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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cotton stalks'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

McGinley, Susan. "Harvesting Cotton Stalks." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622348.

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2

Ak, Ozlem. "Xylooligosaccharide Production From Cotton And Sunflower Stalks." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609354/index.pdf.

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In this study, the aim was enzymatic xylooligosaccharide production from cotton and sunflower stalks, two of main agricultural residues in Turkey. In first two parts of the study, alkali extracted xylan from both of the stalks was hydrolyzed by commercial xylanases Veron and Shearzyme. The effect of temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations were investigated to determine optimum enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of xylan. Sunflower and cotton stalk xylans were hydrolyzed by Shearzyme more efficiently than Veron under the conditions studied. Shearzyme produced different product profiles containing xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetrose (X4) and xylopentose (X5) from cotton and sunflower stalk xylan. On the other hand, Veron hydrolyzed both xylan types to produce X2, X3, X5, X6 and larger xylooligosaccharides without any change in product profiles. In the third part of the study, home produced xylanase from Bacillus pumilus SB-M13, was also investigated for the production of xylooligosaccharides from both cotton and sunflower stalk xylan. The main products obtained by hydrolysis of both substrates by pure B. pumilus xylanase were X5 and X6, while crude B. pumilus xylanase generated X4 and X5 as the main products. Xylooligosaccharide production from pretreated cotton stalk without alkali extraction of xylan was the final part of the study. Three different pretreatment methods including biomass pretreatment by Phanerochaete chrysosporium fermentation, cellulase pretreatment and hydrothermal pretreatment were investigated to break down complex lignocellulosic structure of cotton stalk to improve the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan in pretreated cotton stalk for xylooligosaccharide production. However, xylooligosaccharide was not effectively produced from pretreated cotton stalk. Shearzyme inhibiton was observed after all the pretreatment methods during further hydrolysis of pretreated cotton stalk probably due to production of inhibitory compounds of the enzyme.
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3

Saeidy, Ehab El. "Technological fundamentals of briquetting cotton stalks as a biofuel." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15072.

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In Ägypten überwintern in den Baumwollresten Insekten wie der rosafarbene Kapselwurm, der verschiedene Nutzpflanzen befällt. Insbesondere der Befall von Baumwolle verursacht große Verluste in Menge und Qualität der Baumwollernte, so dass die Landwirte vom Ministerium für Landwirtschaft verpflichtet worden sind, diese Reste auf dem Feld nach der Ernte sofort zu verbrennen, um diese Insekten zu töten. Unter der starken Rauchentwicklung dieser konzentrierten Verbrennungsaktion hatten vor allem Kairo und die umliegenden Regionen zu leiden, was wiederum zur Folge hatte, dass das ägyptische Umweltministerium das Verbrennen gänzlich verbot. Diese widersprüchlichen Verfügungen verunsichern die Landwirten, sie lagern diese Reste wieder oder verbrennen sie illegal. Die Technologie der Brikettierung erscheint als eine vorteilhafte Lösung für die Handhabung der Baumwollreste in Ägypten. Der Druck und die Temperatur während des Pressvorgangs vernichten den Baumwollschädling. Durch diesen Prozess kann ein billiger, lagerfähiger und umweltfreundlicher Biobrennstoff produziert werden als einen häuslichen Brennstoff für die ägyptischen ländlichen Bereiche.
In Egypt, cotton residues serve as an over wintering site for insects such as pink bollworm which develop in these residues and attack nearby or the following crops. This causes valuable losses in the quantity and the quality of the cotton crop so much, so that the farmers have been obliged by the Ministry of Agriculture to burn these residues on the field immediately after the harvest operation in order to kill these insects and to prevent growth of other disease carriers. As a result, a huge amount of harmful gases and clouds of smoke covers the sky above Cairo and the surrounding regions and has thus led to both environmental pollution and adverse effects for human health. As a result of this, the Ministry of the Environment established a law preventing the farmers burning these residues on the fields. Due to this confusion in laws, the farmers began to store these residues once again or burn them illegally on the fields. The briquetting technology appears as an advantageous solution for the handling of the cotton stalk residues in Egypt. Through this process a cheap, storable, pest controlled and environmentally friendly biofuel can be produced as a complementary domestic fuel for the Egyptian rural areas.
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4

Carter, Lyle, Joe Chesson, Gary Thacker, and Vic Penner. "Tillage Energy Savings from Zone Burial of Shredded and Whole Cotton Stalks." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210922.

