Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Couche tampon'
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Ayachi, Boubakeur. "Towards full sputtering deposition process for CIGS solar cell fabrication : from single thin film deposition up to device characterization." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10150/document.
Full textNowadays, and after more than four decades of research and development of the CIS based technology, a direct competition with silicon technology is still far from being won; however there exists some niche markets where the silicon technology cannot be used (flexible photovoltaic) or less favourable (BIPV). The current fabrication processes are still suffering from some drawbacks: (i) some of the used materials and/or techniques have a large environmental footprint (CBD-CdS/CBD-ZnSxO1-x), (ii) some developed alternatives are expensive (evaporated InxSy), (iii) the used techniques are not easily up scalable (evaporation) or based on the use of toxic atmospheres (Se based). This PhD work presents our strategy in moving towards a full sputtering process and in using only environmentally friendly materials. In this framework, we kept using standard material and process for the deposition of the back contact layer. We developed a new process for the deposition of the absorber layer which is based on pulsed DC-magnetron sputtering at room temperature from a single quaternary target without any additional selenium supply, followed by an annealing under inert atmosphere. We developed a room temperature sputtering process for the deposition of the ZnSxO1-x buffer layer. We also developed our appropriate pulsed DC and RF sputtering processes for the deposition of the window layer. Several characterisation techniques (XRD, SEM, FIB-SEM, EDX, Raman, SIMS, Hall Effect, GDOES, UV-Vis, and I-V) have been used to investigate the effect of deposition conditions on thin films properties as well as to characterize the final solar cells which best efficiency result is slightly under 12%
Laurencic, Christopher. "Cellules solaires en couches minces à base de jonctions Cu(In,Ga)Se2/sulfure d’indium co-évaporé : influence des interfaces sur les performances photovoltaïques." Nantes, 2013. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=06809252-165b-4dc9-9bca-8b627e3a3c45.
Full textThis work deals with solar cells having a glass/Mo/Cu(In,Ga)Se2/In2S3/i-ZnO/ZnO:Al structure. In particular the influence of the hetero-interfaces (CIGSe/In2S3 and In2S3/i-ZnO) has been investigated. The impact of the substrate temperature during indium sulfide buffer layer co-evaporation and its thickness has shown the crucial influence the presence of sodium compounds at the In2S3/i-ZnO interface on the optoelectronic behaviour of the solar cells. An operating model of the solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 with co-evaporated In2S3 buffer layer has been submitted to explain the obtained results. It suggests that, in the case of this work, the low doping of the buffer layer leads to a p-i-n structure, detrimental for the optoelectronic properties of the solar cell. Simulations have been performed and support this hypothesis. This new interpretation for the behaviour of the electronic junction suggests paths for improvement, specifically by increasing the n-type character of In2S3 based buffer layers, for example, by doping them with tin
El, jouad Zouhair. "Réalisation et caractérisation des cellules photovoltaïques organiques." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0022/document.
Full textThis thesis concerns elaboration and characterization of classical and inverse organic photovoltaic cells, specifically improving the anodic and cathodic buffer layers. We started by improving the cathode buffer layers with different electron donors: copper phthalocyanine CuPc, subphtalocyanine SubPc and thiophene derivatives (BSTV and BOTV). In the first case of electron donor (CuPc), we highlighted the effect of the thin layer of cesium compound, used as a cathodic buffer layer in inverse cells, on the collection of electrons after heat treatment.We have also shown that the hybrid cathodic buffer layer, Alq3 (9 nm) / Ca (3nm) improves the cell performance whatever the electron donor without annealing. In the case of thiophene derivatives, we have shown how the morphology of the organic layers surface can influence the performance of organic photovoltaic cells. In the case of SubPc used in inverse cells, we studied the effect of the deposition rate of the layer on the morphology of SubPc surface.Regarding the improvement of the anodic buffer layers, we investigated those based on the SubPc and pentathiophene (5T) in classical cells. After optimization of the electron donors thickness, we have shown that the bilayer MoO3 (3 nm) / CuI (1.5 nm) used as an anodic buffer layer, improves cell performances, whatever the electron donor. In the case of SubPc, we obtained a efficiency approaching 5%
Nguyen, Duc-Tuong. "Utilisation d’un oxyde comme couche tampon à l’interface électrode/semi-conducteur organique dans une cellule photovoltaïque." Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=ee999c44-b1be-41e0-8376-9366df9762a7.
