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1
Brej, Teresa. "Population biology of Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. around the copper smelter Legnica." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 69, no. 4 (2014): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2000.040.
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The present paper constitutes a background for the properties of couch grass tolerance for heavy metals previously recorded by the author. The tolerance for lead, zinc, copper and cadmium were described in couch grass on sites in the vicinity of the copper smelter Legnica. Most of the now presented results come from four-year field investigations, concerning four couch grass populations growing at different distances from the emitter. The over 50 year activity of the smelter affected specifically the traits and properties of the couch grass populations and their dynamics. This is expressed in the differentiated production of below and above ground biomass of couch grass and birth of aerial shoots. Further, recorded was also a different dynamics of origin and growth of rhizomes, and a retarded phenological development in populations localised nearest the smelter. The diverse population dynamics is expressed in different parameters, presented in the life tables. A change in growth strategy of couch grass, from querilla into phalanx, in result of ionic stress, was recorded in populations situated in the vicinity of the smelter.
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Ayres, J. R., J. Awad, H. Burger, J. Marzouk, and J. van Leeuwen. "Investigation of the potential of buffalo and couch grasses to grow on AFIs and for removal of nutrients from paper mill wastewater." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.098.
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Abstract The potential growth of buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and couch grass (Cynodon dactylon) on artificial floating islands (AFIs) and their ability to remove total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from a simulated paper mill wastewater was studied. This was done to assess the potential of AFIs for removal of nutrients from aerated stabilization basins (ASBs) that had occasional growth of blue-green algae (BGA) to bloom levels. Small scale AFIs were prepared using polyethylene foam and planted with the grasses in 30 L of tested water. Trials were conducted in a plastic covered greenhouse over a three-month period where temperatures ranged from 15 to 44 °C. The results showed that both buffalo and couch grasses can adapt to planting in AFIs showing increases of 125% and 148% in wet weight, respectively. Nutrient uptake by buffalo grass and couch grass were found to be similar. Percentage uptakes of TP and TN from the synthetic water by the buffalo grass were 82% and 47%, whereas by couch grass, uptakes were 83% and 45%, respectively.
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Brej, Teresa. "Ecological significance of assimilate distribution in Agropyron repens clones under influence of the copper smelter Legnica." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 70, no. 2 (2014): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2001.019.
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The studies on couch grass (<em>Agropyron repens</em> (L.) P. Beauv.) populations growing in stress conditions in close vicinity of a copper smelter concern the integrity of clonal structure. The connections of tillers within a clone and the interclonal integrity was investigated by means of assimilate translocation, using <sup>14</sup>C. It was found that heavy metal stress affects the phenotypic plasticity of couch grass in regard to clonal growth of the phalanx type. The phalanx type growth is supported by a considerable integration, which allows the redistribution of resources, through internal routes, from places rich in resources to such clone parts, which cover a surface poor in nutritive compounds. In an unpolluted (control) couch grass population representing the guerilla type of growth, the translocation of assimilates concerns only the closest (sister) ramets. The phalanx type of growth in couch grass subjected to contamination favours also the accumulation of organic matter and macronutrients (N, Ca) in zones of occurrence of <em>Agropyron repens</em> clusters, which are in deficit in areas close to the smelter. The irregular accumulation of heavy metals and the deficit of macronutrients in soil, form near the smelter a patchy environment. In this patchy environment couch grass, as one of few plants, finds appropriate conditions for foraging. The whole of factors in the studied polluted area creates a unique dynamic system between couch grass clones and the local ecological conditions.
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Van Toor, R. F., S. F. Chng, R. M. Warren, and R. C. Butler. "Influence of glyphosate herbicide treatment of couch grass on take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici with the addition of soil-borne microorganisms." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 24, 2017): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.48.
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Couch grass rhizomes harbour Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), which causes take-all of wheat. Glyphosate used after cereal harvest to control couch can increase take- all in subsequent wheat crops. Following glyphosate treatment, the colonisation of senescing couch rhizomes by Ggt when treated with the endophytic fungus Microdochium bolleyi, and the spread of Ggt from senescing couch rhizomes to wheat when treated with the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, were investigated in two separate experiments. In Experiment 1, glyphosate increased Ggt inoculum in couch, irrespective of whether M. bolleyi was added to the potting medium. In Experiment 2, take-all severity and Ggt DNA concentration in roots of the accompanying wheat plants tended to decrease with glyphosate treatment of couch and increase only when P. fluorescens was added. Soil-borne microflora in fields containing glyphosate-sprayed couch may affect expression of take-all in subsequent wheat.
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SOON, Y. K., and A. L. DARWENT. "Effect of integrated management of couch grass (Elytrigia repens) on soil quality and crop nutrition." Journal of Agricultural Science 130, no. 3 (May 1998): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697005157.
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The effects of suppressing couch grass (Elytrigia repens L.), through integrated management, on soil biological quality and N and P nutrition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were evaluated in a field experiment (1987–92) on a Dark Grey soil in Alberta, Canada. The management practices consisted of combinations of herbicide application, crop rotations and tillage treatments. The 3-year crop sequences consisted of continuous barley, canola (Brassica rapa L.)–barley–barley, fallow–barley–barley, and barley or canola undersown with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)–red clover green manure–barley. In 1992, the sixth year of the experiment, soil and plant samples were analysed for nutrient content. Treatments that consisted of spring and autumn tillage only did not suppress couch grass and produced low barley yields and N and P uptake. More N was immobilized in couch grass shoots and rhizomes and soil microbial biomass with these treatments than with similar herbicide-treated crop rotations. Tillage-plus-herbicide treatments effectively suppressed couch grass and enabled the barley crop to compete for soil N, however, both spring and autumn tillage were required for weed control. The fallow treatment impaired soil quality by reducing soil and microbial C and N, but produced similar barley yields as continuous cropping with tillage-plus-chemical control. Red clover ploughed in for green manure enhanced soil quality indicators such as soil and microbial biomass C, total and mineralizable soil N, and microbial N, but did not increase barley yield compared to continuous grain cropping.
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Brej, Teresa. "Heavy metal tolerance in Agropyron repens (L.) P. Bauv. populations from the Legnica copper smelter area, Lower Silesia." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 67, no. 3-4 (2014): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1998.041.
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The copper smelter "Legnica" is one of the oldest plants in Lower Silesia. Among the few weed species spontaneously migrating to the area around the emitter there is couch grass (<em>Agropyron repens</em> (L.) P. Bauv.). The purpose of this study was to analyse whether the local couch grass populations, growing at various distances from the smelter, differ in tolerance to heavy metals occurring in this area. The populations were tested for tolerance to five metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni) using the root elongation method. The highest tolerance to Pb developed in two populations localized nearest the smelter. Similarly, all populations of couch grass from the vicinity of the smelter show a high tolerance to copper, particularly the plants from the most contaminated site. The IT for the latter population is almost 1509r, even at the highest dose of Cu. For Zn a nearing IT as for Cu was obtained. Comparing the shape of IT curves for Cd, special emphasis is put on the fact that a fixed tolerance to cadmium occurs only in the population localized closest to the emitter. The analysis of Ni-tolerance curves, of which the content in local soil is minimal, does not confirm the thesis on possibility of development of co-tolerance in the surveyed populations. It appeared that stress conditions existing near the smelter do not inhibit seed production in couch grass, but prevent a successful course of their germination on polluted soil. The improvement of soil even by 50% (addition of unpolluted soil) does not improve the poor process of germination in couch grass growing nearest to the smelter. Of importance is the fact that the highest number of seeds germinated on their own, polluted soil. The need of metals' content for plant germination in populations most distant from the smelter is evidenced by an almost 30% reduction of germination ability of local seeds after addition of unpolluted soil. Another significant observation was the fact that, in spite of a poor germination of seeds on unpolluted soil, the further development of seedlings in populations more distant from the smelter was more intense and faster than on their native polluted soil. Thus, a certain amount of metals may stimulate the germination processes of seeds in tolerant populations, but on the other hand, it may be a hindrance to subsequent juvenile phases. During observations of development of rhizomes, taken from three polluted couch grass populations cultivated on unpolluted soil, in all of them a very slow development of rhizome buds was recorded. However, the slowest rate of appearance of buds was found in the population taken nearest the emitter which, in greenhouse conditions and at lack of metals in soil, showed a markedly poor tendency toward vegetative reproduction. All the contaminated populations display a high activity of peroxidase in leaves and roots, frequently more than twice as high than in control populations. The activity of catalase is also markedly higher, but only in two of the most contaminated populations. The recorded for the first time populations of couch grass tolerant to metals make them useful for recultivation purposes.
