Journal articles: 'Cotton plant and culture'

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SORO, Siofougowary Mariam, and N’guettia René YAO. "Effet de l’apport au sol de déchets issus de l’égrenage du coton graine sur l’humidité du sol et la production en coton graine au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire." Journal of Applied Biosciences 150 (June 30, 2020): 15477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.150.8.

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Objectif : Pour tenter de réduire les effets de ces changements climatiques sur les productions, un apport au sol avant les mises en place des cultures de 12 t/ha de déchets de coton graine ou de compost associé à la moitié de la dose d’engrais minéral recommandée (200 kg/ha de NPK + 50 kg/ha d’urée) a permis d’améliorer l’humidité du sol sans aucun effet sur l’eau utile du sol. L’apport de déchets de coton graine ou de compost a permis aussi d’améliorer le nombre de capsules par plante, le nombre de capsules mûres récoltées, la qualité sanitaire des capsules mûres et surtout le rendement en coton graine. Conclusion : L’apport de 12 tonnes/ha de déchets de coton graine associés à de l’engrais chimique à la dose de 100 kg/ha de NPK et 25 kg/ha d’urée constituent un niveau optimum d’utilisation des déchets de coton graine en coton culture. Mots clés : Déchets de Coton graine, Humidité du sol, Rendement du cotonnier, Côte d’Ivoire. Effect of ginned cotton-seed waste application to the ground on soil moisture and cotton yield in northern Côte d'Ivoire ABSTRACT Objective: In an attempt to reduce the effects of climate change on production, an application to the ground prior to the establishment of 12 t/ha of ginned seed cotton waste associated with half of the recommended mineral fertilizer dose (200 kg/ha of NPK + 50 kg/ha of urea) improved soil moisture without any effect on the soil available water capacity. The supply of seed cotton waste or compost has also improved the number of capsules/plant, the number of mature capsules harvested, the sanitary quality of mature capsules and, above all, the yield in seed cotton. Conclusion: The supply of 12 tons/ha of seed cotton waste associated with chemical fertilizer at the dose of 100 kg/ha of NPK and 25 kg/ha of urea constitutes an optimum level of use of cotton seed waste in cotton farming. Keywords: Seed Cotton Waste, Soil Moisture, Cotton Yield, Ivory Coast.

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Stelly, David M., D. W. Altman, R. J. Kohel, T. S. Rangan, and E. Commiskey. "Cytogenetic abnormalities of cotton somaclones from callus cultures." Genome 32, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-509.

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Somaclonal variation occurs among regenerants from tissue culture of many plant species. Our objective was to determine whether cytogenetic variation contributes to somaclonal variation in cotton (Gossyptum hirsutum L.,2n = 4x = 52). Of 117 somaclones of cotton regenerated from 18-month-old callus cultures of 'SJ-2' and 'SJ-5' cultivars, 35 were analyzed for meiotic abnormalities. The population of somaclones was extremely varied in phenotype, most plants being strikingly aberrant in phenotype. Fertility was generally poor: 84% failed to set bolls and only 5% set 10 or more bolls in a field environment. Only one of the somaclones (3%) formed 26 bivalents at metaphase I. Fourteen were nonsynaptic to partially synaptic at metaphase I. Synaptic abnormalities impaired fertility and precluded thorough metaphase analysis. Chromosome numbers obtained for 32 plants ranged from 49 to 53, and only 1 plant was hyperaneuploid. No plant was polyploid. Chromosomal abnormalities in plants with normal metaphase pairing included univalents, unequal bivalents, rod bivalents, trivalents, open quadrivalents, and centric fragments. Seventeen hypoaneuploid plants formed a V-shaped trivalent at metaphase I, constituting a high frequency of tertiary monosomy. The high frequencies of aneuploidy and tertiary monosomy indicate that cytogenetic anomalies are a major source of somaclonal variation in cotton. It is hypothesized that (i) primary cytogenetic events during cotton cell culture give rise to breakage – fusion – bridge (BFB) cycles, (ii) BFB cycles accrue during culture, (iii) BFB cycles cause loss of chromatin, and (iv) BFB cycles are resolved by the formation of stable tertiary chromosomes with mono-centric activity. The hypothesis accounts mechanistically for the coincidence of chromatin deficiencies and chromatin exchange involved implicitly in tertiary monosomy, as well as for the relatively high frequency of tertiary monosomy among somaclones.Key words: aneuploid, monosomic, synaptic, sterility, Gossypium.

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George, F., D. Kerschen, A. Van Nuffel, J. F. Rees, and I. Donnay. "Plant protein hydrolysates (plant peptones) as substitutes for animal proteins in embryo culture medium." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 4 (2009): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd08147.

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The aim of the present study was to improve the sanitary quality of in vitro-produced bovine embryos by using plant protein hydrolysates (plant peptones) as substitutes for animal proteins. Peptones were compared with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the protein source in synthetic oviduct fluid medium and the quality of the resulting embryos was determined. Two batches of peptones (wheat and cotton) were selected on the basis of their anti-oxidant properties. When added to the culture medium, both peptones (at 0.56 mg mL–1 for cotton peptone and at 0.18 mg mL–1 for wheat peptone) led to similar developmental and hatching rates compared with 4 mg mL–1 BSA and embryos were equally resistant to freezing and able to elongate after transfer. Surprisingly, a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) content was observed when embryos were produced with plant peptone instead of BSA. Supplementation of the culture medium with precursors of GSH (cysteine and β-mercaptoethanol) significantly increased the GSH content. A shift of the sex ratio towards male embryos was seen for Day 8 embryos cultured with wheat peptone, whereas no shift was observed for embryos cultured in the presence of BSA or polyvinylpyrrolidone. In conclusion, culture with plant peptones enables embryos to be obtained at a similar rate and of similar quality to that seen following the use of BSA. The use of the plant peptones increased the sanitary quality of the embryos and decreased the cost of embryo production.

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Sissoko, Fagaye, Sidiki Diarra, and Mamadou Traore. "Le semis direct sous couverture végétale : une opportunité de mise en place rapide du cotonnier en culture pluviale au Mali." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 3 (June 18, 2020): 722–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i3.7.

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En zone soudano-sahélienne, la productivité des cultures est limitée par la disponibilité de l’eau et la fertilité des sols. Le cotonnier en est particulièrement affecté lors de sa culture L’objet de cette étude est d’évaluer l’effet du semis direct sous couverture végétale sur le rendement du cotonnier. Deux variétés de cotonnier (NTA MS334 et BRS 293) ont été utilisées pour comparer 6 systèmes de culture. Le dispositif statistique utilisé a été un Split plot. Les données collectées ont concerné les échantillons de sol, les délais de levée des cotonniers, les densités, les hauteurs, les nombres de capsules et les rendements en graine. La levée a été plus rapide dans les systèmes de culture en semis sous couverture végétale. La densité à la récolte des cinq systèmes en SCV a été de 65 076 plants ha-1 contre 60 564 en SC. Les systèmes de culture n’ont pas eu d’effets statistiquement significatifs sur les rendements en coton graine, mais une différence significative a été observée entre les deux variétés. Le SCV est possible en zone soudano-sahélienne, la levée est plus rapide et permet d’améliorer la densité et le rendement (2 452 kg ha-1 contre 2 373 kg ha-1 en SC) des cultures.Mots clés : Systèmes de culture, cotonnier, densité, capsules, rendement. English Title: Direct sowing under cover crop: an opportunity for rapid establishment of rainfed cotton in MaliIn Sudano-Sahelian zone, crop productivity is limited by water availability and soil fertility. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of direct sowing under cover crop on cotton yield. Two cotton varieties (NTA MS334 and BRS 293) were used to compare 6 cropping systems. The statistical design used was a split plot. The data collected concerned soil samples, cotton plant emergence times, densities, heights, number of bolls and cotton yields. Emergence was faster in seedling cropping systems under cover crop. Harvest density in the five SCV systems was 65 076 plants ha-1 versus 60 564 plants ha-1 in SC. The cropping systems had no statistically significant effect on seed cotton yields, but a significant difference was observed between the two varieties. SCV is possible in Sudano-Sahelian zone, emergence is faster and improves crop density and yield (2 452 kg ha-1 compared to 2 373 kg ha-1 in SC).Keywords: Cropping systems, cotton, density, bolls, yield

