the productivity of the following year.
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Soltani, Nader, J. LaMar Anderson, and Alvin R. Hamson. "Growth Analysis of Watermelon Plants Grown with Mulches and Rowcovers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (November 1995): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.1001.
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`Crimson Sweet' watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] plants were grown with various mulches and rowcovers and analyzed for relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area index (LAI), and crop growth rate (CGR). Spunbonded polyester fabric (SB-PF) and perforated polyethylene film (PCP) rowcovers generally showed greater mean RGR, SLA and CGR than spunbonded polypropylene polyamide net (SB-PP), black plus clear combination plastic mulch and black plastic mulch alone. Plants on mulches and under rowcovers showed significant increases in RGR, NAR, and SLA over plants grown in bare soil. Carbon dioxide concentration inside the transplanting mulch holes was nearly twice the ambient CO, concentration. Growth analysis of sampled watermelon plants during early stages of development under various treatments was predictive of crop yield. Plants under SB-PF and PCP rowcovers produced the earliest fruit and the greatest total yield. An asymmetrical curvilinear model for watermelon growth and development based on cardinal temperatures was developed. The model uses hourly averaged temperatures to predict growth and phenological development of `Crimson Sweet' watermelon plants grown with and without rowcovers. Early vegetative growth correlated well with accumulated heat units. Results indicate a consistent heat unit requirement for the `Crimson Sweet' watermelon plants to reach first male flower, first female flower and first harvest in uncovered plants and plants under rowcovers. Greater variability was observed in predicting date of first harvest than first bloom.
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Cózar, Ivan Ruiz, Toni Pujol, Eduard Massaguer, Albert Massaguer, Lino Montoro, Jose Ramon González, Martí Comamala, and Samir Ezzitouni. "Effects of Module Spatial Distribution on the Energy Efficiency and Electrical Output of Automotive Thermoelectric Generators." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 2232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082232.
Full textAbstract:
Automotive thermoelectric generators (ATEGs) are devices used to harvest waste energy from the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. An ATEG is essentially formed by three main elements: (1) heat absorber in contact with exhaust gases; (2) thermoelectric modules that directly convert heat into electricity; (3) heat sink to increase the heat transfer through the system. Thermoelectric modules (TEM) are commonly based on small-scale commercial units, with tenths of them needed to assemble a full ATEG device. Thus, several thermal and electrical connections between TEMs can be implemented. Previous studies focused on the implications on the output power. Here, we investigated the effects of using different module connections on the energy efficiency and on the electrical outputs (voltage and current). The study was carried out numerically with ATEGs that used from 4 to 100 individual TEMs. Series, parallel and square connections were investigated under two different engine operating points. The maximum output power was obtained with overall energy conversion efficiencies on the order of 3%. Though the series connection provided the highest output power, the square configuration was the best compromise between output power and electrical characteristics (voltage and current) to successfully integrate the ATEG into the vehicle management system.
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Uchanski, Mark E., and Adam Blalock. "Ethephon Improved Pigmentation but Had No Effect on Cayenne Pepper Fruit Yield in Southern New Mexico." HortScience 48, no. 6 (June 2013): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.6.738.
Full textAbstract:
In the desert southwest of the United States, cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important crop. It is used in the production of hot sauce mash, the precursor to many hot sauces. Because hand harvest is currently required to accommodate staggered crop development, more uniform maturity is desired to facilitate mechanical harvest to decrease labor costs. This study was performed over 3 years (2009–11) and in two locations in southern New Mexico, resulting in five unique year/location scenarios (environments). Four timings of ethephon (0.56 kg a.i./ha) spray applications were evaluated for their potential to increase red cayenne cv. Mesilla yields and percentage of red pods. If yield increases and pigmentation improvements occur, ethephon may facilitate a once-over mechanical harvest. Ethephon was applied once at four key cayenne growth stages based on heat units accumulated after planting (HUAP): 1400 HUAP (late June to early July), 1800 HUAP (mid-July), 2800 HUAP (late August to early September), and 3100 HUAP (mid- to late September). Application timings corresponded to early bloom, peak bloom, late physiological maturity of plants, and preharvest, respectively. A non-sprayed control was also included. Fresh red, green, and non-marketable pod weights were recorded for each treatment in a once-over simulated machine harvest in October and analyzed for statistical differences. Mid- to late-season (2800–3100 HUAP) ethephon treatments significantly decreased undesirable green pod yield and, therefore, increased red pod percentage in four of five environments. Although a red pod yield increase was only observed in one environment (a drip-irrigated plot in 2010), there were no negative impacts on red pod yield in any environment resulting from ethephon application. In addition, pepper quality (yield of unmarketable pods) was not significantly reduced by ethephon. Previous work has focused on increasing red pod yields with mixed results. The results show that ethephon may synchronize cayenne pepper red fruit maturity necessary for mechanical harvest and reduce the labor involved in removing green pods before processing.
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Iranmanesh, Iman, Ima Etminan, and Minoo Iranmanesh. "Study the Pattern of Land Occupied in Residential Components Based on the Theory of Heat Due to Human Thermal Comfort in Kerman-Iran." Current World Environment 10, Special-Issue1 (June 28, 2015): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.special-issue1.09.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the reduction of fossil energy sources, taking a step towards reducing energy consumption, leads to saving resources and protecting the environment will be limited. In this way, taking advantage of the potential energy of the environment is the most logical way to achieve thermal comfort. On the other hand, as that human activities take place in both open and enclosed environment, the impact of climate on human physiology is different in this two environments. So, directly in the various elements of the free space affect to the man directly. Further, the climate of open environment has a major impact on the climate of indoor environment. The residential area next to the outdoor units, needs to provide comfort at a demand for more. Further, In the hot and dry air of Kerman, more consideration is needed. therefore try to assess the impact on indoor outdoor view of the position of occupied land and from the standpoint of conventional thermal index (Mahoney, Oleg, Giovannini) on patterns in Kerman was the dominant pattern of issue. By Using the harvest field, in Kerman, 4 leitmotif of land occupation for housing units are discovered. Along with, the thermal index for Kerman localization and the results on the shape of the occupation of the land test and control also its suggested to consider two-way stretch & east-west courtyard, vegetation and create shading on the ground as a model for the occupation of land.