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Štýbnarová, Marie, Pavlína Mičová, Hana Karabcová, and Marie Svozilová. "Occurrence of couch grass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski] under different grassland management." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 5 (2013): 1399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051399.
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The objective of this research was to investigate occurrence of common couch grass (Elytrigia repens(L.) Desv. ex Nevski) under different grassland management by means of a small-plot trial. The trial was managed during 2003–2011 with four levels of utilisation: intensive (4 cuts per year, 1stcut on 15 May), medium intensive (3 cuts per year, 1stcut on 30 May), low intensive (2 cuts per year, 1stcut on 15 June), and extensive (2 cuts per year, 1stcut on 30 June). Four rates of fertilisation were applied for each utilisation treatment: nil-fertilisation, P30K60, N90P30K60, and N180P30K60(pure nutrients). The intensively utilised treatments without N fertilisation showed the lowest mean percentage cover of couch (3.0 %, and 2.8 %, respectively). Further, we found a significant increase in couch grass cover (up to about 30 %) as a response to nitrogen fertilisation and it was most significant in grasslands utilised with two cuts per year. It can be concluded that grassland utilisation in three cuts per year and the dose 90 kg.ha−1of nitrogen led to the maintenance of the occurrence of couch at the reasonable level up to 10–15 %.
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Barrett-Lennard, E. G., Sarita Jane Bennett, and M. Altman. "Survival and growth of perennial halophytes on saltland in a Mediterranean environment is affected by depth to watertable in summer as well as subsoil salinity." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 2 (2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12416.
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Farmers need methods for assessing the capability of saltland for productive use based on characteristics that are readily measurable at the paddock scale. We conducted experiments on saltland transects with gradients of salinity and depth to watertable at three sites in south-western Australia. Each was planted with five perennial species with at least some salt tolerance: samphire (Tecticornia mellaria K.A.Sheph.), river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola Paul G.Wilson), small leaf bluebush (Maireana brevifolia (R.Br.) Paul G.Wilson), saltwater couch (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). Survival and growth of species was related to depth to watertable in summer and average subsoil (0.25–0.50 m depth) electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe). It has been hypothesised that plant zonation on land affected by dryland salinity is affected by the level of salinity and waterlogging on sites. While plant survival ≥60% could be associated with particular ranges of depth to watertable and soil salinity, our data suggest that the most important factor affecting survival and growth was the presence of shallow groundwater in summer. The range of depths to watertable in summer associated with ‘good survival’ (≥60%) was 0.7–1.0 m with samphire, 0.7–1.6 m with saltwater couch, 0.8–1.5 m with Rhodes grass, 0.7–2.4 m with river saltbush, and 0.9–2.4 m with small leaf bluebush. The subsoil ECe (95% confidence interval) associated with ‘good survival’ was 5–14 dS/m for Rhodes grass, 6–11 dS/m for small leaf bluebush, 7–11 dS/m for river saltbush, 6–16 dS/m for saltwater couch, and 27–65 dS/m for samphire. Growth of the perennial grasses was strongly affected by the presence of a shallow watertable in summer; the size of saltwater couch and Rhodes grass increased many-fold as watertable depths decreased from ~1.3 to 0.9 m from the soil surface.
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Chunkao, K., O. Phewnil, T. Pattamapitoon, N. Semvimol, and W. Wararam. "Grass filtration in parallel with VFCW technology for community wastewater treatment through the king's initiative nature-by-nature process." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.071.
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The 15-year research is aimed to apply the Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (VFCW) technology along with growing Star, Kallar, Coast couch grasses for community wastewater treatment as obtained from Phetchaburi municipal after anaerobic digesting inside the 18.5 km High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe. The results found that pH value did not evidently show any change of influent to effluent among grass species but drastic change due to treatment efficiency in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKD), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Total Potassium (TK) due to supporting rapidly growing of Star, Kallar, and Coast couch grasses, and also some parts of organic forms to escape from the VFCW technical units as volatile gaseous chemicals; and precipitating down to the VFCW technical unit beds as sludge. The Star and Coast couch grasses showed higher potential in community wastewater treatment efficiency than Kallar grass but treating power were not different in wide ranges. Besides, the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg as example) were contaminated in both treated wastewater and sludge (sediment). However, the influent and effluent as inflow and outflow of VFCW technical units found very low contamination but three grasses (Star, Kallar, and Coast couch) showed their eligibility in treating heavy metals, especially when their age at 45-day growth as the same findings of treating BOD, TKN, TP, and TK according to meet highest treatment efficiency at age of 45 days. In other words, the harvesting age at 45 days was not only reached the maximum treatment efficiency as well as maximum grass biomass but also kept away from heavy contamination.
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Semple, W. S., I. A. Cole, and T. B. Koen. "Native couch grasses for revegetating severely salinised sites on the inland slopes of NSW." Rangeland Journal 26, no. 1 (2004): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj04006.
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Two scalded saline sites on the inland slopes of NSW were selected for an evaluation of ten accessions of warm-season stoloniferous/rhizomatous grass species: common couch (Cynodon dactylon), marine couch (Sporobolus virginicus), rats-tail couch (S. mitchellii), salt-water couch (Paspalum vaginatum), water couch (P. distichum) and one exotic, kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum). Most species performed well at Wagga Wagga but only common couch, marine couch and salt-water couch did at Manildra, where they consistently outperformed the other native species in terms of survival, groundcover and vigour. Salt-water couch had the highest mean vegetative cover at both sites. Differences in salinity, pH (acid cf. alkaline) and particularly topsoil moisture probably accounted for differing plant performances at the two sites. In a follow-up production study of the most successful accessions under relatively dry conditions at Manildra, the 'Yamba' accession of marine couch consistently produced more leaf/seedhead dry matter (1057 � 172 kg/ha) during the growing season than the others. However, salt-water couch consistently produced more ex-plot stolon/rhizome dry matter (974 � 127 kg/ha) than the other two species. This probably explained its ability, unlike marine couch, to maintain groundcover during a regime of regular cutting. Further evaluation under grazing and recreational uses is recommended. The genetic material evaluated was only a small sample of salt-tolerant native grasses. The variable performance of the four accessions of rats-tail couch, for example, suggested that more salt-tolerant types are likely to be found.
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Jones, R. J. "Steer gains, pasture yield and pasture composition on native pasture and on native pasture oversown with Indian couch (Bothriochloa pertusa) at three stocking rates." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 7 (1997): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97032.