Full textThis work involved the use of an oxide as the buffer layer at the electrode / organic semiconductor interface in a photovoltaic cell in order to increase the efficiency and lifetime. Currently the efficiency of organic solar cells is restricted by the high potential barrier at the electrode / semiconductor contact and inefficiencies in the transport of electric charges to the electrodes. Our study focuses on the optimization of NiO thin films deposited by reactive sputtering DCMS and HIPIMS. We have shown that the discharge conditions such as pressure, power and percentage of reactive gas play an important role on the properties of NiO thin films. The films were well crystallized with a preferential orientation (111) or (200) related to the sub-stoichiometric in oxygen or nickel. The deviation from stoichiometry leads to an increase of the conductivity but also to a decrease of the transmittance. After annealing processing, these films became transparent whatever their initial composition while maintaining a preferred orientation which is representative of their initial oxygen content. For NiO thin films deposited by HIPIMS we have proved that it was possible to precisely control the amount of oxygen in our films by varying the pulse width but also possible to adjust the optical gap from 3. 28 eV up 4. 18 eV. Then we have shown that by introducing a thin layer of NiO at the ITO / Organic semi-conductor interface, the performance and the lifetime of organic solar cells could be improve by 3 and more than 17 times respectively. Finally, we optimized electrical and optical properties of multilayer structures MoO3/Ag/MoO3 that could eventually replace the ITO by a structure MoO3 (20 nm) / Ag (10 nm) / MoO3 (35 nm)
Hildebrandt, Thibaud. "Optimisation des interfaces absorbeur/couche tampon/fenêtre avant dans les cellules solaires à base de Cu(In,Ga)Se2." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066720.
Full textThe replacement of CdS-based buffer layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells has been one of the main challenges of the research community for the last decade. Today, one of the most promising alternative material is the chemically bath deposited Zn(S,O,OH). Because of its low deposition rate and of metastable behavior, it becomes necessary to proceed to an optimization of experimental conditions and of the various interfaces. The first part of this work has been dedicated to the optimization of the deposition bath thanks to the introduction of new additives. It has been possible to underline the additive effects on both the deposition rate and on the chemical composition of the deposited layers. The second part of this work has been dedicated to the optimization of the (Zn,Mg)O/ZnO:Al window layer. Thanks to an improvement of the sputtering conditions, it has been possible to reduce metastability of the solar cells, and to limit sodium migration up to the Zn(S,O,OH) layer. These optimized conditions combined to the variation of the CIGSe surface composition have allowed us to outperform CdS-based references solar cells
Duszynski, Isabelle. "Réalisation et caractérisation électrique de transistors HEMTs AlInAs/GaInAs de longueur de grille sub-50 nanomètres et de transistors sans couche tampon." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-346.pdf.
Full textAinsi, en augmentant ce rapport à 1,5 (cas des transistors sur barrière fine), on obtient une fréquence ft de 253GHz et une fréquence fmax de 380GHz. La dernière structure, à barrière fine et mixte, nous a permis d'obtenir des fréquences ft de l'ordre de 270GHz rien qu'en augmentant légèrement l'épaisseur de la barrière (puisque la grille a été déposée sur la Couche d'InP). Ces premiers résultats indiquent les potentialités offertes par l'utilisation d'une barrière Schottky mixte. Ces résultats pourraient être améliorés par l'utilisation d'un "double recess", ce qui permettrait de diminuer les zones trop importantes d'extensions de recess, à l'origine de la dégradation des performances fréquentielles de ces composants ultimes. L'amélioration de certains paramètres électriques liée à l'utilisation d'un recess mieux adapté permettrait d'aboutir à une fréquence ft de 520GHz, proche de l'état de l'art. Néanmoins, la réduction des dimensions atteint des limites, c'est pourquoi nous avons envisagé d'étudier des composants en rupture technologique avec les précédents transistors appelés "transistors sans couche tampon". L'idée est de venir supprimer la couche tampon qui est à l'origine d'une augmentation de la conductance de sortie par l'injection de porteurs dans cette couche. La réalisation technologique de ces composants est basée sur la technique de report de substrat, qui a été mise au point et adaptée à la réalisation d'un HEMT sans couche tampon. Les premiers résultats électriques indiquent que la technique de report de substrat affecte peu les caractéristiques de la couche active. Bien que nous ayons réalisé les premiers transistors sans couche tampon de longueur de grille 100nm, les caractéristiques électriques observées ne sont pas celles escomptées. Toutefois l'origine de ces faibles performances a été identifïée, et des solutions d'amélioration sont proposées
Couzinie-Devy, François. "Cellules solaires à base de Cu(In,Ga)Se² : adaptation des propriétés de l'absorbeur à la couche tampon d'(In,Al)²S3 co-évaporée." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2114.