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Wang, Jian-Ying, Yu Cai, Jin-Ying Gou, Ying-Bo Mao, Yan-Hua Xu, Wei-Hong Jiang, and Xiao-Ya Chen. "VdNEP, an Elicitor from Verticillium dahliae, Induces Cotton Plant Wilting." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 8 (August 2004): 4989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.8.4989-4995.2004.

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ABSTRACT Verticillium wilt is a vascular disease of cotton. The causal fungus, Verticillium dahliae, secretes elicitors in culture. We have generated ∼1,000 5′-terminal expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a cultured mycelium of V. dahliae. A number of ESTs were found to encode proteins harboring putative signal peptides for secretion, and their cDNAs were isolated. Heterologous expression led to the identification of a protein with elicitor activities. This protein, named V. dahliae necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein (VdNEP), is composed of 233 amino acids and has high sequence identities with fungal necrosis- and ethylene-inducing proteins. Infiltration of the bacterially expressed His-VdNEP into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in necrotic lesion formation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the fusion protein also triggered production of reactive oxygen species and induced the expression of PR genes. When added into suspension cultured cells of cotton (Gossypium arboreum), the fusion protein elicited the biosynthesis of gossypol and related sesquiterpene phytoalexins at low concentrations, and it induced cell death at higher concentrations. On cotton cotyledons and leaves, His-VdNEP induced dehydration and wilting, similar to symptoms caused by a crude preparation of V. dahliae elicitors. Northern blotting showed a low level of VdNEP expression in the mycelium during culture. These data suggest that VdNEP is a wilt-inducing factor and that it participates in cotton-V. dahliae interactions.

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Saeed, Muhammad, Song Xianliang, Sun Xuezhen, and Muhammad Riaz. "Leaf cuticular wax content is involved in cotton leaf curl virus disease resistance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 4 (January 8, 2019): e0705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018164-13085.

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Cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuVD) limits cotton production in many cotton growing countries of the world, including Pakistan. In the past, efforts were made to combat this disease by different approaches. Cuticular wax is reported to confer resistance to plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Present study was designed to assess the role of cuticular wax content (WC) to resist CLCuVD infestation. The WC of 42 cotton genotypes, originating from various countries (Pakistan, USA, China, etc.), was quantified during two culture periods (2015 & 2016). Cotton germplasm was also scored for % disease index (%DI), seed cotton yield (SCY), number of bolls/plant (NB), and plant height (PHt) for the same culture periods. Significant negative correlation between WC and %DI was found during the two years of experimentation. WC was found positively correlated with SCY and NB. Six cotton genotypes (A-7233, B-557, A-162, BLANCO-3363, CIM-473, and SLH-2010-11) did not show any signs of CLCuVD infestation during both 2015 and 2016. These cotton genotypes contained relatively higher WC. The results from analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that there were significant differences among genotypes for %DI, WC, SCY, NB, and PHt. These results indicated that WC was involved in resisting CLCuVD and it also had positive effect on plant growth and yield potential. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that cuticular wax could be used as an indirect criterion for distinguishing and selecting resistant/susceptible cotton genotypes.

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Ibrahim, Mazen. "Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Chemical Constituents in Cotton/Alfalfa Mixed Culture." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 63, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2017-0006.

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Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to study the extent of changes occurring in the nutrients, chlorophyll and protein of plants grown in cotton/alfalfa mixed culture as affected by inoculation with indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The experiment consisted of mycorrhizal treatments (with and without AMF inoculation) and three planting patterns (cotton monoculture, alfalfa monoculture, cotton/alfalfa mixed culture). Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculum previously isolated from a rhizospheric soil of cotton, was a mixture of Glomus intraradices, G. viscosum, and G. mosseae. Results showed that total chlorophyll and protein concentrations, and nutrients content were higher in AM cotton plants compared with the non-AM control. Mixed culture had a positive effect on all the above parameters in cotton shoot. The highest values were noted in AM plants in the mixed culture. Improved chemicals and biochemical constituents in cotton led to an increase in dry matter production. The highest dry matter was observed in the AM mixed culture, and was significantly higher by 1.4 times than that of non-AM monoculture.

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Nadio, NA, EM Bokobana, KP Akantetou, P. Tozoou, W. Poutouli, K. Koba, K. Sanda, and C. Raynaud. "Efficacite des bioinsecticides a base de l’huile essentielle de Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) spreng contre les punaises rouges (Dysdercus voelkeri, schmidt) en culture cotonniere au Togo." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 03 (May 5, 2021): 17727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.98.20095.

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Currently, the fight against red bugs, a pest of the cotton plant, is limited to the use of synthetic chemical insecticides. Many of the products used are persistent and their high toxicity to human health and the environment is of concern. In the search for alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides, the aim of this research work was to evaluate the insecticidal potential of aqueous emulsions based on the essential oil of Cymbopogon schoenanthus(L.) against Dysdercus voelkeri, one of the redoubtable pests of cotton plant in Togo. Aqueous emulsions at different concentrations were used in phytosanitary treatments on cotton crop compared to vulgarized binary insecticides (lambdacyhalothrin/profenofos 15/300 gha-1and cypermethrin/acetamiprid 36/8 gha-1). D. voelkeri counts on target plants of each elementary plot revealed that the highest dose of the emulsion (6%) of C. schoenanthus essential oil and the control (vulgarized insecticide)were more effective with low bug population densities of 7.14± 1.46 and 4.86± 1.84 bugs/plant,respectively. On the contrary,the other doses (4 and 2%) of emulsions based on C. schoenanthus essential oil had in their plots respectively 39.57 ± 5.81 and 45.28 ± 3.92 bugs/plant and the control (55.71± 5.23 bugs/plant). Health analysis of the young cotton bolls that fell under the cotton plants revealed that the highest dose of the emulsion (6%) and the control reduced stings by 71.40 and 72.33 % respectively, compared to the control. Stings reduction rates in plots with treatments of 4 and 2% of the emulsion were low with rates of 55.32and22.83%,respectively. These results clearly show that the aqueous emulsion formulated and tested in the study can significantly reduce attacks of these pests. This study shows the possibility of using the essential oil of C. schoenanthus as a raw material in the formulation of biopesticide as an alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides in the control of cotton plant red bugs in Togo.

