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Academic literature on the topic 'Coulées pyroclastiques'
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Journal articles on the topic "Coulées pyroclastiques"
Ross, Pierre-Simon, and Patrick Mercier-Langevin. "Igneous Rock Associations 14. The Volcanic Setting of VMS and SMS Deposits: A Review." Geoscience Canada 41, no. 3 (August 29, 2014): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.045.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Coulées pyroclastiques"
Formenti, Yvan. "Etude de la production et de la mobilité des écoulements pyroclastiques à Montserrat (Antilles)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21350.
Full textChédeville-Monzo, Corentin. "Mécanismes d'auto-fluidisation des écoulements pyroclastiques : approche expérimentale." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22684/document.
Full textPyroclastic flows are hot mixtures of gas and particles that can propagate over large distances. This high “mobility” is often attributed to their ability to be fluidized, that is, to generate and retain high gas pore pressure that reduces internal friction forces. The main objective of this thesis is to understand how irregularities of substrates on which pyroclastic flows propagate can enhance their fluidization. A first set of laboratory experiments consisted of the generation of fine-grained flows (diameter of 45-90 μm) on substrate of various roughness. Results show that the flow runout distance increases with the substrate roughness, and is up to twice the runout on a smooth substrate. High speed video analyses and air pore pressure measurements at the flow base show that the flow head propagating over a rough substrate can auto-fluidize because of particles sedimentation into the substrate interstices, which forces the air to escape upward and percolate through the flow. This auto-fluidization mechanism is efficient at all inclinations investigated (0-30°), suggesting that it could occur during the whole emplacement of a pyroclastic flow. A second study consisted of the vertical release of beds of particles in a static column. Results show that the granular mixture can be fully fluidized, even when collapsing from a relatively low height (20 cm). When particles are fine enough (<100 μm), pore pressure in the deposit diffuses for several seconds, the diffusion duration increasing with increasing bed thickness and decreasing particle size. The longest diffusion durations are observed for pyroclastic flow deposit materials (~30 s for 28.5 cm thick beds). These results suggest that pyroclastic flows propagating on irregular terrains can auto-fluidize and preserve low internal friction during their emplacement
Gueugneau, Valentin. "Etude de la formation et de la mise en place des déferlantes pyroclastiques par modélisations numérique et expérimentale." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC050/document.
Full textSmall volume pyroclastic density currents are complex volcanic flows, whose physical behaviour is still debated. They comprise two parts: the pyroclastic flow, rich in particles and blocks, overridden by the ash-cloud surge, a turbulent and dilute flow. The interactions between these two parts are not fully understood, as well as their exchanges of mass and momentum. Therefore, the thesis focuses on the investigation of ash-cloud surge formation mechanisms from the pyroclastic flow. The experiments reveal a mechanism of dilute flow formation by alternation of air incorporation into and elutriation of fine particles from a dense granular bed subjected to vibrations. The air is aspirated into the granular bed during dilatations, and expulsed during the contraction phases. A part of the particles are then sustained by the turbulent expulsed air and form a mixture of gas and particles that transforms into a gravity current. Extrapolated to a volcanic edifice, this mechanism of air incorporation and elutriation can be reproduced by a rough topography, where each obstacle generates a compaction followed by a dilatation of the pyroclastic flow. The quantification of the mechanism has been accomplished and the mass flux from the dense flow to the ash-cloud surge has been deduced.The numerical model is first used to study the pyroclastic flow rheology, which controls the velocity of the flow, and then the mass flux previously mentioned. One chapter is dedicated to the fluidization effect on the pyroclastic flow rheology. Results show that this mechanism can explain the long runout of these flows, and also the formation of levées and channel morphologies. The air ingestion in the flow during its movement could explain a part of the pyroclastic flows dynamic. Simple rheologies has also been analyzed: a Coulomb rheology, a plastic rheology, and a variable friction coefficient rheology. Results show that the plastic rheology seems to be the most adapted rheology to simulate the pyroclastic flow dynamic. Then, the numerical model has been used to test the mass flow law obtained through experiments. Applied to the 25 June 1997 dome collapse at Soufrière Hills Volcano at Montserrat, results show that the simulations reproduce accurately the extension and the thickness of the surge deposits. The simulations are also able to reproduce the surge derived pyroclastic flow, generated by remobilisation of surge deposits. The cycles of ingestion/expulsion of air in the pyroclastic flow by interactions with the topography could explain both the great fluidity of these flows and the formation of ash-cloud surge. These results highlight a new mechanism that could be a key process in pyroclastic flow dynamic, which could improve significantly the hazard and risk assessment using numerical model
Penlou, Baptiste. "Étude expérimentale des écoulements gaz-particules en contexte de fontaine pyroclastique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0159.
