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Burton, Tony. "The council for the protection of Rural England." Planning Practice & Research 7, no. 1 (March 1992): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02697459208722836.
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Wan, Tao, and Nawei Wu. "A Review of UK’s Campaigns led by Council for the Protection of Rural England." Urban Planning International 34, no. 6 (2019): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22217/upi.2016.173.
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WILLIS, GARY. "‘An Arena of Glorious Work’: The Protection of the Rural Landscape Against the Demands of Britain's Second World War Effort." Rural History 29, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793318000134.
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Abstract:This article explores the development of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England's (CPRE) policy response to the increasing demands for rural land by the armed forces and other war effort-related government departments prior to and during the Second World War. The CPRE was supportive of Britain's war effort, but nevertheless throughout the war sought to remain an effective advocate for the preservation of the rural landscape – a landscape that was regularly evoked by state propaganda to stimulate the population's support for the war effort, yet was subject to alteration and degradation by that very effort. The result was a generally private campaign of lobbying characterised by opposition to some war effort-related proposals for rural land use, acquiescence to others, and consistent efforts to seek to ensure that requisitioned land was returned to its prewar use. Central to the CPRE's capacity to influence was a consultative mechanism created by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in 1938, which established the CPRE as a stakeholder that government ministries were required to consult with over their proposed use of land in rural areas for airfields, training camps, war industry, and other purposes. The immediate postwar legacy of this work, both for the CPRE and the rural landscape, is also examined. This article therefore contributes, albeit from a tangential perspective, to the growing historiography on the militarisation of landscapes, defined by Coates et al. as ‘sites that have been fully or partially mobilised for military purposes’.2
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Murray, Patrick Joseph. "The Council For the Preservation of Rural England, Suburbia and The Politics of Preservation." Prose Studies 32, no. 1 (April 2010): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440351003747659.
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Series, Lucy. "On Detaining 300,000 People: the Liberty Protection Safeguards." International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law 2019, no. 25 (June 30, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v2019i25.952.
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<p>The Mental Capacity (Amendment) Act 2019 will introduce a new framework––the Liberty Protection Safeguards (LPS)––for authorising arrangements giving rise to a deprivation of liberty to enable the care and treatment of people who lack capacity to consent to them in England and Wales. The LPS will replace the heavily criticised Mental Capacity Act 2005 deprivation of liberty safeguards (MCA DoLS). The new scheme must provide detention safeguards on an unprecedented scale and across a much more diverse range of settings than traditional detention frameworks linked to mental disability. Accordingly, the LPS are highly flexible, and grant detaining authorities considerable discretion in how they perform this safeguarding function. This review outlines the background to the 2019 amendments to the MCA, and contrasts the LPS with the DoLS. It argues that although the DoLS were in need of reform, the new scheme also fails to deliver adequate detention safeguards, and fails to engage with the pivotal question: what are these safeguards for?</p><p>Keywords: Mental Capacity (Amendment) Act 2019; Mental Capacity Act 2005; deprivation of liberty safeguards; liberty protection safeguards; article 5 European Convention on Human Rights; P v Cheshire West and Chester Council and another; P and Q v Surrey County Council [2014] UKSC 19; [2014] A.C. 896; [2014] H.R.L.R. 13</p>
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Liu, En Hua. "Establishment and Improvement of New Theory on Long-Term Mechanism of Environmental Protection in Rural China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 6003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.6003.
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In recent years, China's environmental events frequently, compared with the urban environment, rural environmental issues become more prominent. CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to environmental protection in rural areas, and use it as a major event in the catch. Country according to their actual situation, expanding public education, a sound system, take a number of concrete measures to increase rural environmental protection efforts. However, the environmental situation in rural China is still not optimistic, even to 012 years, is still emerging environmental pollution accidents occur. Therefore, China must establish long-term mechanism to improve environmental protection in rural areas, however, the establishment of this mechanism is also currently facing many practical difficulties. Therefore, we must take comprehensive measures to a comprehensive, systematic, establish and improve long-term mechanism of environmental protection in rural China. In recent years, many places around the development of agro-ecological safety targets, accelerating the construction of pollution-free agricultural base, efforts to change by a large number of chemical fertilizers, spraying pesticides to increase agricultural production in the extensive mode of production, through the implementation of soil engineering, soil testing and fertilizer implementation technology, to promote efficiency and low toxicity pesticides, expanding manure, organic fertilizer area and other measures, the agricultural non-point source pollution has been a certain amount of control. Fifth, rural environment to bear fruit. In recent years, initially obtained by the comprehensive improvement of rural environment, rural life garbage pollution, rural industrial enterprises to curb pollution.
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Litwiniuk, Przemysław. "Constitutional Principle of Environmental Protection as a Directive in the Process of Establishing the Rural Development Programme." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.2.83-97.
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<p>The environment is a value and subject of constitutional protection in Poland. Ensuring environmental protection is considered as a political principle in the national doctrine, and due to the editorial location of its source in Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, it is considered as one of the objectives of Polish statehood. In several places, the Basic Law refers to the issue of the environment, considering it an important value and entrusting its care not only to public authorities, but also to anyone who is subject to Polish state authority. Examining whether contemporary instruments of agricultural law, in particular those developed with the participation of Polish state authorities in the application of the mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, take into account constitutional directives derived from the principle of environmental protection and whether the effects of these activities are verified in the light of the constitutional model is an interesting academic question. The subject of detailed analysis in this study is the rural development programme (RDP) referred to in Article 6 of the Regulation (EU) No. 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 1698/2005. The author demonstrates that the constitutional principle of environmental protection was respected by Polish public authorities in the process of creating an important and high-budget instrument for conducting development policy, which is the RDP for the years 2014–2020.</p>
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Patel, Amrit. "THREE DECADES OF CONSUMER PROTECTION OF RIGHTS ACT: RURAL INDIA NEEDS FOCUSED ATTENTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i1.2017.1912.
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India has been observing December 24 each year since 1986 as “National Consumer Rights Day”, when the Consumer Protection Act [CPA], 1986 came into force on this day. Despite the implementation of the CPA has completed three decades in the country, the rural India has yet to understand the meaning of consumer’s rights & the procedure to protect the right enshrined in the CPA,1986. This has its significance because according to the National Council of Applied Economic Research survey report there are 720 million consumers across the villages and according to the National Sample Survey Organization report there are small & marginal farmers [S&MFs] accounting for 85% of total agricultural holdings in the country. It is against this background this development perspective article briefly but precisely deals with the need to create desired level of awareness among S&MFs as consumers and effectively implement the provisions of the CPA, 1986 for the benefits of farmers and women engaged in agriculture in the light of the importance of agriculture, significant number of farmers and women engaged in agriculture, poor quality of goods and services resulting into the serious issues of land degradation, inefficient use of farm resources, declining farm productivity and rate of return on farm investments.
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Ditt, Karl, and Jane Rafferty. "Nature Conservation in England and Germany 1900–70: Forerunner of Environmental Protection?" Contemporary European History 5, no. 1 (March 1996): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003623.
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Nature plays a significant role in the discussion for and against modernism, which got under way from the late eighteenth century onwards. The rationalists of the Enlightenment considered not only human nature, but also the whole uncultivated realm of nature beyond, that of the animals and plants, as wild and dangerous. It should, according to them, be tamed for the benefit of mankind and put to use. Thus they laid the ideological foundations that made possible the unrestrained exploitation of natural resources for the free development of the market and specifically for industrialisation, ie for material and ideological modernisation processes. The Romantics, on the other hand, emphasised the importance of non-material values. In their view the inherent and irretrievable beauty of nature should not be sacrificed on the altar of utilitarianism. A century later the critics of unrestrained economic modernisation expanded on the Romantics' view. They criticised the ‘tumours’ of industrialisation, urbanisation and materialism, advocating greater preservation of the wilderness and, indeed, of agrarian land and the rural way of life. For them, such things were not just symbols of originality, beauty and health, but were also part of the ‘national character’. They were unique treasures, unlike replaceable material interests. Nature, as a source of raw materials, became a multifunctional cultural heritage. ‘Materialism’ and the idea of progress, the central characteristics of modernisation, were challenged by criticism of civilisation and by historicism. Thus the basic cultural and political camps were established, but also the decisive ideological preconditions for the emergence of a nature conservation movement.
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ZELL, MICHAEL. "WALTER MORRELL AND THE NEW DRAPERIES PROJECT, c. 1603–1631." Historical Journal 44, no. 3 (September 2001): 651–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01001959.
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This article explores the lengthy and convoluted history of a Jacobean project to set the idle poor to work making ‘new draperies’. Although the projector, Walter Morrell, convinced the Cecils, King James, and the privy council of the social and fiscal benefits of his scheme, he failed to persuade the Hertfordshire gentry. This case study in the formulation of crown economic policy, and in ‘Stuart paternalism’, draws upon Morrell's own detailed, unpublished treatise, as well as conventional political sources, and shows how the combination of ‘commonwealth’ rhetoric and progressive economic thinking could sway crown policy-making. It also demonstrates once again the limits of conciliar authority in early Stuart England. In the face of sustained provincial non-compliance, the privy council had neither the machinery nor the stomach to force the Hertfordshire elite to implement government policy and give meaningful support to a government-backed projector. And despite their inability to deal with growing rural unemployment, the Hertfordshire magistrates were unwilling to experiment with rural industry as a solution.
