Journal articles: 'Cotton – Plant growth regulators'

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GONIAS, E. D., D. M. OOSTERHUIS, and A. C. BIBI. "Cotton radiation use efficiency response to plant growth regulators." Journal of Agricultural Science 150, no. 5 (October 2012): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000803.

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SUMMARYPlant growth regulators are widely used in cotton production to improve crop management. Previous research has demonstrated changes in crop growth, dry matter (DM) partitioning and lint yield of cotton after the application of plant growth regulators. However, no reports are available demonstrating the effect of plant growth regulators on light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE). Field studies were conducted in Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA in 2006 and 2007. RUE was estimated for the period between the pinhead square stage (PHS) of growth and 3 weeks after first flower (FF+3) from plots receiving three applications of the nitrophenolate and mepiquat chloride with Bacillus cereus plant growth regulators (Chaperone™) at 7·19 g a.i./ha and Pix Plus® at 41·94 g a.i./ha compared with an untreated control. No differences between the Chaperone treatment and the untreated control were found in the present study. However, Pix Plus significantly reduced plant height (both 2006 and 2007) and leaf area (2007 only), and altered the canopy structure of the crop as recorded by increased values of canopy extinction coefficient. Although DM accumulation was found not to be affected by plant growth regulator treatments, RUE was significantly increased after Pix Plus application, by 33·2%. RUE was increased because less light was intercepted by the Pix Plus treatment for the same biomass production, and this is probably a result of changes in photosynthetic capacity of the leaves and changes in light distribution throughout the canopy.

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Garcia, Rodrigo Arroyo, Mariana Zampar Toledo, and Ciro Antonio Rosolem. "Growth regulator losses from cotton plants due to rainfall." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 2 (April 2010): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000200005.

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Plant growth regulators (PGRs) applied to cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can be washed off by rainfall. It is expected that the closer the rainfall to spraying time, the higher the product loss and the higher the amount of product to be reapplied to reach the desired growth rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of time between rainfall and application of either mepiquat chloride or chlormequat chloride to cotton on plant growth, as well as, estimate the need for PGR reapplication. Cotton was grown in 12-L pots with soil in a greenhouse. PGRs were applied forty days after seedling emergence, when 50% of plants had one pinhead square. Rainfall was simulated 1, 2, 4, 6, or 24 h after spraying. Plant height was measured just before PGR application and then at 3-d intervals for 30 d. At harvest, the number of reproductive branches and structures were counted before dry matter phytomass determination. Both growth regulators reduced cotton dry matter yields regardless of rainfall interval. PGRs controlled excessive plant growth; however, their efficiency was reduced as the time elapsed until rainfall was shorter. Product losses were detected after all rainfall intervals, which, in field conditions would require PGR reapplication. Mepiquat chloride rates to be reapplied after rain were on average 17% higher than chlormequat chloride rates.

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Thomas, Walter E., Wesley J. Everman, James R. Collins, Clifford H. Koger, and John W. Wilcut. "Rain-free requirement and physiological properties of cotton plant growth regulators." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 88, no. 3 (July 2007): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2006.12.002.

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Echer, Fábio Rafael, and Ciro Antonio Rosolem. "Plant growth regulator losses in cotton as affected by adjuvants and rain." Ciência Rural 42, no. 12 (October 23, 2012): 2138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782012005000120.

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Most of Brazilian cotton is produced in regions where annual rainfall exceeds 1,500mm, hence plant growth regulators (PGR) may be washed from the leaves before being absorbed. The objective of this research was to evaluate mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride washing from cotton leaves by rains occurring at different moments post spraying. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. Both PGR were sprayed to cotton at pin-head square at 15g ha-1 a.i. with and without a silicon-based adjuvant, and simulated rains were applied at 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0 and 24 hours after spraying, plus a control without rainfall. Addition of silicon adjuvant increased PGR uptake. Rainfall occurring up to 24 hours after spraying resulted in some PGR loss from cotton leaves, mainly in the absence of the adjuvant. The decreased uptake implies that in order to achieve the desired level of growth reduction, at least a fraction of the original PGR rate should be reapplied.

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Corbin, Billy R., and Robert E. Frans. "Protecting Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from Fluometuron Injury with Seed Protectants." Weed Science 39, no. 3 (September 1991): 408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500073148.

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Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to evaluate the potential of growth regulators mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride as seed treatments to protect cotton from fluometuron injury. Fluometuron at two and three times the recommended use rate reduced cotton stand and height on Taloka and Convent silt loam soils both years. Cotton grown on a Sharkey silty clay soil was not injured by fluometuron. Mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride increased cotton stands on a Taloka silt loam soil when averaged over rates and years. In general, fluometuron injury to cotton was not reduced by treating seed with 1000 ppmw concentrations of chlormequat chloride or mepiquat chloride. Chlormequat chloride reduced chlorosis and necrosis of cotton treated with fluometuron, but neither growth regulator eliminated cotton injury or yield reduction caused by fluometuron at two or three times the recommended rates.

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Sable, S. S., G. R. Lahane, and S. J. Dhakulkar. "Effect of Various Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 11 (November 10, 2017): 978–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.115.

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Ahmad, Nazir, S. M. Masoom Shah Ras ., and Akbar Ali Rajput . "Efficacy of Plant Growth Regulators to Manage the Insect Pests of Cotton." Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2, no. 7 (March 15, 2003): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2003.544.547.

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Trevisan, Rodrigo, Natanael Vilanova Júnior, Mateus Eitelwein, and José Molin. "Management of Plant Growth Regulators in Cotton Using Active Crop Canopy Sensors." Agriculture 8, no. 7 (July 2, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8070101.

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Ferreira, Alexandre Cunha de Barcellos, Fernando Mendes Lamas, Giovani Greigh de Brito, and Ana Luiza Dias Coelho Borin. "Water deficit in cotton plant originated from seeds treated with growth regulator." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 43, no. 4 (December 2013): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-40632013000400011.