Full textStandard Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CGISe) based solar cells have a thin, chemical bath deposited, cadmium sulfide buffer layer. Its replacement by a cadmium-free material deposited by a physical process (PVD) is among the challenges of the research community. In the present work, a dual approach has been followed working on both the properties of a new alternative buffer layer and the optimisation of the CIGSe layer. The new buffer layer investigated belongs to the indium sulfide family : In2-2xA12xS3. It is observed that the partial substitution of indium by aluminium yields a band gap increase of the material mainly affecting the conduction band states. Meanwhile, an accurate tuning of the CIGSe growth parameters allowed the control the films, grains orientation and roughness. This optimisation of the CIGSe led to the reach of national record 18 % efficiency cell. Furthermore, the combination of these progress with the understanding of the In2-2x-A12xS3, films properties makes it possible the realisation of 13 % efficiency devices with a PVD deposited (In,A1)2-S3 buffer layer
OULD, EL MOCTAR CHEIKH. "Elaboration et etude de films de semi-conducteurs ternaires chalcopyrites a large bande interdite cualx 2(x = se, te), en perspective d'application photovoltaique comme couche tampon." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT2098.
Full textMakha, Mohammed. "Utilisation de diverses électrodes conductrices et transparentes comme anode des cellules photovoltaïques organiques : optimisation de l’interface à l’aide des couches tampons." Angers, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01511059.
Full textThe aim of our work was the use of anode buffer layers to improve the performances of organic solar cells based on small molecules such as phtalocyanine, Oligothiophene and triphenylamine. However, the introduction of 3 nm of molybdenum oxide at the interface between the ITO (tin-doped indium ox-ide), used as anode, and the different donors of electron leads to an improvement of charge collection efficiency, therefore, the efficiency of the solar cells. Meanwhile, the replacement of MoO3 by 3 nm of CuI increases the carrier mobility of the conductivity of the organic layers, which consequently improves the density of the short circuit current Jsc. When the hybrid buffer layer MoO3 /CuI is used at the interface ITO/electron donors, best results were obtained irrespective of the electron donor, which can be explained by the double role: MoO3 provides a very good charge collection, and CuI which im-proves Jsc by affecting the growth mode of the organic layers. After validating the applicability of these buffer layers when the ITO was used as anode of the solar cells, other conductive and transparent electrodes such as sputtered aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), tin doped indium oxide (FTO), as well as multi layer structures MoO3/Ag/MoO3 were used as anode. We have shown that these electrodes are considered as an alternative to replace ITO, especially after optimizing their interface with the CuPc used as electron donor using MoO3 , CuI and MoO3 /CuI buffer layers
Lin, Jie. "Etude détaillée des structures cohérentes de la zone tampon de la turbulence de paroi à l'aide de données de PIV stéréoscopique." Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Lin.pdf.
Full textA Stereoscopic PIV experiment, performed on a fully developed turbulent flow along a flat plate at Reθ [thêta] = 7800 and in 10 streamwise-spanwise planes parallel to the wall, has been analyzed in detail. The objectives of the work were to study the characteristics of the turbulent flow in the region 114. 5 ≤ y+ ≤ 48. 0, to observe and quantify the coherent structures (e. G. Steaks, ejections, sweeps and streamwise vortices) and to investigate the spatial relations between them so as to provide an organization model near the wall. The present study began with the selection of the most suitable method for the SPIV processing, which was used to obtain the 2D3C instantaneous velocity fields. Then the basic statistics of the turbulence were analyzed and compared to the results of other studies to validate the database. The two-point spatial correlations were computed to evidence the existence of coherent structures. Following that, these structures were detected by a newly developed method based on pattern recognition and their statistical characteristics were investigated in detail. Finally, the two-point correlations were performed on these structures. The results and this statistical analysis provide information on the flow organization. The present study shows that the wall attached streamwise vortices are centred in the region 20 to 30 wall units. Ejections and sweeps are associated with low and high speed streaks respectively and both are strongly linked to streamwise vortices. The characteristics of these coherent structures are quantified and they depend on wall distance. Moreover, the results support the idea of ‘merging of vortices’
Seneor, Pierre. "Jonctions tunnel a base d'oxydes magnetiques demi-metalliques." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EPXX0020.