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Two prototypes of a stalk burial implement were tested for energy requirements at the University of California, Shaffer Research Station. Both versions of the implement are designed to bury the cotton stalks in a concentrated zone and reform the bed in the same location. To plow under shredded stalks, both versions of the implement required less energy than a conventional tillage systems typical of the San Joaquin Valley of California. Both stalk burial implements were also used to plow under whole cotton stalks. This offers additional energy savings by eliminating the stalk shredding operation.
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5

Silverstein, Rebecca Anne. "A Comparison of Chemical Pretreatment Methods for Converting Cotton Stalks to Ethanol." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04292005-104024/.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone pretreatments for conversion of cotton stalks to ethanol. Sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2% (w/v) were used to pretreat ground cotton stalk samples at a solid loading of 10% (w/v). Treatment temperatures of 90 degrees Celsius and 121 degrees Celsius at 15 psi were investigated for residence times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Ozone pretreatment was performed in the liquid phase at 4 degrees Celsius with constant sparging. Lignin, carbohydrate, and moisture content analyses were performed on the pretreated solids. The pretreated solids from sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (at 2%, 60 min, 121C/15psi) showed significant lignin degradation and/or high sugar availability and hence were hydrolyzed by cellulases from Trichoderma reesei and â-glucosidase at 50 degrees Celsius. The results showed that time, temperature and concentration were all significant (p is less than or equal to 0.05) factors in delignification for NaOH and xylan removal for H2SO4. Sulfuric acid pretreatment resulted in the highest xylan reduction (95.23% for 2% acid, 90 min, 121C/15psi) during pretreatment and the lowest cellulose to glucose conversion during hydrolysis (23.85%). Sodium hydroxide pretreatment resulted in the highest level of delignification (65.63% for 2% NaOH, 90 min, 121C/15psi) and the highest cellulose conversion (60.8%). Hydrogen peroxide pretreatment resulted in significantly lower (p is less than or equal to 0.05) delignification (maximum of 29.51% with 2%, 30 min, 121C/15psi) and cellulose conversion (49.8%) than sodium hydroxide pretreatment, but had a higher (p is less than or equal to 0.05) conversion than sulfuric acid pretreatment. Ozone pretreatment showed no significant changes in lignin, xylan, or glucan contents with increasing time. Quadratic models using time, temperature, and concentration as numeric variables were developed to predict xylan reduction for H2SO4 pretreatment and lignin reduction for NaOH pretreatment. In addition, linear models relating a modified severity parameter (log Mo) combining the pretreatment parameters with xylan or lignin reduction were developed and resulted in R-squared values of 0.89 and 0.78, respectively.
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6

Saeidy, Ehab el. "Technological fundamentals of briquetting cotton stalks as a biofuel renewable energy in agriculture in Egypt /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972589341.

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7

Haykir, Nazife Isik. "Pretreatment Of Cotton Stalks With Ionic Liquids For Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of Cellulose And Ethanol Production." Phd thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615446/index.pdf.

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This study aims efficient conversion of cotton stalks to cellulosic ethanol through ionic liquid pretreatment and enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis. Among several ionic liquids, EMIMAc exhibited the most striking impact on cotton stalks with respect to the changes in biomass structure and digestibility. Cotton stalks, which were subjected to EMIMAc pretreatment at 10% (w cotton stalks/w EMIMAc) of biomass loading and 150°
C for 30 minutes, were found to be 9 times more digestible than untreated cotton stalks. Besides, glucose and ethanol yields, which were based on the cellulose content of untreated cotton stalks, were found as 67% and 66%, respectively. These yields were insufficient regarding efficient conversion of the cellulosic portion of cotton stalks to glucose and ethanol which is linked to the superior solvation capability of EMIMAc towards biomass. In order to enhance aforementioned yields, EMIMAc pretreatment was conducted at 30% of biomass loading. Though lignin extracted was much lower, higher yields were obtained compared to the former case since 96% of cellulose was recovered upon EMIMAc pretreatment and reduced crystallinity was observed for pretreated biomass. Glucose yield was achieved as 84% even at a substrate loading of 15% (w/v). Additionally, 76% of ethanol yield and 3% (v/v) of ethanol titer were obtained upon fermentation. Accordingly, reduction in biomass crystallinity was satisfactory to improve enzymatic accessibility of the biomass. Besides, EMIMAc maintained its effectiveness as a pretreatment agent upon recycling since no change in terms of hydrolysis of pretreated samples was observed upon EMIMAc recycling for three times.
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8