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Mepiquat chloride (MC) is widely used for controlling cotton plant growth. Shoot growth modifications may affect root growth and, consequently, interfere with the cotton sensitivity to water deficit. This study aimed at evaluating the water deficit effects, in initial phenological stages of cotton plants from seeds treated with MC doses, on shoot and root growth. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, in Santa Helena de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil, in a randomized blocks design, in a 4x4 factorial scheme: four growth regulator doses (0 g, 2 g, 4 g and 8 g of active ingredient of MC per kg of seed) and four water stress conditions (without water deficit and initial water deficit in three vegetative growth stages: V1, V3 and V5), with four replications. Shoot and root dry matter, as well as cotton plant height, decreased with the increase of MC doses. The water deficit between V1 and V5 reduced shoot and root dry matter. The water deficit also increased the inhibitory effect of MC applied via seeds on cotton plants shoot and root dry matter.

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Deol, J. S., Raj ni, and Ramanjit Kaur. "Production Potential of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as Affected by Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 3599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.406.

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Pandey, D. M., C. L. Goswami, B. Kumar, and S. Jain. "Effect of Growth Regulators on Photosynthetic Metabolites in Cotton under Water Stress." Biologia plantarum 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1016286121451.

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MOHAMED, ESAM M., HANAN F. ABDEL – HAFEZ, and MAHASEN A. ABDL- AZIZ. "INDUCING RESISTANCE IN COTTON PLANTS, GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE L. AGAINST SOME INSECT PESTS BY PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS." Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 88, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2010.180229.

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Rolim, Guilherme G., Eduardo M. Barros, Paulo R. R. Barbosa, Lucas S. Arruda, and Jorge B. Torres. "Sublethal Effects of Insect Growth Regulators on Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 5 (June 19, 2019): 2222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz164.

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Abstract Immature stages of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), develop protected inside cotton fruiting structures. Therefore, the adult beetles have become the main target of insecticide applications. The use of insect growth regulators (IGRs) is recommended against immatures, even though they may also affect the survival and reproductive traits of adult insects. The present study evaluated the impact of a juvenile hormone analog (pyriproxyfen), an ecdysteroid agonist (methoxyfenozide), and a chitin biosynthesis inhibitor (lufenuron) on adult cotton boll weevils, a key cotton pest. Mated and virgin beetles were treated by feeding them contaminated squares and cotton leaf discs that were previously immersed into pyriproxyfen, methoxyfenozide, and lufenuron solutions at field-rate concentrations. After exposure, treated couples were caged onto cotton plants, and survival, fecundity, and egg viability were evaluated. The IGRs neither affected the survival nor fecundity of adult boll weevils. On the other hand, egg viability was significantly reduced by lufenuron, regardless of whether the females were treated premating or postmating or whether their pairs were either treated or untreated. However, egg viability increased as the females aged since the initial exposure date to lufenuron, indicating a potential transovarial effect of this insecticide. Our results indicate that pyriproxyfen and methoxyfenozide do not affect adult boll weevils, whereas lufenuron temporarily reduces the egg viability of this key cotton pest.

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Akram, Abida, Ghulam Jilani, and M. Akram. "Response of Cotton to the Synergistic Use of Fertilizers and Growth Regulators." Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2, no. 13 (June 15, 2003): 974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2003.974.977.

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ZHANG, Xiao-Meng, Song-Jiang LIU, Wen-Fang GONG, Jun-Ling SUN, Bao-Yin PANG, and Xiong-Ming DU. "Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Fiber Growth and Development in Colored Cotton Ovule Culture in vitro." Acta Agronomica Sinica 43, no. 5 (2017): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2017.00763.

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Echer, Fábio Rafael, and Ciro Antonio Rosolem. "Plant growth regulation: a method for fine-tuning mepiquat chloride rates in cotton1." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 47, no. 3 (September 2017): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4745540.

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ABSTRACT Plant growth regulator management has been a challenge for cotton growers, due to the increased weather instability and the adoption of early cultivars, in off-season crops. This study aimed at proposing a new method, called Crop Growth Rate, to define mepiquat chloride rates in cotton crops, as well as to compare it with traditional management practices. Except for micronaire, there was no difference in cotton growth parameters, neither in yield nor fiber quality, between the new method and the traditional one. The mepiquat chloride rates were, on average, 24 % higher and 43 % lower in late and early maturity cultivars, respectively, for the new method. The number of bolls in plants treated with mepiquat chloride was lower than in non-treated plants, for the IMA5672B2RF and IMA5675B2RF cultivars, but a higher average weight of bolls was observed for these genotypes. The new method is efficient in defining the plant growth regulator rate to avoid an excessive growth and results in less mepiquat chloride applied to early cycle cultivars, preserving lint yield and fiber quality.

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Patterson, Michael G., C. Dale Monks, Thomas Rayburn, and Glenn Wehtje. "Effects of Chlorimuron Applied Postemergence to Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)." Weed Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025458.

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Chlorimuron applied postemergence at 2.2, 4.4, 8.8, 18, and 35 g ai/ha to cotton at either the 4-leaf, pinhead-square, first-bloom, or full-bloom growth stage was evaluated for potential as a plant growth regulator. Chlorimuron did not reduce bolls per plant at any rate or time of application, but the proportion of open to closed bolls decreased as rate increased. Seed cotton yields decreased with increasing chlorimuron rate and cotton age. The use of chlorimuron as a plant growth regulator for cotton appears limited.

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Souza, Fábio Suano de, and Ciro Antonio Rosolem. "Rainfall intensity and Mepiquat Chloride persistence in cotton." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 2 (2007): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000200004.