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Yermolenko, Volodymyr, Olena Hafurova, Maryna Deineha, Tamara Novak, Alena Temnikova, and Erdene Naidansuren. "Quality of drinking water in rural areas: problems of legal environment." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 09022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128009022.
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The article is devoted to the scientific and theoretical analysis of the current state of legal provision of drinking water quality in rural areas. It was stated that in recent years there has been a steady trend of deteriorating quality of water used for drinking in rural areas, including due to increasing levels of nitrate pollution. Proposals have been made for: further implementation of Council Directive 98/83 / EU on the quality of water intended for human consumption and Council Directive 91/676/ EEC on the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources in national legislation; elimination of substantive inconsistencies between State sanitary norms and rules 2.2.4-171-10 “Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption” and National Standards of Ukraine 7525: 2014 “Drinking water. Requirements and methods of quality control “in terms of drinking water quality indicators; inclusion in the subjects of state water monitoring of the central executive body that implements the state policy in the field of health care (regarding the monitoring of drinking water); development of the Procedure for state monitoring of nitrate content in surface and groundwater as a component of state water monitoring; forecasting at the level of the National Target Program “Drinking Water of Ukraine” for 2021-2025 “development and operation of a single state information resource - Interactive map of drinking water quality in Ukraine.
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Copic, Sanja, and Ivana Vidakovic. "Victim support services in England, Wales and Northern Ireland." Temida 5, no. 2 (2002): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0202019c.
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In the paper, authors tried to present activities of one of the oldest European Victim Support Services - Victim Support for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. During 1970s, through practice and research projects, the need for recognizing the physical and psychological status of victims after the crime was committed, as well as the need of providing them with the (informal) assistance and support were noticed. That has resulted in establishing numerous of local victim support services (schemes), which united in the National Association of the Victim Support Services in 1979. Significant support was given to the Service in 1980s through the recommendations of the Council of Europe on the assistance for victims of crime and prevention of victimization through direct support given to the victim immediately after the incident, including protection and safety, medical, mental, social and financial support, as well as providing the victim with information on his/her rights, support during the criminal proceeding, assistance in getting compensation etc. Organization and structure of the service, referral system, code of practice and two main programs: Victim Service and Witness Service are reviewed in the paper.
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Goddard, Chris. "The organised abuse of children in rural England: The response of Social Services, Part One." Children Australia 19, no. 3 (1994): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200004119.
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There are a number of controversies raging in the world of child protection. Three in particular have attracted attention in recent months. There is the issue of the ‘repressed’ or ‘false’ memories of adults recalling sexual abuse in childhood. This topic has received extensive coverage in professional journals (see, for example, Neale, 1994 for a summary) and in the broader media (Wyndham, 1994).Once again, the very label given to the problem defines the debate, as indeed has been the case since modern interest in child abuse was prompted by Kempe's (1962) work. It is interesting to note that ‘false memory syndrome’ is now the term used by some to counter claims of abuse in childhood. As Neale points out (1994:17) the term has ‘no medical validity, but the use of the word ‘syndrome’ perhaps suggests such a feature.
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GRIFFITH, WIL. "Saving the Soul of the Nation: Essentialist Nationalism and Interwar Rural Wales." Rural History 21, no. 2 (September 22, 2010): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793310000099.
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AbstractThis article explores how the land and the agricultural community were made out to be central to the assertion of Welsh national identity between the world wars. Political Nationalism came out of a disillusion with Liberal national sentiment. Liberal nationalists had recognised the significance of the land in Wales and made secure a devolved administrative regime for agriculture, the Welsh Council of Agriculture, originally established before 1914. For the political Nationalists, however, this was far too little. They perceived a cultural and economic crisis which might be overcome only through complete self-government. That crisis originated historically in the annexation of Wales to England which had intruded an alien land system and destroyed a natural, patriarchal rural order; which had foisted an alien commercial, industrial system and had led to the Anglicisation of Welsh society. In its depressed state, inter-war Wales was subjected to a new and reactive form of politics, often influenced by European right wing ideas, which was anti-urban, anti-capitalist, anti-English and anti-modern, all of which had wider repercussions for the future of Welsh identity.
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Heap, Vicky, and Jill Dickinson. "Public Spaces Protection Orders: a critical policy analysis." Safer Communities 17, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-02-2018-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically appraise the Public Spaces Protection Orders (PSPOs) policy that was introduced by the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act (2014). Within a designated area assigned by the local council, PSPOs can prohibit or require specific behaviours to improve the quality of life for people inhabiting that space. Those who do not comply face a fixed penalty notice of £100 or a fine of £1,000 on summary conviction. However, the practical and theoretical impact associated with the development of these powers has yet to be fully explored. Design/methodology/approach Using Bannister and O’Sullivan’s (2013) discussion of civility and anti-social behaviour policy as a starting point, the authors show how PSPOs could create new frontiers in exclusion, intolerance and criminalisation, as PSPOs enable the prohibition of any type of behaviour perceived to negatively affect the quality of life. Findings Local councils in England and Wales now have unlimited and unregulated powers to control public spaces. The authors suggest that this has the potential to produce localised tolerance thresholds and civility agendas that currently target and further marginalise vulnerable people, and the authors highlight street sleeping homeless people as one such group. Originality/value There has been little academic debate on this topic. This paper raises a number of original, conceptual questions that provide an analytical framework for future empirical research. The authors also use original data from Freedom of Information requests to contextualise the discussions.
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Рідей, Н. М., Ю. А. Кучеренко, and Т. В. Теліжинська. "Оцінка соціо-економічного розвитку сіл Іванівка і Цвіжин Іванівської сільської ради Вінницького району Вінницької області." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 3 (September 25, 2015): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2015.03.20.
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Проведено соціо-економічне оцінювання базових і аґ-реґованих показників – захищеності життєвого рівня,демографічних та інфраструктурних показників, забез-печення людськими і інтелектуальними ресурсами, до-ходів населення, житлового і транспортного забезпе-чення та рівня безробіття. Встановлено типи сільськихпоселень за кількістю мешканців. Визначено індекси заінтеґрованими (базовими) та аґреґованими показникамисоціального й економічного розвитку сільських поселеньІванівської сільської ради Вінницького району Вінницькоїобласті та встановлено рівень і стан соціо-економічного розвитку сільських населених пунктівпротягом 2012–2014 років.
We carried out socio-economic evaluation of basic and aggregate indicators – protection of living standards, demographic and infrastructure indicators, providing human and intellectual resources, income, housing and transport provision and the level of unemployment. Types of rural settlements are established by the number of inhabitants. Indexes are determined for the integrated (basic) and aggregate indicators of social and economic development of rural settlements Ivanivka village council of Vinnytsia district of Vinnytsia region, the level and conditions of socio-economic development of rural areas during 2012–2014 are set.
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Tilt, Bryan. "The Political Ecology of Pollution Enforcement in China: A Case from Sichuan's Rural Industrial Sector." China Quarterly 192 (December 2007): 915–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007002093.
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AbstractThis article uses a case study approach to examine the processes and consequences of pollution enforcement in an industrial township in rural Sichuan. China's national pollution emissions standards are relatively strict, but enforcement is the responsibility of some 2,500 Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) within municipal and county governments. EPB officials exercise considerable discretion in prioritizing and carrying out enforcement activities, but exactly what factors influence regulatory behaviour within EPBs is poorly understood. Data for the article are drawn from interviews with EBP officials, township government officials, industrial managers and local residents, as well as a review of township and district financial records and pollution enforcement records. In this case study, EPB enforcement priorities and actions were guided by State Council directives and State Environmental Protection Administration policy, but citizen complaints and media exposure regarding polluting factories also played a key role, and action culminated in the forced closure of township factories. The article uses political ecology as an analytical framework for understanding how pollution enforcement is shaped by the competing values, goals and priorities within the EPB and the administrative unit in which it operates. This is crucial in China, where the decentralized nature of environmental oversight requires an examination of both policy formulation and implementation. The implications of pollution enforcement on rural enterprises for ecological health, fiscal revenue and rural development are also discussed.
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Gruszczyńska, Agnieszka. "O zabijaniu — uśmiercanie zwierząt przeznaczonych do celów gospodarczych w świetle przepisów rozporządzenia Rady WE nr 1099/2009 oraz regulacji krajowych." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 108 (June 26, 2017): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.108.8.