Full textPyroclastic columns form during explosive volcanic eruptions in which a mixture of gases and particles is ejected at high speed from a vent and can lead to the formation of convective plumes. The stability of these columns depends on various parameters that can vary over time and cause partial or total collapse of the pyroclastic mixture. These collapses give rise to eruptive fountains, forming density currents called pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). The objective of this thesis is twofold: to study (1) the mechanisms of particle sedimentation in the plume and the dilute part of PDCs, and (2) the mechanisms of PDC emergence in the impact zones of the fountains. The chosen method is the experimental approach.A first series of experiments involves suspending particles ranging in size from 49 to 467.5 µm in a cylindrical device and measuring the local particle concentration for each mixture. For this purpose, two independent approaches were used and provided similar results: an acoustic method and the use of pressure sensors. These experiments highlight two mechanisms of particle sedimentation: enhanced sedimentation and delayed sedimentation. In suspensions of small particles (78 µm), the sedimentation rate increases with the local particle concentration due to the formation of « clusters » that fall at a speed four times higher than the terminal settling velocity of individual particles (enhanced sedimentation). However, in suspensions of larger particles (467.5 µm), the sedimentation rate decreases with increasing particle concentration, despite the presence of « clusters » and it is 30 % lower than the settling speed of individual particles (delayed sedimentation). These results suggest that the sedimentation mechanisms in the presence of « clusters » occurring in plumes or the dilute part of PDC should be considered in models used to simulate these volcanic phenomena to better predict deposit characteristics.A second series of experiments simulates a pyroclastic fountain by releasing particles of sizes ranging from 29 and 269 µm into a channel at a height of 3.27 meters. The results show that dilute mixtures (1.6 - 4.4 vol.%) in free fall accumulate in the impact zone to form concentrated granular flows (~ 45 - 48 vol.%) whose interstitial fluid pressure nearly compensates for the weight of particles for sizes < 76 µm. Furthermore, the maximum fluid pressure measured at the impact, the flow travel distance, and the horizontal stretching of deposits increase with decreasing particle size. Considering the experiment dimensions, these results indicate that a high interstitial fluid pressure can be generated in the impact zone of collapsing pyroclastic fountains. The small particle size, causing low permeability and a long pressure diffusion time, may be one of the main factors leading to the long runout distances covered by the flows
Bernard, Julien. "Capacité érosive des écoulements pyroclastiques : impact sur les budgets éruptifs et implications pour l'aléa." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22553/document.