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In some regions where cotton is grown in Brazil rainfall amounts to about 2,000 mm per year, which imposes a great risk for Mepiquat Chloride (MP) to be washed from cotton leaves before being absorbed. The objective of this research was to evaluate the MC persistence when applied on cotton plants submitted to different rain intensities after spraying. The treatments were three MC rates: 0, 15.0 and 30.0 g a.i. ha-1 and four simulated rainfalls, applied 90 minutes after MC spraying: 5, 10, 20 and 40 mm, plus a treatment without rain. Cotton plants of the cv. Delta Opal were grown in 12 L pots filled with an Haplortox. The experimental design was consisted of complete randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme, with four replicates. The evaluated parameters were: plant height, number of reproductive branches, dry matter weight, reproductive structures, retention and leaf area. The higher the rainfall the lower the effectiveness of the plant growth regulator in controlling plant height. A simulated rainfall as low as 5 mm occurring 90 minutes after MC application was enough to wash some of the plant growth regulator from cotton leaves.

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Kumar, B., D. M. Pandey, C. L. Goswami, and S. Jain. "Effect of Growth Regulators on Photosynthesis, Transpiration and Related Parameters in Water Stressed Cotton." Biologia plantarum 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1012408624665.

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Gencsoylu, Ibrahim. "Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Agronomic Characteristics, Lint Quality, Pests, and Predators in Cotton." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 28, no. 2 (March 7, 2009): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00344-009-9083-x.

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Sarlach, R. S., and Amandeep Singh Brar. "Manipulation of Source Sink Relationship through Growth Regulators for Enhancing Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Productivity." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 31, no. 2 (2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2018.00051.4.

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Zakirova, R. P., S. S. Asatova, N. R. Safarova, and F. Sh Tashpulatova. "Study of the growth-promoting activity of plant polysaccharides of Gleditsia triacanthos, Crotalaria alata and Crotalaria sp." Agrarian science, no. 1 (March 7, 2020): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2020-334-1-52-55.

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Relevance. In plant growing practice plant growth regulators based on plant substances are widely used. Plant polysaccharides are among the biologically active compounds that can be used as natural raw materials to create new drugs.Methods. The growth-promoting activity of galactomannans isolated from the seeds of the plants Crotalaria alata, Gleditsia triacanthos and Crotalaria sp. was studied on cotton and wheat crops when they were grown under saline conditions. The range of studied concentrations was in the range from 0.1% to 0.0001%. Presowing treatment was carried out for 18 hours, after which the seeds were germinated in Petri dishes with the addition of 1% NaCl saline solution at a temperature of 25 °C. The biological activity of polysaccharides was evaluated by the linear growth of aboveground and underground organs of seedlings. The results were statistically processed using the Original Pro program.Results. The studied substances have growth-stimulating activity, which depended on their origin and concentration. So galactomannan obtained from Crotalaria alata, under salinization conditions, had a positive effect on the growth of wheat root at 0.01% concentration, and from Gleditsia triacanthos at lower concentrations, 0.001% and 0.0001%. On the stem growth, the maximum effect was exerted by a substance isolated from Crotalaria alata in 0.01% and 0.001% doses. On cotton, stem growth was activated by the polysaccharide Crotalaria sp. in 0.0001% concentrations, the root is galactomannan Gleditsia triacanthos in 0.01% concentration.

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Till, Stephen, Kathy Lawrence, Patricia Donald, and Drew Schrimsher. "Nematicides, Starter Fertilizers, and Plant Growth Regulators Implementation into a Corn Production System." Plant Health Progress 19, no. 3 (January 1, 2018): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-05-18-0025-rs.

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The southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is one of the most important nematode pathogens in Alabama owing to its wide host range and yield loss on major agronomic crops. Management of root-knot nematode is undervalued in corn production owing to relatively low prices for corn at the market, less obvious symptoms, and smaller yield losses compared with cotton and soybeans, plus an overall lack of management options. However, growing successive susceptible crops in root-knot nematode-infested fields only heightens the risk of future yield loss. We evaluated use of starter fertilizers and plant growth regulators with nematicides as an economically viable option to reduce the impact of M. incognita on corn. In 2 years of research, we concluded that the combination of all three inputs provided positive economic returns in only one out of four trials. In 2016, the location with the lower root-knot nematode population density saw significant advantages with these input combinations. In 2017, dramatic advantages in early plant growth were observed with a variety of combinations, but owing to unfavorable growing conditions, yield increases were not observed. We concluded that an early plant growth increase due to applications of starter fertilizers, plant growth regulators, and nematicides often did not correlate to increased yield, although the potential exists.

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Yakubu, Mohammed Saani, Bonaventure Kissinger Maalekuu, and Paul Kweku Tandoh. "Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Chemical Quality Characteristics of Stored Seeds of Two Cotton Varieties." Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research 8, no. 3 (January 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaar/2018/46011.

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Sajjad, Muhammad, Xi Wei, Lisen Liu, Fuguang Li, and Xiaoyang Ge. "Transcriptome Analysis Revealed GhWOX4 Intercedes Myriad Regulatory Pathways to Modulate Drought Tolerance and Vascular Growth in Cotton." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020898.

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Cotton is a paramount cash crop around the globe. Among all abiotic stresses, drought is a leading cause of cotton growth and yield loss. However, the molecular link between drought stress and vascular growth and development is relatively uncharted. Here, we validated a crucial role of GhWOX4, a transcription factor, modulating drought stress with that of vasculature growth in cotton. Knock-down of GhWOX4 decreased the stem width and severely compromised vascular growth and drought tolerance. Conversely, ectopic expression of GhWOX4 in Arabidopsis enhanced the tolerance to drought stress. Comparative RNAseq analysis revealed auxin responsive protein (AUX/IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene were significantly induced. Additionally, MYC-bHLH, WRKY, MYB, homeodomain, and heat-shock transcription factors (HSF) were differentially expressed in control plants as compared to GhWOX4-silenced plants. The promotor zone of GhWOX4 was found congested with plant growth, light, and stress response related cis-elements. differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to stress, water deprivation, and desiccation response were repressed in drought treated GhWOX4-virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) plants as compared to control. Gene ontology (GO) functions related to cell proliferation, light response, fluid transport, and flavonoid biosynthesis were over-induced in TRV: 156-0 h/TRV: 156-1 h (control) in comparison to TRV: VIGS-0 h/TRV: VIGS-1 h (GhWOX4-silenced) plants. This study improves our context for elucidating the pivotal role of GhWOX4 transcription factors (TF), which mediates drought tolerance, plays a decisive role in plant growth and development, and is likely involved in different regulatory pathways in cotton.