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ON TAKING LIFE — THE KILLING OF ANIMALS DESTINED FOR COMMERCIAL USE IN THE LIGHT OF THE COUNCIL REGULATION EC NO. 1099/2009 AND DOMESTIC REGULATIONSLegal articles aiming to protect animals from pain and suffering during killing process constitute one of the key areas of humanitarian animal protection regulations. Within the EU law, the Council Regulation EC No 1099/2009 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing constitutes the main act regulating this area Official Journal L 303 of 18.11.2009, pp. 1–30. The member countries have pledged to apply the said Regulation as of January 1, 2013. In order to assure its proper implementation it is necessary to introduce the EU regulations into domestic legislature, while simultaneously revoking the overlapping or conflicting domestic regulations. To date 15.12.2018, Poland has failed to fulfil the above obligation, while the application and interpretation of the EU and domestic regulations remain contentious. This results in the need to verify each particular case with regard to the applicable regulations by an entity responsible for commercial animal slaughter or by asupervisory body, which negatively impacts on the animal protection.In March 2016 the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development presented adraft of an amendment to the Animal Protection Act for public consultation and settlement, whose aim is to implement the above-mentioned regulations. However, the proposed solutions evoke many questions and substantial doubts, while at the same time in the project implementation activities are lacking.The implementation of regulations ensuring proper application of the 1099/2009 Regulation should be considered crucial to guarantee the correct standards of protection of animals at the time of killing.
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Koch, Insa. "Moving beyond punitivism: Punishment, state failure and democracy at the margins." Punishment & Society 19, no. 2 (August 20, 2016): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474516664506.
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Recent commentary on the punitive turn has focused on the repressive nature of criminal justice policy. Yet, on a marginalised council estate (social housing project) in England, residents appropriate the state in ways that do not always align with the law. What is more, where the state fails to provide residents with the protection they need, residents mobilise informal violence that is condemned by the state. An ethnographic analysis of personalised uses of criminal justice questions the state-centric assumptions of order that have informed recent narratives of the punitive turn. It also calls for a reassessment of the relationship between democratic politics and criminal justice by drawing attention to popular demands that are not captured by a focus on punishment alone.
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Woolfson, A. "A County Council v MS and another: [2014] COP Case no 11413486: Court of Protection (England and Wales): Eldergill DJ: 20 March 2014." Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 3, no. 3 (August 19, 2014): 528–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwu031.
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Ridding, Lucy E., Stephen C. L. Watson, Adrian C. Newton, Clare S. Rowland, and James M. Bullock. "Ongoing, but slowing, habitat loss in a rural landscape over 85 years." Landscape Ecology 35, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00944-2.
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Abstract Context Studies evaluating biodiversity loss and altered ecosystem services have tended to examine changes over the last few decades, despite the fact that land use change and its negative impacts have been occurring over a much longer period. Examining past land use change, particularly over the long-term and multiple time periods, is essential for understanding how rates and drivers of change have varied historically. Objectives To quantify and assess patterns of change in semi-natural habitats across a rural landscape at five time points between 1930 and 2015. Methods We determined the habitat cover at over 3700 sites across the county of Dorset, southern England in 1930, 1950, 1980, 1990 and 2015, using historical vegetation surveys, re-surveys, historical maps and other contemporary spatial data. Results Considerable declines in semi-natural habitats occurred across the Dorset landscape between 1930 and 2015. This trend was non-linear for the majority of semi-natural habitats, with the greatest losses occurring between 1950 and 1980. This period coincides with the largest gains to arable and improved grassland, reflecting agricultural expansion after the Second World War. Although the loss of semi-natural habitats declined after this period, largely because there were very few sites left to convert, there were still a number of habitats lost within the last 25 years. Conclusions The findings illustrate a long history of habitat loss in the UK, and are important for planning landscape management and ameliorative actions, such as restoration. Our analysis also highlights the role of statutory protection in retaining semi-natural habitats, suggesting the need for continued protection of important habitats.
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HIPPERSON, JULIE. "‘Come All and Bring Your Spades’: England and Arbor Day, c.1880 – 1914." Rural History 23, no. 1 (March 6, 2012): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331100015x.
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AbstractIn February 1897, villagers in the small Kentish town of Eynsford celebrated their first Arbor Day by planting a row of trees in acrostic form to spell out the proverb MY SON, BE WISE. By 1910 Arbor Day had featured in the discussions of a Parliamentary Select Committee and the House of Commons, and was enjoying national press coverage as the event spread under the auspices of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Garden City Movement. Proponents positioned the ceremony as a prism through which to address the pressing social and economic concerns of rural depopulation, unemployment and deforestation, and by promoting the event as part of the educational experience of children, offered it up as a contribution towards the amelioration of these ills. Although the establishment of the Forestry Commission in 1919 ushered in the increasingly inflexible belief that the state rather than individuals was the only competent custodian of English woodland, Arbor Day can tell us much about how humankind's affective response to nature was conditioned, shored up and survived this increasingly scientific approach from the late nineteenth century.
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Taylor, Richard, and Jessica Yakeley. "Working with MAPPA: ethics and pragmatics." BJPsych Advances 25, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2018.5.
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SUMMARYMulti-agency public protection arrangements (MAPPA) have been in operation for around 18 years in England and Wales. The primary purpose is for the sharing of information between agencies regarding the risk management of offenders returning to the community from custodial and hospital settings. The legal framework regarding information by psychiatrists is not dealt with in one single policy or guidance document. Psychiatrists must use their clinical and professional judgement when engaging with the MAPPA process, mindful of guidance available from professional bodies such as the Royal College of Psychiatrists, General Medical Council and British Medical Association.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this article you will be able to: •Learn the legal and political background that led to the formation of MAPPA•Understand the structure and function of MAPPA•Understand the role of psychiatrists in the MAPPA processDECLARATION OF INTERESTR.T. is a member of the London Strategic Management Board for MAPPA.
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Kirchengast, Tyrone. "Victims’ Rights and the Right to Review: A Corollary of the Victim’s Pre-Trial Rights to Justice." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i4.295.
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In R v Christopher Killick [2011] EWCA Crim 1608, the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal for England and Wales gave a decision setting out the rights of a crime victim to seek review of a Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) decision not to prosecute and concluded that victims have the right to seek review in such circumstances. This included a recommendation that the right to review should be made the subject of clearer procedures and guidance. This paper discusses article 10 of the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council, (2011) 2011/0129 (COD) 18 May 2011 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime (see article 11 Final Directive) as applied in the Killick case. The paper further discusses the implementation of Killick in prosecution policy, namely in the CPS guideline on the victims’ right to review (Director of Public Prosecutions for England and Wales 2014). The right to review will be canvassed in light the existing framework of victim rights available during the pre-trial phase and, in particular, the right to private prosecution, access to counsel, and adjunctive and extra-curial rights from declarations or charters of victim rights.
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Lososová, Jana, and Jaroslav Svoboda. "Changes in direct payments after 2013 in the Czech agrarian sector." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 2 (2013): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020393.
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The Common Agricultural Policy is the oldest common policy of the European Union and its influence covers a wide range of social life issues, covering the agricultural production itself as well as the fields of rural development, employment, environmental protection and others. The aim of this paper is to review the development of the CAP subsidy policy and its possible scenarios after 2013. For the analysis, a sample of Czech farms was selected (920 farms) in 2004–2011. The first part of this paper describes the development of subsidies in 2004–2011 and their impact on the profitability of enterprises. It includes a prediction of a possible new system of the direct payments for 2014. These calculations are set out in two variants: a) simplified flat rate per hectare; b) combined payment based on the Regulation of the European Parliament and Council Regulation 2011/0286 (EC, 2011b).
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Berrick, Jill Duerr, Jonathan Dickens, Tarja Pösö, and Marit Skivenes. "International Perspectives on Child-responsive Courts." International Journal of Children’s Rights 26, no. 2 (May 3, 2018): 251–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02602011.
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Child friendly justice and access to justice for children are explicit concerns for the European Union, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Council of Europe and the Child Rights International Network. This study examines court systems as child-responsive by eliciting the views of judicial decision makers on child protection cases (n = 1,479) in four legal systems (England, Finland, Norway and the USA (represented by California)), based on an online survey. In this paper, we asked judicial officials who have the authority to make care order decisions how they view the child-friendliness of the courts. We presented them with six statements representing standard features of child responsive courts. Findings show that there is considerable room for improving both structure and practice of the court proceedings, for example the use of child friendly language and child-sensitive time frames. There were variations across states, and some variation across type of decision maker. Implications for the development of education and training about the opportunities for children’s engagement are considered.
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Willis, Steven. "An Atlas of Roman Rural Settlement in England. By J. Taylor. Council for British Archaeology Research Report 151. Council for British Archaeology, York, 2007. Pp. xviii + 134, figs 55, tables 15. Price: £14.95. ISBN 978 1 902771 66 3." Britannia 40 (November 2009): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/006811309789785945.
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Austin, Zubin, Anna van der Gaag, Ann Gallagher, Robert Jago, Sarah Banks, Grace Lucas, and Magda Zasada. "Understanding Complaints to Regulators About Paramedics in the UK and Social Workers in England: Findings from a Multi-Method Study." Journal of Medical Regulation 104, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-104.3.19.