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Yao, Xinhua, Sheng Li, and Jianzhong Fu. "Heat exchanger design for a thermoelectric module to drive wireless sensors in spindle monitoring." Sensor Review 35, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-08-2013-720.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study using thermoelectric module to harvest the waste heat from spindle units of machine tools and drive wireless sensors stable, thermal structure design and optimization of the thermoelectric module. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, mesh-free-based method, rather than the standard finite element method, is used to analyze the thermal behavior of the thermoelectric modules with different structure. After that, experiments are done to obtain the real power output performance of those modules and evaluate the performance of driving a wireless sensor with those modules. Findings – The paper provides that the difference in geometry structure can cause apparent change in surface temperature of heat-conducting plate, and the optimized thermoelectric module could increase the output voltage by about 7 per cent compared with the one without optimization. Research limitations/implications – It is found that the structure changing of the thermoelectric module is not the only way to increase the harvesting power, so a high efficiency power manage system is needed to be studied in the future. Practical implications – The paper includes implications for the development of self-powered wireless sensors in the spindle unit for machine tool monitoring. Originality/value – The paper develops models of thermoelectric modules with different structures on a rotating spindle, and tests the performance of driving wireless sensors with those thermoelectric modules.
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Moyer, J. R., and R. E. Blackshaw. "Fall-seeded cover crops after dry bean and potato in Southern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08038.
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Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) usually provide insufficient plant residue cover after harvest to protect the soil from wind erosion. Experiments were conducted at the Lethbridge Research Centre to determine the potential beneficial effects of planting cereal cover crops after Russett Burbank potato, which is harvested in late September or October, and dry bean, which is harvested in mid- to late September at Lethbridge, Alberta. Annual cereals planted after potato provided insufficient ground cover to protect the soil from erosion in the fall or spring. Winter annual cereals after potato and dry bean and annual cereals after dry bean usually provided enough residue in the spring (> 30% ground cover). However, winter cereals killed with glyphosate just before seeding spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) consistently reduced wheat yield. Reductions in available N and soil moisture due to winter annual cereals were small, and likely did not reduce wheat yield. None of the cover crops provided enough ground cover to reduce weed density. Additional research is required to assess the benefits of seeding annual cereals after early-maturing potato varieties and after dry bean, which matures earlier at lower elevations in southern Alberta, with more heat units. Key words: Fall rye, ground cover, soil erosion, winter triticale
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Гнатюк, Алла. "The Contextual Semantic Realization of the Lexical Units Hesitate, Waver, Vacillate, Falter vs. Hesitation, Hesitancy." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.1.gna.
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This article is dedicated to the research of synonymous groups for the designation of doubt “Hesitate, Waver, Vacillate, Falter” and “Hesitation, Hesitancy” in contemporary English-language fictional discourse. Doubt is defined as an epistemic state in the cognitive world of individuals which provides motivation to undertake a further quest for information. The purpose of this work is to investigate how the set of semes identified in each component of the synonymous group is presented in the context of modern English fictional discourse. This research is directed towards verifying whether the use of all the components of the given synonymous groups is of equal importance in modern language discourse, as well as checking whether all the semes of “Hesitate, Waver, Vacillate, Falter” and “Hesitation, Hesitancy” are used correctly, based on the results of the componential analysis. The results of the research make it possible to form conclusions regarding the homogeneity or heterogeneity of contextual sematic representations in discourse, dependent upon the number of constituents which make up the synonymous group.
References
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McKeown, A. W. "Climatic Effects on Sweetpotato Yield in Southern Ontario." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 570A—570. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.570a.
Full textAbstract:
Sweetpotato (Ipomea batatas L) was one crop chosen for development in Ontario in response to demand for alternative crops to tobacco and increasing demand for nontraditional vegetables. A wide range of vegetable crops can be grown in the sandy soils on the north shore of lake Erie. In 1999, there were ≈75 acres of sweetpotatoes grown in Ontario. Lack of an early cultivar to fit a short, warm season was a factor limiting production of sweetpotatoes in southern Ontario. Over an 11–growing season period, cultivars of sweetpotato from several breeding programs in the United States were evaluated for suitability to Ontario climatic conditions. Planting to harvest date season totals for heat units, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), potential evapotranspiration, and solar radiation were calculated. Yield was regressed on these climatic variables using multiple linear regression. Of the cultivars evaluated, `Beauregard' replaced `Jewel' as the local industry standard after one season's evaluation. Of the numbered lines evaluated, NC9317 appears suitable for commercial trials. Yields varied greatly among years, and the seasonal VPD explained the largest amount of variation in year-to-year yield. Cultivars vary in their response to seasonal VPD. Yield of `Beauregard' increased with increasing seasonal VPD while NC9317 decreased. Cultivars require ability to yield in a short season and the ability to consistently produce under a range of atmospheric VPDs dictated by interannual climatic variation.
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Kempler, Chaim, and J. T. Kabaluk. "Fruiting and Ripening Characteristics of Actinidia arguta Hardy Kiwi." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 807F—808. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.807f.