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Mehta, Y. R., and R. L. Brogin. "Phytotoxicity of a Culture Filtrate Produced by Stemphylium solani of Cotton." Plant Disease 84, no. 8 (August 2000): 838–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.8.838.

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Stemphylium solani, which causes a new leaf blight of cotton, was suspected of producing a phytotoxin. Studies were conducted to examine the relationship between the reaction of different cotton cultivars and of some unrelated host species to the pathogen and its toxin-containing culture filtrates. Seven single spore isolates of S. solani from cotton and their toxin-containing culture filtrates were used for leaf and root bioassays. An isolate of S. solani from tomato was also used for comparison. The phytotoxic effect was isolate dependent. Culture filtrates of five isolates killed 40 to 60% of the cotton seedlings when incubated for 4 days at 10-1 dilution. At 10-2 dilution, the culture filtrates of most of the isolates affected the development of the root system but failed to kill any seedling. The phytotoxic effect of the culture filtrate was not degraded by autoclaving. A high correlation coefficient between the percentage of the leaf area infected (LAI) by S. solani and the percentage of the necrotic leaf area (LAN) by the culture filtrate was observed when one of the aggressive isolates and its culture filtrate were tested against adult plants of 38 cotton cultivars (r = 0.86). Cultivars CNPA T-1180-23, CNPA-PRECOCE 2, PR 94-215, and PR 94-82 demonstrated resistance to the pathogen as well as insensitivity or moderate sensitivity to its toxin. Cultivars showing intermediate reaction to the pathogen also showed intermediate reaction to its culture filtrate. Similarly, the highly susceptible cultivars Paraná 3, PR 93-129, and PR 94-216 also were highly sensitive to the culture filtrate. Of the 18 plant species belonging to 18 genera, eight were susceptible to the pathogen. With two exceptions, susceptible hosts were also sensitive to the culture filtrate, whereas nonsusceptible hosts were insensitive. A component of the culture filtrate was regarded as a pathogenicity factor.

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Russell, CA, and IRP Fillery. "In situ 15N labelling of lupin below-ground biomass." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 7 (1996): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9961035.

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This paper describes the use of a cotton-wick method to enrich lupin plants with 15N. The method involved the insertion of a cotton thread through the stem and the submergence of the ends of the cotton thread in a solution of highly enriched 15N urea. The distribution of 15N in lupin plant components during pre-reproductive growth and pod filling. and in relation to the frequency of labelling, was determined. The recovery of applied 15N within plant tissues was close to 100% for lupins grown in solution culture, but 15N was not distributed between plant components in the proportions observed for total plant N. Stems and leaves were preferentially labelled with 15N irrespective of the phase of lupin growth when the 15N was applied. Pre-reproductive and mature lupin root biomass was depleted in 15N because of the poor assimilation of 15N within lupin nodules. More applied 15N was found in the root biomass of lupin plants that received fortnightly, compared with weekly, applications of 15N. The distribution of 15N between lupin components was reproducible when 15N-urea was wick-applied to plants of the same age. Recovery of 15N was incomplete when urea was fed to lupins grown in sand culture. Incomplete recovery of root material and loss of 15N associated with root exudates probably contributed to the lower recoveries of 15N in root material in sand compared with solution culture. The ability to manipulate the 15N solution concentration, the volume of solution fed to plants, time of application, and frequency of 15N application underscore the usefulness of the wick technique to label woody legumes with 15N.

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Célini, Léonide, and Jean Vaillant. "RÉPARTITION SPATIO-TEMPORELLE DES PRÉSENCES D’AILÉS D’APHIS GOSSYPII (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) EN CULTURE COTONNIÈRE (MALVACEAE)." Canadian Entomologist 131, no. 6 (December 1999): 813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent131813-6.

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AbstractThe spatio-temporal distribution of cotton plants, Gossypium hirsutum L., infested with Aphis gossypii (Glover) winged adults, is described in a plot located in Bangui, Central African Republic. Each cotton plant growing in the plot was examined visually for a short period of time to ascertain the presence or absence of A. gossypii and to construct weekly infestation maps. Tests of autocorrelation and dispersion were carried out at different spatial scales by means of Monte Carlo procedures on embedded counting grids. Edge effect tests were also carried out. The statistical analyses show significant overdispersion of the infested plants and positive spatial autocorrelation. Positive temporal autocorrelation and significant edge effect are detected intermittently throughout the season.

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Leonteva, I. "Survey of Cotton-plant Agrocenosis Insects in the Eastern Part of the Republic of Turkmenistan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/50/03.

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To date, the high importance of cultivation industrial crops is universally recognized. One of these crops — cotton–plant (Gossypium hirsutum) — is the most important crop grown in Central Asia. The study of the species diversity of insects in crops of agricultural plants, including cotton–plant, is of great practical and theoretical interest, which allows us to assess the phytosanitary condition of crops and to develop a set of measures to improve them. The greatest economic damage to cotton–plant crops is caused by insects, among which are multivivorous (turnip moth, cotton bollworm, aphid, etc.) and specialized (more than 20 species). They damage almost all the organs of a given plant: roots, stems, leaves, generative organs (flowers and fruits) during their formation and maturation. In order to study the species diversity of insects in the cotton–plant agrocenosis under the conditions of the Lebap velayat of the Republic of Turkmenistan in 2019, more than 1000 insect specimens were collected. 12 species belonging to 7 orders and 10 families were identified. In the process of scientific research, predominantly polyphagous pests were recorded, which include two species of grasshoppers, two species of owlet moths, aphids, etc. In addition to pests of this culture, two species of predatory insects were found (European mantis and Bronze Carabid).

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Baohong, Zhang, and Zhou Yun. "Effects of NaCI Stress on Cotton Tissue Culture and Plant Regeneration." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 2, no. 4 (September 15, 1999): 1085–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.1999.1085.1087.

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Mavromatis, A. G., S. K. Kantartzi, D. N. Vlachostergios, I. N. Xynias, G. N. Skarakis, and D. G. Roupakias. "Induction of embryo development and fixation of partial interspecific lines after pollination of F1 cotton interspecific hybrids (Gossypium barbadense × Gossypium hirsutum) with pollen from Hibiscus cannabinus." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 10 (2005): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04241.