Full textBuffière, Marie. "Synthèse et caractérisation de couches minces de Zn (O,S) pour application au sein des cellules solaires à base de Cu (In, Ga) Se2." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2057.
Full textThin film solar cell based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 contain a thin, chemically deposited (CBD), cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffer layer. For environmental and industrial reasons, its replacement by a Cd-free material deposited under vacuum is among the challenges of the research community. In this work, co-sputtered (PVD)Zn(O,S) thin films have been studied as an alternative buffer layer. The properties of these layers have been compared to an optimized (CBD)Zn(O,S) reference. It is observed that the deposition technique has a strong impact on the optical and structural properties of the films for a given composition. As a result, the electrical behavior of the corresponding devices is also affected. The electrical characterization of (CBD)Zn(O,S)-buffered solar cells has shown that the absorber and the window layers properties strongly influence the performance of the cells. These progress together with the understanding of Zn(O,S) films properties makes it possible the realization of 16 % efficiency stable devices with a (CBD)Zn(O,S) buffer layer. Meanwhile, the tuning of the sulfur content has lead to the control of the conduction band offset in CIGSe/(PVD)Zn(O,S) devices and the achievement of similar Jsc than the one of (CBD)Zn(O,S)-buffered devices. Although the present structure of the (PVD)Zn(O,S) buffer layer is not suitable to obtain comparable Voc, these results offer many research perspectives in hetero-interface for a better understanding of Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based solar cells
Constantin, Guillaume. "Interfaces et durabilité d'un coeur de pile à combustible à oxyde solide fonctionnant à température intermédiaire." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845631.
Full textLefebvre, Éric. "Croissance métamorphique par épitaxie par jets moléculaires et caractérisations physiques pour transistor bipolaire à hétérojonction InP/InGaAs sur GaAs." Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/f605bbca-fcf9-41d7-b911-dd5afd32eff9.
Full textWang, Tianlin. "Growth of epitaxial graphene on SiC (0001) by sublimation at low argon pressure." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS023/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents a work aiming to optimize a reproducible and controlled growth process of a monolayer graphene on Si-face of SiC (SiC (0001)) by sublimation under low argon pressure, i.e. 10 mbar. This low pressure process is challenging regarding the results in the literature. Various complementary techniques as optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscope, scanning tunneling microscope, and Hall Effect measurements have been performed on the samples in order to validate the monolayer graphene growth and investigate their surface morphology, their structural and electronic properties. All the results obtained from these measurements confirm the control of homogeneous, continuous and large-size (6×6 mm²) monolayer graphene from our optimized growth process. More than 50 monolayers graphene were produced during this thesis, validating a reproducible process in a prototype furnace developed by Annealsys, local company in Montpellier. The step-flow growth mode which encourages the formation of step-terrace surface structures is obtained under this unclassical growth condition contrary as established in the literature. Moreover, we have investigated the effect of the temperature ramp on the SiC morphology to evaluate the impact of the width of the terraces on electronic properties of graphene. Samples with terraces larger than 10 µm have been obtained allowing original transport measurements localized on only one terrace.Thanks to the reproducibility of our optimized growth process, further characterization studies on epitaxial graphene were investigated. The first carbon layer grown on SiC (0001) is a buffer layer covalently linked to SiC. Then a second buffer layer grows under the first one that becomes graphene. This well-known buffer layer at graphene / SiC (0001) interface has been investigated in this thesis to complete the poor literature on this topic. Statistically buffer Raman signatures have been obtained and compared to the literature demonstrating an inhomogeneous buffer layer. Furthermore, we have developed two graphene transfer techniques aiming to exfoliate graphene layer and leave behind only the buffer layer on the sample surface. The Raman signatures of buffer layer in these two cases (with or without graphene coverage) have been compared. We believe the evidenced evolution could be related to the coupling between graphene and buffer layer. Two major results illustrate this coupling: (i) the Raman signature of buffer layer increases in integrated intensity after the graphene transfer and (ii) two fines peaks are observed only in epitaxial graphene spectra and not in uncovered buffer layer spectra.The last part of this work concerns the electrical properties of monolayer graphene on SiC (0001). Contrary to the typical n-type doping of epitaxial graphene, the low p-type residual Hall concentration observed in our samples has been related to the atmospheric effect. More precisely, the charged impurities deposited on the sample surface could lead to the formation of electron-hole puddles, resulting in an inhomogeneous doping. The potential fluctuation has been estimated by fitting the experimental data using a model of two types of charges. Moreover, we have shown that the doping type change from p-type to n-type under vacuum condition or under UV illumination. This could be explained by desorption of the charged absorbents during the pumping or UV illumination. These results demonstrate the possibility of tuning the electrical properties of our samples by external factor such as UV light
Luo, Yandi. "Development of new buffer layers and rapid annealing process for efficient Sb₂Se₃ thin-film solar cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024URENS039.