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Summary. Pasture production and steer liveweight gain were compared on native pasture (Bothriochloa decipiens, Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra and Chrysopogon fallax) and on native pasture oversown with Indian couch or Indian bluegrass (Bothriochloa pertusa). This grass was not a planned introduction to the area but is spreading in Central and North Queensland and its value as a pasture species is questioned by graziers. There were 3 nominal stocking rates of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 steers/ha. Each paddock was stocked with 3 steers of stratified ages. The experiment was sown in March 1988 and terminated in June 1993. The experiment, sited 50 km south of Townsville in eucalypt woodland on a solodic-solodised-solonetz soil, was sown in March 1988 and terminated in June 1993. Increases in stocking rate resulted in a linear decline in both pasture yield (by 3–5 t/unit increase in stocking rate) and steer gains (by more than 100 kg/unit increase in stocking rate). Differences between pastures were apparent only at the medium and high stocking rates where, over time, Indian couch gave higher pasture yields and steer gains. Younger steers gained far more weight than older steers. Mean gains over 3 years were weaners 125 kg/year, yearlings 93 kg/year and 2-year-old steers 46 kg/year. Native pasture remained fairly stable botanically at the low stocking rate, but the tufted perennial grass species declined at both the medium and high stocking rates. Sowing Indian couch hastened the botanical changes due to stocking rate, and it became the dominant species at these higher stocking rates. At the low stocking rate, the contribution of Indian couch declined from initial values indicating that this is not an invasive species in the area at a low stocking rate. Contribution of Indian couch to pasture yield was linearly related to stocking rate. Nutritional quality of the Indian couch was similar to the other native perennial grasses though calcium concentration was higher. Increased steer gains were related to higher yield on Indian couch pastures at the higher stocking rates rather than to improved quality. Maximum liveweight gain/ha was achieved at about 0.6 steers/ha. Stocking at 0.9 steers/ha was not sustainable. Even at the low stocking rate, steers would need to spend about 2.8 years on the pastures after weaning to reach 500 kg liveweight. It was concluded that B. pertusa is a useful pasture grass in this environment giving steer gains equal to, or higher than, the gains from the native pasture which it replaced.
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Frankow-Lindberg, B. E. "Effect of Couch Grass and Grass Cultivars on Competition Between Timothy and Red Clover." Journal of Applied Ecology 22, no. 2 (August 1985): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403182.
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Zhou, Yi, Christopher J. Lambrides, Jishun Li, Qili Xu, Ruey Toh, Shenzhong Tian, Peizhi Yang, Hetong Yang, Maarten Ryder, and Matthew D. Denton. "Nitrifying Microbes in the Rhizosphere of Perennial Grasses Are Modified by Biological Nitrification Inhibition." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111687.
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Soil nitrification (microbial oxidation of ammonium to nitrate) can lead to nitrogen leaching and environmental pollution. A number of plant species are able to suppress soil nitrifiers by exuding inhibitors from roots, a process called biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). However, the BNI activity of perennial grasses in the nutrient-poor soils of Australia and the effects of BNI activity on nitrifying microbes in the rhizosphere microbiome have not been well studied. Here we evaluated the BNI capacity of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze), saltwater couch (Sporobolus virginicus), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.), and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) compared with the known positive control, koronivia grass (Brachiaria humidicola). The microbial communities were analysed by sequencing 16S rRNA genes. St. Augustinegrass and bermudagrass showed high BNI activity, about 80 to 90% of koronivia grass. All the three grasses with stronger BNI capacities suppressed the populations of Nitrospira in the rhizosphere, a bacteria genus with a nitrite-oxidizing function, but not all of the potential ammonia-oxidizing archaea. The rhizosphere of saltwater couch and seashore paspalum exerted a weak recruitment effect on the soil microbiome. Our results demonstrate that BNI activity of perennial grasses played a vital role in modulating nitrification-associated microbial populations.
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Ringselle, Björn, Benny De Cauwer, Jukka Salonen, and Josef Soukup. "A Review of Non-Chemical Management of Couch Grass (Elymus repens)." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081178.
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Couch grass (Elymus repens) is a morphologically diverse, rhizomatous, perennial grass that is a problematic weed in a wide range of crops. It is generally controlled by glyphosate or intensive tillage in the intercrop period, or selective herbicides in non-susceptible crops. The aim of this review is to determine the efficacy of non-chemical strategies for E. repens control. The review shows that indirect control measures like crop choice, subsidiary crops, and fertilizer regimes influence E. repens abundance, but usually cannot control E. repens. Defoliation (e.g., mowing) can control E. repens growth, but efficacy varies between clones, seasons, and defoliation frequencies. Tillage in the intercrop period is still the main direct non-chemical control method for E. repens and its efficacy can be increased, and negative side-effects minimized by an appropriate tillage strategy. Some new tillage implements are on the market (Kvik-up type machines) or under development (root/rhizome cutters). Alternative methods that can kill E. repens rhizomes (e.g., steaming, soil solarization, biofumigation, hot water, flooding) often have high costs or time requirements. More studies on the effect of cropping system approaches on E. repens and other perennial weeds are needed.
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Boonyaroj, Varinthorn, and Samanya Sanguanpak. "Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Concentrations on Properties of Panicum repens for Pulp and Paper." Applied Mechanics and Materials 866 (June 2017): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.866.216.
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Panicum repens is a species of grass known by many common names, including torpedo grass, creeping panic, panic rampant, couch panicum, wainaku grass, quack grass, dog-tooth grass, and bullet grass. The paper has been made from non-wood materials for long times. This research was used Panicum repens for made grass pulp as non-wood fiber. The influence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations on properties of pulp from Panicum repens was investigated under room temperature. NaOH concentration levels were varied at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. Moreover, Paper pulp from Panicum repens was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). This research has controlled the length of fiber approximately 0.5-2.5 cm before soaked with NaOH concentration at 1 hour and soak with water for controlled pH value at 7-8. Paper pulp was formed on a sieve. The result showed that color of paper pulp made from Panicum repens was light brown and green. SEM showed that NaOH concentration affects the physical properties of paper pulp. Moreover, true density of paper pulp was also investigated in this research.
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Emeka, Okoli Jude, Haslinda Nahazanan, Bahareh Kalantar, Zailani Khuzaimah, and Ojogbane Success Sani. "Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroseeded Vegetation for Slope Reinforcement." Land 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10100995.
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A landslide is a significant environmental hazard that results in an enormous loss of lives and properties. Studies have revealed that rainfall, soil characteristics, and human errors, such as deforestation, are the leading causes of landslides, reducing soil water infiltration and increasing the water runoff of a slope. This paper introduces vegetation establishment as a low-cost, practical measure for slope reinforcement through the ground cover and the root of the vegetation. This study reveals the level of complexity of the terrain with regards to the evaluation of high and low stability areas and has produced a landslide susceptibility map. For this purpose, 12 conditioning factors, namely slope, aspect, elevation, curvature, hill shade, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), terrain roughness index (TRI), distances to roads, distance to lakes, distance to trees, and build-up, were used through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model to produce landslide susceptibility map. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was used for validation of the results. The area under the curve (AUC) values obtained from the ROC method for the AHP model was 0.865. Four seed samples, namely ryegrass, rye corn, signal grass, and couch, were hydroseeded to determine the vegetation root and ground cover’s effectiveness on stabilization and reinforcement on a high-risk susceptible 65° slope between August and December 2020. The observed monthly vegetation root of couch grass gave the most acceptable result. With a spreading and creeping vegetation ground cover characteristic, ryegrass showed the most acceptable monthly result for vegetation ground cover effectiveness. The findings suggest that the selection of couch species over other species is justified based on landslide control benefits.
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Sierota, Z., M. Damszel, M. Borys, and J. A. Nowakowska. "The couch grass rhizome withHeterobasidion annosumfruiting bodies in afforested post-agricultural land." Forest Pathology 46, no. 4 (June 21, 2016): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12289.
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Hedmark, Å., and M. Jonsson. "Treatment of log yard runoff in a couch grass infiltration wetland in Sweden." International Journal of Environmental Studies 65, no. 2 (April 2008): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230701406906.
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CAMMUE, Bruno, Hetty M. STINISSEN, and Willy J. PEUMANS. "A new type of cereal lectin from leaves of couch grass (Agropyrum repens)." European Journal of Biochemistry 148, no. 2 (April 1985): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08841.x.
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Woodhall, J. W., and A. K. Lees. "First report of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 5 (AG5) on couch grass in Britain." Plant Pathology 53, no. 4 (August 2004): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01041.x.