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The possibility of inducing embryo development after pollination of F1 interspecific cotton hybrids (Gossypium barbadense × Gossypium hirsutum) and their reciprocals with pollen from Hibiscus cannabinus was investigated. For this, flowers of F1 plants from 4 G. barbadense × G. hirsutum interspecific hybrids (B403 × Acala Sindos, Carnak × 4S, B403 × Coker 310, and Carnak × Acala Sindos) and their reciprocals grown in the field were pollinated with pollen from Hibiscus cannabinus. From the 443 pollinated flowers, 276 were left on the plant to grow naturally, and 167 were collected 5 days after pollination. Young ovules from the collected buds were cultured in vitro for embryo development. It was observed that, from the buds left to grow naturally on the mother plant, 21 bolls reached maturity. The mature bolls originated only from the 4 G. barbadense × G. hirsutum hybrids and contained 82 mature seeds. Finally, 38 plants (Pa0) were produced. From the in-ovule culture method, 10 young embryos were isolated from both G. barbadense × G. hirsutum and G. hirsutum × G. barbadense hybrids and finally 3 plants were produced. The plants produced from both approaches originated only from the G. barbadense × G. hirsutum hybrids. These plants exhibited morphological traits from both cotton species and they were partially fertile. No signs of H. cannabinus morphological traits were observed in the plants produced. Root-tip chromosome counts revealed that chromosome number among cells of the Pa0 plants ranged from 27 to 42 and the difference in chromosome number observed among cells of the same plant ranged from 1 to 3. The chromosome number, however, was increased progressively from generation to generation and in Pa3 it ranged from 46 to 52. Plants with 52 chromosomes were identified even from the Pa1 generation. In addition, flow cytometric analysis indicated that the parental plants had a similar DNA profile to the F1 and F2 interspecific hybrids but a different one from the Pa0 plants. Thus, alien pollination of cotton flowers from interspecific (G. barbadense × G. hirsutum and reciprocals) hybrids with pollen from H. cannabinus most likely induced parthenogenetic (Pa) egg cell development which, after a progressive chromosome increase, produced fully fertile plants with most of the cells at the tetraploid or near-tetraploid level. It was concluded that a combination of the in situ boll development with an optimised in vitro ovule culture technique could establish the ‘cannabinus method’ in cotton, as a method for the production of genotype-independent partial interspecific lines.

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Amonmidé, Isidore, Germain D. Fayalo, and Gustave D. Dagbenonbakin. "Effet de la période et densité de semis sur la croissance et le rendement du cotonnier au Bénin." Journal of Applied Biosciences 152 (August 31, 2020): 15676–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.152.7.

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Objectif : L’objectif de l’étude était d’identifier les meilleures périodes et densités de semis dans les différentes zones agro-écologiques cotonnières du Bénin dans un contexte de changement climatique. Méthodologie et résultats : Les expérimentations ont été conduites pendant deux ans (2017 et 2018) en station au Bénin dans un dispositif expérimental en split-plot à deux facteurs, la période (facteur principal) et la densité de semis (facteur secondaire) respectivement à quatre et cinq variantes avec quatre répétitions. Les données collectées ont été soumises à une analyse de variance sous le logiciel R.3.6.1 au seuil de 5% de probabilité d’erreur. Les résultats ont montré au cours des deux années d’expérimentation que les semis tardifs ont enregistré les plus faibles rendements en coton graine dans la zone centre-nord tandis que toutes les dates de semis ont donné des rendements équivalents dans la zone nord. La densité de semis à 62500 plants/ha a donné le meilleur rendement. Conclusion et applications des résultats : Le semis du cotonnier peut s’étendre sur quatre décades (20 mai au 30 juin) dans la zone nord contrairement au centre-nord où la période optimale de semis s’étend seulement sur les deux dernières décades de juin (10-30 juin). La densité à 62500 plants/ha (0,20m x 0,80m à 1 plant/poquet) pourrait être recommandée pour l’amélioration des rendements en culture cotonnière au Bénin. L’adoption de cette densité de semis offre aux producteurs l’opportunité de mécaniser les opérations de semis et de fertilisation, compte tenu de la faible distance inter-poquets par rapport aux densités en vulgarisation. Mots clés : Période de semis, densité de semis, rendement coton graine, zones cotonnières, Bénin. Effect of sowing time and plant density on growth, development and yield in Benin ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed at identifying the best sowing date and plant densities in the different cotton agro-ecological zones of Benin in a context of climate change. Methodology and results: On-station trials were conducted during two years (2017 and 2018) in Benin in a split-plot experimental design with two factors, the sowing date (main factor) and the plant density (secondary factor) with four and five levels, respectively with four replications. Collected data were submitted to an analysis of variance under R.3.6.1 software at 5% probability threshold error. Results showed other the two Amonmidé et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Effet de la période et densité de semis sur la croissance et le rendement du cotonnier au Bénin 15677 years of trial that late sowings recorded the lowest cotton seed yields in the northern central zone while all sowing date gave similar yields in the northern zone. Planting density of 62500 plants/ha gave the best yields. Conclusion and applications of the results: Cotton sowing could be extended over four decades (20 May to 30 June) in the northern zone contrarily to the northern central zone where the optimal sowing time covers only the last two decades of June (10-30 June). Plant density of 62500 plants/ha (0.20 m x 0.80 m at 1 plant/pot) could be recommended to improve cotton seed yields in Benin. The adoption of this new plant density offers producers the opportunity to mechanize sowing and fertilizer application, given low inter-plant space compared to the recommendation in Benin. Key words: Sowing date, plant density, cotton seed yield, cotton agro-ecological zones, Benin.

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Ismail, I. M. K., Tahany M. A. Abdel Rahman, Esmat E. A. Elwy, and M. E. Osman. "Effect of the triazine herbicides Goltix and Igran on cell wall degradation by some fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-112.

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Fifteen-day-old tomato and cotton hypocotyls were susceptible to degradation by the three fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. The last two fungi cause tomato and cotton wilts in Egypt. Addition of various concentrations (50–1200 ppm) of Goltix (4-amino-3-methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-5 (4H)-one(IUPAC)) inhibited the tomato cell wall degradation by the tested fungi except its pathogen, while the doses (50–1200 ppm) of Igran (4-ethylamino-2-tert-butylamino-6-methylthio-5-triazine) inhibited tomato cell wall degradation by the three fungi. On the other hand, the addition of various concentrations of Goltix to cotton cell wall culture increased the susceptibility of the cell wall to the degrading enzymes of the three fungi, while Igran inhibited the degradation by the two Fusarium species. The data also emphasized the presence of xylanase, arabanase, mannanase, galactanase, and cellulase enzymes in both tomato and cotton cell wall cultures of the tested fungi. Higher doses of either Goltix or Igran (800 and 1200 ppm) completely inhibited the activation of arabanase, xylanase, and mannanase, while cellulase and galactanase were less sensitive to the applied herbicide doses.

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Feng, Rong, and R. Malcolm Brown. "A novel cottong ovule culture: Induction, growth, and characterization of submerged cotton fibers (Gossypium hirsutum L.)." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 36, no. 4 (July 2000): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11627-000-0053-z.

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Papafotiou, Maria, Barbara Avajianneli, Costas Michos, and Iordanis Chatzipavlidis. "Coloration, Anthocyanin Concentration, and Growth of Croton (Codiaeum variegatum L.) as Affected by Cotton Gin Trash Compost Use in the Potting Medium." HortScience 42, no. 1 (February 2007): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.1.83.

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Compost from cotton gin trash was evaluated as a peat substitute in Codiaeum variegatum L. production. Rooted cuttings were grown for 8 months in media containing cotton gin trash compost, sphagnum peatmoss, and perlite in 1:3:4, 1:1:2, and 3:1:4 ratios respectively, and their growth was compared with a control medium of 1 peat : 1 perlite (by volume). Even when 75% of peat in the control medium was replaced by cotton gin trash compost, plant height, leaf number, and leaf size were unaffected, whereas root dry weight was increased in the medium with 25% peat replacement. Although replacement of peat by cotton gin trash compost did not affect quantitative characteristics of croton foliage growth, it affected the foliage color, as plants in media with cotton gin trash compost had more areas colored red in their leaves. The increase of red coloration was proportional to the increase of cotton gin trash compost in the medium. The phenomenon was more intense in the lower leaves than the apical ones. Anthocyanin concentration measurements showed that the gradual increase of cotton gin trash compost level in the growth medium caused a gradual increase of the anthocyanin concentration in the leaves. This effect is discussed in relation to chemical properties of the media, as electrical conductivity, pH, and nutrient concentrations. The gradual increase of cotton gin trash compost level caused an analogous increase of N, P, and K concentrations in the medium. Also, media with cotton gin trash compost had high electrical conductivity at the beginning of the culture period, related to the cotton gin trash compost level, which was reduced to values similar to that in the control medium after 50 days of culture. Na concentration in the media ranged similarly to electrical conductivity. The pH was positively related to cotton gin trash compost level, and media with a high cotton gin trash compost level had increased pH during the culture period compared with the control.

