Journal articles: 'Council for Economic Mutual Assistance'

1

Diebold, William, and Adam Zwass. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance." Foreign Affairs 69, no. 2 (1990): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20044334.

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Fallenbuchl, Zbigniew M. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and Eastern Europe." International Journal 43, no. 1 (1987): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202510.

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Butler, William E. "Council of Mutual Economic Assistance-Nicaragua: Agreement on Cooperation." International Legal Materials 24, no. 5 (September 1985): 1408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900030114.

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Fallenbuchl, Zbigniew M. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and Eastern Europe." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 43, no. 1 (March 1988): 106–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070208804300105.

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5

Grzybowski, Kazimierz. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the European Community." American Journal of International Law 84, no. 1 (January 1990): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203032.

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After nearly 15 years of official and unofficial contacts and negotiations, on June 25, 1988, representatives of the European Community (EC) and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON), meeting in Luxembourg, signed a Declaration establishing official relations between the two parties so as to “develop cooperation in areas which fall within their respective spheres of competence, and where there is common interest.”

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Steiner, André. "The Council of Mutual Economic Assistance - An Example of Failed Economic Integration?" Geschichte und Gesellschaft 39, no. 2 (June 2013): 240–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/gege.2013.39.2.240.

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Sibirskaya, Albina. "Institutional Memory of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance for the Eurasian Economic Union." Eurasia. Expert, no. 1-2 (2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s271332140011433-9.

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Csaba, László. "The council for mutual economic assistance: The thorny path from political to economic integration." Journal of Comparative Economics 15, no. 3 (September 1991): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(91)90054-w.

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Germuska, Pál. "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance documents in the National Archives of Hungary." Entreprises et histoire 103, no. 2 (August 26, 2021): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.103.0194.

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Flade, Falk. "Beyond socialist camaraderie. Cross-border railway between German Democratic Republic, Poland and Soviet Union (1950s–60s)." Journal of Transport History 40, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619845339.

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In order to facilitate cross-border railway transport between socialist countries in Eastern Europe, the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and later the Organisation for Cooperation of Railways were established in 1949 and 1956. Joint planning, standardisation and tariff policy were the main fields of cooperation. The paper focuses on the struggles between Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and Organisation for Cooperation of Railways member countries regarding transit tariffs for cross-border freight shipments. These struggles, dragging on for more than three decades, reveal the economic interests of individual member countries and the limitations of socialist foreign trade (and alleged friendship). This study argues that despite of political declarations and the establishment of socialist international organisations, the East European railways became a major bottleneck in intrabloc trade.

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Dragomir, Elena. "The Formation of the Soviet Bloc's Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: Romania's Involvement." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 1 (January 2012): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00190.

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This article discusses Romania's role in the creation of the Soviet bloc's Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949. The article explains why Romanian leaders, with Soviet approval, proposed the creation of the CMEA and why the proposal was adopted. An analysis of Romania's support for the creation of the CMEA sheds interesting light on the stance taken by Romania in the 1960s and 1970s against the Soviet Union's attempts to use the CMEA in forging a supranational division of labor in the Soviet bloc. Romania's opposition was largely in accord with the objectives originally envisaged by Romanian leaders when the CMEA was formed.

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Vardomskiy, L. B. "Forgotten Integration: The Failure and Lessons of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-3-10.

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CMEA evolution is considered using the concept of a life cycle. Entry into individual stages of the life cycle depends on the compliance of integration institutions with internal and external development factors of the participating countries, the ratio of integration and national identity. The CMEA analysis allows us to assess the dynamics of modern integration projects important for Russia. The main reasons for the collapse of the CMEA were the overestimation of the role of planned instruments and the underestimation of the role of monetary instruments, collective import substitution (autarky) and technological weakness, primarily the USSR, as a leader in the integration process. To modernize their industry, the CMEA countries, under conditions of detente, increased imports of equipment from Western countries. The country’s budget deficit arising in connection with the growth of external debt was forced to solve by raising prices for consumer goods and services, which caused social discontent. Delays in market reforms exacerbated the situation. The “perestroika” that began in 1985 in the USSR, brought about drastic changes in domestic and foreign policy and gave a “green light” to market transformations in CEE countries. Despite the failure, CMEA made a significant contribution to the development of global regionalization processes. It was part of the bipolar world order and supported strategic stability in the world, contributed to the improvement of European integration institutions, especially in terms of planning the integration process and creating mechanisms for converging the levels of development and welfare of the participating countries. The CMEA experience has shown that in order to meet the growing complexity of the international economic, it is necessary to create the corresponding integration and national institutions of the participating countries. The central issue of the effectiveness of integration is the acquisition by the participating countries of such specialization, not only within the framework of the integration association, but also of the global economy as a whole, which will ensure their sustainable income. In the course of evolution, modern integration associations will change functions and institutions, the composition of participants, enter into larger alliances, but are unlikely to disappear from the world economy as CMEA.