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In 1989, 2-year-old A. arguta varieties Geneva, Annaysana, Dumburton Oaks, Fairchild, National Arboretum, 74-7', 74-8, and the self-fertile variety Issai, were planted in Agassiz, B.C., on a well-drained soil site. The plants were grown with a single trunk to 1.8-m with permanent cordons, and fruiting laterals trained on a 2.1-m-wide winged T-bar trellis support. Plant spacing was 2.75 m within the row and 4.8 m between rows. Staminate varieties (Meader and 74-6) were planted at a 1:6 ratio of male: female for pollination. Fruiting canes were renewed every 2 years by winter pruning. All plants began to bear harvestable yields by 1991. A. arguta vine required 622 heat units from bud break to full bloom and the average flowering date was 29 May. Fruit begin to mature during September, depending on the variety. `Geneva', `Annaysana', and `Issai' were the most suitable for commercial production. In 1993, they produced a yield of 26, 38, and 26 kg/vine, with average fruit weight of 7.7, 6.3, and 4.8 g, respectively. `Geneva' was the earliest to mature, followed by `Annaysana' and `'Issai'. A. arguta ripen very unevenly and, at harvest, a certain proportion of the fruit are over-ripe. Fruit are best harvested early when they are firm. Storing the fruit at 1C improved ripening uniformity.
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Dwi Rahayu, Mustika, Winarso Drajad Widodo, and Ketty Suketi. "Penentuan Waktu Panen Pisang Raja Bulu Berdasarkan Evaluasi Buah Beberapa Umur Petik." Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia 5, no. 2 (August 13, 2015): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jhi.5.2.65-72.
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<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Bananas are commonly consumed because of their nutrition content and affordability. Banana fruits are rapidly over riped. Therefore, harvest time is key point for long shelf life. The aims of this study is to analyze the criteria of Raja Bulu Banana’s (Musa paradisiaca) ripeness in post-harvest with several picking dates and to determine the best picking date for favorable post harvest handling. This study was conducted from January until June 2014. Tagging was held in January at farmer located in Sumedang (900 m above sea level, West Java). The post-harverst evaluation was conducted from Mei until June at the Postharvest Laboratory, Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. The experiment was arrangedin a randomized complete block design using single factor with 5 replications for 5 picking dates, i.e. 85, 90, 95, 100, 105 and 3 replications for 110 days after anthesis (DAA). This study showed that the best picking-time for Raja Bulu Banana was achieved in 85 DAA with 11 days of shelf-life and heat units 1305.5 0C day. The later the picking age was negatively correlated with the length of shelf life. The younger the picking age was negatively correlated with respiration rate. Picking date did not affect the physical and chemical quality of post-harvest fruit at the same maturity level.</p><p>Keywords: color scale, respiration rate, shelf life</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Pisang lebih disukai oleh masyarakat karena harganya yang terjangkau dan banyak mengandung vitamin dan mineral. Buah pisang memiliki permasalahan pascapanen buah karena yang cepat masak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari kriteria kematangan pascapanen buah pisang Raja Bulu dari beberapa umur petik dan menentukan saat panen terbaik untuk penanganan pascapanen. Percobaan dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari sampai Juni 2014. Penandaan bunga pisang dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari di kebun pisang milik warga di Sumedang Jawa Barat pada ketinggian 900 m dpl dan pengujian pascapanen dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei hingga Juni di Laboratorium Pascapanen, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Percobaan dilaksanakan dengan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) faktor tunggal dengan 6 umur petik sebagai perlakuan, yaitu 85, 90, 95, 100, dan 105 hari setelah antesis (HSA) masing-masing dengan 5 ulangan dan 3 ulangan untuk 110 (HSA) sehingga terdapat 28 satuan percobaan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa umur petik terbaik pisang Raja Bulu dicapai pada 85 HSA dengan umur simpan terlama (11 hari) serta satuan panas sebesar 1305.5 0C hari. Buah pisang yang dipetik tua lebih cepat mencapai kematangan pascapanen dibandingkan dengan buah pisang yang dipetik muda. Pisang yang dipetik muda memiliki laju respirasi yang rendah dibandingkan dengan buah pisang yang dipetik tua. Umur petik tidak mempengaruhi mutu fisik dan kimia buah pisang pada tingkat kematangan pascapanen yang sama.</p><p>Kata kunci: laju respirasi, skala warna, umur simpan</p>
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Davis, R. M., J. J. Nunez, and K. V. Subbarao. "Benefits of Cotton Seed Treatments for the Control of Seedling Diseases in Relation to Inoculum Densities of Pythium Species and Rhizoctonia solani." Plant Disease 81, no. 7 (July 1997): 766–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.7.766.
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Twenty-five field trials conducted over a 3-year period in five San Joaquin Valley counties included the following treatments: nontreated cotton seed; seed treated with myclobutanil for the control of Rhizoctonia solani-induced damping-off; seed treated with metalaxyl for the control of Pythium-induced damping-off; and seed treated with a combination of the two fungicides. The following parameters were measured: soil populations of Pythium spp. and R. solani at planting, soil temperature at planting, air temperatures for 5 days after planting, soil particle analysis, EC, calcium, pH, organic matter, and plant stands from each treatment. In 1993 and 1994, myclobutanil and the combination of the two fungicides resulted in improved stands in 15 of 18 fields. Metalaxyl did not increase stands in any field in 1993 to 1994. In 1995, the combination of fungicides increased stands relative to the nontreated seeds and was more effective in increasing stands than myclobutanil or metalaxyl alone. Pythium populations were much greater in 1995 than in 1993 to 1994 and may explain the increase in plant stands with the combination of fungicides and metalaxyl alone. Covariate analysis of the data indicated no relationship between stand increases from fungicide seed treatment and any of the soil parameters measured. Heat units following planting were not limiting and had no effect on stands. Populations of pathogens were not related to benefits of fungicides, with the exception of a negative correlation between stand increases from seed treatment with myclobutanil and Pythium populations. Apparently, seed protected with a fungicide active against R. solani were more susceptible to infection by Pythium spp. In general, the fungicide seed treatment active against R. solani increased stands of the cultivar Maxxa regardless of soil type and pathogen populations. Increased stands from the metalaxyl treatment occurred in 1 of the 3 years of the study.