Saeidy, Ehab El [Verfasser], Jürgen [Gutachter] Hahn, Klaus [Gutachter] Nendel, and Volkhard [Gutachter] Scholz. "Technological fundamentals of briquetting cotton stalks as a biofuel / Ehab El Saeidy ; Gutachter: Jürgen Hahn, Klaus Nendel, Volkhard Scholz." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1207666718/34.

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9

Brown, J. K., J. D. Mihail, and M. R. Nelson. "The Effect of Cotton Leaf Crumple on Cotton Inoculated at Different Growth Stages." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204078.

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10

Mihail, J. D., J. K. Brown, and M. R. Nelson. "The Effects of Cotton Leaf Crumple on Greenhouse-Grown Cotton Incoulated at Five Growth Stages." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204510.

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The effects of cotton leaf crumple disease on components of yield and on symptom expression were examined for cotton inoculated at five growth stages. As a result of virus infection, the total leaf area was reduced and significant reductions in yield were observed, regardless of plant age at time of inoculation. Yield reductions resulted from a smaller number of bolls set and/or a decrease in boll weight. Foliar symptoms were associated with plants inoculated at all five growth stages, but were observed sooner and were more severe for plants inoculated at the 2-3, 5-8, and 8-10 leaf stages than those inoculated at the 14-16 or 18-20 leaf stages.
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11

Fisher, W. D., and E. J. Pegelow. "Heat Units and Stages of Plant Development." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219831.

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12

Koita, Clare Coughlan. "Stakes of transnational civil society action : NGO advocacy interventions and the farmers of Mali's cotton zone." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9824.

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This thesis examines how transnational advocacy networks operate across local, national, regional and international arenas. It takes a close look at the nature of peasant resistance and civil society in Mali, and explores how these interact with campaign and advocacy activities of Northern-based non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The central argument of this thesis is that these encounters have strengthened an elite, while marginalising alternative perspectives. This has happened through the collision of actors’ diverse interests, through competition between distinct framings of debate, and through differences in modes of political participation which reflect the power dynamics of the political arenas in which actors are rooted. The thesis is informed by the results of qualitative fieldwork research, which was carried out, mainly in Mali, between 2006 and 2008. By identifying the nature of connections and disconnections between actors at multiple levels, the thesis contributes to a more nuanced understanding of transnational civil society action.
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13

Rethwisch, M. D., M. Reay, G. Chaffin, R. Perez, J. Grudovich, J. Wellman, and E. Hawpe. "Late Planted DPL451BR Cotton Responses to Plant Growth Enhancement Products Applied at Three Crop Development Stages in Palo Verde Valley, 2003." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198128.

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An experiment to investigate the effects of several plant growth enhancement products (AuxiGro7 WP, FirstChoice7 Bollster, CalMax, FoliGro7 BollSet) on DPL 451BR was conducted in the Palo Verde Valley. The cotton field chosen for this project was planted in April 2003, and flowering and boll/lint production was highly affected by summer heat, therefore product effectiveness was tested under the extreme high temperatures conditions that existed in 2003. Products were applied July 11 (shortly after first bloom), August 1st and/or August 15. Three rates (1, 2, 4 oz./acre) of AuxiGro7 WP were applied at each date, although just a single rate of other products was evaluated. Data collected included plant mapping following the first two application dates as well as lint yield and quality at harvest on October 20-23. Data indicated rate effects for treatments containing AuxiGro7 WP as noted in response to applications on August 1 (retention rates) and August 15 (cotton quality factors). These responses were signficantly different than the untreated check, and were often signficantly different than the Bollster fertilizer treatment itself as though Bollster was also included with AuxiGro7 WP treatments. Although yields for any treatment and the untreated check were not significantly different, previously noted differences for retention for the AuxiGro7 WP treatments may not have been realized due to the high temperatures and extended periods of not only Level 1 but Level 2 stress during the course of the experiment. Cotton values per acre were highest ($609.85/acre) in the 4 oz/acre of AuxiGro7 applied on August 15, due to highest valued lint as a result of micronaire of 5.2 combined with increased fiber strength and fiber length. Application of CalMax resulted in a significant increase in fiber strength following two applications of 4 oz./acre of AuxiGro7 + Bollster, but CalMax following two applications of Bollster did not affect fiber strength when compared with each of the two application treatments. A third application of FoliGro7 BollSet was detrimental for cotton yields and strength compared with only two applications of this product, although both treatment regimens resulted in shorter fibers that were not quite as strong as the untreated check.
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14