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ABSTRACT Within the regulatory community, there has been increasing interest in the issue of proportionality in regulation — that is, using the right amount and right types of regulatory interventions to achieve the primary mandate of the regulatory community in order to serve and to protect. The Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) in the United Kingdom, one of the largest health-care regulatory bodies in the world, recently commissioned a study examining the disproportionately large number of complaints against paramedics in the UK and social workers in England. The objective of the study was to examine the nature of, and to better understand the reasons behind, this disproportionality, and to identify options and opportunities from a regulatory perspective that could be taken to address this issue. The study involved a systematic multi-methods research approach involving four key interrelated research elements:A systematic literature reviewA Delphi consultation with international expertsInterviews (n=26) and four focus groups (n=23) with UK experts, including service users and caregiversA review of a random sample (n=284) of fitness-to-practice cases over two years across the three stages of the process (initial complaint, Investigating Committee Panel, and final hearing) Findings from this study highlight the evolving nature of both professions and the influence of a binary model of complaints adjudication that may not be sufficiently nuanced to balance public protection with practitioners' learning needs. A non-binary option for understanding complaints against practitioners is suggested in this paper, offering a process that involves and engages both employers and practitioners in a more meaningful manner.
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Ugryumova, M. V., and M. V. Fomenko. "Documenting the prevention and struggle of the Moscow zemstvo with cholera in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-4/14.
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Based on the analysis of archival materials and periodical zemstvo publications, the process of documenting the work of zemstvo institutions in the Moscow province in the prevention and control of cholera epidemics in the second half of the XIX early XX centuries is studied, and documents on the activities of individual County zemstvos are considered. Various groups of archival documents from the collections of the Central state archive of Moscow are analyzed, which comprehensively reveal the difficulties of fighting and preventive measures aimed at preserving the health of the population of the Moscow province in the second half of the XIX century at the beginning of the twentieth century: minutes of meetings of zemstvo assemblies, divisions of the zemstvo responsible for fighting epidemics (first of all, the Sanitary Bureau of the Moscow zemstvo), acts of inspections of the rural population, memoirs of zemstvo doctors, epistolary documents (memories are of primary importance, including personal records of the Governor F.V. Dzhunkovsky, the head of the Moscow zemstvo sanitary Bureau P.I. Kurkin). The results of the formation and development of documentation support for Moscow zemstvo epidemiological medicine in the system of General national health care, aimed at comprehensive protection of public health, its protection and preservation, are summarized. Stressed the paramount importance of the collection of the Moscow provincial Council and district zemstvo in Moscow province, deposited in Central state archive of Moscow, to recreate a complete picture of the formation and development of zemstvo medicine in the Moscow province.
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Moresová, Mária, Mariana Sedliačiková, Jarmila Schmidtová, and Iveta Hajdúchová. "Green Development in the Construction of Family Houses in Urban and Rural Settlements in Slovakia." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114432.
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Measures that have been implemented to promote green development and environmental protection are increasingly affecting the construction of family houses and hence the economic and social growth. The representatives of the Europe Regional Network of World Green Building Council claim that the building emissions in Europe create up to 36% of the total carbon dioxide production. Therefore, the application of ecological building materials can be one of the possible ways to reach equilibrium between the social-economic growth and green development. The main objective of this paper was to find out the approach of people in urban and rural settlements in Slovakia towards the question of green development in terms of selection of building material for the construction of a family house and their economic-social situation. The issue was mapped in Slovakia using the empirical survey in the form of a questionnaire. The research was evaluated using statistical hypothesis testing methods, descriptive statistics methods, and data visualization. The main economic and social coordinates were identified that influence the choice of building materials for the construction of houses. The results led to conclusions that extend the current knowledge in the field of green development and sustainability in connection with the construction of family houses and the economic–social question in Slovakia. Results indicated that ecological materials are underestimated at nearly 71%. The identified reason for the research is, besides the economic and social issue, mainly the low level of information and promotion of ecological materials that can be used for the construction of family houses, as well as the low level of support by the state of those who are interested in the construction of ecological houses. The following research perspectives in this area should focus even more deeply on the synchronization of ecological, economic, and social aspects of sustainability, not only in the construction of family houses from ecological materials in Slovakia, but also in the construction of public and other buildings in urban and rural settlements.
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Sukhova, Olga A. "Soviet Modernity in the Eyes of Rural Population of the USSR in the Second Half of the 1940s – Early 1950s According to the Personal Provenance Sources." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2021): 741–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-741-754.
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The author analyzes the content of collective social ideas of peasantry against the background of the recently ended Great Patriotic War and transition to peaceful life. The restart of mobilization model of economy and realization of a series of administrative campaigns in the USSR (fighting violations of the agricultural cooperative codex and labor absenteeism) mediated the emergence of new opportunities for social integration. The authorities virtually authorized the creation of official channels for citizens’ appeals. These administrative campaigns to activate the socio-political interaction stimulated the process of verbalization of hopes and aspirations of the Soviet peasantry and objectively contributed to the emergence of modernization attitudes in the minds of rural population. In this regard, the complaints, sent by the rural population to the Council for Kolkhozes Affairs, and direct requests and decisions of general meetings of collective farmers, which followed the Decree of June 2, 1948, should be considered as a most important source for studying representations of the realities and prospects for the development of industrial civilization in the USSR, as seen by the rural population. Complaints about administrative arbitrariness and failures in social policy are private provenance sources. They present a wide range of assessments of the real state of the kolkhozes system and offer desirable, from their point of view, changes in peasants’ social status and position. The article is to provide a source-based analysis of the Soviet modernity as a certain socio-cultural construct reflecting the system of social preferences and aspirations of the post-war Soviet society. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the increased tax burden, disenfranchisement, and hunger strikes, the end of the war and transition to the peaceful life factored in the dissemination of ideas about modernity in the consciousness of the rural population. These were mostly imaginary cultural and ideological prospects for building a socialist future: introduction of guaranteed wages, realization of the right to rest, social security, and protection from administrative arbitrariness. The peasant vision of the Soviet industrialism included ideas about agricultural technology rationalization and dissemination of scientific knowledge; removal of discriminatory restrictions on the legal status of the rural population; growth of social security and material well-being of the collective farmers.
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Cheema, Abdur Rehman, Shehla Zaidi, Rabia Najmi, Fazal Ali Khan, Sultana Ali Kori, and Nadir Ali Shah. "Availability Does Not Mean Utilisation: Analysis of a Large Micro Health Insurance Programme in Pakistan." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 10 (July 20, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n10p14.
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In recent years, several Micro Health Insurance (MHI) schemes have been initiated in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) to meet the universal health coverage targets. Evidence on the utilization of these MHI schemes is scarce. Field experiences and lesson learning is crucial to effectively increase access to health care and offer protection against catastrophic health expenditure to the poorest population through the MHI schemes. This paper analyzes community utilization and factors affecting utilization of an MHI provided to the poorest rural households in eight districts of Sindh province of Pakistan. This initiative is part of a larger pro-poor European Union (EU) funded Sindh Union Council and Community Economic Strengthening Support (SUCCESS) Programme implemented by the Rural Support Programs (RSPs). The analysis draws on insurance utilization records and an internal assessment report by the RSPs Network (RSPN). The analysis provides qualitative experiences of the community, empanelled health care providers, the insurance agency and frontline management staff. Our analysis revealed that the overall utilization was very low (0.42%) and the highest number of cases treated at the hospital were of women utilizing obstetric and gynaecology related care. The scheme was noted to prevent catastrophic health expenditure in households that were able to successfully utilize the scheme. Key factors affecting utilization were identified to be around i) awareness creation, ii) distance to empanelled hospitals, and iii) access issues at the health facility level. We aim to add to the knowledge base around MHI for policy makers to design and implement more informed initiatives in the future.
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Holbrook, Neil. "An Atlas of Roman Rural Settlement in England. By Jeremy Taylor. 295mm. Pp xviii + 134, 80 maps and ills. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 151, 2007. ISBN 9781902771663. £14.95 (Pbk)." Antiquaries Journal 88 (September 2008): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000358150000161x.
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Dixon, Nick, and Edward J. A. Drewitt. "A 20-year study investigating the diet of Peregrines, Falco peregrinus, at an urban site in south-west England (1997–2017)." Ornis Hungarica 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2018-0027.
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Abstract Until relatively recently Peregrines have been regarded as a rural bird. As their populations have increased over the past 20 years, Peregrines have increasingly become urban birds. One of the earliest locations to be occupied by Peregrines in the UK was on a church in Exeter, in the county of Devon. Over the past 20 years we have studied their diet, collecting prey remains on a regular basis. The results reveal that Feral Pigeons Columba livia comprise one third of the diet by frequency and just over half of the diet when measured by mass. The remainder of the diet comprises a wealth of other species including wading birds, other doves and pigeons, ducks, gulls and terns, and rails. A selection of species eaten by the Peregrines reveal that they are hunting at night, taking certain wading birds, rails and grebes, that would be difficult to catch by day and are known to migrate at night. This study is the most comprehensive to date and reveals that while the Feral Pigeon is an important part of the diet, contrary to public opinion, it is by no means the only species that Peregrines eat. In fact, the remaining half of the diet, by mass, comprised 101 other species of bird and three species of mammal. Such dietary studies help dispel myths about peregrines feeding habits and ensure that their conservation and protection is based on evidence.