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Marshall, E. J. P. "Interference between sown grasses and the growth of rhizome of Elymus repens (couch grass)." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 33, no. 1 (November 1990): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(90)90140-9.
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Tsukiboshi, T., I. Okabe, and K. Sugawara. "First Report of Blast of Guinea Grass Caused by Pyricularia sp. LS-Group in Japan." Plant Disease 93, no. 12 (December 2009): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-12-1350c.
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Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) is an important C-4 perennial herbage in the southern part of Japan. In February 2002, a blast disease was found on the grass cultivated on the Okinawa Islands, the southern most region of Japan. Early symptoms appeared as small, round or ellipsoid lesions on leaves. Lesions later expanded to 2 to 5 × 1 to 2 mm and were spindle shaped and grayish white in the central area with dark brown margins. We obtained three single-conidia isolates of a Pyricularia-like fungus from the lesions and deposited them in the NIAS Genebank, Japan as MAFF306662, 306671, and 306672. The isolates were grown under near-UV light on V8 juice agar for 7 days to produce conidia, and guinea grass plants of the seven- to eight-leaf stage grown from seeds in a green house, five plants for each isolate, were inoculated by atomizing them with the conidial suspension of 105 conidia/ml. The same number of plants sprayed with sterilized distilled water served as the control. The experiments were repeated twice. All plants were covered with plastic bags for 24 h at 25°C to maintain high relative humidity. After 7 days, all inoculated plants showed symptoms identical to those observed in the field. Controls remained symptom free. The Pyricularia-like fungus was reisolated from lesions on inoculated leaves. The morphologies of the isolates were observed and described from the colonies grown under the condition described above. Conidiophores were pale brown, emerging singly or in small groups, straight or flexuous, geniculate toward the apex, and 36 to 197 × 2 to 5 μm. Conidia were obpyriform, straight, colorless to pale brown, smooth, and 19 to 30 × 5 to 10 μm with two to three septa. The morphologies were the same as those of the description of the genus Pyricularia. Previously, all Pyricularia isolates from Gramineae had been identified as P. grisea, except for those from rice (3,4). However, a new taxonomy of Pyricularia spp. based on DNA analyses was proposed by Couch and Kohn (1). Only the isolates from Digitaria were classified as P. grisea and those from C-3 grasses classified as P. oryzae. However, the species names for the isolates from the other C-4 grasses were not described. We analyzed the sequences of the rDNA-ITS region (ITS1-5.8s-ITS2) and β-tubulin gene of the isolates from guinea grass following Couch and Kohn (1). The sequences of rDNA-ITS (GenBank Accession No. AB512785) and β-tubulin (AB512786) of the isolate MAFF306672 matched the sequences of those of the Pyricularia sp. LS-group (AB274426 and AB274458, respectively) isolated from Leersia oryzoides. Hirata et al. (2) reclassified Pyricularia isolates from Gramineae by multilocus phylogenetic analysis and showed that non-P. oryzae and non-P. grisea isolates could be classified into two groups of the Pyricularia sp., a LS- and a CE-group, corresponding to those isolated from Leersia spp. and Setaria spp. or Cenchrus spp. of grasses, respectively. Since no Magnaporthe teleomorph was produced by the crossing tests using the isolates, we identified the isolates from guinea grass as the Pyricularia sp. LS-group on the basis of their morphology and the molecular phylogenetic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of blast on guinea grass in Japan. References: (1) B. C. Couch and L. M. Kohn. Mycologia 94:683, 2002. (2) K. Hirata et al. Mycol. Res. 111:799, 2007. (3) K. D. Hyde. Australas. Plant Pathol. 22:73, 1993. (4) R. Sprague. Diseases of Cereals and Grasses in North America. Ronald Press Company, New York, 1950.
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Petrova, A. P., E. A. Krasnov, E. V. Saprykina, Yu A. Subbotina, and E. V. Ermilova. "Chemical composition of couch grass and studies of its antioxidant activity in allergic contact dermatitis." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 43, no. 1 (January 2009): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-009-0231-1.
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Tadjieva, G. Z., O. S. Mirzaev, and Kh N. Shadieva. "Skin Test Results in Patients with Allergies in Samarkand Region." Doctor.Ru 19, no. 11 (2020): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-11-56-60.
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Study Objective: To assess skin test results in patients with some allergies. Design: Perspective comparative study. Materials and Methods. We examined 1,963 patients with allergies who presented to Tadjieva Allergo-Medical Service LLC (Samarkand) in 2018–2019. 895 patients consented to and underwent allergy testing with scarification skin tests; they had various allergies (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic bronchitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria). We used 76 types of most common allergens, including 24 plant allergens, 7 domestic allergens, 13 fungal allergens, 3 epidermal allergens, 27 food allergens, histamine and control test. Results. Most common, positive test results were seen with saltwort (42.9%), plantain (39.5%), wormwood (33.7%), pigweed (26.6%), quitch grass (27.3%), cultivated plant mix (corn, rye, barley, oats, wheat) (41.8%), wild grasses (dart grass, scleranthus, bluegrass, ryegrass, brome grass, couch grass, red-tailed fescue grass, foxtail, timothy) (40.4%). In domestic allergens, the highest number of positive test results accounted for Acarus siro (29.1%), Tyrophagus putrescentiae (24.6%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (21.8%), D. farinae (20.9%) mites. Still, the most severe are the diseases caused by hypersensitivity to fungal allergens Аlternaria alternatа (8.7%), Candida (8.9%). Polyvalent sensibilization was recorded in the majority of cases; but it was not a factor of severity and did not correlated with the duration of the disease. Conclusion. The results allow verifying aetiological factors of allergies in each case; later it can be used for targeted molecular diagnosis and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Keywords: allergies, allergen-specific immunotherapy, skin tests, plant, domestic, fungal allergens, polysensitization.
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Robinson, Jonathan. "First report of Diuraphis (Holcaphis) frequens as a pest of wheat in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 6, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72796.
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Colonies of Diuraphis (Holcaphis) frequens (Walker) were found on wheat, Triticum aestivum L. in the vicinity of Jokioinen in south-west Finland in summer 1997. The aphid was present in all wheat fields inspected, and was particularly abundant on spring wheat plants of field and plot margins. The aphid was also common on its recognised, host Elymus repens (L.) Gould (couch grass). Damage symptoms, longitudinal chlorotic streaking of tightly rolled leaves, resembled those caused by Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), the Russian wheat aphid. Diuraphis frequens appears unlikely to become a serious pest of wheat, and its relative abundance during 1997 may have resulted from particularly hot, dry weather.
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Tran, Thi Kim Anh, Rafiquel Islam, Diep Le Van, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Richard Man Kit Yu, and Geoff R. MacFarlane. "Accumulation and partitioning of metals and metalloids in the halophytic saltmarsh grass, saltwater couch, Sporobolus virginicus." Science of The Total Environment 713 (April 2020): 136576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136576.
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Sileshi, Gudeta. "Potential biocontrol agents for the blue couch grass, Digitaria abyssinica (A. Rich.) Stapf., in East Africa." International Journal of Pest Management 43, no. 2 (January 1997): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096708797228906.
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Bergeron, Jean-Marie, and Louise Jodoin. "Plant Composition in Relation to Vole Damage in Coniferous Plantations." Forestry Chronicle 65, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65206-3.
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We analysed the plant composition of several coniferous plantations of Eastern Townships of Quebec to examine the relationships between biomass patterns and levels of damage made by meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to young trees. The biomass of the most abundant grass species was compared in severely damaged, lightly damaged and undamaged plantations. Damage indices per plantation were standardized using the composite Mizushima (1976) index. Total biomass did not differ between the three categories of plantations analysed. However, heavily damaged plantations contained significantly more biomass of Virginia strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) and less of couch-grass (Agropyron repens). Debarking damage by voles was not concentrated on specific coniferous species but occurred rather in meadows where Fragaria was relatively more abundant. To reduce tree loss due to vole debarking, we recommend an initial survey of the biomass be made at future planting sites and seedlings be planted in meadows with low biomass. Sites with low biomass of Fragaria and high biomass of Agropyron would probably be the best ones. Key words: Plantations, conifers, damage, debarking, voles, biomass, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Fragaria virginiana, Agropyron repens, Quebec.