Cekmez, Umut. "Isolation Of Antimicrobial Molecules From Agricultural Biomass And Utilization In Xylan-based Biodegradable Films." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611492/index.pdf.

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Cotton stalk lignin extractions were performed via alkaline methods at different conditions. Crude and post treated cotton stalk lignins, olive mill wastewater and garlic stalk juice were examined in terms of antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial lignin was isolated depending on alkaline extraction conditions. Lignin extracted at 60°
C exhibited significant antimicrobial effect towards both Escherichia coli and Bacillus pumilus. However different post treatments such as ultrasonication and TiO2-assisted photocatalytic oxidation did not result in antimicrobial compounds. Olive mill wastewater and garlic stalk juice exerted substantial antimicrobial effects towards tested microorganisms. Xylan-based biodegradable films containing lignin, garlic stalk juice, tannic acid and olive mill wastewater were characterized against both B. pumilus and E. coli by means of their antimicrobial activities. E. coli exhibited lesser sensitivity to all tested antimicrobial xylan films except tannic acid-integrated xylan film than B. pumilus. Antimicrobial lignin integrated-xylan film exhibited stronger effect towards tested microorganisms than tannic acid-integrated film. In the case of both antimicrobial lignin and tannic acid integrated xylan films, 4% was found to be the maximum antimicrobial compound percentage in film forming solutions to observe continuous film formation. Lignin samples with/without antimicrobial activity were characterized by means of their chemical structure via FTIR and LC-MS. FTIR results revealed that cotton stalk lignins were significantly broken down via alkaline treatment and this breakdown resulted in the formation of new fractions and also ester &
ether bonds between antimicrobial hydroxycinnamic acids and lignin were cleaved during the alkaline treatments of cotton stalk lignins. By FTIR results, C=C bonds were found to be characteristic for antimicrobial lignin sample and it was suggested that these bonds might be the reason of the antimicrobial activity. By LC-MS qualitative mass analysis, antibacterial lignin fractions were found to be quite different from non-antibacterial lignin fractions. LC-MS results indicated that the antimicrobial lignin fractions might be lignin-derived oligomers and/or might be flavonoids. Cotton stalk lignin fractions demonstrated different antimicrobial activities depending on the method of isolation and chemical treatment.
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15

Hu, Hong. "Contribution à l'étude de la géométrie du tricot molleton à points d'accrochages visibles 3 et 1 en coton application à la mise au point d'une méthode industrielle de traitement pour obtenir des articles dimensionnellement stables aux lavages /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605983k.

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16

Hu, Hong. "Contribution à l'étude de la géométrie du tricot molleton à points d'accrochage visibles 3 et 1 en coton : application à la mise au point d'une méthode industrielle de traitement pour obtenir des articles dimensionnellement stables aux lavages." Mulhouse, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MULH0037.

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17

Adawi, Rahim. "Preventing fatal effects of overworking : Product design solution." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15473.