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Brown, Briana K., Elizabeth Soule, and Les Kaufman. "Effects of excluding bottom-disturbing mobile fishing gear on abundance and biomass of groundfishes in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, USA." Current Zoology 56, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.1.134.
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Abstract The Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (southern Gulf of Maine, northwest Atlantic) is partially overlapped by the Western Gulf of Maine Closure Area (WGMCA). This is a region in which mobile, bottom-disturbing fishing gear has been banned by the New England Fishery Management Council to facilitate the rebuilding of depleted groundfish populations. We assessed the effects and effectiveness of the WGMCA on groundfish assemblages using habitat-stratified (gravel, sand, mixed benthic habitats) sampling by means of a commercial trawler, inside and outside of the WGMCA. Sampling occurred over three month-long sampling periods in 2004-2005, two during the spring seasons and one during the fall season. A total of 18 species were analyzed for protection effects. After controlling for substratum, location and sampling season, eight groundfish species exhibited higher mean proportional abundance inside than outside the WGMCA while two were proportionally more abundant on average outside of the closure. Four species had higher mean proportional biomasses on average inside the closure and three outside. We conclude that the WGMCA may be achieving its goal of rebuilding abundance and biomass for some commercially targeted groundfishes but not all. This study, six to seven years post-closure establishment, reveals fine-scale spatial and taxonomic complexity which will require a very different monitoring protocol than the one currently in place if adaptive management is to be successful in the region.
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Northrop-Clewes, Christine A., Nisar Ahmad, Parvez I. Paracha, and David I. Thurnham. "Impact of health service provision on mothers and infants in a rural village in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Public Health Nutrition 1, no. 1 (March 1998): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn19980008.
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AbstractObjective:The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the Health Service Research Project of the Pakistan Medical Research Council (PMRC) on mothers and infants in Budhni village, North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan.Methods:Information from the PMRC records on the socioeconomic and demographic situation over the last 10 years and anthropometric measurements made on all infants from 1986–96 were collected and analysed.Results:The demographic data showed a number of changes, namely a reduction in birth rate and improvements in perinatal, neonatal, infant and child mortality rates. Literacy in the village was poor (27 and 39% literate in 1986 and 1996, respectively) and female literacy showed no improvement (14%). Improvements in sanitation and in the water supply introduced by the PMRC had limited success, as clean water was subsequently contaminated by unclean hands and utensils, and 50% of the population continued to use open fields for sanitation. In 1986 only 27% of children 0–5 years were vaccinated, but by 1996, 96% of children had completed polio, diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT) and bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination programmes and 95% of women of child-bearing age were vaccinated against tetanus. Protection against tetanus reduced neonatal deaths and from 1333 onwards there have been no further cases.Anthropometric data for the period 1986–96 for infants (0–24 months) showed that at birth the majority of infants were close to the 50th National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) centile for weight and length, and only 5% of birth-weights were less than 2.5 kg. Growth charts showed faltering in length and weight and by 24-months length in both boys and girls was below the 3rd NCHS centile and weights were just above.Conclusions:Reductions in child mortality have occurred over the period 1986–96. However, the slow progress in adopting hygienic practices, despite health education, and the low literacy rates, particularly in women, may hamper continued improvement.
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Marišová, Eleonóra, Zuzana Ilková, Lucia Palšová, and Kristína Mandalová. "Legislation of Renewable Energy Sources In Slovakia / Legislatívna Úprava Obnoviteľných Zdrojov Energie Na Slovensku." EU agrarian Law 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eual-2015-0011.
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Abstract Growing renewable energy plants on agricultural land and its further energy usage presents a significant importance for implementing long-term strategy of Slovakia in the area of acquisition and use of renewable energy sources (RES). Renewable energy plants together fulfil the objectives of Europe 2020 strategy and contributes to diversification of energy resources. The paper draws on the EU and national legislation regulating RES. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC are analysed. Broadly, the topic of the renewable energy resources is integrated in Rural Development Program 2014 - 2020. More specifically, Biomass Action Plan 2008- 2013, Strategy of higher use of the renewable energy resources in Slovakia and Strategy of energy security of Slovakia till 2030 have been adopted. Sustainable use of agricultural land, its management and use, as well as the protection of its quality and functions are regulated by Act No. 220/2004 Coll. on the protection and use of agricultural land and amending the Act no. 245/2003 Coll. on integrated prevention and control of environmental pollution and amending certain acts as amended which came into the force 1. May 2004. Act. No. 57/2013 Coll. with is in effect from 1 April 2013, establishes the principles and procedure for the establishment of plantations of fast-growing trees on agricultural land. Slovak legislation introduced a register for fast-growing trees in Slovak territories at each district office, Land and Forest Department in Slovakia (72). The survey at registers shows that this legislation promoted the farmers to start to use marginal land for fast-growing trees.
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Ratajski, Sławomir. "IDEE I ZAŁOŻENIA KONWENCJI O OCHRONIE DZIEDZICTWA KULTURALNEGO I NATURALNEGO I ICH REALIZACJA W POLSCE Z PERSPEKTYWY POLSKIEGO KOMITETU DO SPRAW UNESCO." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 4 (November 29, 2017): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24358/odk_2017_04_11.
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Over the years, the implementation of the Convention in Poland has revealed a number of issues related to protection of heritage in line with the patterns worked out at the UNESCO forum, and resulting from the incomplete adaptation of our legal system for the protection of historic monuments and sites, insufficient public awareness and the difficulty of incorporating historical sites into modern economic development strategies. The Polish UNESCO Committee addressed the above issues with a series of papers accompanying conferences participated in by a wide range of experts, decision-makers and local government activists at various levels. Observations concerning the application of the 1972 Convention, in particular with regard to legal protection of the world heritage sites in Poland, and the need to implement the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and the 2011 UNESCO Recommendations on the Historical Urban Landscape, have convinced the Committee to review Polish legislation in terms of protection of heritage from the perspective of the UNESCO normative acts ratified by Poland. In 2014, we published a study on “Why and how to protect the cultural heritage ina modern way,” edited by the then-Chairman of the Polish UNESCO Committee, profesor Andrzej Rottermund. The paper presented a wide range of conditions for application of the existing legal provisions and expected changes, provided by various institutions and experts in the field of protection of tangible and intangible heritage and respect for cultural diversity. The need to developa new comprehensive law regulating protection of cultural heritage in Poland and taking into account the provisions of the UNESCO Convention was emphasised. What is particularly grave in application of the principles of the 1972 Convention is the lack of appropriate tools for managing world heritage sites. This includes, in particular: lack of legislation that would effectively protect the borderlines of the properties being inscribed and their buffer zones, view corridors and panoramas of sites of great historical significance. The lack of proper inclusion of local communities in the heritage management processes is a significant issue, according to the message of the 2005 Faro Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society.Article entitled “The Social Dimension of the Cultural and Natural Landscape”, issued in 2015, discusses issues concerning immediate vicinity of properties of great historical significance. It is stated that landscape is an integral entity consisting of natural elements and cultural heritage, which is understood as both tangible and intangible heritage. Consideration should be given to how notions occurring at the UNESCO forum evolved. Particular attention should be also paid to shifting from the concept of a historic monument to the concept of heritage, and the concept of historic monument protection to the concept of heritage management. It is also important to take into account the need for sustainable protection of the natural and cultural values of landscapes, both urban and rural.
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Arista, Noelani. "Navigating Uncharted Oceans of Meaning: Kaona as Historical and Interpretive Method." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 3 (May 2010): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.3.663.
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I ka ‘ōlelo nō ke ola, I ka ‘ōlelo nō ka make. In speech there is life, in speech death.—Hawaiian proverb ('ōlelo no'eau)“With You is My Life, with You My Death.” With these Words, the American Missionary Rev. William Richards Placed Himself Under the protection of the ‘aha’ ōlelo, a Hawaiian chiefly council composed of the highest-ranking ali'i in the Sandwich Islands. On the afternoon of 26 November 1827, Richards defended himself before the ‘aha against a charge of libel brought by the English consul, Richard Charlton. Charlton had argued with Richards over a letter the minister had written to his Boston-based employers, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). The letter, written in October 1825, contained the news that an English captain, William Buckle, had purchased a Hawaiian woman from a chiefess. The problem was not the letter itself but the fact that it had been made public, through American newspapers. It would take the news two years to make its way back to the islands from New England, a world two oceans and six months’ sail away. The purchase of the woman, according to Charlton, was slavery and constituted a violation of British piracy law (qtd. in Richards, Letter to Evarts, 6 Dec. 1827). When Richards refused to sign an oath swearing to the veracity of his letter, Charlton accused the missionary of libel. Now both parties had come before the ‘aha ‘ōlelo to argue their cases. The question before the chiefs was whether or not the American Richards should be turned over to Charlton to face the charge in front of an English jury.