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Niks, Rients E., Skye van Heyzen, Les J. Szabo, and Sisay K. Alemu. "Host status of barley to Puccinia coronata from couch grass and P. striiformis from wheat and brome." European Journal of Plant Pathology 136, no. 2 (February 13, 2013): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-013-0174-y.
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Lembicz, M., K. Górzyńska, and A. Leuchtmann. "Choke Disease Caused by Epichloë bromicola in the Grass Agropyron repens in Poland." Plant Disease 94, no. 11 (November 2010): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-09-0810.
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Agropyron repens (synonym Elymus repens, couch grass) is a species native to Europe and Asia. In Poland, it is a common weed of crop fields. In May 2008, we noticed for the first time symptoms of choke disease (caused by Epichloë spp.) on A. repens at two localities in central Poland. The localities, Pakość (52°47.531′N, 18°06.118′E) and Dulsk (52°45.329′N, 18°20.518′E), are located 16 km apart from each other. The following year, we confirmed the occurrence of choke disease on couch grass at these localities. Stromata were formed on reproductive stems that did not produce inflorescences. They ranged from 16 to 31 mm long and were covered with perithecia 520 to 560 × 160 to 250 μm at a density of 35 to 45 per mm2. Asci measured 270 to 310 × 5.2 to 6.5 μm and ascospores were 225 to 275 × 1.5 to 1.7 μm (specimen deposited in ZT). Morphological characters match with the original description of Epichloë bromicola (4). One strain was isolated from stromatal tissue and the partial DNA sequence of tubB including introns 1 to 3 was obtained as previously described (2). In a phylogenetic analysis, the isolate (GenBank Accession No. GU325782) grouped with Epichloë isolates from other Agropyron spp. from Poland (A. intermedium) and Japan (A. ciliare and A. tsukushiense) and with an isolate from a Roegneria sp. (from China). Experimental mating tests involving isolates from A. intermedium and a Roegneria sp. indicated that these isolates were sexually compatible with Epichloë bromicola from Bromus erectus. Similarly, E. yangsii was compatible with E. bromicola. This suggests that Epichloë isolates from Agropyron, Roegneria, and Bromus hosts form a common mating population, and implies that under a biological species concept the phylogenetic definition of E. bromicola has to be broadened. Epichloë on A. repens has been previously found in Poland (1), Germany (3), Hungary, and Romania (specimen deposited in herbarium of ETH Zurich, ZT) based on incidental records or on herbarium specimens that have been listed under E. typhina. Our study, based on morphology, tubB sequence similarity, and mating compatibility, suggests that the fungus infecting A. repens in Poland is E. bromicola. References: (1) I. Adamska. Acta Mycol. 36:31, 2001. (2) D. Brem and A. Leuchtmann. Evolution 57:37, 2003. (3) J. Kohlmeyer and E. Kohlmeyer. Mycologia 66:77, 1974. (4) A. Leuchtmann and C. L. Schardl. Mycol. Res. 102:1169, 1998.
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Noskova, E. V. "Влияние систем земледелия на показатели обилия сорных растений и урожайность кукурузы." Vestnik APK Verhnevolzh`ia, no. 2(46) (June 30, 2019): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35694/yarcx.2019.46.2.002.
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Исследования проводились на дерновоподзолистой среднесуглинистой почве нормального увлажнения. В опыте изучалось влияние органических и минеральных удобрений в разной дозе на видовой состав сорных растений в посевах и урожайность зелёной массы кукурузы. Применение в посевах кукурузы органоминеральных удобрений с полной и сниженной дозой привело к уменьшению доли участия многолетних видов на 11,1 и 11,5 соответственно, в сравнении с контролем. На данных фонах наблюдалось снижение доли участия пырея ползучего на 5,26,7, осота полевого на 2,83,5, бодяка полевого на 1,53,5, повышение доли участия чистеца болотного на 1,6. Внесение органических удобрений (сидератов, укосов многолетних трав) способствовало повышению доли многолетников на 13,3 в сравнении с контролем. С использованием органической системы земледелия на посевах кукурузы увеличивается доля участия хвоща полевого на 5,6, чистеца болотного на 4,2, осота полевого на 3,7, пырея ползучего на 3,2 снижается доля участия бодяка полевого на 3,6. Наибольшее число видов малолетних сорных растений (11 видов) отмечалось при внесении органоминеральных удобрений с полной дозой. Органическая система земледелия способствовала увеличению доли участия звездчатки средней, дымянки аптечной, яснотки пурпуровой, незабудки полевой, пикульника красивого и снижению доли мари белой, горцев. Урожайность зелёной массы кукурузы повышалась при внесении органоминеральных удобрений в полной дозе на 419 ц/га в сравнении с контролем.Researches were carried out on soddy podzolic medium loamy soil of normal moisture. The trial studied the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers in different doses on the species composition of weedage in sowings and the yield of green mass of corn. The use of organic fertilizer with full and reduced dose in corn sowings led to a decrease in the share of participation of perennial species by 11.1 and 11.5 respectively in comparison with the control. On these backgrounds there was a decrease in the share of participation of couch grass by 5.26.7, field milk thistle by 2.83.5, cursed thistle by 1.53.5, and the increase in the share of clowns woundwort by 1.6. The application of organic fertilizers (green manure, perennial grass cuttings) contributed to an increase in the share of perennials by 13.3 compared with the control. With the use of organic farming on corn sowings the share of participation of bottle brush increased by 5.6, clowns woundwort by 4.2, field milk thistle by 3.7, couch grass by 3.2 the share of participation of the cursed thistle decreases by 3.6. The largest number of species of very yuong weed plants (11 species) was observed when organic fertilizers were applied with a full dose. The organic farming system contributed to an increase in the share of participation of chickweed satin flower, drug fumitory, rabbitmeat, field scorpion grass, bee nettle and a decrease in the proportion of Chenopodium album and pepper plants. The yield of green mass of corn increased with the introduction of organic fertilizers in the full dose of 419 centner/ha in comparison with the control.
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James, T. K., and A. Rahman. "Control of couch (Elytrigia repens) and mercer grass (Paspalum distichum) in maize with nicosulfuron." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 50 (August 1, 1997): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1997.50.11305.
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Semple, W. S., I. A. Cole, T. B. Koen, D. Costello, and D. Stringer. "Native couch grasses for revegetating severely salinised sites on the inland slopes of NSW. Part 2." Rangeland Journal 28, no. 2 (2006): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06004.
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Perennial ‘couch’ grasses that reproduce from rhizomes and or stolons have some advantages on scalded saline sites where they can reproduce in situations that are often hostile to germination and establishment of obligate seeders. Promising couch grass species from an earlier evaluation at Wagga Wagga and Manildra were Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum vaginatum, Sporobolus virginicus and, to a lesser extent, Sporobolus mitchellii. This paper reports results of a subsequent evaluation of these species as well as Eragrostis dielsii and Distichlis distichophylla at 3 other saline sites (Burrumbuttock, Cudal and Cundumbul). All accessions were established vegetatively and assessed for vigour and survival (all sites), groundcover production and its relationship with EC and pH (2 sites), biomass production, forage value and the effect of regular cutting on groundcover (1 site). S. virginicus appeared the most tolerant to saline conditions and produced high levels of groundcover and biomass but was sensitive to regular defoliation. At the 2 alkaline sites, C. dactylon and D. distichophylla generally outperformed the other accessions in terms of persistence and groundcover but appeared to be relatively low in forage value, and D. distichophylla appeared to have significant weed potential. Paspalum vaginatum produced high groundcover and relatively high biomass of moderate forage value at Burrumbuttock but performed poorly at the other sites. S. mitchellii and E. dielsii persisted on the more benign sites producing only low amounts of dry matter and groundcover and may be useful for environmental plantings where low weed potential is paramount. Despite spatially intensive testing of the topsoil chemistry, there were no obvious relationships between EC or pH and plant performance at the 2 main trial sites – a possible consequence of vegetative propagation.