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Privé, Jean-Pierre, J. A. Sullivan, J. T. A. Proctor, and O. B. Allen. "Climate Influences Vegetative and Reproductive Components of Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberry Cultivars." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 3 (May 1993): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.3.393.
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Climatic elements (solar radiation, daylength, water supply, growing degree days (GDD), corn heat units (CHU), soil, and air temperatures) were monitored to determine which elements could account for the variability in yield of primocane-fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars. The climatic elements were classed as either having a major or minor influence on the vegetative and reproductive components, based on the frequency of the significance of the multiple regression coefficients. Soil temperature and water supply had a major influence, while daylength, solar radiation, and aboveground temperature (i.e., air, GDD, or CHU) had a lesser influence on these components. Soil temperature had the largest influence during April and May, while water supply was equally influential at all times during the season. Air temperature and solar radiation had their largest influence during the period of flower initiation and development (i.e., June and July), while daylength was most influential from June to October. Berry count, weight, and yield had the highest frequency of associations among the climatic elements, indicating the complexity of the association between these yield components and climate. Total number of nodes/cane, length of the fruiting section/cane, and the harvest period showed the fewest number of associations. Not all cultivars responded similarly to changes in their yield components. `Autumn Bliss' was less sensitive to climatic variation than either `Heritage' or `Redwing'. When `Redwing' was the anomaly, it was usually related to air or soil temperatures.
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Tsapko, Yu, А. Tsapko, O. Bondarenko, and M. Suhanevich. "ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF FIREPROOF COMPOSITIONS FOR STRUCTURES WITH TEXTILE FUEL PRODUCTS." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 83 (June 4, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2021-83-93-101.
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The results of experimental studies on the effectiveness of fire protection of easily erected structures made of flammable textile products are presented. An analysis of the directions of use of easily erected structures made of flammable textile products indicates a steady trend towards an increase in their use during the temporary fulfillment of certain tasks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and units of the. During the heating of such structures, ignition and rapid spread of fire are possible. The operating statistics for easily erected structures have found a low level of safety due to the use of natural fibers (e.g., linen, cotton and blends), which are highly sensitive to heat and fire. Reduction of combustibility and the development of non-combustible and non-combustible materials is one of the main directions for preventing fires and solving the problem of expanding the scope of these materials. Treatment with fire protection means significantly affects the spread of the flame, allows you to reduce the smoke-generating ability and heat release significantly. After the test, it can be seen that the sample of the textile material sustains spontaneous combustion for more than 5 s; sample damage is more than 150 mm. After the test, it is clear that the sample of textile material does not support self-combustion for no more than 5 s; sample damage is no more than 100 mm. The inhibition of the process of ignition and flame propagation for such a sample is associated with the decomposition of fire retardants under the influence of temperature with the absorption of heat and the release of incombustible gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide), a change in the direction of decomposition towards the formation of incombustible gases and a hardly combustible coke residue. This leads to an increase in the thickness of the coke layer and inhibition of the heat transfer of the high-temperature flame to the material, which indicates the possibility of the transition of textile materials during processing with a fire retardant composition to materials that are non-combustible, which do not spread the flame by the surface.
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Kwabiah, A. B. "Performance of silage corn (Zea mays L.) in a cool climate ecosystem: effects of photodegradable plastic mulch." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-131.
Full textAbstract:
Yield of silage corn (Zea mays L.) in Newfoundland (NL), Canada, is limited by low corn heat units (CHU). This is a reflection of generally moderate temperature throughout the growing season in addition to having a late spring and early fall. Clear photo-degradable plastic film, applied to the soil after sowing, may boost soil and air temperatures and hence advance growth and development. Research was conducted at three on -farm sites near St. John’s in 2000 and 2001 to determine the effects of plastic mulch on time from planting to emergence (VE), 50% silking (R1), 50% kernel milk line (R5.5) and dry matter (DM) yield. Three early hybrids with CHU ratings of 2100, 2200 and 2300 were planted in late May of each year when the soil temperature was above 10°C. At planting, half of each plot was covered (PC) with a clear photo-degradable plastic film (X-Tend Plastic System®), 1.32 m in width and 6 m thick, and the other half was not covered (NC). During the first 30–35 d after planting, the crops grew under the thin plastic mulch before breaking through as it started to degrade. During this time, air (10 cm above soil surface) and soil (5 cm depth) temperatures underneath the plastic film were recorded. These were compared to the soil (5 cm depth) and air (100 cm high) temperatures of the NC plots. Soil and air temperatures for PC plots were consistently higher than for NC plots in both years. The plastic continued to degrade during the rest of the season and was completely degraded by the time of harvest in late `September. In 2000, the plastic advanced VE by 9 to 13 d, R1 by 10 to 15 d and R5.5 by 9 to 15 d relative to the NC treatment. In 2001, advancement of VE due to the plastic mulch ranged from 8 and 12 d, 6 to 9 d for R1 and 6 to 11 d for R5.5. Relative to the NC treatment, the plastic improved CHU by 9% and total DM yield by 22% in 2000 and improved CHU by 7% and total DM yield by 14% in 2001. A small increase in CHU due to plastic mulch resulted in a proportionately larger increase in total DM yield. Plastic mulches have the potential to accelerate maturity thereby insuring silage corn crops achieve acceptable DM yields in cool climate regions such as Newfoundland. Key words: Air temperature, corn heat units, soil temperature, total DM yield
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Villordon, Arthur, Ron Sheffield, Jose Rojas, and Yin-Lin Chiu. "Development of Simple Bayesian Belief and Decision Networks as Interactive Visualization Tools for Determining Optimal In-row Spacing for ‘Beauregard’ Sweetpotato." HortScience 46, no. 12 (December 2011): 1588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.12.1588.