Full textPyroclastic flows (PFs) are hot mixtures of gas and particles that represent the most deadly volcanic hazard. To protect the populations, it is necessary to work on precise risk maps, which require having a deep knowledge of these phenomena. However, the causes and consequences of erosion and incorporation of non-juvenile material during PFs emplacement remain poorly known. This thesis aims at characterizing the erosive capacity of pyroclastic flows, defining erosion mechanisms and quantifying their impact on eruptive budgets and associated hazards. Here, we focus on small-volume PFs and use an approach based on field and textural investigations coupled with numerical modeling of PFs emplacement. The August 2006 PF-forming eruption of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) is used as a case-study for this work.An original method, based on high-resolution, stereologically-corrected image analyses, detailed textural analyses of PFs deposits and mass budget, enables determining the grain size distribution and the componentry of PFs products along their entire clast size range. Volume calculation and mass budgets show that about 50 wt. % of the whole deposit consists of non-juvenile materials incorporated during PFs emplacement, and mostly coming from the upper part of the volcano. The slope is a prevailing parameter that controls PFs erosive power. Eruptive budgets support a VEI 3 event (0.09 km 3 ) for the 2006 eruption of Tungurahua and highlight the importance of separating juvenile from non-juvenile material. Detailed analyses of deposits’ componentry suggest a strong dynamic density-driven segregation of the clasts during PFs emplacement, associated with sedimentation rates of ≈10 cm.s -1 . Lateral variations of lithological, grain size, and morphological data demonstrate the occurrence of componentry-driven clast fragmentation and abrasion processes. Massive components (e.g. old lavas) are the main grinding agents of scoriaceous components (e.g. bombs). During emplacement, these processes continuously create fine grained populations, which are transferred from the main dense flow to pyroclastic surge or Co-PF cloud. Numerical models of erosive PFs based on a new erosion law integrated into VolcFlow code show the ability of plastic rheology to reproduce natural erosion patterns of PFs. The erosion is produced by dynamic variations of normal stress / shear stress ratio during emplacement, due to thickness unsteadiness during flow deceleration. The thin, highly frictional and erosive front of PFs pulses is pushed by the thicker and non-erosive head and flow body. Incorporation implies longer PFs runouts of about 10-30%, depending on the amount of incorporated material, which is related to the quantity of erodible material available on the volcano’s flanks before the eruption. These results show that erosion has a significant role on PFs runouts, and thus in hazard assessment, which should be closely taken into account in future works
Bardintzeff, Jacques-Marie. "Les nuées ardentes : pétrogenèse et volcanologie." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112253.
Full textNuées ardentes are one of the most hazardous volcanic events. Three of these most recent volcanic events are studied. They were chosen in an active margin (Santiaguito, Guatemala), as well as in island arcs (St. Vincent Soufrière Volcano, West-Indies and Merapi, Java). Volcanic styles are different: St. Vincent Soufrière Volcano produces vertical nuées ardentes, Santiaguito low angle nuées ardentes, and Merapi collapse nuées ardentes. Their petrography and mineralogy are typical of andesitic trends. In addition, some nuées ardentes (St. Vincent) contain high pressure calk-alkaline paragenesis. Glasses are abundant in nuées deposits. Their chemical variations testify sometimes for magma-mixing. Two types of glass morphology can be distinguished (SEM) angular fragments are considered as old pulverized mesostases, and pumiceous glasses are considered as products of new magma. Grain sizes of nuée ardente deposits are specific and finer than collapse deposits. Five types of nuées ardentes are distinguished: 1. Collapse nuées ardentes: (1a) Merapi type, resulting of the explosion of a solid dame, and (1b) Arenal type resulting of the explosion of a dame with a liquid interior. 2. Explosion nuées ardentes: (2a) Santiaguito type: a small amount of new magma is produced and high explosiveness is essentially due to abundant volatiles in dacitic magmas, (2b) Pelée type, with law angle nuée related to a dome, and (2c) St. Vincent type with vertical nuée ardente ejected from an open crater. In the last type, large amounts·of basic new magma are produced. Several factors may play a role in the nuée ardente triggering tectonic control, cumulative and flotation processes of phenocrysts in magmatic chamber, breaking strength of the volcano-plug etc. Two of these factors play a more significant role high volatile contents (essentially water of deep or superficial origin), and magma-mixing. These two factors modify the thermodynamical conditions in the magmatic chamber and facilitate the magma vesiculations. Magma-mixing triggers (2b) and (2c) nuées types, and high fluid contents trigger (1a), (1b) and (2a) nuées types
Polania, Oscar. "Polydispersity in Granular Flows : Exploring Effects in Dry and Submerged Environments." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONS061.