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Bakhsh, A., K. Shahzad, and T. Husnain. "Variation in the spatio-temporal expression of insecticidal genes in cotton." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, No. 1 (March 18, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/131/2010-cjgpb.

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The most significant breakthrough in plant biotechnology is the development of the techniques to transform genes from unrelated sources into commercially important crop plants to develop resistance against targeted insect pests. The spatio-temporal expression of insecticidal genes in transgenic cotton varies with plant age, plant parts and environmental conditions. The understanding of this temporal and spatial variation in efficacy and the resulting mechanisms is essential for cotton protection and production. This review summarizes variations in the efficacy of introduced insecticidal genes in cotton crop. The factors contributing to the variability of endotoxins have also been highlighted. The reduction in Bt protein biosynthesis in late-season cotton tissues could be attributed to the overexpression of the Bt gene at earlier stages, which leads to gene regulation at post-transcription levels and consequently results in gene silencing at a later stage. Methylation of the promoter may also play a role in the declined expression of endotoxin proteins. In genetically modified crops several environmental factors have been reported to affect the expression of transgenes. Among environmental factors nitrogen metabolism, inhibition of synthesis, degradation, remobilization and high temperature are attributable to the quantitative reduction in Bt proteins. Applying plant growth regulators or protein enhancers such as Chaperone<sup>TM</sup> may improve Bt cotton efficacy through enhancing the synthesis of proteins. Also some agronomic practices such as nitrogen fertilization and timely irrigation favour the endotoxin expression. Thus, variations in the efficacy of insecticidal genes in transgenic cotton and the involved mechanisms need to be understood fully so as to plan rational resistance management strategies to retard the rate of resistance development and to control target pests effectively by enhancing the endotoxin expression through genetic or agronomic management.

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Ma, Rendi, Wangyang Song, Fei Wang, Aiping Cao, Shuangquan Xie, Xifeng Chen, Xiang Jin, and Hongbin Li. "A Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase (GhMIPS1D) Gene Promotes Root Cell Elongation in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051224.

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Myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (MIPS, EC 5.5.1.4) plays important roles in plant growth and development, stress responses, and cellular signal transduction. MIPS genes were found preferably expressed during fiber cell initiation and early fast elongation in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), however, current understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of MIPS genes to involve in cotton fiber cell growth is limited. Here, by genome-wide analysis, we identified four GhMIPS genes anchoring onto four chromosomes in G. hirsutum and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship, evolutionary dynamics, gene structure and motif distribution, which indicates that MIPS genes are highly conserved from prokaryotes to green plants, with further exon-intron structure analysis showing more diverse in Brassicales plants. Of the four GhMIPS members, based on the significant accumulated expression of GhMIPS1D at the early stage of fiber fast elongating development, thereby, the GhMIPS1D was selected to investigate the function of participating in plant development and cell growth, with ectopic expression in the loss-of-function Arabidopsis mips1 mutants. The results showed that GhMIPS1D is a functional gene to fully compensate the abnormal phenotypes of the deformed cotyledon, dwarfed plants, increased inflorescence branches, and reduced primary root lengths in Arabidopsis mips1 mutants. Furthermore, shortened root cells were recovered and normal root cells were significantly promoted by ectopic expression of GhMIPS1D in Arabidopsis mips1 mutant and wild-type plants respectively. These results serve as a foundation for understanding the MIPS family genes in cotton, and suggest that GhMIPS1D may function as a positive regulator for plant cell elongation.

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Monks, C. Dale, Michael G. Patterson, and Malcolm Pegues. "Effect of Bensulfuron-Methyl on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) Growth and Development." Weed Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1996): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040914.

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Field experiments were conducted in Alabama from 1992 through 1994 to evaluate the potential of the methyl ester of bensulfuron applied at sublethal rates as a plant growth regulator for reducing plant height and boll rot in cotton. Bensulfuron at 0.017 and 0.034 g ai/ha or mepiquat chloride at 10 g ai/ha was applied POST alone at the pinhead square or early-bloom stage of cotton growth or sequentially at 0.017 followed by (fb) 0.017 g/ha, 0.034 fb 0.034 g/ha of bensulfuron and 5 fb 5, 10 fb 10, 10 fb 20, or 20 fb 20 g/ha of mepiquat chloride. Mepiquat chloride had no effect on yield in 1992 and 1994 but decreased yield when applied sequentially in 1993. Bensulfuron was generally detrimental to first position fruit retention, and it delayed maturity. Treatments that reduced plant height did not reduce boll rot. Bensulfuron treatments that reduced plant height also reduced yield; therefore, the potential for its use as a growth regulator in cotton appears limited.

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Salih, Haron, Shoupu He, Hongge Li, Zhen Peng, and Xiongming Du. "Investigation of the EIL/EIN3 Transcription Factor Gene Family Members and Their Expression Levels in the Early Stage of Cotton Fiber Development." Plants 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010128.