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A Bayesian belief network (BBN) model, which we named BxINROW/NET, was developed to represent the relationships among in-row spacing regimes, some agroclimatic variables known to influence storage root initiation, growing degree-days (GDDs) to harvest, and yield grades in ‘Beauregard’ sweetpotato grown in Louisiana. The model was developed from experimental data collected in a subset of years between 1990 and 2010 and assumed that soil moisture, weeds, and chemical injury were not limiting variables during the growing season. The BBN model error rates for storage root yields were 21%, 20%, and 13% for U.S. #1 (US1), canner, and jumbo grades, respectively, as estimated from repeated random partitioning of the modeling data set into training and testing partitions. In comparison, the error rates for a baseline logistic regression model were 56%, 54%, and 53% for US1, canner, and jumbo grades, respectively. The BBN model showed that GDDs to harvest (GDDH) as well as air and soil temperatures during the critical storage root initiation period [20 days after transplanting (DAT)] interacted with in-row spacing regimes to help determine the yield outcomes. Under a uniform irrigation management and minimum to intermediate GDDH (980 to 1495 GDDs), narrow (20 to 22 cm) to intermediate in-row spacing regimes (30 cm) were associated with higher probabilities (56% to 71% of cases) for attaining a high US1 yield (22 to 45 t·ha−1). These outcomes were associated with minimum to intermediate soil and air heat units 20 DAT, representing early to intermediate planting dates. Under similar conditions, wide in-row spacing treatments (38 to 40 cm) were associated with increased probabilities (100% of cases) for achieving a high yield of jumbo or oversized roots if GDDH (1495 to 1710 GDDs) was maximized. BxINROW/NET was also used as the foundation model to construct Bayesian decision networks (BDNs) for fresh market and processing scenarios. The BDNs were constructed by adding a value or gain node associated with each yield grade. Nodes representing price per box and stand deficiency were also added. These nodes allowed the prediction of estimated net return associated with a specific in-row regime given some agroclimatic variables and GDDH. As a result of its reliance on conditions observed in the study, BxINROW/NET is only applicable to a local Louisiana growing area. Further study is necessary to determine the model's applicability in other regions and growing conditions.
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Beres, Brian L., and F. Craig Stevenson. "Feasibility of bioplastic mulch systems to stimulate early seed germination and plant growth for corn silage hybrids." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 6 (November 2015): 1229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2015-128.
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Beres, B. L. and Stevenson, F. C. 2015. Feasibility of bioplastic mulch systems to stimulate early seed germination and plant growth for corn silage hybrids. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1229–1234. A study was conducted at Vauxhall and Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, in 2006 and 2007 to determine if covering corn (Zea mays L.) seed rows with bioplastic mulch accelerates growth and improves yield. Each site (location by year combination) included all factorial combinations of three seeding rates (64 000, 74 000, and 84 000 kernels ha−1), two Pioneer® corn hybrids [39J26 at 2350 corn heat units (CHU), high vigour; and Roundup Ready® 38K46 at 2775 CHU; low vigour], and seedbed preparation (1), bioplastic mulch covering each seed row, (2) same bioplastic system but removed 3 wk post-planting, or (3) no plastic covering. The use of a bioplastic mulch decreased days to anthesis and silking, and the removal of plastic often decreased days to anthesis a further day or two. Application and subsequent removal of plastic from corn rows always increased corn plant height relative to plots without plastic. However, the use of plastic without removal limited weed control, causing increased weed weight by 0.3–0.5 Mg ha−1 at the three sites. A yield reduction of 5–9 Mg ha−1 occurred with plastic mulch vs. no plastic applied or plastic removed at Vauxhall in 2006 (High CHU hybrid) and at Lethbridge in 2007 (both hybrids). Otherwise, yield was not affected with plastic applied vs. no plastic. Removal of the plastic offers accelerated plant growth and proper timing of weed removal, but the feasibility in a corn silage system at recommended sowing dates is questionable due to logistics at planting and increased costs. The system would provide earlier harvest dates for silage or grain systems, which lessens the risk of frost effects in fall.
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Kora, C., G. J. Boland, and M. R. McDonald. "First Report of Foliar and Root Infection of Carrot by Sclerotinia minor in Ontario, Canada." Plant Disease 86, no. 12 (December 2002): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.12.1406b.
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In 2000 and 2001, commercial carrots (Daucus carota L.) cv. Cellobunch grown in organic soils in Ontario, Canada, developed water-soaked, dark olive-green lesions on leaves that were in contact with soil. Lesions spread rapidly to petioles and adjacent leaves when prolonged moist conditions occurred within the canopy and persisted through harvest. A soft rot lesion was observed on the crown of one carrot root in the field, but no disease symptoms were detected on carrot samples in cold storage. Symptoms on leaves and roots of carrots were similar to sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a common disease in the area, except for the signs of sparser mycelia and smaller sclerotia. White mycelium and irregular, black sclerotia (0.5 to 2 mm) that formed on the surface of diseased leaf and root tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 20 ± 1°C. Within 3 to 4 days, numerous mycelial clumps developed throughout the surface of white colonies and within 5 to 7 days these clumps developed into sclerotia. The pathogen was identified as S. minor Jagger (1). In the growth-room, young and senescing leaves of eight carrot (cv. Cellobunch) plants and 20 surface-disinfested roots were inoculated with 5-mm mycelial disks from the margins of colonies of one isolate of S. minor or S. sclerotiorum grown on PDA. A control treatment of an equal set of test units inoculated with sterile PDA plugs was also included. Inoculated plants and roots were incubated at 21 ± 1°C and ≈100% relative humidity for 21 days. Plants inoculated with S. minor, lesions, mycelial clumps, and sclerotia developed on the surface of leaves and petioles 1, 2, and 10 days postinoculation, respectively and were similar to those observed in the field. Lesions progressed faster on senescing leaves and reached the base of the petiole within 7 days, however, infection of the rosette or crown did not occur under these test conditions. In roots, lesions, mycelia, and sclerotia were observed 2, 4 and 10 days postinoculation, respectively, and sclerotia sometimes adhered in large aggregate crusts. S. minor was reisolated from infected tissues, completing Koch's postulates. Carrots inoculated with S. sclerotiorum yielded similar symptoms, but the white mycelium grew into cotton-like, dense mats and produced large (5 to 10 mm) individual sclerotia. Carrot has been previously reported as a host of S. minor (2), but to our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the occurrence of sclerotinia rot of carrot caused by S. minor in Ontario. S. minor may not cause damage to carrots in storage, but may affect yield by weakening the tops needed for efficient mechanical harvest. Carrot crops where S. minor was identified are typically rotated with onions (Allium cepa L.), which is not a host of S. minor (2). However, this 1-year rotation is unlikely to suffice for reducing the accumulation of sclerotial inoculum in soil. The knowledge of the occurrence and prevalence of S. minor in carrot crops is a valuable consideration when planning to incorporate carrots in rotation with other hosts of S. minor. References: (1) L. M. Kohn. Mycotaxon 9:365, 1979. (2) M. S. Melzer et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:272, 1997.