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Sacks, E. J., H. K. Abbas, and A. Mengistu. "First Report of Endophytic Candida ipomoeae Isolated from Ovules of Upland Cotton in Mississippi." Plant Disease 90, no. 10 (October 2006): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1362b.

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Cotton is grown on approximately 34.5 million ha worldwide to provide fiber, food oil, and animal feed. To our knowledge, this report is the first of Candida ipomoeae on cotton, and this yeast was found on ovules of the most commercially important cotton species in a major cotton-growing region. The yeast was isolated from ovules of upland cotton grown in vitro. A culture (NRRL Y-48065) was sent to Microbial ID Inc. (Newark, DE) where a partial 176-bp sequence for the D2 domain of the large subunit rDNA was obtained. A BLAST search on the GenBank database ( www.ncbi.nih.gov/Genbank/index.html ) found a 100% match between our sequence and accessions from two strains of C. ipomoeae (Accession Nos. AF050148 and AF050149). In addition, the distinctive colony morphology (white pseudomycelium with a raised stellate to lobate edge) was consistent with previous descriptions of C. ipomoeae (1). No growth was observed at 37°C for the current and previously described isolates. C. ipomoeae is a recently described asexual species (1) that has been isolated from morning glory (Ipomoea spp.) flowers and their insect visitors in Hawaii and the Americas (2). C. ipomoeae has also been found on insects that have visited flowers of the indigenous wild Hawaiian cotton species, Gossypium tomentosum (2) but it has not been isolated previously from cotton per se. Endogenous microbes are common in field-grown upland cotton and can be an impediment to obtaining aseptic plant tissue cultures. During August and September 2005, as part of an effort to rescue interspecific cotton hybrids, ovules were cultured in vitro for 4 days after pollination from plants grown in a field at Stoneville, MS. Fruit were washed in soap and water, surface sterilized in a laminar flow hood by immersion in an aqueous solution of 2.6% sodium hypochlorite and 0.1% Tween 20 for 10 min with intermittent shaking, followed by immersion in ethanol for 10 min, and then allowed to air dry. This surface sterilization protocol is >99% effective on greenhouse-grown fruit. For each fruit, ovules were placed on a single 100 × 25-mm petri dish containing 25 ml of modified Murashige and Skoog media with Gambourg's B5 vitamins (M0404; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) plus 1.9 g l-1 KNO3, 0.5 g l-1 asparagine, 1.0 g l-1 glutamine, 20.0 g l-1 glucose, 0.25 g l-1 cefotaxime, and 2.2 g l-1 gelrite, with a pH of 5.8. Plated ovules were incubated at 30°C with 12 h of fluorescent light each day. C. ipomoeae was first observed on ovules of the cv. Deltapine 90 crossed with G. arboreum; other fungal contaminants were also observed but all of these contaminants originated from ovules within 2 weeks of culture, indicating that the contaminants were endogenous. Subsequently, ovules from the self-pollination of cv. FiberMax 832 were grown on media containing 50 mg l-1 benomyl. On the benomyl-containing plates, the only fungal contaminant observed was C. ipomoeae and it was found on 22 of 120 plates. On plates with or without benomyl, C. ipomoeae grew slowly but caused the infected ovules to become necrotic and die, in contrast to uninfected ovules. Over time, the cultured ovules were completely overrun by the C. ipomoeae colonies. By identifying the contaminant as C. ipomoeae, pursuit of a targeted strategy for controlling it in cotton tissue cultures will now be possible. References: (1) M. A. Lachance et al. Can J. Microbiol. 44:718, 1998. (2) M. A. Lachance et al. FEMS (Fed. Eur. Microbiol. Soc.) Yeast Res. 1:1, 2001.

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Kalbande, Bipinchandra B., and Anita S. Patil. "Plant tissue culture independent Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated In-planta transformation strategy for upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)." Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 14, no. 1 (June 2016): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.003.

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21

Suvo, TP, MT Ahamed, MR Haque, M. Chakrobarti, and H. Biswas. "Identification of suitable media based on hydroponic culture for production Zucchini squash." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 6, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v6i2.31695.

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An experiment was conducted to identify the hydroponic culture based suitable media for the production of Zucchini Squash in the Biochemistry Laboratory, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh during 2014. Zucchini plant (Cucurbita pepo L.) were grown in closed soilless systems to determine the effect of four different hydroponics media on plant growth, yield and nutrient contents (fruit moisture content, ascorbic acid content on fruit, fruit protein content, protein content in leaves). Three types of substrates (coconut husk, jute, cotton) along with Hoagland solution were used in this experiment. Result revealed that media using Jute fiber showed significant effect on plant growth and nutritional values than the other media (media of cotton with Hoagland solution, coconut husk with Hoagland solution and only Hoagland solution). The plant grown using jute media showed the highest plant height (60.33 cm), number of leaves (17.33), yield (1.5 kg plant-1), fruit moisture content (97.33%), Ascorbic acid content in fruit (28.73 mg 100g-1), protein percentage in fruit (1.406%) and percentage (1.326%) in leaves than the other media. Therefore, with the controlled nutrient supply, less expense, less labor, no use of pesticides or fertilizer with controlled environment the use of jute fiber as a substrate with Hoagland solution can be an effective one.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (2): 1-4, December, 2016

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22

Altman, David W., Robert D. Stipanovic, Donna M. Mitten, and Peter Heinstein. "Interaction of cotton tissue culture cells andVerticillium dahliae." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 21, no. 12 (December 1985): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02620919.

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23

Buchala, A. J., S. Roulin, and H. Meier. "Polysaccharides in the culture medium of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovules cultured in vitro." Plant Cell Reports 8, no. 1 (May 1989): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00735771.

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24

Asif, Rizwan, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Shahbaz Ahmad Zakki, Muhammad Hidayat Rasool, Muhammad Waseem, Sumreen Hayat, and Saima Muzammil. "Saccharothrix Algeriensis NRRL B-24137 Potentiates Chemical Fungicide Carbendazim in Treating Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp. Vasinfectum-Induced Cotton Wilt Disease." Dose-Response 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 155932582096034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325820960346.

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Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum) wilt is one of the destructive disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and lead to 100% yield loss under favorable conditions. This study aims to estimate the potential of biological control agents Saccharothrix algeriensis NRRL B-24137 (SA) and chemical fungicides against cotton wilt pathogen under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. The in-vitro study revealed that carbendazim showed maximum mycelia growth inhibition with a mean of 91% over control, which was further validated in glasshouse assay. In-vitro dual culture test of biocontrol agents with F. oxysporum determined that SA had a potential to inhibit mycelia growth by 68% compared to control. Further in glasshouse assay, the combination of the SA and carbendazim (10 µg/mL) showed a significant ( p < 0.05) disease control. Moreover, results demonstrated that carbendazim and SA remarkably decreased the disease development up to 83% and subsequently, significant improvement was observed in the plant growth parameters (plant length, root length, and plant weight) compared to untreated plants. Conclusively, exploration and utilization of bioagent for fungal diseases in cotton may provide a better line with maximum efficacy and with lesser adverse effects, which will pave a way toward better consequences in fungal treatments.