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Miedviedieva, O. O. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of drainage systems within the Desantne Village Council in Kiliya district of Odessa region." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202002-252.
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Relevance of research. Irrigated agriculture in the steppe regions of the southern Ukraine was naturally accompanied by negative phenomena. Among the most significant of them is flooding on agricultural land as a result water imbalance of the active water exchange zone when using irrigation. A significant part of this water as filtration losses from the irrigation network and directly when watering land goes to the aeration zone and reaches the surface of groundwater, increasing its supply. As a result, the groundwater level increases, the amplitude of which increases depending on the depth of groundwater, the intensity of irrigation, the distance from the irrigation network, the method of irrigation and other factors. In recent years, the number of actually irrigated areas located on irrigated lands is significantly reduced and at the same time the area of "dry" drainage is increasing. Therefore, one of the most pressing problems for today is the analysis of the condition of drainage and discharge network throughout Ukraine. Thus, the purpose of the research is to study the drainage and discharge network of the south-west of Odesa region to determine the current condition and prospects for its further use. The objectives of the research include monitoring of groundwater levels for the period of 1991 - 2019, determining the condition of the drainage and discharge network within the Desantne village council in Kiliya district of Odessa region. Theoretical methods of scientific research were used: monitoring, observation, analysis, survey, evaluation, comparison, generalization. The results of the study of closed drainage systems in the Desantne village council in Kiliya district of Odessa region showed that their effectiveness is insufficient. Recently, due to the cessation of irrigation at the research and production sites, groundwater level has fallen below the drains, the drainage has stopped operating and has been in a dry condition for a long time. The groundwater level in the drainage areas was at the depths of mainly 3.5-4.3 m. 24% of the inspection wells were destroyed, and 38.6% of them had no reinforced concrete cover rings. For a long time the closed horizontal drainage has been in unsatisfactory technical condition.
Main conclusions: Drainage on irrigated lands should optimize the water-salt regime of soils, while moisture and salt reserves during the growing season in the root zone should be strictly dosed and ensure high crop yields as well as suitable hydrogeological and reclamation conditions on irrigated lands and adjacent areas. Introduction of large-scale parcellation of land and the land of reclamation funds as well as paid water use should not lead to the deterioration of the technical condition of the collector-drainage network.
Drainage systems, as a means of groundwater level reducing, are especially relevant in land reclamation and flood protection of rural settlements. In the southern regions of Ukraine this problem was dealt with by Bayer R., Zelenin I., Lyutaev B., Miedviediev O., Miedviedieva O., Romashchenko M., Savchuk D. and others. Most systems were built on irrigation arrays in the Soviet times, ie 30-50 or more years ago. Redistribution and parcellation of agricultural land have led to the decline of the systems and the deterioration of their efficiency. Such works allow to analyze the operation of each drainage systems and make reasonable conclusions about their further use in terms of economic and environmental feasibility.
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SEREDIUK, Mariia. "SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ACTIVITIES OF VOLODYMYR TSELEVYCH DURING NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLE, 1918–1923." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 31 (2018): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2018-31-181-189.
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The article analyzes the features of the formation of the outlook and social and political activities of the well-known Galician politician Volodymyr Tselevych in the first third of the 20th century within the context of socio-political processes in the region. It is noted that after graduation from the rural and high school, he entered the Law Faculty of the Yan Kazimierz University of Lviv, where, since his student years, he was an activist of social and cultural life. As a member of the Ukrainian Student Union (UCS), the future leader of the National Democrats fought for the Ukrainian University in Lviv, took an active part in the work of the national democratic section of this student organization, where supporters of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party (UNDP) rallied. Attention is drawn to politician's work in the Ukrainian Civic Committee (UGC), the Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), his work on the protection of national-cultural, socio-political rights of Ukrainians who were persecuted by the Polish authorities after the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918–1919. The circle of his associates, among them - the future leaders of Galician national parties, national-cultural organizations of land was singled out. The author has demonstrated that V. Tselevych was among those who signed a statement of the Inter-Party Council on complete trust in the government of Ye. Petrushevych on January 22, 1922. He also knew about specifics of S. Fedak's attempt to J. Pilsudski, as well as to S. Tverdohlib. It is shown that in 1923–1924 he was in the United States and Canada, where he raised funds for the cultural, educational and socio-economic needs of Ukraine. Keywords Volodymyr Tselevych, ZUNR, Ukrainian Civic Committee (UGC), Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), Polish-Ukrainian war, repression.
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Prakash, R., and Uday K. Digumarthi. "An Emphasis on Engineering Controls and Administrative Controls in the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in an Orthodontic Setting: Thinking Beyond Tomorrow." Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society 55, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301574220988185.
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Introduction: Most of the initial focus in handling COVID-19 had been based on avoiding exposure by refraining from rendering most treatments other than those considered an emergency or urgent. Post-lockdown, with the resumption of most activities, there has been concern over the possibility of transmission scenarios if sufficient care is not taken. The control and prevention of the spread of infections when elimination of exposure is not possible is chiefly achieved through the judicious use of engineering controls and administrative controls in a clinical setting in addition to the standard protocols and transmission-based protocols. True safety lies in being one step ahead. There have been mentions of the possibility that COVID-19 could be opportunistic airborne in its spread, in addition to being spread via saliva, droplets, and contaminated surfaces or objects. Method: A literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and advisories released by such organizations as the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOFHW), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), American Dental Association (ADA), Canadian Dental Association (CDA), French National Dentists Association, Dental Council of Belgium, National Health Service, England (NHS UK), National Health Service Scotland (NHS Scotland), and International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID) was performed, with search parameters aimed at gathering information pertaining to infection control and cross infection control in dental settings as related to orthodontics. Result: There have been numerous articles and advisories published over the last 20 years, but the main focus has been on safe practices and to an extent on personal protective equipment, with relatively less emphasis on the need for respiratory protection by way of engineering controls and administrative controls. This review highlights the engineering and administrative controls that can be put into effect to make infection control and prevention much more effective. Conclusion: Any health care facility must be able to prevent, contain, and control infections with no risk of nosocomial infections. For this, an assumption has to be made that every individual in a health care setting is either at risk or a risk, depending on whether the person is infected or not. Meticulous attention to stringent policies of hygiene and infection control and prevention, coupled with suitable supporting engineering and administrative controls, is to be made a standard way of life in such facilities.
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Brunskill, R. W. "Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England). Supplementary Series, X. Rural Houses of the Lancashire Pennines. By Sarah Pearson. 27.5×22 cm. Pp. x + 202, 89 figs., 113 pls., 7 maps. London: H.M.S.O., 1985. ISBN 0-11-701192-4. £16.95 (p/b). - Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) and West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council. Supplementary Series, VIII. Rural Houses of West Yorkshire 1400–1830. By Colum Giles. 27.5×22 cm. Pp. xx + 240, 178 figs., 286 pls., 6 maps. London: H.M.S.O., 1986. ISBN 0-11-701194-0. £12.95 (p/b). - Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) and West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council. Supplementary Series, IX. Workers' Housing in West Yorkshire, 1750–1920. By Lucy Caffyn. 27.5×22cm. Pp. xviii + 160, 67 figs., 175 pls., 1 map. London: H. M. S. O., 1986. ISBN 0-11-300002-2. £12.95 (p/b)." Antiquaries Journal 67, no. 1 (March 1987): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500027013.
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Bauld, Linda, Hilary Graham, Lesley Sinclair, Kate Flemming, Felix Naughton, Allison Ford, Jennifer McKell, et al. "Barriers to and facilitators of smoking cessation in pregnancy and following childbirth: literature review and qualitative study." Health Technology Assessment 21, no. 36 (June 2017): 1–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta21360.