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Musaev, F. B., M. I. Ivanova, N. S. Priyatkin, and S. V. Kuznets. "Digital morphometry of onion seeds." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2021-3-44-48.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance. One of the problematic issues in crop production remains the quality of sown seeds. Vegetable plants during the period of generative development are demanding to the conditions of light and heat supply, but the conditions of most regions of our country cannot meet these requirements. Post-harvest refinement and pre-treatment of seeds is also not carried out at the proper level. There are no reliable informative tools for analyzing seed quality. Employees of the FSBSI FSVC, Agrophysical Research Institute and Argus-Bio LLC are developing a method of digital morphometry of vegetable seeds.Methods. The material for the studies was the seeds of various samples of varieties of the genus Allium: Allium cristophii Trautv., Allium schoenoprasum L., Allium fistulosum L. Digital images of seeds were obtained using the HP Scanjet 200 tablet scanner, BMP, TIFF, JPG save file format, 600 DPI resolution. Morphometric analysis of digital scanned images of seeds was carried out on the basis of the Agrophysical Research Institute using the serial software Argus-BIO, manufactured by Argus Soft LLC, St. Petersburg.Results. Analysis of the color characteristics of seeds (values of color components according to the RGB model) Allium cristophii Trautv. revealed a statistically significant decrease in all color channels in the row from the lower tier – the upper, which is an indicator of different levels of maturity. Seeds of various samples of Allium schoenoprasum L. in size (projection area) varied significantly within the species from 2.39 to 3.06 mm2 , in shape they also turned out to be unaligned: elliptical with an elongation factor of 1.99 to 2.21 relative units. Analysis of morphometric parameters of seeds of varieties Allium fistulosum L. made it possible to distinguish the influence of natural and genetic factors on these parameters: the factor of the year had a significant effect (from 43.5% to 45.4%), the factor of the variety – from 39.5% to 43.2%, on the main morphometric parameters of seeds. So, a new approach to seed quality analysis is presented, which includes rapid digital morphometry, data modeling and their integration with standard ISTA tests.
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Erdős, Zsuzsa. "Effect of agrotechnical factors on the yield of the Grolim asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) hybrid on acidic sandy soil." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 74 (June 30, 2018): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/74/1662.
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Research of blanched asparagus has begun at the University of Debrecen Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm Research Institutes of Nyíregyháza in 2011. Establishment of the plantation took place in May 2011. The Grolim hybrid was used in the trial, 16 medium plot trial area has been formed under field conditions, with four repetitions and 36 m2 plot size. In the course of our studies, the effect of different nutriment supply methods (untreated, manure, sheep manure compost, fertilizer) has been analysed on the spear yield of the Grolim asparagus hybrid between 2013 and 2017.
In our studies, the beginning of vegetative growth has been recorded upon the constant presence of 10 °C of average soil temperature in the case of the Grolim asparagus hybrid. The beginning and length of spear harvesting are both influenced by the time and dynamics of initial development in spring. During the analysed period, the dates of spear harvesting were various, the earliest being on 23rd March, 2014 and the latest on 23rd April, 2015; the rest of the three years have been varied within this one month interval. The total of heat units required for the vegetative development of spears has been determined; it provides important information for cultivation practice.
Spear yields turned out to be hectic during the analysed period. In 2013 and 2014, yields have surpassed the amount of 50 kg/harvest period/plot in the case of every treatment version. However, in 2015 a significantly lower specific yield has been recorded due to the unfavourable weather conditions in spring; a yield decline of nearly 50% was recorded in the case of the control treatment compared to the previous years. Yield was also lower in the rest of the fertilization treatments compared to 2014; however, in these cases, the degree of yield decrease was around 5–10%, which suggests the yield stabilising effect of fertilization. In 2016, a slight yield increase was measured in comparison with the base year. In 2017, there was a decline of yield in the control treatment; however, the different fertilization treatments resulted in yield increase as compared to previous years.
On the basis of our studies, it is clear that the best yield results have been provided by the artificial fertilization treatment in all of the five analysed years. It was followed by the sheep manure compost and manure treatments in terms of their effect on spear yield. During the three harvesting periods, the lowest yield on acidic sandy soil was recorded in the case of the control treatment. The most remarkable effect of nutriment treatments has been realised in terms of the decreased deviation of yield results, which perfectly represents the yield stabilising effect of nutriment supply in the case of perennial crops – asparagus – as well, even on a poor nutriment supply characteristic sandy soil.