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Fuller, Rodney J., Vincent M. Liddiard, J. Richard Hess, and John G. Carman. "Improving cotton embryo culture by simulating in ovulo nutrient and hormone levels." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 47, no. 3 (February 27, 2011): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11627-011-9350-y.

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26

Fulmer, A. M., J. T. Walls, B. Dutta, V. Parkunan, J. Brock, and R. C. Kemerait. "First Report of Target Spot Caused by Corynespora cassiicola on Cotton in Georgia." Plant Disease 96, no. 7 (July 2012): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0035-pdn.

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In 2005, crop consultants in southwestern Georgia reported an unusual occurrence of leaf spot in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Initial symptoms first developed as brick red dots that led to the formation of irregular to circular lesions with tan-to-light brown centers. Lesions further enlarged and often demonstrated a targetlike appearance formed from concentric rings within the spot. Observations included estimates of premature defoliation up to 70%, abundant characteristic spots on the leaves and bracts, and losses of several hundred kg of lint/ha. When symptomatic leaves were submitted to the University of Georgia Tifton Plant Disease Clinic in Tifton, GA, for identification in 2008, the causal agent was tentatively diagnosed as Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei on the basis of similar symptoms and signs previously reported on cotton (3). In September 2011, symptomatic leaves were obtained from diseased cotton within a field (var. DP 1048B2RF) near Attapulgus, GA. Symptomatic tissue from diseased leaves was surface disinfested in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Ten isolates were incubated at 21.1°C for 2 weeks with a 12/12 h light/dark cycle using fluorescent light located approximately 70 cm above the cultures. After 1 week, two isolates were transferred to quarter strength PDA for enhanced sporulation and were grown under the same conditions. Conidiophores from the isolated fungus were simple, erect, intermittently branching and septate, and gave rise to single, subhyaline conidia. Conidia had 4 to 17 pseudosepta and were 50 to 197 μm long and 7 to 16 μm wide, straight to curved, and obclavate to cylindrical. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by spraying 10 cotton seedlings (DP 555BR and DP 1048B2RF, two to four true leaf stage) until runoff with a blended suspension from a 2-week-old pure culture of the fungus diluted with 100 mL of sterile water. Five plants were sprayed with sterile water as noninoculated controls. Cotton seedlings were then incubated in a moist chamber at 21.1°C for 48 h. Within 1 week, all inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those of diseased field plants. Symptoms were not observed on noninoculated control plants. The fungus was reisolated five times from symptomatic leaves and grown in pure culture. Conidia and conidiophores were identical to the morphology of the original isolates, and were similar to descriptions of C. cassiicola (2). To confirm the identity of the pathogen, DNA was extracted from a week-old culture and amplified with specific primers for loci “ga4” and “rDNA ITS” (1). DNA sequences obtained with the Applied Biosystems 3730xl 96-capillary DNA Analyzer showed 99% identity to C. cassiicola from BLAST analysis in GenBank. The resulting sequence was deposited into GenBank (Accession No. JQ717069). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen in Georgia. Given the increasing prevalence of this disease in southwestern Georgia, its confirmation is a significant step toward management recommendations for growers. Because foliar diseases caused by C. cassiicola are commonly referred to as “target spot” in other crops (e.g., soybeans), it is proposed that Corynespora leaf spot of cotton be known as “target spot of cotton.” References: (1) L. J. Dixon et al. Phytopathology 99:1015, 2009. (2) M. B. Ellis and P. Holliday. CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, 303, 1971. (3) J. P. Jones. Phytopathology 51:305, 1961.

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Yasin Ashraf, M., A. Alvi, M. Ashraf, and R. Ahmed. "Influence of ammonium chloride on growth and uptake of Fe, Cu, Zn and B in cotton grown in alkaline soil." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.56.2008.1.5.

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A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the influence of NH 4 Cl (AnalaR grade or commercial fertilizer) on soil pH and on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of cotton (cv. NIAB-Karishma) grown in alkaline soil. The experiment was carried out in a net-house under natural conditions. The soil used was clayey loam with pH 8.61, and ammonium chloride either from commercial fertilizer or of AnalaR grade (both containing up to 25% N) was applied in three split doses, after germination (10 days), at the vegetative stage (40 days) and at the flowering stage (80 days) @ 6, 12 and 18 kg ha −1 . The application of NH 4 Cl decreased the soil pH and increased the plant height and cotton yield plant −1 . Plants treated with NH 4 Cl AnalaR grade produced higher yields as compared to NH 4 Cl commercial fertilizer. The uptake of micronutrients such as Fe, Cu, Zn and B was enhanced by NH 4 Cl application in both the stem and leaves of cotton. However, AnalaR grade NH 4 Cl proved more effective than NH 4 Cl commercial fertilizer in all cases.

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28

Vijayasamundeeswari, Ayyathurai, Duraisamy Ladhalakshmi, Ambalavanan Sankaralingam, and Ramasamy Samiyappan. "Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria of Cotton Affecting the Developmental Stages of Helicoverpa Armigera." Journal of Plant Protection Research 49, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-009-0036-y.

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Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria of Cotton Affecting the Developmental Stages ofHelicoverpa ArmigeraRhizobacteria isolated from cotton roots exhibiting antagonism towards seedling blight and leaf blight of cotton were tested for their efficiency against the insect pest American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). The bioformulation developed usingBacillus subtilis(isolate DGL9) + chitin was found to be detrimental to the developmental stages ofH. armigera(larva, pupa and adult) by causing larval mortality, pupal and adult malformation with reduced adult emergence. Generally, the larvae exhibited antifeeding behaviour when fed on bolls collected from rhizobacterial treatments. Hence, the developmental stages were altered leading to early pupation. Further, the efficacy of the isolate DGL9 was confirmed by culturing the bacteria in a suitable medium and incorporating the cell suspension and supernatant obtained form the broth culture in larval diet. The larvae fed to the diet exhibited defective developmental stages which was more significant in case of diet incorporated with supernatant. The percentage of pupal malformation, adult emergence and adult malformation was high at 96 h of incubation with the supernatant.

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29

Wilhelm, Stephen. "Phenotype Modification in Cotton for Control of Verticillium Wilt Through Dense Plant Population Culture." Plant Disease 69, no. 4 (1985): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-69-283.

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30

Mellon, Jay E., and Barbara A. Triplett. "De novo synthesis of peroxidase in cotton ovule culture medium." Physiologia Plantarum 77, no. 3 (November 1989): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05645.x.

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31

Bashan, Yoav. "Symptom expression and ethylene production in leaf blight of cotton caused by Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata alone and in combination." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-194.