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Safronov, Alexey. "Coordination of Technical Assistance for Developing Countries by the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in 1961—1967." ISTORIYA 12, no. 4 (102) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015361-6.

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Popov, Aleksei A. "Trade Expansion within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance after the Polish and Hungarian Crises." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 63, no. 4 (December 2018): 1303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2018.418.

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15

Melis, W. "Enforcement of Foreign Awards in European Member-Countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance." Arbitration International 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/2.1.33.

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Dragomir, Elena. "The creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance as seen from the Romanian archives." Historical Research 88, no. 240 (September 30, 2014): 355–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12083.

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Koshkin, A. S. "LEGAL FORMS OF COOPERATION OF THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC MUTUAL ASSISTANCE WITH NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 1 (2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-1-57-63.

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The article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of the need for legal regulation of COMECON cooperation with countries outside the organization. The main forms of COMECON cooperation, its structural elements and their interdepartmental relations with non-member countries of the Union are studied. The role of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) and its direct participation in the legal regulation of the economic integration of the socialist countries, as well as in the creation of a comprehensive program that allows coordinating and developing relations with other countries in the field of maritime transport, scientific cooperation and industry, were noted. The main purpose of the work is to analyze the legal framework governing the relationship of COMECON with countries that are not part of it. To achieve this goal, the main COMECON regulations in this area, as well as bilateral and multilateral agreements, were analyzed.

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NINKOVIĆ, Momir N. "Establishment of Cooperation Between the SFRY and the COMECON in 1964." Tokovi istorije 28, no. 3/2020 (December 14, 2020): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2020.3.nin.139-163.

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This article analyzes the motives for establishing cooperation between Yugoslavia and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). The course of the negotiations is shown, as well as, the conclusion of the Agreement on Yugoslavia’s participation within the organs of the COMECON. The paper is based on unpublished documents from the archives of the Republic of Serbia and the Russian Federation, as well as other relevant literature

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Libbey, James. "CoCom, Comecon, and the Economic Cold War." Russian History 37, no. 2 (2010): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633110x494661.

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AbstractThe economic dimension to the Cold War often focused on two blocs of nations, each led by one of the opposing superpowers. In 1949, the Soviet Union sponsored the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance or Comecon in Eastern Europe; the United States founded the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls or CoCom in Western Europe. Both soon expanded. On one level, the two groups were quite distinct. Comecon resembled a common market; CoCom restricted technology transfers. The article below, however, presents a series of arguments that suggest these dissimilar economic groupings possessed to an extraordinary degree a common pattern in their history. They frequently mirrored each other in the contentious relations shared by the U.S. and U.S.S.R.

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Popov, A. A. "ECONOMIC MOTIVES OF COOPERATION OF CMEA COUNTRIES IN RAW MATERIAL PRODUCTION (1950s - 1980s)." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-2-196-204.

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On the basis of archival materials of the Russian State Geological Property and Economics, the article analyzes the economic incentives for cooperation between the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in the extraction of mineral resources. The course of the discussion on the possibility of standardizing the mutual investments of the socialist countries was reconstructed. Investment mechanisms are considered in the logic of the functioning of planned systems based on the Janos Kornai model. It was revealed that one of the key conditions for the successful implementation of projects was the possibility of increasing the inflow of hard currency for all parties involved. The individual nature of most of the implemented projects predetermined the failure of attempts to standardize this form of cooperation within the framework of the CMEA regulatory framework. Given the prevalence of bilateral relations over multilateral forms of cooperation of socialist countries, attempts to institutionalize individual forms within the CMEA framework only recorded the current situation.