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Background Although many women stop smoking in pregnancy, others continue, causing harm to maternal and child health. Smoking behaviour is influenced by many factors, including the role of women’s significant others (SOs) and support from health-care professionals (HPs). Objectives To enhance understanding of the barriers to, and facilitators of, smoking cessation and the feasibility and acceptability of interventions to reach and support pregnant women to stop smoking. Design Four parts: (1) a description of interventions in the UK for smoking cessation in pregnancy; (2) three systematic reviews (syntheses) of qualitative research of women’s, SOs’ and HPs’ views of smoking in pregnancy using meta-ethnography (interpretative approach for combining findings); (3) semistructured interviews with pregnant women, SOs and HPs, guided by the social–ecological framework (conceptualises behaviour as an outcome of individuals’ interactions with environment); and (4) identification of new/improved interventions for future testing. Setting Studies in reviews conducted in high-income countries. Qualitative research was conducted from October 2013 to December 2014 in two mixed urban/rural study sites: area A (Scotland) and area B (England). Participants Thirty-eight studies (1100 pregnant women) in 42 papers, nine studies (150 partners) in 14 papers and eight studies described in nine papers (190 HPs) included in reviews. Forty-one interviews with pregnant women, 32 interviews with pregnant women’s SOs and 28 individual/group interviews with 48 HPs were conducted. Main outcome measures The perceived barriers to, and facilitators of, smoking cessation in pregnancy and the identification of potential new/modified interventions. Results Syntheses identified smoking-related perceptions and experiences for pregnant women and SOs that were fluid and context dependent with the capacity to help or hinder smoking cessation. Themes were analysed in accordance with the social–ecological framework levels. From the analysis of the interviews, the themes that were central to cessation in pregnancy at an individual level, and that reflected the findings from the reviews, were perception of risk to baby, self-efficacy, influence of close relationships and smoking as a way of coping with stress. Overall, pregnant smokers were faced with more barriers than facilitators. At an interpersonal level, partners’ emotional and practical support, willingness to change smoking behaviour and role of smoking within relationships were important. Across the review and interviews of HPs, education to enhance knowledge and confidence in delivering information about smoking in pregnancy and the centrality of the client relationship, protection of which could be a factor in downplaying risks, were important. HPs acknowledged that they could best assist by providing support and understanding, and access to effective interventions, including an opt-out referral pathway to Stop Smoking Services, routine carbon monoxide screening, behavioural support and access to pharmacotherapy. Additional themes at community, organisational and societal levels were also identified. Limitations Limitations include a design grounded in qualitative studies, difficulties recruiting SOs, and local service configurations and recruitment processes that potentially skewed the sample. Conclusions Perceptions and experiences of barriers to and facilitators of smoking cessation in pregnancy are fluid and context dependent. Effective interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy should take account of the interplay between the individual, interpersonal and environmental aspects of women’s lives. Future work Research focus: removing barriers to support, improving HPs’ capacity to offer accurate advice, and exploration of weight concerns and relapse prevention. Interventions focus: financial incentives, self-help and social network interventions. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013004170. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Harte, M. J., G. Norcliffe, M. J. Bouman, C. R. Bryant, S. Pile, I. Gordon, R. B. Potter, P. Jackson, P. Jackson, and A. H. Westing. "Review: The Maze of Urban Housing Markets: Theory, Evidence, and Policy, Dynamic Models for Sustainable Development, Britain and Canada in the 1990s: Proceedings of a UK/Canada Colloquium Leeds Castle, Kent, England, Geographical Snapshots of North America: Commemorating the 27th Congress of the International Geographical Union and Assembly, Critical Perspectives on Rural Change Series IV. Uneven Development and the Rural Labour Process, Postmodernity, Wage Flexibility and Unemployment Dynamics in Regional Labor Markets, Increasing the International Competitiveness of Exports from Caribbean Countries: Collected Papers from an EDI Policy Seminar Held in Bridgetown, Barbados, May 22–24, 1989, Sport, Space and the City, Environmental Protection and the Law of War: A ‘Fifth Geneva’ Convention on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 7 (July 1993): 1053–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251053.
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Yunita Murdiyaningrum and Novrian Satria Perdana. "Operational Cost Requirements Analysis in Early Childhood Education." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.141.05.
Full textAbstract:
The government is attempting to obtain the access of Early Childhood Education pro- grams providing educational assistance. Unfortunately, the government has spent funds to calculate the unit costs that should not occur in the real world of education. In consequence, the aims of this study are to (1) calculate the amount of operational unit costs for Early Childhood Education pro- grams, and (2) enumerate variations and projections of the amount of the operational unit costs in Early Childhood Education programs by region category. This study uses quantitative data with pop- ulation of all Early Childhood Education institutions in Indonesia. The unit of analysis of this re- search is Early Childhood Education institutions consisting of kindergarten, Playgroup, Daycare, and ECCD units. The findings are that the highest operating unit cost is in TPA because there is a full day of service. Next is a Kindergarten institution because at this institution already has a special curriculum to prepare the child proceed to the level of basic education. Then the unit cost is the highest area in the eastern region. Recommendation in determining the amount of financial assistance it is necessary to consider the amount of operational unit costs so that the purpose of providing fi- nancial assistance is to improve access and quality can be achieved.
Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Operational Unit Cost, Fund Aid
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Beuran, M. "TRAUMA CARE: HIGHLY DEMANDING, TREMENDOUS BENEFITS." Journal of Surgical Sciences 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33695/jss.v2i3.117.
Full textAbstract:
From its beginning, mankind suffered injuries through falling, fire, drowning and human aggression [1]. Although the frequency and the kinetics modifiy over millennia, trauma continues to represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality even in the modern society [1]. Significant progresses in the trauma surgery were due to military conflicts, which next to social sufferance came with important steps in injuries’ management, further applied in civilian hospitals. The foundation of modern trauma systems was started by Dominique Jean Larrey (1766-1842) during the Napoleonic Rin military campaign from 1792. The wounded who remained on the battlefield till the end of the battle to receive medical care, usually more than 24 hours, from that moment were transported during the conflict with flying ambulances to mobile hospitals. Starting with the First World War, through the usage of antiseptics, blood transfusions, and fracture management, the mortality decreased from 39% in the Crimean War (1853–1856) to 10%. One of the most preeminent figures of the Second World War was Michael DeBakey, who created the Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (MASH), concept very similar to the Larrey’s unit. In 1941, in England, Birmingham Accident Hospital was opened, specially designed for injured people, this being the first trauma center worldwide. During the Golf War (1990–1991) the MASH were used for the last time, being replaced by Forward Surgical Teams, very mobile units satisfying the necessities of the nowadays infantry [1].
Nowadays, trauma meets the pandemic criteria, everyday 16,000 people worldwide are dying, injuries representing one of the first five causes of mortality for all the age groups below 60 [2]. A recent 12-month analysis of trauma pattern in the Emergency Hospital of Bucharest revealed 141 patients, 72.3% males, with a mean age of 43.52 ± 19 years, and a mean New Injury Severity Score (NISS) of 27.58 ± 11.32 [3]. The etiology was traffic related in 101 (71.6%), falls in 28 (19.9%) and crushing in 7 (5%) cases. The overall mortality was as high as 30%, for patients with a mean NISS of 37.63 [3].
At the scene, early recognition of severe injuries and a high index of suspicion according to trauma kinetics may allow a correct triage of patients [4]. A functional trauma system should continuously evaluate the rate of over- and under-triage [5]. The over-triage represents the transfer to a very severe patient to a center without necessary resources, while under-triage means a low injured patient referred to a highly specialized center. If under-triage generates preventable deaths, the over-triage comes with a high financial and personal burden for the already overloaded tertiary centers [5]. To maximize the chance for survival, the major trauma patients should be transported as rapid as possible to a trauma center [6]. The initial resuscitation of trauma patients was divided into two time intervals: ten platinum minutes and golden hour [6]. During the ten platinum minutes the airways should be managed, the exsanguinating bleeding should be stopped, and the critical patients should be transported from the scene. During the golden hour all the life-threatening lesions should be addressed, but unfortunately many patients spend this time in the prehospital setting [6]. These time intervals came from Trunkey’s concept of trimodal distribution of mortality secondary to trauma, proposed in 1983 [7]. This trimodal distribution of mortality remains a milestone in the trauma education and research, and is still actual for development but inconsistent for efficient trauma systems [8].
The concept of patients’ management in the prehospital setting covered a continuous interval, with two extremities: stay and play/treat then transfer or scoop and run/ load and go. Stay and play, usually used in Europe, implies airways securing and endotracheal intubation, pleurostomy tube insertion, and intravenous lines with volemic replacement therapy. During scoop and run, used in the Unites States, the patient is immediately transported to a trauma center, addressing the immediate life-threating injuries during transportation.
In the emergency department of the corresponding trauma center, the resuscitation of the injured patients should be done by a trauma team, after an orchestrated protocol based on Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). The modern trauma teams include five to ten specialists: general surgeons trained in trauma care, emergency medicine physicians, intensive care physicians, orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, radiologists, interventional radiologists, and nurses. In the specially designed trauma centers, the leader of the trauma team should be the general surgeon, while in the lower level centers this role may be taken over by the emergency physicians.
The implementation of a trauma system is a very difficult task, and should be tailored to the needs of the local population. For example, in Europe the majority of injuries are by blunt trauma, while in the United States or South Africa they are secondary to penetrating injuries. In an effort to analyse at a national level the performance of trauma care, we have proposed a national registry of major trauma patients [9]. For this registry we have defined major trauma as a New Injury Severity Score higher than 15. The maintenance of such registry requires significant human and financial resources, while only a permanent audit may decrease the rate of preventable deaths in the Romanian trauma care (Figure 1) [10].
Figure 1 - The website of Romanian Major Trauma Registry (http://www.registrutraume.ro).
USA - In the United States of America there are 203 level I centers, 265 level II centers, 205 level III or II centers and only 32 level I or II pediatric centers, according to the 2014 report of National Trauma Databank [11]. USA were the first which recognized trauma as a public health problem, and proceeded to a national strategy for injury prevention, emergency medical care and trauma research. In 1966, the US National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council noted that ‘’public apathy to the mounting toll from accidents must be transformed into an action program under strong leadership’’ [12]. Considerable national efforts were made in 1970s, when standards of trauma care were released and in 1990s when ‘’The model trauma care system plan’’[13] was generated. The American College of Surgeons introduced the concept of a national trauma registry in 1989. The National Trauma Databank became functional seven years later, in 2006 being registered over 1 million patients from 600 trauma centers [14].