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The interaction between the cotton leaf pathogens Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata was studied using dual inoculation at dosages (≈ 103 spores/(mL ∙ pathogen)) that did not produce symptoms with either pathogen alone. This dual inoculation produced the typical disease symptoms (spots and shedding) and disease severity similar to inoculation with 104 spores/mL of A. macrospora alone. Neither pathogen produced ethylene in culture; however, they induced production of ethylene concentrations by diseased tissue that were correlated to both disease severity and leaf shedding. Plants infected by both pathogens produced the highest concentration of ethylene. Leaf discs either from leaves exhibiting symptoms or from symptomless infected leaves produced similarly high concentrations of ethylene. Inoculation of any site of the leaf with A. macrospora alone or with both pathogens resulted in shedding of the leaf. Pretreating inoculated plants with several ethylene inhibitors or an auxin decreased ethylene production, disease severity, and leaf shedding. Alternaria alternata apparently triggers symptom expression by A. macrospora in leaf blight disease of Pima cotton, and disease is manifested by the production of ethylene that leads to the typical leaf shedding symptom. Key words: Alternaria macrospora, Alternaria alternata, cotton leaf blight, defoliation, ethylene, fungus – fungus interaction, leaf spot of cotton, symptomless infections, virulence.

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Triplett, Barbara A., William H. Busch, and Wilton R. Goynes. "Ovule and suspension culture of a cotton fiber development mutant." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 25, no. 2 (February 1989): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02626178.

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Trolinder, Norma L., Jerry D. Berlin, and Joe R. Goodin. "Differentiation of cotton fibers from single cells in suspension culture." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 23, no. 11 (November 1987): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02623681.

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34

Tsipouridis, C., T. Thomidis, and A. Isaakidis. "An investigation into the effects of closure type, light and pH on the development of shoots and roots and subsequent establishment of micropropagated cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) plants." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 10 (2005): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03068.

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A cauliflower micropropagation protocol is described with emphasis on the environmental conditions used. The environmental conditions within the culture jars were modified by using 4 different cover methods. The best results were produced in cultures covered with cotton wool, and the worst results with tightly-closed aluminium caps. Light intensity also produced significant differences between cultured transplants. The dry and fresh weights were about 50 and 28% higher, respectively, in cultures grown under light. In contrast, cultures grown under dark had about 20% higher water content. Results also showed the most acidic medium used (pH 4.5) was the best as an initiation medium.

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Azizi, Parisa, Mohamed M. Hanafi, Mahbod Sahebi, Jennifer A. Harikrishna, Sima Taheri, Ali Yassoralipour, and Abbas Nasehi. "Epigenetic changes and their relationship to somaclonal variation: a need to monitor the micropropagation of plantation crops." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 6 (2020): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19077.

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Chromatin modulation plays important roles in gene expression regulation and genome activities. In plants, epigenetic changes, including variations in histone modification and DNA methylation, are linked to alterations in gene expression. Despite the significance and potential of in vitro cell and tissue culture systems in fundamental research and marketable applications, these systems threaten the genetic and epigenetic networks of intact plant organs and tissues. Cell and tissue culture applications can lead to DNA variations, methylation alterations, transposon activation, and finally, somaclonal variations. In this review, we discuss the status of the current understanding of epigenomic changes that occur under in vitro conditions in plantation crops, including coconut, oil palm, rubber, cotton, coffee and tea. It is hoped that comprehensive knowledge of the molecular basis of these epigenomic variations will help researchers develop strategies to enhance the totipotent and embryogenic capabilities of tissue culture systems for plantation crops.

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Hussain, M. Mahmood, Ulrich Melcher, Tina Whittle, Ann Williams, Carol M. Brannan, and Earl D. Mitchell. "Replication of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus DNA in Leaves and Suspension Culture Protoplasts of Cotton." Plant Physiology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.83.3.633.

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37

Hasan, Nadeem, Ayaz Farzand, Zhou Heng, Irfan Ullah Khan, Anam Moosa, Muhammad Zubair, Yang Na, Sun Ying, and Tang Canming. "Antagonistic Potential of Novel Endophytic Bacillus Strains and Mediation of Plant Defense against Verticillium Wilt in Upland Cotton." Plants 9, no. 11 (October 25, 2020): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111438.

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Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a threatening disease of cotton, causing economic loss worldwide. In this study, nine endophytic Bacillus strains isolated from cotton roots exhibited inhibitory activity against V. dahliae strain VD-080 in a dual culture assay. B. altitudinis HNH7 and B. velezensis HNH9 were chosen for further experiments based on their high antagonistic activity. The secondary metabolites of HNH7 and HNH9 also inhibited the growth of VD-080. Genetic marker-assisted detection revealed the presence of bacillibactin, surfactin, bacillomycin and fengycin encoding genes in the genome of HNH7 and HNH9 and their corresponding gene products were validated through LC-MS. Scanning electron microscopy revealed mycelial disintegration, curling and shrinkage of VD-080 hyphae after treatment with methanolic extracts of the isolated endophytes. Furthermore, a significant reduction in verticillium wilt severity was noticed in cotton plants treated with HNH7 and HNH9 as compared to control treatments. Moreover, the expression of defense-linked genes, viz., MPK3, GST, SOD, PAL, PPO and HMGR, was considerably higher in plants treated with endophytic Bacillus strains and inoculated with VD-080 as compared to control.

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Palmer, Clovis S., Jennifer A. Saleeba, and Bruce R. Lyon. "Phytotoxicity on cotton ex-plants of an 18.5kDa protein from culture filtrates of Verticillium dahliae." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 67, no. 6 (December 2005): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2006.05.003.

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Triplett, Barbara A., and Damicca S. Johnson. "Adding gelling agents to cotton ovule culture media leads to subtle changes in fiber development." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 35, no. 3 (May 1999): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11627-999-0090-1.

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40

Jin, S., X. Zhang, Y. Nie, X. Guo, S. Liang, and H. Zhu. "Identification of a novel elite genotype for in vitro culture and genetic transformation of cotton." Biologia plantarum 50, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-006-0082-5.

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ZHANG, BAO-HONG, FANG LIU, WEN-SHENG ZHANG, and QING-LIAN WANG. "Selection for salt tolerance in cotton tissue culture and plant regeneration from NaCl-tolerant embryogenic callus." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 49, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/13ve-rbh7-6p1r-lkqh.

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Laidou, I. A., E. K. Koulakiotu, and C. C. Thanassoulopoulos. "First Report of Stem Canker Caused by Alternaria alternata on Cotton." Plant Disease 84, no. 1 (January 2000): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.1.103a.

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A stem blight of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was observed on plants of cv. 132 in the district of Ammoudia near Serres in northern Greece. Symptoms of the disease include cankers on the stem, leaf spots, and boll rots. Affected plants show early defoliation and maturing, as well as total or partial necrosis. Symptoms on stems include dark brown, circular spots that enlarge rapidly. The center of the lesions sink to form a canker. Gradually the spots become elliptical, and the tissues split the stem longitudinally, resulting in the total or partial death of the plant. The fungus isolated from infected stem tissues was identified as typical Alternaria alternata (Nees:Fr.) Keissler, based on morphological characteristics of conidia, which are produced in a loose three-dimensional tuft of branching chains (2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating 50 cotton stems with 5-mm disks from 9-day-old cultures on potato dextrose agar at 25°C. Each stem was inoculated with three disks, and plants were placed at room temperature for 10 days for disease development. Inoculated plants exhibited more than 95% disease incidence, and frequency of reisolation was more than 70%. A. alternata is commonly known as a leaf spot, boll rot, and seedling blight pathogen of cotton. The only reported stem blight pathogen of cotton is A. macrospora (1). This is the first report of typical A. alternata as the cause of stem blight on cotton. References: (1) L. Ling and F. Y. Yang. Phytopathology 31:664, 1941. (2) E. G. Simmons. Mycotaxon 48:109, 1993.