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The ethylene-insensitive3-like/ethylene-insensitive3 (EIL/EIN3) protein family can serve as a crucial factor for plant growth and development under diverse environmental conditions. EIL/EIN3 protein is a form of a localized nuclear protein with DNA-binding activity that potentially contributes to the intricate network of primary and secondary metabolic pathways of plants. In light of recent research advances, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and novel bioinformatics tools have provided significant breakthroughs in the study of the EIL/EIN3 protein family in cotton. In turn, this paved the way to identifying and characterizing the EIL/EIN3 protein family. Hence, the high-throughput, rapid, and cost-effective meta sequence analyses have led to a remarkable understanding of protein families in addition to the discovery of novel genes, enzymes, metabolites, and other biomolecules of the higher plants. Therefore, this work highlights the recent advance in the genomic-sequencing analysis of higher plants, which has provided a plethora of function profiles of the EIL/EIN3 protein family. The regulatory role and crosstalk of different metabolic pathways, which are apparently affected by these transcription factor proteins in one way or another, are also discussed. The ethylene hormone plays an important role in the regulation of reactive oxygen species in plants under various environmental stress circumstances. EIL/EIN3 proteins are the key ethylene-signaling regulators and play important roles in promoting cotton fiber developmental stages. However, the function of EIL/EIN3 during initiation and early elongation stages of cotton fiber development has not yet been fully understood. The results provided valuable information on cotton EIL/EIN3 proteins, as well as a new vision into the evolutionary relationships of this gene family in cotton species.

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Cui, Yupeng, Ying Su, Junjuan Wang, Bing Jia, Man Wu, Wenfeng Pei, Jinfa Zhang, and Jiwen Yu. "Genome-Wide Characterization and Analysis of CIPK Gene Family in Two Cultivated Allopolyploid Cotton Species: Sequence Variation, Association with Seed Oil Content, and the Role of GhCIPK6." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030863.

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Calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), as key regulators, play an important role in plant growth and development and the response to various stresses. In the present study, we identified 80 and 78 CIPK genes in the Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense, respectively. The phylogenetic and gene structure analysis divided the cotton CIPK genes into five groups which were classified into an exon-rich clade and an exon-poor clade. A synteny analysis showed that segmental duplication contributed to the expansion of Gossypium CIPK gene family, and purifying selection played a major role in the evolution of the gene family in cotton. Analyses of expression profiles showed that GhCIPK genes had temporal and spatial specificity and could be induced by various abiotic stresses. Fourteen GhCIPK genes were found to contain 17 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and co-localized with oil or protein content quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Additionally, five SNPs from four GhCIPKs were found to be significantly associated with oil content in one of the three field tests. Although most GhCIPK genes were not associated with natural variations in cotton oil content, the overexpression of the GhCIPK6 gene reduced the oil content and increased C18:1 and C18:1+C18:1d6 in transgenic cotton as compared to wild-type plants. In addition, we predicted the potential molecular regulatory mechanisms of the GhCIPK genes. In brief, these results enhance our understanding of the roles of CIPK genes in oil synthesis and stress responses.

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Jiang, Dan, Bin Lu, Liantao Liu, Wenjing Duan, Li Chen, Jin Li, Ke Zhang, et al. "Exogenous melatonin improves salt stress adaptation of cotton seedlings by regulating active oxygen metabolism." PeerJ 8 (December 11, 2020): e10486. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10486.

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Melatonin is a small-molecule indole hormone that plays an important role in participating in biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Melatonin has been confirmed to promote the normal development of plants under adversity stress by mediating physiological regulation mechanisms. However, the mechanisms by which exogenous melatonin mediates salt tolerance via regulation of antioxidant activity and osmosis in cotton seedlings remain largely unknown. In this study, the regulatory effects of melatonin on reactive oxygen species (ROS), the antioxidant system, and osmotic modulators of cotton seedlings were determined under 0–500 µM melatonin treatments with salt stress induced by 150 mM NaCl treatment. Cotton seedlings under salt stress exhibited an inhibition of growth, excessive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2−), and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulations in leaves, increased activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and elevated ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) content in leaves. However, the content of osmotic regulators (i.e., soluble sugars and proteins) in leaves was reduced under salt stress. This indicates high levels of ROS were produced, and the cell membrane was damaged. Additionally, osmotic regulatory substance content was reduced, resulting in osmotic stress, which seriously affected cotton seedling growth under salt stress. However, exogenous melatonin at different concentrations reduced the contents of H2O2, O2−, and MDA in cotton leaves, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of reductive substances (i.e., AsA and GSH), and promoted the accumulation of osmotic regulatory substances in leaves under salt stress. These results suggest that melatonin can inhibit ROS production in cotton seedlings, improve the activity of the antioxidant enzyme system, raise the content of osmotic regulation substances, reduce the level of membrane lipid peroxidation, and protect the integrity of the lipid membrane under salt stress, which reduces damage caused by salt stress to seedlings and effectively enhances inhibition of salt stress on cotton seedling growth. These results indicate that 200 µM melatonin treatment has the best effect on the growth and salt tolerance of cotton seedlings.

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Mahmoud, Safaa A., Hussein M.M., A.S. Taalab, and Hanan S. Siam. "GROWTH AND MINRAL STATUS OF COTTON PLANTS AS AFFECTED BY ABSICISIC ACID AND SALT STRESS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 6, no. 5 (March 25, 2020): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v6.i5.2019.381.