Mortality from unintentional injury in the United States decreased from 55 to 37.7 per 100,000 population, in 1965 and 2004, respectively [15]. Due to this national efforts, 84.1% of all Americans have access within one hour from injury to a dedicated trauma care [16].
Canada - A survey from 2010 revealed that 32 trauma centers across Canada, 16 Level I and 16 Level II, provide definitive trauma care [18]. All these centers have provincial designation, and funding to serve as definitive or referral hospital. Only 18 (56%) centers were accredited by an external agency, such as the Trauma Association of Canada. The three busiest centers in Canada had between 798–1103 admissions with an Injury Severity Score over 12 in 2008 [18].
Australia - Australia is an island continent, the fifth largest country in the world, with over 23 million people distributed on this large area, a little less than the United States. With the majority of these citizens concentrated in large urban areas, access to the medical care for the minority of inhabitants distributed through the territory is quite difficult. The widespread citizens cannot be reached by helicopter, restricted to near-urban regions, but with the fixed wing aircraft of the Royal Flying Doctor Service, within two hours [13]. In urban centers, the trauma care is similar to the most developed countries, while for people sparse on large territories the trauma care is far from being managed in the ‘’golden hour’’, often extending to the ‘’Golden day’’ [19].
Germany - One of the most efficient European trauma system is in Germany. Created in 1975 on the basis of the Austrian trauma care, this system allowed an over 50% decreasing of mortality, despite the increased number of injuries. According to the 2014 annual report of the Trauma Register of German Trauma Society (DGU), there are 614 hospitals submitting data, with 34.878 patients registered in 2013 [20]. The total number of cases documented in the Trauma Register DGU is now 159.449, of which 93% were collected since 2002. In the 2014 report, from 26.444 patients with a mean age of 49.5% and a mean ISS of 16.9, the observed mortality was 10% [20].
The United Kingdom - In 1988, a report of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, analyzing major injuries concluded that one third of deaths were preventable [21]. In 2000, a joint report from the Royal College of Surgeons of England and of the British Orthopedic Association was very suggestive entitled "Better Care for the Severely Injured" [22]. Nowadays the Trauma Audit Research network (TARN) is an independent monitor of trauma care in England and Wales [23]. TARN collects data from hospitals for all major trauma patients, defined as those with a hospital stay longer than 72 hours, those who require intensive care, or in-hospital death. A recent analysis of TARN data, looking at the cost of major trauma patients revealed that the total cost of initial hospital inpatient care was £19.770 per patient, of which 62% was attributable to ventilation, intensive care and wards stays, 16% to surgery, and 12% to blood transfusions [24].
Global health care models
Countries where is applied
Functioning concept
Total healthcare costs from GDP
Bismarck model
Germany
Privatized insurance companies (approx. 180 nonprofit sickness funds). Half of the national trauma beds are publicly funded trauma centers; the remaining are non-profit and for-profit private centers.
11.1%
Beveridge model
United Kingdom
Insurance companies are non-existent. All hospitals are nationalized.
9.3%
National health insurance
Canada, Australia, Taiwan
Fusion of Bismarck and Beveridge models. Hospitals are privatized, but the insurance program is single and government-run.
11.2% for Canada
The out-of-pocket model
India, Pakistan, Cambodia
The poorest countries, with undeveloped health care payment systems. Patients are paying for more than 75% of medical costs.
3.9% for India
GDP – gross domestic product
Table 1 - Global health care models with major consequences on trauma care [17].
Traumas continue to be a major healthcare problem, and no less important than cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and access to dedicated and timely intervention maximizes the patients’ chance for survival and minimizes the long-term morbidities. We should remember that one size does not fit in all trauma care. The Romanian National Trauma Program should tailor its resources to the matched demands of the specific Romanian urban and rural areas.
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Hall, D. R. "Sensible Farming on Sensitive and Steep Land - A Catchment Management Approach in Tauranga Harbour." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, January 1, 2013, 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2013.75.2919.
Full textAbstract:
Sedimentation of Tauranga Harbour was identified as the top environment issue in a 2006 environmental report. Research has indicated that 63.7% of the sediment yield from the 98 641 hectares of contributing catchments of the southern harbour was from pasture that covers only 34.7% of the catchment area. Bay of Plenty Regional Council has developed and implemented a catchment management framework to work alongside farmers and the rural community to address the issue. The approach involved firstly gaining accurate data, including modelling sediment movement and accurately "ground-truthing" 2190 km of waterways in 28 subcatchments. It included data analysis for Land Use Capability (LUC), erosion risk, land cover, existing protection status of land, as well as developing an effective communications plan to engage landowners. A perception survey was also undertaken to determine what farmers understood of their environmental responsibility and what the drivers for change were. Council now has a much better understanding of land cover, current land use, the community concerns and their knowledge of issues in Tauranga Harbour. This has enabled a more focused catchment management approach and better use of funds to support riparian protection and land use change. Keywords: Catchment, sedimentation, riparian, erosion
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Hughes, Justin. "Restating Copyright Law’s Originality Requirement." Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 44, no. 3 (April 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/jla.v44i3.8099.
Full textAbstract:
In 2015, the American Law Institute (ALI) launched a project to create a Restatement of the Law, Copyright. Concern, objection, and disagreement about the ALI’s Restatement projects is not new, but the Restatement of Copyright project seems to be particularly controversial among industries dependent on copyright protection. The drafting group has now worked through several versions of some proposed sections; a handful of these have been approved by the ALI Council and are ready to go before the ALI general membership. So now is a good time for close analysis of the chunks of the projects that have crystallized.
This Article reviews the 2020 draft Restatement’s presentation of American copyright law’s threshold requirement for protection: that copyright protects only “original works of authorship,” and how that “originality” requirement should be understood in light of the Supreme Court’s 1991 decision in Feist v. Rural Telephone. Copyright’s originality requirement is a challenging subject for a Restatement because what is unquestionably agreed is that black letter law is limited, formulaic, and opaque. Not surprisingly, the Restatement’s handling of this topic hews close to the words of the Supreme Court’s modern pronouncement on the issue, sometimes to the detriment of a richer, potentially more enlightening discussion.
The discussion here is based principally on “Tentative Draft No. 1” of the Restatement, released on April 8, 2020,3 but the discussion will also include consideration of the earlier “Council Drafts”4 that led to the 2020 proposal.
Part I of the Article briefly describes the controversial beginnings of this Restatement project—and, as of 2021, the continuing animosity of copyright stakeholders to the project. Part II lays out the 2020 draft Restatement’s core provisions on copyright originality, the modest evolution of these provisions since the 2017 draft, and some concerns with what these sections, Comments, and Reporters’ Notes say. In broad strokes, the draft Restatement’s take on copyright originality is faithful to the Supreme Court’s 1991 Feist v. Rural Telephone decision, perhaps too much so. Part II.A explores the draft Restatement’s presentation of Feist’s “modicum of creativity” requirement, raising some issues both with what the Reporters have said so far and equally with what the draft Restatement seems unwilling to say about minimal creativity. Part II.B discusses the draft Restatement’s presentation of Feist’s “independent creation” requirement; here the concern is that the draft may conflate independent creation with minimal creativity in a way that does not contribute to coherence in copyright law.
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Lunga, Wilfred, and Charles Musarurwa. "Indigenous food security revival strategies at the village level: The gender factor implications." Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 8, no. 2 (January 13, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v8i2.175.
Full textAbstract:
This article is based on an evaluation concerning the practice of the Zunde raMambo concept (commonly referred to as Zunde) in four of Zimbabwe’s 52 districts; (Mangwe, Lupane, Guruve and Hwedza). Zunde is a social security system providing protection against food shortages to vulnerable families and is coordinated by chiefs. The Zunde concept identifies with Ndebele and Shona rural communities in Zimbabwe. Thus, this evaluation sought to determine the relevance and fulfilment of the Zunde project objectives, namely: efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. The revived Zunde practice extends a long way in reducing food insecurity in vulnerable communities. Although the concept may be as old as the Zimbabwean culture, it had been abandoned as communities became urbanised. The Chief’s Council of Zimbabwe, in collaboration with the Nutrition Unit of the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare have rekindled it. However, to revive this indigenous knowledge practice, there is need to assess the nature of existing social and economic structures, leadership, gender roles and the availability of resources such as land, inputs and implements. This article, which is based on both qualitative and quantitative data, collected between September 2013 and March 2014, goes on to reflect on policy issues surrounding disaster risk reduction (DRR) and survival strategies used by vulnerable communities in rural areas of Zimbabwe. It recommends that the gender factor approach offers the best means possible to understand peoples’ needs and challenges as well as how these can be satisfied and resolved respectively.