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21

Scott, Norman. "Establishing and Financing of a Joint Venture." Revue générale de droit 19, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 787–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058497ar.

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This article deals with a Guide prepared by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concerning east-west joint ventures. The publication focusses on the issues arising in the establishment and operation of east-west joint ventures in those European members countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) which now allow this form of industrial co-operation in their respective territories — namely, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union. In parallel with that Guide, the author exposes the importance and the contents of the contract itself with its main provisions.

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Bodnar, Artur. "SOME PROBLEMS OF THE DIVISION OF LABOUR BETWEEN THE COUNTRIES OF THE COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE." Papers in Regional Science 16, no. 1 (January 14, 2005): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1966.tb01333.x.

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23

Trigatti, Larry, Ole-Kristian Bjerkemo, and Mark Everett. "Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1485.

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ABSTRACT This paper describes the background, approach, challenges and results of the development of the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic signed May 2013 by the eight member states of the Arctic Council at Kiruna, Sweden. The Arctic Council established an interdisciplinary task force in May 2011 to develop the Agreement. The Task Force included participants from the Arctic states, Permanent Participants of the Arctic Council, observers, industry representatives, and invited experts. The Task Force met five times over nearly a one year period. The objective of the Agreement is to strengthen cooperation, coordination and mutual assistance among the Parties on oil pollution preparedness and response in the Arctic in order to protect the marine environment by pollution from oil. The Agreement applies to oil pollution incidents that occur in or may pose a threat to any marine area over which a State whose government is a Party exercises sovereignty, sovereign rights or jurisdiction, including in its internal waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, consistent with international law. An Operational Guideline to the Agreement was developed by the Arctic Council's standing Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response (EPPR) work group to provide tactical operating procedures for: notification; requests for assistance; provision of assistance; coordination and cooperation in response operations, including in areas beyond the jurisdiction of any State; movement and removal of resources across borders; procedures for conducting joint exercises and training; and a variety of other topics.

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Klein, Kenneth. "Council of Europe–Organisation for Economic Co–Operation and Development: Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters." International Legal Materials 27, no. 5 (September 1988): 1160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900021562.

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Mueller, Wolfgang. "Recognition in Return for Détente? Brezhnev, the EEC, and the Moscow Treaty with West Germany, 1970–1973." Journal of Cold War Studies 13, no. 4 (October 2011): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00167.

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This article draws on Soviet archival documents as well as Western and Russian publications to analyze the background of Leonid Brezhnev's announcements of 1972 regarding the Soviet Union's possible recognition of the European Economic Community (EEC). The analysis takes into account various factors including the integration process, détente, and Soviet relations with West European states. The article shows that Brezhnev's first initiative toward the EEC in March 1972 was designed to facilitate ratification of the Moscow Treaty with West Germany and did not reflect a genuine desire to establish relations with Brussels. The new Soviet approach toward the EEC became manifest only in Brezhnev's second speech on the topic, in December 1972. This strategy, which included mutual recognition and negotiations between the EEC and the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance, was intended to foster détente in Europe and to pave the way toward the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

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Popov, A. D. "“Routes of Friendship”: Organization of International Tourism in Countries of Socialist Camp in 1950-1980s." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): 408–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-6-408-425.

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The institutional foundations, organizational features, the main trends and problems of cooperation between European member states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in the field of international tourism in the second half of the 1950s — 1980s are described in the article. Specific examples show the formula for building bilateral cooperation in this area, as well as organizational principles and main directions of work of special annual meetings of tourist operators and government agencies in the field of tourism. Particular attention is paid to the description of the mechanisms of mutual settlements between socialist countries for the rendered mutual tourist services, including in a non-currency form. Based on the analysis of publications of the Soviet period and archival sources, the author concluded that syncretism of economic, economic and ideological approaches was characteristic of large-scale international tourist exchange between European socialist countries, and the Soviet Union played not so much the role of a “big brother” with a decisive vote as an ideological “mentor”. It is emphasized that, despite the declaration of the systemic advantages of “socialist tourism”, in general, it was characterized by numerous organizational difficulties.