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Application of antioxidant materials like absicisic acid to alleviate salinity stress and promote cotton growth is high effectiveness target, whereas cotton plant is an attractive industrial crop. Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity stress and absicisic acid (antioxidant materials to alleviate salinity stress) on cotton growth and macro nutrients status in shoots of cotton plants. Plants subjected to two salinity levels (2500 and 5000 ppm as diluted sea water), and tap water (250ppm) as control, sprayed absicisic acid (ABA) with two concentrations (20 and 40 ppm of ABA) and distilled water as a control. Salinity decreased stem and leaves dry weight compare to the control treatment. The lower concentrations of ABA (20 and 40 ppm as a foliar spray) improve dry weight of stem and leaves. Reversely, leaves/stem ratio decreased with both concentrations of the absicisic acid. The increment in dry weight of leaves and stem or their sum showed its higher values by application 40 ppm from ABA under the 5000 ppm salinity level and also under fresh water treatment but under the 2500 ppm treatment the highest values were by 20 ppm of growth regulator. Nevertheless, L/S ratio decreased by ABA treatment, whereas, the high concentration of ABA (40ppm) was super than lower concentration (20ppm) under both salinity levels. Generally, it can be used diluted seawater in irrigation of cotton plant with spraying abscisic acid to alleviate the harmful effect of salinity.

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Mink, J. S., and R. G. Luttrell. "MORTALITY OF FALL ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) EGGS, LARVAE AND ADULTS EXPOSED TO SEVERAL INSECTICIDES ON COTTON." Journal of Entomological Science 24, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.4.563.

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Mortality of eggs, first, third, and fifth instars and adults of fall army worm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), after exposure to several insecticides on cotton indicated that the FAW is susceptible to most insecticides currently used to control Heliothis spp. Most insecticides tested exhibited ovicidal activity. High mortality of first instar larvae was observed for most treatments, including the biological insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). More variation in mortality among treatments was observed in third and fifth instars than in first instars. Pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphorous insecticides resulted in higher mortality than did B. thuringiensis. Diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator, was as effective as commonly used insecticides against third and fifth instar larvae when mortality was observed at pupation. Third instar FAW placed on plant tissue from the upper section of cotton plants sprayed in field situations suffered higher mortality than those placed on plant tissue from lower sections in the plant canopy. Inadequate deposition of insecticide in the lower portions of the cotton plant appears to be a limiting factor in control of FAW larvae on cotton.

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Zhao, Duli, and Derrick Oosterhuis. "Physiological response of growth chamber-grown cotton plants to the plant growth regulator PGR-IV under water-deficit stress." Environmental and Experimental Botany 38, no. 1 (July 1997): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-8472(97)00002-6.

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MONDINO, M. H., O. A. PETERLIN, and F. GARAY. "RESPONSE OF LATE-PLANTED COTTON TO THE APPLICATION OF A GROWTH REGULATOR (Chlorocholine chloride, CYCOCEL 75)." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 3 (June 24, 2004): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002017.

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The influence of a growth regulator, chlorocholine chloride (commercial name Cycocel 75) on plant growth, (yield) and quality of late-seeded (mid-December) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was studied in the Río Dulce Irrigation Area, northwest Argentina, during three growth cycles (1998–2001). Cycocel 75 reduced plant height and node number as well as the total production of aerial biomass, thus increasing the harvest index. Due to an increase in the boll weight and boll number per plant, the yield of treated plots increased by an average of 35% in comparison with the control. Cycocel 75 improved fibre strength significantly, although other parameters of fibre quality, such as length, uniformity, elongation, and micronaire index were not affected. This study indicated that late-planted cotton responds favourably to the application of Cycocel 75, especially when its development cycle is extended due to low air temperatures during the latter part of the growing season.

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Mao, Lili, Lizhen Zhang, Xinhua Zhao, Shaodong Liu, Wopke van der Werf, Siping Zhang, Huub Spiertz, and Zhaohu Li. "Crop growth, light utilization and yield of relay intercropped cotton as affected by plant density and a plant growth regulator." Field Crops Research 155 (January 2014): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.09.021.

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Parveen, Shazia, Rana Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Akram, Faheem Iqbal, Muhammad Tahir, and Muhammad Rafay. "Improvement of growth and productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through foliar applications of naphthalene acetic acid." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p561.

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Plant growth regulators like naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) positively affect the growth and yield of crop plants. An experiment was conducted to check the foliar application of NAA on growth and yield components of cotton variety Bt.121 under field condition at research area of agriculture farm near Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies (CIDS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The experiment was comprised of foliar application of NAA (1%) viz. T0 (control), T1 (One spray of NAA), T2 (Two sprays of NAA), T3 (Three sprays of NAA), T4 (Four sprays of NAA). The first foliar spray was applied at 45 days after sowing (DAS) and later on it was continued with 15 days interval with skilled labour by hand pump sprayer. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated three times. Data recorded on growth, chlorophyll contents, yield and yield components showed a significant increase with the application of NAA. Furthermore, earliness index, mean maturity date and production rate index were also influenced with foliar application of NAA. On the basis of growth and yield parameters it can be concluded that four spray of NAA (1%) can be applied commercially under field conditions.

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Mansour, M. H., and Nadia Z. Dimetry. "Effect of three plant growth regulators on the immature stages of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuidae)." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 80, no. 1-4 (August 26, 2009): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1976.tb03304.x.

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Dimetry, Nadia Z., and M. H. Mansour. "Two synthetic plant growth regulators affecting the development and reproduction of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepid. Noctuidae)." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 82, no. 1-4 (August 26, 2009): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1976.tb03432.x.

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Fang, Sheng, Kai Gao, Wei Hu, Shanshan Wang, Binglin Chen, and Zhiguo Zhou. "Foliar and seed application of plant growth regulators affects cotton yield by altering leaf physiology and floral bud carbohydrate accumulation." Field Crops Research 231 (February 2019): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.11.012.

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Flint, Hollis M., Joseph E. Leggett, LeAnne Elhoff, Nancy J. Parks, and Elizabeth W. Davidson. "Effects of the Plant Growth Regulator Mepiquat Chloride on Silverleaf Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Infestations on Cotton2." Journal of Entomological Science 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-31.1.112.