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Dhanalakshmi, Kandaswamy, Periyakali Bhavan, Gopalan Rajkumar, Virumandi Nathiya, Veeran Srinivasan, and Thangavelu Satgurunathan. "Phytochemical Characterization of Couch Grass (Cynodon dactylon) and Its Growth Promoting Potential on the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post-Larvae." British Biotechnology Journal 14, no. 2 (January 10, 2016): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bbj/2016/26863.
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Elouaqoudi, Fatima Zahra, Loubna El Fels, Soumia Amir, Georges Merlina, Abdelilah Meddich, Laurent Lemee, André Ambles, and Mohamed Hafidi. "Lipid signature of the microbial community structure during composting of date palm waste alone or mixed with couch grass clippings." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 97 (January 2015): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.08.016.
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Niks, Rients E., Sisay K. Alemu, Thierry C. Marcel, and Skye van Heyzen. "Mapping genes in barley for resistance to Puccinia coronata from couch grass and to P. striiformis from brome, wheat and barley." Euphytica 206, no. 2 (July 22, 2015): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1516-y.
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Martin, P. K., M. Taeb, and R. M. D. Koebner. "The Effect of Photoperiod Insensitivity on the Salt Tolerance of Amphiploids between Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Sand Couch Grass (Thinopyrum bessarabicum)." Plant Breeding 111, no. 4 (December 1993): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1993.tb00643.x.
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Pathan, S. M., L. Barton, and T. D. Colmer. "Evaluation of a soil moisture sensor to reduce water and nutrient leaching in turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Wintergreen)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 2 (2007): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05189.
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This study evaluated water application rates, leaching and quality of couch grass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Wintergreen) under a soil moisture sensor-controlled irrigation system, compared with plots under conventional irrigation scheduling as recommended for domestic lawns in Perth, Western Australia by the State’s water supplier. The cumulative volume of water applied during summer to the field plots of turfgrass with the sensor-controlled system was 25% less than that applied to plots with conventional irrigation scheduling. During 154 days over summer and autumn, about 4% of the applied water drained from lysimeters in sensor-controlled plots, and about 16% drained from lysimeters in plots with conventional irrigation scheduling. Even though losses of mineral nitrogen via leaching were extremely small (representing only 1.1% of the total nitrogen applied to conventionally irrigated plots), losses were significantly lower in the sensor-controlled plots. Total clippings produced were 18% lower in sensor-controlled plots. Turfgrass colour in sensor-controlled plots was reduced during summer, but colour remained acceptable under both treatments. The soil moisture sensor-controlled irrigation system enabled automatic implementation of irrigation events to match turfgrass water requirements.
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Kryukova, Kristina Dmitrievna, and Valeriya Olegovna Gresis. "Differences in biological efficiency of one- and two-component graminicide on sugar beet crops in Tula region." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 16, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2021-16-2-129-136.
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One of the most urgent tasks in sugar beet production for Russia today is irregularities in cultivation technology and a low-efficiency crop protection. It leads to a high level of weed infestation of agricultural fields. Developing and identifying the most efficient, selective and accessible herbicides, which have low phytotoxicity, do not have a negative effect on soil chemical characteristics and can be used in sugar beet cultivation is relevant today. The aim of this study was to examine and compare biological efficiency of various doses and concentrations of one- and two-component graminicides on sugar beet crops against the following weeds: Cockspur grass Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Wild millet Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. and Couch Grass Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski. The experiment was conducted on the territory of the Tula region in 2020. The total field experiment area was 480 m2. Application of clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (0.5 l/ha) resulted in reducing the number and weight of annual weeds by 6471 %, reducing the number and weight of perennial weeds by 5458 %, which had the same efficiency as clethodim (0.6 l/ha). The efficiency of clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (1.0 l/ha) was higher than Clethodim (0.6 l/ha) and amounted to 7387 % of reduction in the number of weeds compared to the control, but was lower than Clethodim (1.8 l/ha), which resulted in 8995 % reduction in the number of weeds compared to the control. The highest sugar beet yields were obtained in the variants with clethodim (1.8 l/ha) and two-component herbicide (1 l/ha), which amounted to 28 and 25 % yield increase, in comparison with the control.
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Bakalova, A. V., N. V. Hrytsiuk, and N. M. Tkalenko. "Special aspects of the development of black currant bushes depending on weediness level in the Ukrainian polissia." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_161.
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We studied the weeds species composition in the black currantplantations of Ukrainian Polissia. The species composition of weeds has been analyzedand is was typical for thisarea. Twelve weed species were found during the study; they included annual (89.8%) and perennial ones (10.2%). A number of species were prevalent among the perennial weeds, namely common dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWigg.) –2.5 pcs/m2, field milk thistle (Sonchus arvensisL.) –2.8 pcs/m2, couch grass (Elytrigia repensL.) –8.8 pcs/m2, and field sorrel (Rumex acetostellaL.) –3.2 pcs/m2. The most common annual species of weeds were lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium albumL.) –44.2 pcs/m2, shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastorisL.) –36.3 pcs/m2, smooth meadow grass (Poa annuaL.) –25.1 pcs/m2, and Amaranthus retroflexus(Amaranthus retroflexusL.) –19.6 pcs/m2. Throughout the study period, the least common weeds in black currant plantations were chickweed (Stellaria mediaL.) –14.8 pcs/m2, annual nettle (Urtica urensL.) –1.6 pcs/m2, quickweed (Galinsoga parvifloraCav.) –9.1 pcs/m2, and field pansy (Viola arvensisMurr.)–2.6 pcs/m2. We registered that with theweediness of 8-9 points the area of black currant leaves from a bush decreases by 1.9 m2, while the chlorophyll content in the leaves reduced by 20.8mg/100g. On the contrary, the dry matter content inleaves increasedfrom 29 to 61%. Significant negative effect of weeds on the activity of black currant and leads to a decrease in plant tolerance againstthe sucking pests and diseases. Thus, under high and very high weediness (8-9 points),the development of anthracnose (Gioesporium ribisMont.) was 32–48%, powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca mors Uvae.) and septoria blight (Mycosphaerella ribisLind.) were 16 and 15% respectively. We proved that a high weediness level reduces the yield of berriesby 56%in black currant plantations.
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Rakhmatulin, Ildar, and Christian Andreasen. "A Concept of a Compact and Inexpensive Device for Controlling Weeds with Laser Beams." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101616.
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A prototype of a relatively cheap laser-based weeding device was developed and tested on couch grass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski) mixed with tomatoes. Three types of laser were used (0.3 W, 1 W, and 5 W). A neural network was trained to identify the weed plants, and a laser guidance system estimated the coordinates of the weed. An algorithm was developed to estimate the energy necessary to harm the weed plants. We also developed a decision model for the weed control device. The energy required to damage a plant depended on the diameter of the plant which was related to plant length. The 1 W laser was not sufficient to eliminate all weed plants and required too long exposure time. The 5 W laser was more efficient but also harmed the crop if the laser beam became split into two during the weeding process. There were several challenges with the device, which needs to be improved upon. In particular, the time of exposure needs to be reduced significantly. Still, the research showed that it is possible to develop a concept for laser weeding using relatively cheap equipment, which can work in complicated situations where weeds and crop are mixed.