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Chandrasekaran, P., V. Ravichandran, T. Sivakumar, A. Senthil, L. Mahalingam, and N. Sakthivel. "Influence of Heat Units on Defoliation, Physiology and Yield of Cotton during Defoliants Application." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, September 25, 2020, 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2020/v10i1030251.
Full textAbstract:
Aims: A study was conducted to determine the effect of temperature on defoliation process, physiology and yield of cotton during defoliants application.
Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with four replications.
Place and Duration of Study: Field experiment was conducted at Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2018 to 2019.
Methodology: The main plot comprised of three stage of defoliants spray (120 DAS, 127 DAS and 134 DAS) and the sub-plots were seven defoliant treatments (Control, 2, 4 D (0.5%), Ethephon (0.5%), Ethephon (0.5%) + Triiodbenzoic acid (TIBA) (450 ppm), Sodium chlorate (0.9%), 6 benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.1%), Thidiazuron + Diuron (0.03%).
Results: After 15 days of defoliants spray, Thidiazuron + Diuron (0.03 %) recorded highest defoliation percentage (99.3, 98.1 and 96.8%) followed by Sodium chlorate (0.9 %) (91.9, 94.6 and 93.6%) at three different stage of defoliants spray. Although a significant effect was observed on chlorophyll index value (SPAD) due to the favorable weather condition like minimum temperature of 14.3, 16.9 and 19.3°C and maximum average temperature of 30.8, 31.8 and 33.23°C (120, 127 and 134 DAS respectively) during defoliants spray to 15 days after defoliants spray. Sodium chlorate (0.9%) and 6-BAP (0.1%) recorded higher (95.8 and 95.4) per cent boll opening at 120 DAS when comparing to 127 DAS and 134 DAS. Heat units accumulated during defoliants spray to 15 days after defoliants spray was 113.54, 140.52 and 169.57°C days (120, 127 and 134 DAS respectively).
Conclusion: Therefore, the minimum and maximum temperatures of 14.3 and 33.3°C, respectively conducive for inducing defoliation process and boll opening in cotton.
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"Macroalgae and Activated Sludge Microbes in Treatment of Crepe Cotton Effluent." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 2S2 (December 30, 2019): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b1168.1292s219.
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Crepe cotton bandages (textile fabrics) are common household kit in the medical first aid boxes and are globally used in pharmaceutical and health care units to offer heat, insulation and support in many medical situations. Southern Tamilnadu comprises of more than 150 crepe bandage textile units and exports tonnes of crepe cottons. Many units are operated on continuous basis and therefore the amount of wastewater generated and its treatment is of critical importance. Unlike typical textile effluent, crepe cotton processing wastewater do not contain dyes, but significant proportions of caustic soda, soda ash, bleaching agents and COD. This paper discusses the effluent treatment of crepe cotton processing units using mixed cultures of macroalgae and activated sludge microbes. There are very few studies comparing the performance of activated sludge and macro algae in wastewater treatment. Fresh water macroalgae was collected from a nearby pond and activated sludge was collected from the aeration basin of domestic wastewater treatment plant. Crepe cotton processing effluent had significant concentrations of COD, TDS, TSS and was highly alkaline. The COD removal efficiency of about 73.8% and 99 % was obtained for macroalgae and activated sludge microbes respectively. COD removal was quick in activated sludge while macroalgae cultures took 144 h to remove 275 mg/L of COD. This study shows that activated sludge microbes are quick to adapt in uptake of organics from crepe cotton effluent when compared to macroalgal sp, further studies will provide insights on generating bioenergy from algal species grown in crepe cotton effluent for sustained plant operation.
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Bolaños-Aguilar, Eduardo Daniel, Christian Huyghe, and Javier Francisco Enríquez-Quiroz. "Flowering Dynamics in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Based on Heat Units." Agro Productividad 13, no. 12 (January 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v13i12.1895.
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Objective: To describe the sequential pattern of reproductive development of Medicago sativa L. (flowering dynamic) using the relation between principal floral stem nodes and accumulated growing degree day (GDD) in different environmental conditions, and to determine the use of this relationship as a predictor of the seed harvesting date. Design/Methodology/Approach: It was carried out in random blocks and factorial arrangement of 2?5, with two repetitions. Each repetition was made up of 30 plants. Results: The flowering dynamic followed the same pattern between varieties, with a linear relation between GDD and number of floral nodes. The year A0 was different from the years A1 and A2. Therefore, A1 with cutting, and A2 with and without cutting presented less GDD during the flowering stage. In contrast, A0 showed more GDD during this period. In the different environmental conditions, the linear curves of flowering dynamic turned erratic after the tenth floral node (300 GDD) due to a low rate of plants with more than 10 floral nodes along the principal stem. Study Limitations/Implications: It is necessary to have a meteorological station near the alfalfa seed production site, in order to specify the GDD required for predicting the correct moment to harvest seeds. Findings/Conclusions: The reproductive development of M. sativa presents a linear relation between the number of floral nodes and GDD, which allows the prediction of the optimal seed harvesting date, in any environmental condition present.
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Lemos, Lorena Moreira Carvalho, Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão, Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira, Olinto Liparini Pereira, and Paulo Roberto Cecon. "Heat unit accumulation and inflorescence and fruit development in ‘Ubá’ mango trees grown in Visconde do Rio Branco-MG." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 40, no. 2 (April 12, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452018491.