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Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., plants were treated with the plant growth regulator mepiquat chloride (Pix™) in greenhouse and field plot tests to determine its effect on infestations of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring. In the greenhouse, Pix-treated plants were significantly shorter and had thicker leaves than untreated plants by the end of the second week following application. Most of the Pix treatments caused significant reductions in adults, eggs and nymphs on leaves by fourth and final week of the test. In a separate test, leaf water potentials were equal for Pix-treated and well-watered plants which were significantly lower than for water-stressed and control plants. Pix-treated plants in two field plot tests showed the same changes in plant morphology observed in Pix-treated plants in the greenhouse. However, leaf water potentials were the same as in untreated plants and no reductions in whitefly infestations were found during the 6 to 7 wk test periods. Pix-treated plants in a third field plot test showed no changes in plant morphology or in whitefly infestations. The reduced whitefly infestations of Pix-treated plants in the greenhouse, but not in field plots, may have been due to reduced leaf water potentials in Pix-treated greenhouse plants but not in field plants.

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Butter, N. S., Gurmeet Singh, and A. K. Dhawan. "Laboratory evaluation of the insect growth regulator lufenuron againstHelicoverpa armigera on cotton." Phytoparasitica 31, no. 2 (April 2003): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980790.

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Zhao, D., and D. Oosterhuis. "Physiologic and Yield Responses of Shaded Cotton to the Plant Growth Regulator PGR-IV." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 17, no. 1 (March 1998): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00007011.

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Hasan, Md, Fanglu Ma, Zakaria Prodhan, Feng Li, Hao Shen, Yadong Chen, and Xuede Wang. "Molecular and Physio-Biochemical Characterization of Cotton Species for Assessing Drought Stress Tolerance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 2636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092636.

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Drought stress significantly limits cotton growth and production due to the necessity of water at every stage of crop growth. Hence, it is essential to identify tolerant genetic resources and understand the mechanisms of drought tolerance in economically and socially important plants such as cotton. In this study, molecular and physio-biochemical investigations were conducted by analyzing different parameters by following standard protocols in three different cotton species, namely TM-1 (Gossypium hirsutum), Zhongmian-16 (Gossypium arboreum), and Pima4-S (Gossypium barbadense). Drought stress significantly decreased plant growth, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and relative water content. TM-1 resulted in more tolerance than the other two species. The accumulation of proline, soluble proteins, soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide radicals (O2•−) increased significantly in TM-1. In addition, TM-1 maintained the integrity of the chloroplast structure under drought conditions. The relative expression level of drought-responsive genes including coding for transcription factors and other regulatory proteins or enzymes controlling genes (ERF, ERFB, DREB, WRKY6, ZFP1, FeSOD, CuZnSOD, MAPKKK17, P5CR, and PRP5) were higher in TM-1 under drought, conferring a more tolerant status than in Zhongmian-16 and Pima4-S. The findings of this research could be utilized for predicting a tolerant cotton genotype as well as evaluating prospective cotton species in the variety development program.

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Catchot, Beverly D., F. R. Musser, J. Gore, N. Krishnan, D. R. Cook, S. D. Stewart, G. M. Lorenz, et al. "Sublethal Impacts of Novaluron on Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Adults." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab007.

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Abstract Tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae), has become a primary pest of cotton in the Midsouthern United States. Insect growth regulators such as novaluron are an important part of L. lineolaris management. While novaluron is lethal to nymphs, it does not kill adults, so it has been used when nymphs are the primary stage present. However, cotton yield protection was observed from an application of novaluron when adults were the predominant stage present. To explain this, a series of studies were conducted to examine sublethal impacts of novaluron to L. lineolaris adults. Novaluron ingestion by adults reduced hatch rate and sometimes reduced oviposition rate. Ingestion by either males or females reduced hatch rates, but the reduction was greater from female exposure. Contact exposure of adults with novaluron residues within 1 d of application reduced hatch rate by about 50%, but the impact on oviposition was inconsistent. A field study showed reduced hatch rate from contact exposure to mixed-age natural populations, but the overall net reproductive rate was not reduced. Surface exposure of eggs to novaluron did not reduce hatch rate. Overall, exposure of tarnished plant bug adults to novaluron, regardless of adult age or exposure route, reduced egg viability. However, the impact on oviposition rate and net reproductive rate varied with adult age and exposure route. This understanding of sublethal impacts of novaluron, in addition to lethal impacts on nymphs, should be considered when choosing application times to maximize effects on L. lineolaris populations.

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Awais Ghani, Muhammad, Muhammad Mehran Abbas, Basharat Ali, Khurram Ziaf, Muhammad Azam, Romana Anjum, Qumer Iqbal, Mubashar Nadeem, Anam Noor, and Uzma Jillani. "Role of salicylic acid in heat stress tolerance in tri-genomic Brassica napus L." Enero-Abril 2021 33, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51372/bioagro331.2.

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Tri-genomic Brassica napus L.wasdeveloped by the cross between Brassica napusand Brassica nigra. The crop is animportant source of vegetable seed oil in Pakistan,after cotton. The low oilseed rape yield is attributed to high temperature in the production zones. Interspecific hybridization using these two speciescan be helpful to produce heat resistant hybrids. On the other hand, it has been found that foliar application of different plant growth regulators can be used to reduce the heat stress in Brassica. The objectiveof this studywas to test the response of three different tri-genomic hybrids to high temperature stressat seedling stage. Seedlings were foliar sprayed with 0.13 mM salicylic acid (SA) prior to exposure tohigh temperatureat two true leaf stage. The plants were harvested after 30 days of sowing for growth and biochemical analysis. Plants ofV38 showed the highest values for all morphological traits and biochemical activities among the threehybrids. In general, plants exposed to the temperature stress exhibited a significant decline in growth, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity.Foliar application of SA significantly improved leaf and root biomass under heat stress.Further, antioxidativeenzyme activities significantly increased in response to SA either compared to control or to plants exposed to temperature stress.It is concluded thatapplication of salicylic acid elevated activity of antioxidative enzymes and was helpful in mitigating the detrimental effects of high temperature inoil seed rape.