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Berrios, Rubén. "Relations between Nicaragua and the Socialist Countries." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no. 3 (1985): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165602.

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Since the Late 1960s, due to détente and rising nationalism in Latin America, the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries have succeeded in expanding diplomatic relations with most countries in the Western Hemisphere (Blasier, 1984; Fichet, 1981). For an increasing number of Third World nations, the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries of Eastern Europe have become a source of trade, credits, technical assistance and political support. Hence, many Third World countries view CMEA agreements as a means of strengthening their negotiating position vis-á-vis the United States and other developed countries. In turn, the CMEA countries have stepped up their commercial activity irrespective of the nature of the governments of the recipient countries. In the case of Latin America, CMEA ability to provide such funding is restrained by their own economic limitations, by geographical distance and by the shortage of foreign exchange. These factors discourage risky commitments in a region that is peripheral to essential security concerns of the CMEA countries.

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Ivanov, Yu N., and T. A. Khomenko. "On the History of International Comparisons of National Income within the Framework of CMEA." Voprosy statistiki 26, no. 3 (March 30, 2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2019-26-3-69-75.

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The author considers the history of international comparisons of macroeconomic indicators carried out periodically from 1960th up to the end of the 1980th within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). As a result of these comparisons extensive information on economies of the countries of this organisation was collected and processed; it was used to establish economic cooperation between the CMEA members. It is noted that the CMEA program is in many respects similar to the ongoing Program of international comparisons of the GDP (ICP) that is carried out following a decision by the UN Statistical Commission. This mainly concerns the computation methods of purchasing power parities. At the same time, the article considers some peculiarities of the CMEA methodology.

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Szobi, Pavel. "Czechoslovakia and the council for mutual economic assistance in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union after World War II." Revista Portuguesa de História, no. 45 (2014): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4147_45_16.

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Closson, Stacy. "A comparative analysis on energy subsidies in Soviet and Russian policy." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 44, no. 4 (November 12, 2011): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2011.10.009.

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Russia’s recent intent to use gas supplies to influence the former Soviet Union Republics, and now New Independent States (NIS), has mirrored that of the Soviet’s handling of hydrocarbon supplies to the Eastern bloc, or the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). This paper explores the historical and unique conditions in making a comparison of energy trading patterns in the 1970s and 2000s. In the end, by comparing ‘then’ and ‘now’, we see a pattern of negative repercussions when the energy card is employed. This study employs a within case study cross-temporal comparative framework and asks: why would Russia transfer a failed policy of subsidies onto its newly independent states?

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Stone, David R. "CMEA's International Investment Bank and the Crisis of Developed Socialism." Journal of Cold War Studies 10, no. 3 (July 2008): 48–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.3.48.

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In 1971 the Soviet bloc's Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) created the International Investment Bank (IIB). The IIB was part of a broader effort to adopt market-based reforms in all the East-bloc economies. The bank was designed to promote competition for loans and rigorous vetting of projects, ostensibly resulting in greater CMEA integration and production that met world standards of quality. But this scenario ultimately did not pan out. Instead, the IIB became a mere conduit for Western finance, focusing not on high technology but on natural resource extraction, particularly the construction of the Soyuz natural gas pipeline. More fundamentally, the IIB could not function properly without market-determined prices and convertible currencies. Although economic authorities in the Soviet bloc fully recognized the constraints on the IIB, they were unwilling to abandon fundamental principles of the Soviet economic system.

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De Groot, Michael. "The Soviet Union, CMEA, and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00964.

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Numerous scholars have claimed that the Soviet Union was a primary beneficiary of the 1973–1974 oil crisis. Drawing on archival evidence from Russia and Germany, this article challenges that interpretation, showing that the oil crisis forced Soviet policymakers to confront the limits of their energy industry and the effects of the crisis on their East European allies. Demand for Soviet energy outpaced production, forcing Soviet officials to weigh their need to compensate for economic shortcomings at home against their role as the guarantor of Communist rule in Eastern Europe. The Soviet decision to raise prices within the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Soviet Union's inability to fulfill demand across CMEA compelled the East European governments to purchase oil from Middle Eastern countries at increasing world market prices, crippling their balance of payments and accentuating their other economic shortcomings.