Full textIn this thesis, heterojunction interface behavior, grain growth process and alternative buffer layer of Sb₂Se₃ based solar cells were investigated. The absorber quality and the band alignment are identified as key parameters for reducing defect density and for facilitating the separation and the transport of photogenerated charge carriers. A strategy of Al³⁺ doping into the CdS buffer layer was introduced in Sb₂Se₃ solar cells. The band alignment and the interface quality have been significantly improved. A “spike-like” structure was obtained for the best device with an efficiency of 8.41%. Secondly, a rapid thermal annealing process has also been developed and optimized in order to improve the quality of Sb₂Se₃ absorber film with reduced defect density. The efficiency of the Sb₂Se₃ solar cells is increased to 9.03%. In addition, we have tried to replace the toxic CdS buffer layer with an environmentally friendly ZnSnO film with moreover a wider band gap. An interesting power conversion efficiency of 3.44% was achieved for the Cd-free Sb₂Se₃ thin-film solar cells
Lahreche, Hacène. "Croissance de nitrures d'éléments III par épitaxie en phase vapeur à base d'organo-métalliques sur substrats 6H-SiC et Si(111) : application aux transistors à effet de champ." Grenoble INPG, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPG0124.
Full textVarache, Renaud. "Développement, caractérisation et modélisation d'interfaces pour cellules solaires à haut rendement à base d'hétérojonctions de silicium." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781937.
Full textJaren, Sophie. "Étude de TbFe2 épitaxié par dépot laser pulsé : des couches minces aux nanostructures magnétiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10064.
Full textMechin, Laurence. "Microbolomètres supraconducteurs YBCO suspendusréalisés par micro-usinage du substrat de silicium." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00138157.
Full textrelativement rapides par micro-usinage du substrat de silicium. Ce travail comprend une partie
technologique décrivant trois techniques de fabrication de structures suspendues YBaCuO et
une partie de caractérisation. Les films d'YBaCuO obtenus sur silicium avec une double
couche tampon CeO2 / YSZ sont texturés dans la direction c et ne possèdent qu'une seule
orientation dans le plan. Leur température critique mesurée à résistance nulle vaut 88 K, et
leur densité de courant critique dépasse 106 A / cm2 à 77 K. La gravure ionique réactive (GIR)
du substrat de silicium nous a permis de réaliser un grand nombre d'échantillons et de valider
ainsi nos calculs par confrontation avec les mesures. La technique de fabrication utilisant un
substrat SIMOX s'est révélée très peu dégradante pour l'YBaCuO et très prometteuse pour la
détection. Enfin, nous avons défini un méandre constitué de 17 brins de largeur de piste 4 µm,
et fabriqué par GIR. Les performances de ce détecteur de surface 100 * 100 µm2, mesurées à
85 K dans la gamme de longueur d'onde 3-5 µm, sont au niveau des meilleures publiées:
Sensibilité (3-5 µm) = 11950 V / W
Temps de réponse t = 564 µs
NEP optique = 4,0 10-12 W Hz-1/2
Détectivité D* = 2,5 109 cm Hz-1/2 / W
Varache, Renaud. "Development, characterization and modeling of interfaces for high efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112279/document.