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“Overworking to death” is a phenomenon that has been noticeable in developing countries. The cause of death is mainly through ischemic strokes. While the victims’ occupations differed, they all shared a common characteristic, being positioned in a sedentary work, ranging from IT workers to doctors. This project’s aim was to develop a product that prevented or decreased the strokes that derived from sedentary overwork. This was mainly tackled by preventing one of the three causes of developing blood props, slowed blood flow. In order to gather rich data of the phenomenon, a qualitative study was conducted in China, during two months. By doing an extensive structured sampling, information rich data could be gathered during a short period of time. Data were derived from observations, questionnaires and an interview, which then was interpreted to customer needs and the final product specification. The final product became a trouser with an in built dynamic compression mechanic, that can compress the veins mostly during sitting activities, in order to prevent blood stasis. The compression mechanic works like the Chinese finger trap; compressing the calves while sitting and stretching the legs forward. It is made only out of polysaccharides fibres; cotton and corn.
"Guolaosi" eller död från överarbete är ett fenomen som i regel uppkommer bland utvecklingsländer. Dödsorsaken är huvudsakligen genom stroke. Offrens yrken varierar allt från professorer, IT-arbetare till läkare. De delar dock en sak gemensamt; att arbeta under långa perioder stillasittande. Projektets mål var att utveckla en produkt som minskar dödliga följderna av sedentära överarbete, genom att förebygga en av de tre orsakerna för att utveckla blodproppar; saktad blodström. Målgruppen var då kineser av de yrken som hade tidigare drabbats av fenomenet. För att samla informationsrika data om fenomenet genomfördes en kvalitativ studie i Kina under två månader. Genom att göra en omfattande strukturerad provtagning kunde informationsrika data samlas under en kort tidsperiod. Fältstudien bestod av observationer, frågeformulär och en intervju, som då tolkades till kundbehov och eventuellt produktspecifikationen. Den slutliga produkten kom att bli ett par byxor med en inbyggd dynamisk komprimeringsmekanism, som kan komprimera venerna under sittande aktiviteter, för att förhindra saktad blodström. Kompressionsmekanismen fungerar som den kinesiska fingerfällan. Den komprimerar blodkärlen medan personen sitter och sträcker benen framåt. Produkten är konstruerad på så sätt att den kan tillverkas endast av polysackariders tråd, från bomull och majs. Vilket är lämpligt för Kinas lokala resurser.
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18

Shi, Jian. "Microbial pretreatment of cotton stalks by Phanerochaete chrysosporium for bioethanol production." 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03262007-172706/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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19

Saeidy, Ehab el [Verfasser]. "Technological fundamentals of briquetting cotton stalks as a biofuel : renewable energy in agriculture in Egypt / von Ehab el-Saeidy." 2004. http://d-nb.info/972589341/34.

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20

Williams, Kelly Caldwell. "Subcritical water and chemical pretreatments of cotton stalk for the production of ethanol." 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06012006-115000/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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21

Carden, Charles Warren. "Cotton Response to 1-Methylcyclopropene Under Different Light Regimes and Growth Stages: Lint Yield and Yield Components." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-08-8336.

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Low photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) during certain growth periods of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been shown to impact yield, ethylene synthesis, and fiber quality. Previous research with shading has shown that lint yield can be significantly reduced in the latter stages of growth. This two-year field study was conducted at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Farm in Burleson County, Texas, in 2008 and 2009. The study evaluated the impact of an 8-day period of shade (63 percent reduction of PPFD) on cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, and the impact of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene inhibitor, to alter detrimental cotton responses when applied as a foliar spray under shaded and non-shaded conditions. Shade and 1-MCP were imposed at four developmental stages of growth: pinhead square (PHS), first flower (FF), peak flower (PF), and boll development (BD). Data pooled over both years indicated that there were no significant differences in yield for 1-MCP treatments; however, numerical differences existed. Shade applied during the BD stage of development showed significantly lower yield than the untreated control. These results showed a decline in seed cotton and ginned seed cotton by 522 and 207 kg ha-1, respectively. To further analyze further yield components, box-mapping was conducted during both years. However, this data failed to explain consistent patterns of the observed yield responses. Data was also collected to determine the amount of fibers per seed and seed weights. Cotton fiber data did not show consistent correlations with the numerical increases and significant decreases in yield. Electrolyte leakage and stomatal conductance data also were collected. Electrolyte leakage showed no statistical differences when compared to the untreated control. Stomatal conductance measurements showed no consistency for treatments during both years.
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