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Kutt, A. S., and J. E. Kemp. "Native plant diversity in tropical savannas decreases when exotic pasture grass cover increases." Rangeland Journal 34, no. 2 (2012): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11048.
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The invasion of exotic plants into savanna ecosystems can disrupt the natural pattern of vegetation. Indian couch Bothriochloa pertusa was introduced into Australia as a species for rehabilitation of degraded grazing land. In this study the effect of increasing B. pertusa cover on native plant diversity and possible mechanisms of its spread were examined. Forty sites were sampled in uncleared Queensland rangelands with a range of B. pertusa and Bothriochloa ewartiana (a native species) cover. The mean number of native species per quadrat declined with increasing B. pertusa cover but remained stable over sites with increasing B. ewartiana cover. Mean species richness accumulated at a significantly lower rate for sites with B. pertusa present. Canonical analysis of principle coordinates suggested that three groups of sites, ranging from low to high species richness and cover of native plants, were correlated along gradients of B. pertusa cover, grazing intensity and basal area of dead trees. Generalised linear modelling indicated significant negative relationships between B. pertusa cover and total ground cover, forbs and perennial grass richness and cover, and cover of nine native perennial tussock grasses (Aristida leptopoda, B. decipiens, B. ewartiana, Chrysopogon fallax, Dichanthium fecundum, D. sericeum, Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus and Themeda triandra). This study suggests that an increase in B. pertusa is associated with a substantial change in the cover and species richness of native plant communities. This was considered to occur via competitive effects as well as a result of cattle grazing, rainfall deficit and tree death. Regardless of the mechanism, continued spread of exotic pasture species has the potential to cause significant changes to rangeland biodiversity.
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Aronsson, Helena, Björn Ringselle, Lars Andersson, and Göran Bergkvist. "Combining mechanical control of couch grass (Elymus repens L.) with reduced tillage in early autumn and cover crops to decrease nitrogen and phosphorus leaching." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 102, no. 3 (June 27, 2015): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-015-9712-7.
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Ariunaa, O., and M. Otgonsuren. "RESULT OF HERBICIDES APPLIED AGAINST OF WEEDS IN SOYBEAN FIELD." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 2 (June 22, 2015): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v13i2.521.
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Herbicides, if used properly, are safe and effective in controlling weeds in soybean. The choice of herbicide, however, depends on the predominant weed species and the availability of the herbicide. Chemical control is currently the most widely used control for soybean crops, due to its ease of control and to the small areas planted in Mongolia. In the soybean field the 15species of weeds belonging to 9 families, 12 genus including 62.5 % annual, 37.5%perennial weeds are distributed.The major grassy weeds; Common millet-(Panicummiliaceum L), Couch grass-(Agropyronrepens L), Bristlegrass-(Seteriaviridis L) sp and broadleaved weeds Redroot Pigweed-(Amaranthtusretro flexus),lambs guarters-(Chenopodium album), AristateGoosfoot-(Chenopodiumaristatum L), Black bindweed-(Polygonum convolvulus), Mallow weed-(Malvamochileviensis Down), Field bindweed-(Convolvulus arvensis), Bristhly thistle-(Cirsiumsetosum ), Dwarf bifurcate cinquefoil -(Potentillabifurca), Perennial Sowthisle-(Sonchusarvensis L) weeds have been distributed in the soybean field.In soybean field the Forward herbicide were applied in doses of 1.0-1.2l/ha have reduced the number of weeds by 90.1-91.6%, weight by 59.5-66.1% and super herbicide Gallantsuper applied in doses of 0.45-0.65l/ha have reduced the number of weeds by 91.0-95.0%, weight by 39.5-59.8% while Cobra herbicide applied in doses of 0.45-0.55l/ha used in broadleaved weed distributed field, have reduced the number of weeds by 90.2-94.6% and weight by 42.7-50.7%. The herbicide application increased of yield hectare by 3.6-9.0 center.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 76-79
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Orr, D. M., and D. G. Phelps. "Impacts of level of utilisation by grazing on an Astrebla (Mitchell grass) grassland in north-western Queensland between 1984 and 2010. 2. Plant species richness and abundance." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 1 (2013): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11069.
Full textAbstract:
The occurrence of interstitial species in Astrebla grasslands in Australia are influenced by grazing and seasonal rainfall but the interactions of these two influences are complex. This paper describes three studies aimed at determining and explaining the changes in plant species richness and abundance of the interstitial species in a long-term sheep utilisation experiment in an Astrebla grassland in northern Queensland. In the first study, increasing utilisation increased the frequency of Dactyloctenium radulans (Button grass) and Brachyachne convergens (Downs couch) and reduced that of Streptoglossa adscendens (Mint bush). In the second study, seasonal rainfall variation between 1984 and 2009 resulted in large annual differences in the size of the seed banks of many species, but increasing utilisation consistently reduced the seed bank of species such as Astrebla spp. and S. adscendens and increased that of species such as B. convergens, D. radulans, Amaranthus mitchellii (Boggabri) and Boerhavia sp. (Tar vine). In the third study, the highest species richness occurred at the lightest utilisation because of the presence of a range of palatable forbs, especially legumes. Species richness was reduced as utilisation increased. Species richness in the grazing exclosure was low and similar to that at the heaviest utilisation where there was a reduction in the presence of palatable forb species. The pattern of highest species richness at the lightest grazing treatment was maintained across three sampling times, even with different amounts of seasonal rainfall, but there was a large yearly variation in both the density and frequency of many species. It was concluded that the maintenance of highest species richness at the lightest utilisation was not aligned with other data from this grazing experiment which indicated that the maximum sustainable wool production occurred at moderate utilisation.
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Orr, D. M., and D. G. Phelps. "Corrigendum to: Impacts of level of utilisation by grazing on an Astrebla (Mitchell grass) grassland in north-western Queensland between 1984 and 2010. 2. Plant species richness and abundance." Rangeland Journal 36, no. 3 (2014): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11069_co.
Full textAbstract:
The occurrence of interstitial species in Astrebla grasslands in Australia are influenced by grazing and seasonal rainfall but the interactions of these two influences are complex. This paper describes three studies aimed at determining and explaining the changes in plant species richness and abundance of the interstitial species in a long-term sheep utilisation experiment in an Astrebla grassland in northern Queensland. In the first study, increasing utilisation increased the frequency of Dactyloctenium radulans (Button grass) and Brachyachne convergens (Downs couch) and reduced that of Streptoglossa adscendens (Mint bush). In the second study, seasonal rainfall variation between 1984 and 2009 resulted in large annual differences in the size of the seed banks of many species, but increasing utilisation consistently reduced the seed bank of species such as Astrebla spp. and S. adscendens and increased that of species such as B. convergens, D. radulans, Amaranthus mitchellii (Boggabri) and Boerhavia sp. (Tar vine). In the third study, the highest species richness occurred at the lightest utilisation because of the presence of a range of palatable forbs, especially legumes. Species richness was reduced as utilisation increased. Species richness in the grazing exclosure was low and similar to that at the heaviest utilisation where there was a reduction in the presence of palatable forb species. The pattern of highest species richness at the lightest grazing treatment was maintained across three sampling times, even with different amounts of seasonal rainfall, but there was a large yearly variation in both the density and frequency of many species. It was concluded that the maintenance of highest species richness at the lightest utilisation was not aligned with other data from this grazing experiment which indicated that the maximum sustainable wool production occurred at moderate utilisation.
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Dalinova, Anna, Leonid Chisty, Dmitry Kochura, Varvara Garnyuk, Maria Petrova, Darya Prokofieva, Anton Yurchenko, et al. "Isolation and Bioactivity of Secondary Metabolites from Solid Culture of the Fungus, Alternaria sonchi." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010081.