Full textThe interface between amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the building block of high efficiency solar cells based on low temperature fabrication processes. Three properties of the interface determine the performance of silicon heterojunction solar cells: band offsets between a-Si:H and c-Si, interface defects and band bending in c-Si. These three points are addressed in this thesis.First, an analytical model for the calculation of the band bending in c-Si is developed. It assumes a constant density of states (DOS) in the a-Si:H band gap. The influence of most parameters of the structure on the band bending is studied: band offsets, DOS in a-Si:H, interface defects, etc. The presence of quantum confinement at the interface is discussed. Analytical calculations and temperature dependent planar conductance measurements are compared such that the band offsets on both (p)a-Si:H/(n)c-Si and (n)a-Si:H/(p)c-Si can be estimated: the valence band offset amounts 0.36 eV while the conduction band offset is 0.15 eV. In addition, it is shown that the valence band offset is independent of temperature whereas the conduction band offset follows the evolutions of c-Si and a-Si:H band gaps with temperature. A discussion of these results in the frame of the branch point theory for band line-up leads to the conclusion that the branch point in a-Si:H is independent of the doping.Then, analytical calculations are developed further to take into account the real solar cell structure where the a-Si:H/c-Si structure is in contact with a transparent conductive oxide and an undoped buffer layer is present at the interface. Measurements of the planar conductance and of the interface passivation quality are interpreted in the light of analytical calculations and numerical simulations to open a way towards a method for the optimization of silicon heterojunction solar cells. It is particularly shown that a trade-off has to be found between a good passivation quality and a significant band bending. This can be realized by tuning the buffer layer properties (thickness, doping), the TCO-contact (high work function) and the emitter (defect density and thickness). Interestingly, an emitter with a high DOS leads to better cell performances.Finally, a new type of interface has been developed, that was not applied to heterojunction solar cells so far. The c-Si surface has been oxidized in deionized water at 80 °C before the (p)a-Si:H emitter deposition such that (p)a-Si:H/SiO2/(n)c-Si structures were obtained. A tunneling current model has been developed, implemented in the 1D numerical device simulator AFORS-HET and used to study the effect of a wide band gap interfacial layer (as it is the case for SiO2) on cell performance: the fill-factor and the short-circuit current are dramatically reduced for thick and high barriers. However, a SiO2 layer has only little impact on optical properties. Fabricated samples show a passivation quality halfway between samples with no buffer layer and with an (i)a-Si:H buffer layer: this is explained by the presence of a negative fixed charge in the oxide. The band bending in (n)c-Si is higher with an oxide layer than with an (i)a-Si:H buffer layer. Solar cells demonstrate that this new concept has the potential to achieve high power conversion efficiencies: for non-optimized structures, an open-circuit voltage higher than 650 mV has been demonstrated, while the oxide does not seem to create a barrier to charge transport
Gall, Samuel. "Dépôt de couches tampon d'IN2S3 pour cellules solaires en couches minces : optimisation de l'interface avec le Cu(In, Ga)Se2." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2006.
Full textThis work deals with PVD-grown indium sulphide buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based solar cells. The influence of the In2S3 deposition parameters on Mo/Cu(In,Ga)Se2/In2S3/ZnO/ZnO:Al devices performance is studied. The Voc value is observed strongly dependent on the buffer layer deposition temperature: the lower the deposition temperature, the higher is the Voc. This behaviour can be interpreted in terms of conduction band discontinuity at the Cu(In,Ga)Se2/In2S3 interface. At low temperature (<80°C), Voc values similar to those offered with CdS are reached. However, these growth conditions lead to low fill factor and thus to low device performance. We hypothesize that this low diode quality is due to the presence of sodium-based compounds at the Cu(In,Ga)Se2/In2S3 interface. Under these considerations, the process has been adapted and a 13. 5 % efficiency solar cell has been realized
Chettaoui, Azza. "Croissance d'hétérostructures III-V sur des couches tampons de SrTiO3/Silicium." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967056.
Full textYu, Zeming. "Fabrication d'un nouveau substrat bi-métallique Cu-Ni et dépôt de films de La2Zr2O7 (LZO) sur substrat métallique par procédé chimique en solution." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376983.
Full textSchmatz, Ulrich. "Synthèse par MOCVD de couches supraconductrices d'YBa2Cu3O(7-x) pour des applications en courants forts." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0060.
Full textRothman, Johan. "Etude des propriétés structurales, électroniques et magnétiques des couches minces épitaxiées de cerium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10019.
Full textEleoui, Mustafa. "Couches épitaxiales magnétiques à paramètre cristallin ajustable." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009222.
Full textcinq nanomètres ont pu être élaborées, ce qui contraste avec les résultats de la littérature (un ou deux plans atomiques). Cette épaisseur inhabituellement élevée nous a permis d'obtenir rémanence, coercitivité, et/ou subdivision en domaines
magnétiques stables à température ambiante. Les domaines magnétiques ont été mis en évidence par dichroïsme magnétique circulaire des rayon X. Enfin nous avons développé un modèle micromagnétique analytique du renversement d'aimantation dans une nanostructure ultramince, qui pourra être appliqué à certaines des nouvelles structures élaborées au cours de cette thèse.