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Marrese, Michael. "CMEA: effective but cumbersome political economy." International Organization 40, no. 2 (1986): 287–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027156.

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The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance is primarily a forum for bilateral bargaining between the Soviet Union and each of the other CMEA countries. The bilateral negotiations are conducted with tremendous concern for Soviet long-term preferences and for the short-term economic-political stability of East European countries. The CMEA provides the Soviet Union with an effective but cumbersome politico-economic policy-making apparatus that is becoming less effective and increasingly cumbersome over time. From the East European perspective, the CMEA tends to solidify the positions of the East European leaders yet generate long-term economic costs. What are the preferences upon which the CMEA is constructed? How are CMEA characteristics related to these preferences? What are the economic costs and benefits to member countries in static and dynamic terms? Why have costs for all member countries risen over time? How is intra-CMEA trade likely to change during the next decade?

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Zhiryakov, Ivan G. "THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND THE COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE IN THE 1970'S IN THE CONTEXT OF EAST-WEST RELATIONS." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (History and political science), no. 4 (2016): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-676x-2016-4-59-68.

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Comisso, Ellen. "State structures and political processes outside the CMEA: a comparison." International Organization 40, no. 2 (1986): 577–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027260.

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Although state structures among non-CMEA NICs varied widely, all were fundamentally different from state structures within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Moreover, because those differences were as much in kind as in degree, even nominally similar strategy choices and political processes were actually the product of different causes, shaped by different objectives and political actors, accomplished with different instruments, and followed by different international and domestic consequences. At the same time, although the substance of state structure and economic strategy in Eastern Europe and the NICs was different, the relationship between structure and strategy was similar. In both areas, state structures define problems, possibilities, and political resources; yet strategy was the result of differentiated political processes in which elites mobilized allies at home and abroad to formulate solutions to the issues and opportunities that state structures created.

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Schmanenkov, N. A., and A. Sommer. "Twenty Five Years Common NFN-Research in the Countries of Council for Mutal Economic Assistance." Archiv für Tierernaehrung 36, no. 2-3 (February 1986): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450398609425251.

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CRUMP, LAURIEN, and SIMON GODARD. "Reassessing Communist International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors." Contemporary European History 27, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777317000455.

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This article widens the analysis of international organisations by including communist organisations, in particular the Warsaw Pact and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). Drawing on archival research in Moscow, Bucharest, Berlin, Geneva and Rome, this article traces the origins, the evolution and the collective actorness of both organisations. Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact went through a process of institutionalisation, reorganisation and multilateralisation and began to share many characteristics with their Western counterparts, such as the European Economic Community and NATO. Contrary to conventional wisdom these organisations thus developed into multilateral international organisations, which the other members could use to challenge Soviet unilateralism. Comparing COMECON and the Warsaw Pact with each other and with their Western counterparts, this article shows how these Eastern European international organisations contributed to shifting the balance of power within the Soviet Bloc by empowering their members as sovereign states and themselves as collective actors.

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Lipkin, Mikhail Arkadyevich. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the existing trends in study of the 20th century: towards the 70th anniversary of CMEA." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (26) (2019): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu19.2019.204.

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Kirillova, L. V. "BUILDING THE NATION: SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN ALGERIA, 1962-1978." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-3-334-343.

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Since the middle of the 1950s, the Socialist countries led by the Soviet Union had made significant contribution to the economic advancement of the developing countries. Under the umbrella of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), Soviet aid programs extended on many African countries, including Algeria. Founded by the Soviet Bloc in 1949, the CMEA was a response to the Marshall Plan. Within the confines of the Cold War, this international governmental organization aimed to promote the socialist economic integration not only of its members but also the emerging nations beyond the Iron Curtain. In case of Algeria, the massive construction projects sponsored by the CMEA turned into the crucial platforms of the new nation building. Erection of industrial enterprises projected economic, political, social, and cultural development of Algeria. This article presents the construction works in Algeria as the crucial sites for spreading Soviet influence in North Africa. In addition, it demonstrates the role of youth from Algeria and the Soviet Bloc in the establishment of these country-wide projects and the formation of Algerian nationhood.