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Mohamed, Bahaeldeen Babikar, Beenish Aftab, Muhammad Bilal Sarwar, Bushra Rashid, Zarnab Ahmad, Sameera Hassan, and Tayyab Husnain. "Identification and Characterization of the Diverse Stress-Responsive R2R3-RMYB Transcription Factor from Hibiscus sabdariffa L." International Journal of Genomics 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2763259.

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Various regulatory proteins play a fundamental role to manage the healthy plant growth under stress conditions. Differential display reverse transcriptase PCR and random amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was used to explore the osmotic stress-responsive transcripts. We identified and characterized the salt stress-responsive R2R3 type RMYB transcription factor from Hibiscus sabdariffa which has an open reading frame of 690 bp, encoding 229 long chain amino acids. In silico analysis confirmed the conserved R2 and R3 domain as well as an NLS-1 localization site. The deduced amino acids of RMYB shared 83, 81, 80, 79, 72, 71, and 66% homology with Arabidopsis thaliana, Glycine max, Oryza sativa, Zea maize, Malus domestica, Populus tremula × Populus alba, and Medicago sativa specific MYB family, respectively. We observed the gene upregulation in stem, leaf, and root tissue in response to abiotic stress. Furthermore, RMYB gene was cloned into plant expression vector under CaMV35S promoter and transformed to Gossypium hirsutum: a local cotton cultivar. Overexpression of RMYB was observed in transgenic plants under abiotic stresses which further suggests its regulatory role in response to stressful conditions. The RMYB transcription factor-overexpressing in transgenic cotton plants may be used as potential agent for the development of stress tolerant crop cultivars.

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Sawan, Z. M., R. A. Sakr, and O. A. Momtaz. "Effect of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid concentrations and the number of applications on the yield components, yield, and fibre properties of Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 6 (1998): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97139.

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Field experiments were performed in 2 successive seasons at the experimental station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, on the Egyptian cotton cultivar Giza 75 (Gossypium barbadense L.). Cotton plants were sprayed with the growth regulator 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) once (after 90 days), twice (90 and 105 days), or 3 times (90, 105, and 120 days after sowing), during the square initiation and bolling stage, at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 mg/L, respectively. The volume of solution was the same for all treatments, 960 L/ha. The control plants were sprayed with water only. The effect of the previous treatments on yield components, lint yield, and fibre properties was studied. The application of NAA increased the number of opened bolls per plant, boll weight, seed index, and lint yield per ha. Lint percentage, fibre length parameters, and micronaire value were not significantly affected by NAA. Flat bundle strength was significantly increased when NAA was applied once at 10-25 mg/L. The application of NAA twice or 3 times at 15-20 mg/L tended to give the best results on yield components and lint yield of the Egyptian cotton plants.

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Wang, Jingjing, Zhaohai Du, Xuehan Huo, Juan Zhou, Yu Chen, Jingxia Zhang, Ao Pan, Xiaoyang Wang, Furong Wang, and Jun Zhang. "Genome-wide analysis of PRR gene family uncovers their roles in circadian rhythmic changes and response to drought stress in Gossypium hirsutum L." PeerJ 8 (September 25, 2020): e9936. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9936.

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Background The circadian clock not only participates in regulating various stages of plant growth, development and metabolism, but confers plant environmental adaptability to stress such as drought. Pseudo-Response Regulators (PRRs) are important component of the central oscillator (the core of circadian clock) and play a significant role in plant photoperiod pathway. However, no systematical study about this gene family has been performed in cotton. Methods PRR genes were identified in diploid and tetraploid cotton using bioinformatics methods to investigate their homology, duplication and evolution relationship. Differential gene expression, KEGG enrichment analysis and qRT-PCR were conducted to analyze PRR gene expression patterns under diurnal changes and their response to drought stress. Results A total of 44 PRR family members were identified in four Gossypium species, with 16 in G. hirsutum, 10 in G. raimondii, and nine in G. barbadense as well as in G. arboreum. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PRR proteins were divided into five subfamilies and whole genome duplication or segmental duplication contributed to the expansion of Gossypium PRR gene family. Gene structure analysis revealed that members in the same clade are similar, and multiple cis-elements related to light and drought stress response were enriched in the promoters of GhPRR genes. qRT-PCR results showed that GhPRR genes transcripts presented four expression peaks (6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 15 h) during 24 h and form obvious rhythmic expression trend. Transcriptome data with PEG treatment, along with qRT-PCR verification suggested that members of clade III (GhPRR5a, b, d) and clade V (GhPRR3a and GhPRR3c) may be involved in drought response. This study provides an insight into understanding the function of PRR genes in circadian rhythm and in response to drought stress in cotton.

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Huang, Gai, Jin-Quan Huang, Xiao-Ya Chen, and Yu-Xian Zhu. "Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Cotton Research." Annual Review of Plant Biology 72, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 437–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-113241.

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Cotton is not only the world's most important natural fiber crop, but it is also an ideal system in which to study genome evolution, polyploidization, and cell elongation. With the assembly of five different cotton genomes, a cotton-specific whole-genome duplication with an allopolyploidization process that combined the A- and D-genomes became evident. All existing A-genomes seemed to originate from the A0-genome as a common ancestor, and several transposable element bursts contributed to A-genome size expansion and speciation. The ethylene production pathway is shown to regulate fiber elongation. A tip-biased diffuse growth mode and several regulatory mechanisms, including plant hormones, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, are involved in fiber development. Finally, we describe the involvement of the gossypol biosynthetic pathway in the manipulation of herbivorous insects, the role of GoPGF in gland formation, and host-induced gene silencing for pest and disease control. These new genes, modules, and pathways will accelerate the genetic improvement of cotton.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cotton – Plant growth regulators'

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