Full textAbstract:
The fungus, Alternaria sonchi is considered to be a potential agent for the biocontrol of perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis). A new chlorinated xanthone, methyl 8-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-chloro-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (1) and a new benzophenone derivative, 5-chloromoniliphenone (2), were isolated together with eleven structurally related compounds (3–13) from the solid culture of the fungus, which is used for the production of bioherbicidal inoculum of A. sonchi. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic (mostly by NMR and MS) methods. Alternethanoxins A and B, which were reported in A. sonchi earlier, were re-identified as moniliphenone and pinselin, respectively. The isolated compounds were tested for phytotoxic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, cytotoxic and esterase-inhibition activities. They did not demonstrate high phytotoxicity (lesions up to 2.5 mm in diameter/length at a concentration of 2 mg/mL) when tested on leaf disks/segments of perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) and couch grass (Elytrigia repens). They did not possess acute toxicity to Paramecium caudatum, and showed moderate to low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 25 µg/mL) for U937 and K562 tumor cell lines. However, chloromonilicin and methyl 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-chloro-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (4) were shown to have antimicrobial properties with MIC 0.5–5 µg/disc. Compound 4 and chloromonilinic acid B were found to have contact insecticidal activity to wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum) at 1 mg/mL. Compounds 2 and methyl 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate displayed selective carboxylesterase inhibition activity at concentration of 100 µg/mL. Therefore, the waste solid substrate for production of A. sonchi spores can be re-utilized for the isolation of a number of valuable natural products.
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Veškrna, O., J. Chrpová, V. Šíp, T. Sedláček, and P. Horčička. "Reaction of wheat varieties to infection with barley yellow dwarf virus and prospects for resistance breeding." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 45, No. 2 (July 1, 2009): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/32/2009-cjgpb.
Full textAbstract:
The reaction of winter and spring wheat to infection with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV) was evaluated in three-year small-plot field trials on 71 wheat varieties registered in the Czech Republic and at two locations for two years on 63 selected potential sources of resistance. Disease symptoms (VSS) were visually recorded using a 0–9 scale and the percent reduction of grain weight per spike (GWS-R) was measured on twenty plants per plot. The evaluation showed that among the registered varieties of winter and spring wheat no variety had a high resistance to BYDV (with VSS lower than 3.5). GWS-R ranged between 24% and 60%. Higher variability in VSS was detected for the registered varieties of spring wheat compared to winter wheat. Among the registered varieties of winter wheat, Saskia, Rialto, Meritto, Rexia, and Svitava, as well as the spring wheat Leguan, received the best long-term evaluations. The highest level of resistance was detected for the PSR 3628 line (a hybrid of wheat and couch-grass), but in connection with a low agronomic value. The WKL91-138 line of spring wheat and some varieties (lines) with the detected moderate level of resistance, in particular, could offer good prospects for use in breeding. The presence of the Bdv2 gene was expressed only in the reduction of virus content on the 11<sup>th</sup> day after inoculation. Nevertheless, genotypes carrying this gene were evaluated in field trials as susceptible or very susceptible to infection with the Czech PAV isolate. Similarly, the presence of the Bdv1 gene detected with the help of WMS130 marker was no assurance of an increased level of resistance to BYDV. Hybridological analyses of crosses with the WKL91-138 line showed a polygenic nature of inheritance. Thus, the marker-assisted selection does not obviously promise success without a focus on detecting a larger number of QTLs.
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Riznyk, V. "Reliable protection of lentils against weeds." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 2-3 (March 19, 2020): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2020.2-3.53-57.
Full textAbstract:
Goal. To identify the features of the infestation of crops of lentils and improve on this basis, the elements of chemical protection from adverse impact of weeds.
Methods. Field experiments were laid out in 2016—2019 according to the scheme: 1. Clogged control. 2. “Clean” control. 3. Gesagard 500 WF + Panther 4%, K. E. (3 l/ ha + 1 l/ ha). 4. Zenkor 70 WG + Targa Super, k.e. (0.6 l/ ha + 1.0 l/ ha). 5. Stomp 330, k.e. + FUSILADE Forte 150 EC, k.e. (3.0 l/ ha + 0.7 l/ ha).
Results. The contamination of crops of lentils in the years of research had mixed. As a result of pre-release areas from the presence of perennial plants (couch grass, convolvulus arvensis) weeds, mostly introduced annual grasses and dicotyledonous species. The most widespread in crops were plants of foxtail glaucous — 19.5 pieces/ m2 (22.5% in the structure of impurity), Echinochloa ordinary and 17.3 (19.9%), amaranth thrown back to 10.7 (12.3%), nightshade black — 6,8 pieces/ m2 (7.8%). In General, the time of counts (end of III decade of may) the number of weeds was 86.7 pieces/ m2. Use for protection of lentil combinations of herbicides of soil action of Gezagard 500 FW, k.s. (3.0 l/ ha) and graminicide Panther, 4% k.e. (1.0 l/ ha) reduced the ability of those present in the crops of weeds to form their mass. In average per years of research, the mass of weeds in crops of version 3 testing amounted to a total of 388 g/ m2 or 13.6% of the weedy control. Herbicides provided the reduction of the mass of weeds in 86.4%.
Conclusions. In terms of the use of herbicides of Gezagard 500 FW, k.s. (3.0 l/ ha) + Panther, 4% k.e. (1.0 l/ ha) received an average of 1.49 t/ ha of seeds, or 83.7% of the maximum in the testing of the level of harvest. Much more effective was the use Zenkor 70 WG, v.g. (0.6 l/ ha) Targa Super 5% k.e. (1.0 l/ ha) and stomp 330, k.e. (3.0 l/ ha) + FUSILADE Forte 15% k.e. (0.7 l/ ha), which provided the formation of 1.61 and 1.56 t/ ha of seeds, 90.4 and 87.6% of the “clean” control, respectively.
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Mitkowski, N. A. "First Report of Leaf and Sheath Spot Caused by Rhizoctonia zeae Affecting Panicum tennesseense in Rhode Island." Plant Disease 87, no. 8 (August 2003): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.8.1006c.
Full textAbstract:
Panicum tennesseense Ashe is a perennial, coarse-textured, cool-season grass (similar in appearance to many warm-seasoned grasses), which grows in the southern coastal areas of New England and is commonly found in home lawns, roadsides, and meadows. In August 2002, a large stand of P. tennesseense with significant leaf spotting was identified in Washington County, RI. Lesions were excised, surface sterilized with 0.6% sodium hypochlorite, and plated on one-half-strength potato dextrose agar (PDA). Cultures were incubated at 25°C, and mycelia quickly covered plates within 3 days. After 2 weeks in darkness, plates were covered with white, aerial mycelium. When placed under near-UV light, no aerial mycelium was produced, and mycelia were a salmon color. After 5 weeks, separate, spherical, 0.5-mm-diameter beige sclerotia were produced submerged throughout the media and turned red within a few days. Sclerotia were not produced in the absence of near-UV light. Spores were not produced, and right-angled branching, characteristic of Rhizoctonia spp., was observed. Monilioid hyphae were also produced in culture. At the optimal growth temperature of 32°C, mycelia grew an average of 33.6 mm/day. Cells were stained using safranin, and the number of nuclei observed within young hyphal cells was five or seven. On the basis of the described mycelial and sclerotial characterisitics, the isolated fungus was identified as Rhizoctonia zeae (1,2). To demonstrate pathogenicity, plugs of isolated fungi were cut from PDA plates, placed on leaf blades at the junction with leaf sheaths, and incubated in a greenhouse humidity chamber at an average temperature of 32°C and 80% humidity. After 3 days, significant disease was observed and included blighting of newly emerged shoots, blighting and spotting on leaf sheaths, and severe spotting on leaf lamina. Whereas Rhizoctonia solani has been reported as a pathogen on P. tennesseense, to our knowledge, this is the first report of R. zeae induced leaf and sheath spot on this host (1). References: (1) H. Couch. Diseases of Turfgrasses. Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, FL, 1995. (2) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 1991.