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Dragomir, Elena. "Romania and the Beginning of CMEA Controversies over a Common Trade Policy Towards the EEC, 1969–1972." European History Quarterly 50, no. 3 (July 2020): 495–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420938656.

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This article examines Romania’s opposition to the attempts of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in the early 1970s to adopt a common trade policy towards the European Economic Community (EEC). The article covers the period between 1969, when the CMEA embarked on negotiations regarding the deepening of the intra-bloc cooperation and integration, and 1 January 1973, which is the date marking the end of the derogations that the Eastern European states received with regard to the implementation of the EEC’s Common Commercial Policy. The article focuses on Romania’s reasons and tactics of opposition, but it also outlines its views with regard to the EEC, in general, and the CMEA-EEC relations, in particular. Corroborated by findings involving studies in other Eastern European archives, this article will help to create a better understanding of the CMEA debates on integration, on the CMEA-EEC relations, in general, and on Romania’s opposition to the CMEA’s intended common policy towards the EEC, in particular.

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Alberto Lopez-Arevalo, Jorge, Francisco Garcia-Fernandez, and Rafael Alejandro Vaquera-Salazar. "The Intra and Inter Industry Trade of Cuba (2000-2014)." Journal of International Business and Economy 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2016.2.6.

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The aim of this study is to analyze Cuba’s foreign trade with three main partners during the so-called Special Period, a result from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. With the absence of the Mutual Economic Assistance Council (MEAC), Cuba had to make structural changes in its economy and foreign trade. A center-periphery model of doing business between Cuba and its trade partners was implemented. Under this model, China became Cuba’s main supplier of manufactured goods and Cuba supplied raw materials. Foreign trade in Cuba was limited due to the economic embargo from the United States. Nowadays, the relation between these two countries has become more of a trading collaboration. The United States has turned into one of Cuba’s main food suppliers, while Cuba exports art pieces and antiquities to that country. Russia also became a main exporter of manufactured goods and machinery to Cuba, just as China. In return, Cuba is sending raw materials to both of those countries.

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42

Fitzmaurice, M. "A. Bloed, The External Relations of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, M. Nijhoff Publ., Dordrecht 1988, 266 pp., Dfl. 135/$66/£39.50." Netherlands International Law Review 36, no. 01 (May 1989): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x0000721x.

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43

Comisso, Ellen, and Paul Marer. "The economics and politics of reform in Hungary." International Organization 40, no. 2 (1986): 421–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027193.

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Reform of the domestic economic system is the distinctive element of Hungary's foreign economic strategy in the 1980s. The need for systemic economic reform stems from Hungary's status as a small country, heavily dependent on foreign trade, many of whose imports can no longer be met within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance alone. The many obstacles to economic reform lie in a heritage of policy choices that responded to domestic and CMEA supply constraints rather than to principles of comparative advantage. Such policies undercut the initial economic reform in 1968 and contributed to a major economic crisis in 1979–82. The subsequent changes in policy priorities and institutional mechanisms prompted by this crisis aimed to reduce Hungary's insulation from the larger international economy and make the economy more efficient. Politically, economic reform is possible in Hungary largely because of the impact of the 1956 revolt on both the subsequent composition of the political elite and the norms and features of collective leadership that guided its decision making afterwards. Nevertheless, the political and economic structures on which collective leadership rests weaken reform advocates and obstruct consistent implementation of their policy preferences. Yet Hungary's economic situation in the late 1970s altered the political balance offerees in favor of reformists, permitting them to alter both economic structures and policies.

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44

Aggeeva, Irina. "The USSR on the Special Session of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the World Conference of Communist and Workers Parties, Moscow, 1969." ISTORIYA 10, no. 11 (85) (2019): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840008063-8.

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45

Comisso, Ellen. "Introduction: state structures, political processes, and collective choice in CMEA states." International Organization 40, no. 2 (1986): 195–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027132.

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The similarity of state structures throughout Eastern Europe helps to explain why the reactions of states in that area to the international economic disturbances of the past decade resemble each other and why they differ from those of states outside the socialist bloc. Similar state structures, however, do not explain why the economic strategies of the East European states themselves in response to international economic shocks in the 1970s and 1980s diverged so noticeably. The role of state structure is to define “kto/kovo” (who can do what to whom) relationships in the state and economy. In this way state structures define problems that political leaders must solve, possibilities among which they may choose, and political resources and allies upon which they may draw in the course of their decision making. In contrast, strategy choices–“what is to be done”–are the outcomes of political processes in which leaders mobilize resources and allies to capture positions of power from which they can pursue the purposes they advocate. Thus differences in foreign economic strategies among member states in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance reflected differences in the dynamic interaction of the form and content of political processes that occurred within common state structures.