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Kouakou, Tanoh Hilaire, Yatty Justin Kouadio, Pierre Waffo Téguo, Josep Valls, Alain Badoc, Jean-Michel Mérillon, and Alain Decendit. "Polyphenol levels in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) callus cultures." Acta Botanica Gallica 156, no. 2 (January 2009): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2009.10516153.

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McLean, K. S., and G. W. Lawrence. "First Report of Premature Boll Rot Associated with Cotton in Louisiana." Plant Disease 82, no. 6 (June 1998): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.6.711a.

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A premature boll rot has been observed with increasing frequency in association with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in the Delta region of Louisiana-Mississippi. The initial developing cotton boll, sepals, and peduncle rapidly become necrotic and mummified. A dark brown to black lesion approximately 1 cm in length develops at the base of the peduncle, extending down the petiole below the diseased cotton boll. The diseased boll and peduncle remain attached to the petiole, hanging by a small portion of peduncle tissue. In an initial survey, the symptomatic boll rot was observed in 95% of the cotton fields in the Delta in 1996. A Phomopsis sp. was isolated from 58% of the diseased bolls, 42% of the cotton boll peduncles, and 52% of the leaf petioles collected from three cotton varieties. Fusarium spp. and Alternaria alternata were isolated from the diseased bolls with a frequency of 18 and 11%, respectively. Phomopsis sp. mycelium is dense, immersed, septate, and hyaline to pale brown in color. Stromata are pulvinate, less than 5 mm in diameter and form in a ring pattern. Pycinidia are erumpet, dark brown to black, separate or aggregated, and globose with ostiolate necks. Conidia are unicellular and hyaline, with alpha conidia oblong-elliptical and biguttulate while beta conidia are filiform and hamate in shape. The ratio of alpha to beta spores varies depending on the age of the culture. Pathogenicity tests with the sterile toothpick inoculation technique were conducted in a field planted with cotton cv. DPL 50. Developing cotton bolls approximately 5 to 8 mm in diameter were inoculated with either sterile toothpicks or toothpicks infested with a Phomopsis sp. Characteristic symptoms identical to the original boll rot were observed on 80% of the inoculated bolls 7 days after inoculation. A Phomopsis sp. was reisolated from the diseased bolls, completing Koch's postulates. No symptoms developed nor was the pathogen reisolated from the controls.

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Gill, Manjeet S., and Y. P. S. Bajaj. "Hybridization between diploid (Gossypium arboreum) and tetraploid (Gossypium hirsutum) cotton through ovule culture." Euphytica 36, no. 2 (1987): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00041512.

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Blair, L. Curt, Chris J. Chastain, and Jack M. Widholm. "Initiation and characterization of a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) photoautotrophic cell suspension culture." Plant Cell Reports 7, no. 4 (June 1988): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00272539.

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47

Wrather, J. A., B. Phipps, and C. S. Rothrock. "Fungi Associated With Postemergence Cotton Seedling Disease in Missouri." Plant Health Progress 3, no. 1 (January 2002): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2002-0722-01-rs.

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Surveys were conducted to identify fungi associated with postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. Samples consisted of 10 cotton seedlings, 2 to 3 weeks after emergence, with symptoms of seedling diseases collected from a 0.25 ha area in each of 60 fields in 1997 and 1998. Four genera of fungi were cultured from the roots (Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Thielaviopsis) and three species were identified: Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola, and Pythiumultimum. Rhizoctonia solani, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were cultured from seedlings in 70%, 47%, and 15% of fields sampled in 1997, respectively, and 55%, 17%, and 5% of fields sampled in 1998, respectively. Repeated tests of pathogenicity confirmed that R. solani AG-4, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were major causal agents of postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. This study provides the first documentation on the distribution and frequency of fungi associated with postemergence seedling disease complex of cotton based on a survey of randomly selected fields. Accepted for publication 9 July 2002. Published 22 July 2002.

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Peres, Natália A. R., Soonho Kim, Howard W. Beck, Nilton L. Souza, and Lavern W. Timmer. "A Fungicide Application Decision (FAD) Support System for Postbloom Fruit Drop of Citrus (PFD)." Plant Health Progress 3, no. 1 (January 2002): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2002-0731-01-rv.

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Surveys were conducted to identify fungi associated with postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. Samples consisted of 10 cotton seedlings, 2 to 3 weeks after emergence, with symptoms of seedling diseases collected from a 0.25 ha area in each of 60 fields in 1997 and 1998. Four genera of fungi were cultured from the roots (Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Thielaviopsis) and three species were identified: Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola, and Pythiumultimum. Rhizoctonia solani, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were cultured from seedlings in 70%, 47%, and 15% of fields sampled in 1997, respectively, and 55%, 17%, and 5% of fields sampled in 1998, respectively. Repeated tests of pathogenicity confirmed that R. solani AG-4, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were major causal agents of postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. This study provides the first documentation on the distribution and frequency of fungi associated with postemergence seedling disease complex of cotton based on a survey of randomly selected fields. Accepted for publication 10 July 2002. Published 31 July 2002.

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ZHANG, Xiao-Meng, Song-Jiang LIU, Wen-Fang GONG, Jun-Ling SUN, Bao-Yin PANG, and Xiong-Ming DU. "Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Fiber Growth and Development in Colored Cotton Ovule Culture in vitro." Acta Agronomica Sinica 43, no. 5 (2017): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2017.00763.

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Gonçalo Filho, Francisco, Miguel Ferreira Neto, Cleyton dos Santos Fernandes, Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá, Nildo da Silva Dias, and José Francismar de Medeiros. "Nutrient support via fertigation with domestic effluent and growth of cotton." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 4 (May 13, 2020): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1135.

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Because of climatic problems in the Brazilian semi-arid region, it is of fundamental importance to seek a culture that considers water scarcity and available natural resources. Thus, a randomized block design, with subdivided plots and six replications, was carried out in the experimental area of the treatment and wastewater reuse station of the Milagres Settlement, Apodi, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating cultivation of herbaceous cotton (Gossipyum hirsutum) fertigated with domestic sewage treated in a semi-arid environment. Two cultivation cycles were carried out, and the cotton plants were fed with three different solutions containing treated domestic sewage (TDE) plus supply water (PSW), to supply the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (100% PSW – control, 50% PSW + 50% TDE and 100% TDE), with and without phosphate fertilization in pre-planting. The contribution of nutrients to the soil and plant growth were analyzed. The results indicated that the wastewater presents potential fertilizer, reaching to the soil amounts of some nutrients exceeding the cotton’s needs, when 100% of the ETc was supplied via fertigation with domestic effluent, resulting in an increase in the growth rates of the plants. There was no interaction between the percentages of wastewater and phosphate fertilization in pre-planting. Phosphorus alone promoted significant variation only in the first cycle, indicating that there is a residual fertigation effect with domestic effluent on the nutrient supply.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cotton plant and culture'

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