Full textGranular flows are complex and evolving systems where grains interact with each other and, if immersed, interact with an ambient fluid. These flows occur at different velocities and state variables, and could behave like solids, liquids or even gases. Granular flows are involved in many circumstances and scales, from geophysical mass flows such as landslides, debris flows, pyroclastic flows, and snow avalanches, to industrial processes like pharmaceuticals, food production, and construction. For simplicity, granular flows are commonly studied with a monodisperse distribution of grains (e.i., grains with nearly the same size); however, among these flows, the grains involved in these processes have different sizes, a property termed as polydispersity.This thesis focuses on the study of granular flows and, specifically, on the influence that polydispersity has on granular flows. We explore the effect that polydispersity has on steady flows with low inertia, where granular materials can be considered as solids, and high inertia, where granular materials can be considered as fluids. Additionally, we study dry and immersed granular flows in the granular column collapse configuration, that is a benchmark geometry for studying granular flows with phases of acceleration and deceleration.We study granular flows by means of experimental and numerical methods. The numerical simulations of granular flows are done with discrete element methods (DEM) and, for immersed cases, we use a coupled finite element method (FEM) with DEM. We also conduct a controlled experimental campaign in the triaxial test apparatus where we systematically vary the polydispersity level, aiming to study the strength of polydisperse granular materials in quasi-static conditions. Furthermore, we do the physical modelling of immersed and dry gravity-driven flows in the granular column collapse configuration. Our goal is to explore the influence of polydispersity on granular flows and to identify the influence of the basal fluid pressure on the mobility of granular flows. For the experiments, we use spherical beads, exclusively focusing on the effect that size polydispersity has on granular flows.Our results allow us to conclude that the shear strength of granular materials is independent of the size polydispersity from a quasistatic condition to a condition of high inertia. For very large inertial conditions, the shear strength of polydisperse materials is smaller compared to that of monodisperse materials. We found that this difference arises from distinct variations in geometric and force parameters belonging to the contact and force network. Additionally, we provide evidence that immersed granular flows are strongly influenced by an increase in polydispersity levels. We show that the difference between monodisperse and polydisperse materials essentially arises from different evolutions of the basal fluid pressure. The initiation of polydisperse flows is delayed compared to monodisperse flows, due to a sustained negative fluid pressure change with large amplitude. Then, as the flow deposits, polydisperse systems reach longer runout distances due to the generation of exceeding pore pressure that lasts longer than the exceeding pore pressure provoked by monodisperse systems. Finally, we propose a model that links flow kinetic energy with the mobility of granular flows, which applies to different polydispersity levels, and has been successfully validated through simulations and experiments. The results of this thesis provide new insights into the role of polydispersity in both dry and immersed granular flows
Mathé, Jordane. "Modélisation d'écoulements gravitaires fluidisés et applciation à la volcanologie." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22646/document.
Full textDuring these three years, I enjoyed to work with collaborators from volcanology, laboratory physics and mathematics. This document presents the steps and results of my research in the field of modelling of fluidised granular flows. The last consists in the development of a new mathematical model and its theoretical and numerical study. Based on observations made on experimental studies, the model focuses on the change in the behaviour of an initially fluidised granular flow through the definition of its viscoplastic rheology with variable threshold. More precisely, the threshold (aslo called yield stress) is defined via the difference between the lithostatic pressure and the pressure of the interstitial fluid. The innovation of this model opens perspectives for the mathematical research as well as for the study of fluidised granular flows and their application to volcanology. From a mathematical point of view, a theoretical study has been conducted. Proving the existence of weak solution for the homogeneous version of the model, we offer an extension in the field of knowledges of non-newtonian fluid flows. Also, we have developped a numerical code to simulate dambreak experiments with fluidised granular media. This one includes a new method to solve the flow equations of viscoplastic fluids. In this thesis, I describe and justify the numerical strategy chosen. Moreover, I present some academic tests to validate the code. At the end, I give the numerical results in the case of the dambreak simulation for dry and fluidised fluids. By comparing with experimental data, we evaluate the validity of the model and its resolution, and highlight the advantages and inconvenients. To conclude the project, I propose some perspectives of improvement for later work
Weit, Anne. "Etude expérimentale de la concentration de particules solides dans les écoulements volcaniques biphasés turbulents." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC060.