El, Kazzi Mario. "ETUDE PAR PHOTOEMISSION (XPS & XPD) D'HETEROSTRUCTURES D'OXYDES FONCTIONNELS EPITAXIES SUR SILICIUM." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00321458.
Full textDans ce contexte, l'objectif principal de ma thèse a été de mener une étude approfondie des propriétés physicochimiques et structurales de couches fines d'oxydes élaborées par Epitaxie par Jets Moléculaires (EJM) sur substrat silicium ou oxyde, en utilisant la spectroscopie de photoélectrons (XPS) et la diffraction de photoélectrons (XPD).
Nous avons étudié dans un premier temps la relaxation de films minces de LaAlO3 et de BaTiO3 épitaxiés sur des substrats de SrTiO3(001). Nous avons montré qu'au-dessous d'une certaine épaisseur critique ces deux oxydes sont contraints de façon pseudomorphiques sur SrTiO3(001). De plus nous avons clairement mis en évidence une forte augmentation de la déformation ferroélectrique pour une couche contrainte de BaTiO3.
Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons aussi étudié la croissance de LaAlO3 sur Si(001). LaAlO3 est amorphe pour des températures de croissance en dessous de 500°C. Pour des températures supérieures il y a formation de silicates à l'interface qui empêche la cristallisation. Pour surmonter cette difficulté, des procédés d'ingénierie d'interface ont été développés pour limiter les réactions interfaciales et réussir la croissance épitaxiale. Ils sont basés sur l'utilisation de couches tampons interfaciales d'oxydes comme SrO, SrTiO3 et Al2O3.
Enfin, nous avons comparé les modes de croissance et la stabilité d'interface d'Al2O3 et de Gd2O3 épitaxiés sur Si(111) et Si(001). Les résultats prouvent que la croissance de ces deux oxydes sur Si(111) a une orientation suivant [111]. Par contre sur Si(001) le mécanisme de croissance est plus complexe avec des relations d'épitaxie et des orientations inhabituelles.
Froger, Vincent. "Couches minces de chalcogénures de zinc déposées par spray-CVD assisté par rayonnement infrarouge pour des applications photovoltaïques." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797548.
Full textGirard, Antoine. "Nouveaux substrats métalliques à texture biaxiale pour câbles supraconducteurs à haute température critique." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00118093.
Full textDes essais sur des laminoirs différents, avec ou sans lubrification et en modifiant le taux d'écrouissage ont permis de mettre en évidence des effets de peau et d'optimiser le procédé de déformation.
Les températures de recuit ont été choisies à la suite de caractérisations de texture avant et après le recuit ainsi que de mesures in-situ par diffraction de rayons X durs durant la montée en température.
Des laminages supérieurs à 98% et des recuits entre 900°C et 950°C en atmosphère protectrice ont permis d'obtenir des rubans ayant une forte texture cubique : désorientations hors du plan (DT) de 5° et dans le plan de 8°. Une partie de la surface est cependant maclée (entre 8% et 10%). Celle-ci entraîne localement de fortes désorientations.
L'état de surface a été contrôlé et amélioré par l'utilisation de rouleaux polis miroirs, l'optimisation des conditions de recuit (atmosphère et durée du palier) ainsi que l'ajout d'une étape d'électropolissage.
Des essais mécaniques et magnétiques ainsi qu'une étude d'oxydation ont été pratiqués pour vérifier le comportement du ruban dans les conditions d'utilisation comme dans les conditions rencontrées pendant les différents étapes de la réalisation du câble.
Le dépôt d'une couche d'oxyde protectrice LZO, sur le substrat a été réalisé avec succès. Les conditions d'un prétraitement sous atmosphère sulfurée, nécessaire à une bonne épitaxie de la couche, ont été déterminées : 1 h à 600°C avec un flux à 0,2 ppm d'H2S.
Enfin des essais sur le développement d'un alliage à barrière de diffusion in situ Cu Ni Y permettant de s'affranchir de la première couche tampon ont été menés.
Guibadj, Abdenacer. "REALISATION DE MULTICOUCHES POUR SUPRACONDUCTEURS A HAUTE TEMPERATURE CRITIQUE PAR METHODE CHIMIQUE." Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00542828.
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