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Stone, Randall W. "The Council of Mutual Economic Assistance: The Failure of Reform. By Lee Kendall Metcalf. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, Columbia University Press, 1998. 214p. $35.00." American Political Science Review 93, no. 2 (June 1999): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2585468.

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47

Belko, Oleh. "Formation of a network of credit organizations as forms of support and development of pottery production in the Poltava region (1894–1914)." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 60 (2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.60.05.

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The article focuses on the creation of credit organizations network by the Poltava provincial local council to support and develop handicrafts, in particular pottery, and the production of ceramic refractories. The article looks at several ways of obtaining funds for the development of handicraft industry, especially the pottery industry which was distinguished by the Poltava provincial local council in a separate category, and for raising its production and artistic level. Here belongs the bank industrial loan which was allocated by the state bank, although not all manufacturers could use it. The second way is a well-established mechanism of state financing of pottery educational institutions, in particular the Opishnenskaia, Postavmutskaia workshops, the Mirhorod Art and Industrial School named after Mykola Hohol, as well as provincial tile workshops and tile-and-brick factories, whose network was increasing with each passing year. One more way was formation of mutual benefit funds, credit societies. Their active growth was observed in Romenskyi, Kostyantynohradskyi, Hadyatskyi, Zinkovskyi and Mirhorodskyi counties. Such forms of financial support solved the production problems of most potters of the province. Credit societies were regarded by the zemstvo not only as financial mutual assistance but also as a guarantor of their members’ activity. Poltava provincial zemstvo could act as a guarantor of fulfillment by its member of obligations to organizations-manufacturers of tools for artisanal production. The positive thing was also the fact that financial capability of the credit societies were not limited to their own funds. They could borrow from banks under a contractual arrangement or get the State Bank loans for development of handicraft business. The formation of the credit organizations network by the zemstvo contributed to the development of handicrafts, pottery in particular, as well as to the intensive production of environmentally friendly ceramic refractory materials and to an increase in the economic potential of the province.

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Herman, J. "The External Relations of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; Arie Bloed; Martinus Nijhoff, 1988; ISBN 90-247-3783-4. Senior officer at the Europe Institute in Utrecht." Leiden Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (May 1989): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001175.

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Brada, Josef C. "Interpreting the Soviet subsididzation of Eastern Europe." International Organization 42, no. 4 (1988): 639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300034007.

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In trade among the members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), prices of raw materials are lower and those of manufactured goods higher than comparable world prices. Because the Soviet Union is a net exporter of raw materials to, and net importer of manufactures from, the other CMEA countries, it benefits less from CMEA trade than it would from trading with the rest of the world, and the other CMEA members benefit more. This redistribution of the gains from trade is generally seen as a form of subsidization. One explanation of these subsidies is that they represent Soviet payments for political and military benefits provided by East European regimes; another is that the subsidies compensate Eastern Europe for the economic burden imposed by central planning and extensive economic ties to the Soviet Union. I argue that neither of these explanations is consistent with the type of economic and political relations that one would expect of the Soviet and East European regimes. In their place I offer an alternative explanation based on the Heckscher-Ohlin model of comparative advantage. The distribution of CMEA subsidies is shown to reflect the distribution of gains from trade that would arise among any group of economies forming a preferential trading scheme. I also argue that the willingness of members to belong to CMEA, even at the expense of paying subsidies, is that CMEA can be viewed as a club that provides benefits to members while imposing costs that may to some extent be unequal and unpredictable.

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Hazard, John N. "Dogovornoe Pravo Stran-Chlenov Sev I Sfriu. Obshchie Polozheniia. (Contract Law of Countries Members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and of the Socialist Federated Republic of Yugoslavia)." American Journal of Comparative Law 37, no. 2 (1989): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/840178.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Council for Economic Mutual Assistance'

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