Full textMixtures consisting of gas and particles can be found in various geophysical environments. Hot mixtures are generated by explosive volcanic eruptions and include conduit flows, jets and buoyant plumes, and pyroclastic density currents. The particle concentration within these volcanic mixtures can vary highly, from high concentrations (>50 vol. %) in dense fluidized flows to very low concentrations in dilute suspensions in which the particles are suspended by the turbulent gas phase. A concentration limit of less than ~1 vol. % in dilute suspensions was suggested by recent studies, as higher concentrations would require excessive turbulent kinetic energy. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate experimentally the behavior of a turbulent air flow in a pipe with increasing particle concentrations, for different Reynolds numbers and using different types of particles. The Reynolds numbers of the gas-particle mixtures in the experiments were up to ~106. A first set of experiments was conducted with glass beads of varying sizes from 75-80 μm up to 2 mm, for eight particle size ranges in total. Above a bulk concentration threshold of ~0.5-3 vol. %, which increased with the Reynolds number, the flow behavior changed from a homogeneous suspension of particles (below the maximum concentration) to a separation into a dense basal part and an upper dilute part carrying the maximum concentration of particles. This concentration threshold was detected with pressure measurements and a method that involved a ball of a slightly lower density than the bulk density of the particles, which could thus float over the dense basal part, if present. High-speed videos revealed that the occurrence of the maximum particle concentration coincided with the emergence of particle clusters in the dilute turbulent part. In a second part of the thesis, the experiments were repeated for five ceramic particle size ranges and they yielded the same general behavior as for the glass beads. For both types of particles, a maximum concentration could be detected for almost all particle size ranges and showed an increase with the mixture Reynolds number to the power 1/5 (glass beads) or 0.4 (ceramic beads). Considering the particle Reynolds number the maximum particle concentration then increase to the power 1/6 for both ceramic and glass particles. These results give new insights about the structure of volcanic gas-particle mixtures and they also provide constraints for input and output data of numerical simulations and for geophysical observations
Burgisser, Alain. "Magmas in Motion : Degassing in volcanic conduits and fabrics of pyroclastic density current." Phd thesis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012122.
Full text2) Nous unifions les deux visions de courants pyroclastiques admises (coulées pyroclastiques hautement concentrées et nuées ardentes diluées et turbulentes) grâce à des lois d'échelle basées sur la physique multiphasée. A partir la dynamique de l'interaction de particules avec un vortex élémentaire, nous considérons le spectre complet des vortex générés dans un écoulement turbulent. Nous démontrons que la présence de particules de tailles différentes force la stratification en densité du courant, puis nous expliquons le mécanisme de ségrégation des courants pyroclastiques en une partie basale concentrés surmontée d'une partie diluée. Comme l'interaction d'un courant avec des reliefs montagneux ou des corps aqueux s'enregistre dans ses dépôts, nous avons étudié les produits de la dernière grande éruption du volcan Okmok (Iles Aléoutiennes, USA). Au-delà de la reconstruction du déroulement de l'éruption, cette étude de terrain a permis de valider les aspects principaux du modèle, comme la superposition d'un courant dense et dilué, leur séparation lors de l'entrée dans l'océan et les caractéristiques des particules qui les constituent.