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Abstract There are little information in the scientific literature on flowering and fruiting of ‘Ubá’ mango trees. These information enables to know the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers in inflorescence, fruit set percentage and developmental stages of the fruit. In this study evaluations on inflorescence and fruit development of the ‘Ubá’ mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) were carried out, as well as the determination of the required number of heat units for full fruit development. Thirty branches whose terminal buds were swollen were selected from five mango trees. With the aid of a camera and a caliper, the panicle and fruit development were evaluated weekly until full fruit development. A digital thermometer was used to record ambient temperatures during fruit development in order to estimate the number of heat units required for complete development of the fruits. Male and hermaphrodite flowers of the panicles were also identified and counted. The developmental cycle of ‘Ubá’ mango from the beginning of apical bud swelling to commercial harvest of the fruit lasted 168 days in 2011 and 154 days in 2012. The number of hermaphrodite flowers and the percentage of fruit set in the inflorescence in 2011 were 32.3 and 0.066%, respectively; and 122.1 and 0.099% in 2012, respectively. There was accumulation of 3,173 heat units from flower bud swelling to full development of the ‘Ubá’ mangoes.
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Fernández, Rodrigo, Guillermo R. Chantre, and Juan P. Renzi. "Seed dormancy of Lolium perenne L. related to the maternal environment during seed filling." Seed Science Research, July 15, 2021, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258521000155.
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Abstract Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) shows variable levels of seed physiological dormancy (PD), which depends on the genotype and environmental condition during seed development. To analyse the effect of field temperature and precipitation during seed filling on the PD, two cultivars were sown on five dates in 2014 and 2015. After harvest, the level of seed PD was 4–28%. High-temperature stress (>29°C) in the field during seed development, measured as heat stress units (HSUs), reduced seed PD (increased germination) at harvest. After 9 months of dry afterripening under laboratory conditions, mean dormant seed values were reduced from 15 ± 8 to 8 ± 7%. An increment in the seed PD level reduced seedling emergence in the field. Seed with 20% PD produced only 50% of field emergence, under optimal environmental conditions. Different vigour tests were conducted and each was compared with field emergence. The speed of germination, through the first count at 5 d of the standard germination test, and the shoot length at 10 d were better associated with the seedling establishment in the field. The HSU could be useful to establish a possible PD range in the seed of perennial ryegrass after the growing season. The development of models considering the HSU and other climatic parameters could motivate future studies.
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Sandhu, Surinder K., Pritpal Singh, Jasneet Kaur, Manpreet Singh, and Karanveer Kaur. "Selection indices for enhanced selection efficiency in Indian mustard under terminal heat stress conditions." Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 80, no. 01 (April 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31742/ijgpb.80.1.13.
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With global increase in temperature, terminal heat stress (THS) has emerged as a major challenge in food crops. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss), C3 plant, grows well at 15-20°C. Heat stress at seedling as well as at flowering stage leads to enhanced vegetative growth and flower abortion leading to loss in seed yield. Late sowing after cotton and rice harvest expose the crop to high temperature stress during reproductive stage of development. A fixed diversity stock of 486 Indian mustard lines were evaluated under delayed planting conditions to expose the crop to THS for two consecutive years. Selection indices were computed using four different combinations of traits via Kang_SAS Path computer program along with expected genetic advance (GA) at 5% selection intensity. Set1, comprised of five traits viz., plant height (PH), number of secondary branches (NSB), number of siliquae on main shoot (NSMS), seed yield (SY) and 1000-seed weight (TSW) were recorded the highest GA (8.612) in comparison to other trait combinations tested in present study. Other important finding was slight difference in GA of set I (8.612; SY included) and set II (8.599; SY excluded) with efficiency of selection index 131% and 130%, respectively. This recommended that in initial breeding generations (F2/F3), a breeder may base his selection on four yield related traits (PH, NSB, NSMS and TSW) only without significant loss in genetic gains. This will save resources and time of breeders to compute seed yield. This is the first report on computation of selection index for efficient simultaneous selection under THS in Indian mustard.
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Vandeweyer, Dries, Enya Wynants, Sam Crauwels, Christel Verreth, Nikolaas Viaene, Johan Claes, Bart Lievens, and Leen Van Campenhout. "Microbial Dynamics during Industrial Rearing, Processing, and Storage of Tropical House Crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) for Human Consumption." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84, no. 12 (April 6, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00255-18.
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ABSTRACTIn this study, the microbiota during industrial rearing, processing, and storage of the edible tropical house cricket,Gryllodessigillatus, was investigated. To this end, we analyzed samples from the cricket feed, obtained before feeding as well as from the cages, and from the crickets during rearing, after harvest, and after processing into frozen, oven-dried, and smoked and oven-dried (smoked/dried) end products. Although the feed contained lower microbial numbers than the crickets, both were dominated by the same species-level operational taxonomic units, as determined by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. They corresponded, among others, to members ofPorphyromonadaceae,Fusobacterium,Parabacteroides, andErwinia. The harvested crickets contained high microbial numbers, but none of the investigated food pathogensSalmonellaspp.,Listeria monocytogenes,Bacillus cereus, or coagulase-positive staphylococci. However, some possible mycotoxin-producing fungi were isolated from the crickets. A postharvest heat treatment, shortly boiling the crickets, reduced microbial numbers, but an endospore load of 2.4 log CFU/g remained. After processing, an increase in microbial counts was observed for the dried and smoked/dried crickets. Additionally, in the smoked/dried crickets, a high abundance of aBacillussp. was observed. Considering the possible occurrence of food-pathogenic species from this genus, it is advised to apply a heat treatment which is sufficient to eliminate spores. Nevertheless, the microbial numbers remained constant over a 6-month storage period, whether frozen (frozen end product) or at ambient temperature (oven-dried and smoked/dried end products).IMPORTANCEThe need for sustainable protein sources has led to the emergence of a new food sector, producing and processing edible insects into foods. However, insight into the microbial quality of this new food and into the microbial dynamics during rearing, processing, and storage of edible insects is still limited. Samples monitored for their microbiota were obtained in this study from an industrial rearing and processing cycle. The results lead first to the identification of process steps which are critical for microbial food safety. Second, they can be used in the construction of a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) plan and of a Novel Food dossier, which is required in Europe for edible insects. Finally, they confirm the shelf-life period which was determined by the rearer.