Academic literature on the topic 'Council of Saragossa (380)'

Abstract Priscillian and some of his followers were victims of synodal and state process procedures in which bishops acted as prosecutors and supporters of the death penalty imposed at Trier. The accusation was that the Priscillians were heretics (Manichaeans) and practiced maleficium, i.e. sorcery, both prohibited by law. The source situation to this already in late antiquity often as scandalous condemned case – among others by the bishops of Tours, Milan and Rome –, is very insufficient for important details. In particular, there are very few texts which can be satisfactorily evaluated for the question of conciliar majorities and minorities and possibly controversial debates. Nevertheless, with the help of the writings of Priscillian and Sulpicius Severus, it is possible at least to reconstruct with some degree of reliability the interaction between ecclesiastical and state jurisdiction, as it was largely regulated by canons and imperial laws.

Priscillianism was a serious problem for the church in Spain from the second half of IV century till the end of VI century. In this article there has been discussed the beginning and the development of Priscillian schism and its dramatic conse­quences for Priscillian himself, his followers and the ancient church. Heterodox trend in Priscillian doctrine, immorality of this community’s life, as well as the errors of the church people and the imperial authority in solving Priscillian con­troversy have been shown. The first two stages of Priscillian schism have been analysed: the first one starting from Priscillian’s speech in the synod in Saragossa (380), and the second one from the above mentioned synod till Priscillian’s trial and execution (385). The reasons for Priscilllian’s execution and the reaction to his death, both in Christian and pagan world, have been presented.

It was in 1638 when in our city the outstanding book was published the bibliographic value of the historical-cultural significance. Full title of the edition -«Slovenian grammar, published in 1638 Kremenets in the Epiphany typography Fraternal Monastery ", and it is known under the concise name "Kremenets grammar". At the initiative of the rectorate of the Academy were measures have been developed to commemorate the 380th anniversary the release of this book, including - Grammar and All-Ukrainian reissues scientific readings «Kremenets grammar (1638) in the context of educational and cultural development of Ukraine in the second half of the 16th - the first half of the seventeenth century. " The implementation of these measures coincided in time: at the All-Ukrainian readings, timed to the 380th anniversary of Kremenets grammar, the first were presented copies of the rare book reprinted. The updated Grammar is phototypical edition of a monument of Ukrainian culture and education of the seventeenth century. This is a guide for students - students of the Brotherhood School. The originals reprinted original sources are in the National Museum. Andrew Sheptytskyi (Lviv) and at the National Library of Ukraine. VI Vernadsky (Kiev). The book was reprinted by the decision of the Scientific Council of the Kremenets Oblast humanitarian-pedagogical academy. Taras Shevchenko and the Academic Council National Library of Ukraine. VI Vernadsky.

ABSTRACT Intrauterine foreign bodies have been used in animals as a contraceptive since times immemorial. The use of pebbles in camels as a contraceptive has been reported in Arabs. Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) have been used since 1962 when the first International Conference of Population Council, New York reported encouraging data on Margulies coil and Lippes loop as IUCDs. According to the World Health Organization, IUCDs are the second most widely used reversible contraceptive method after voluntary female sterilization. Intrauterine contraceptive devices have undergone extensive evolution from Grafenberg ring to Ota ring, Margulies coil, Lippes loop, Birnberg bows, Saf T-coil followed by Cu T 200, Cu 7, Multiload Cu 250/375, Cu T 380 Ag, Cu T 380 S [slimline]. Hormonereleasing IUCDs were developed in 1973. Ombrelle 250/380 and FlexiGard are the latest in this series. The common complications encountered with IUCD insertion are pelvic infections, infertility, the risk of both intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy, pain, altered bleeding pattern, expulsion of the device, and its migration. Migration of IUCD into the bladder has been rarely reported in the literature. The authors report an unusual case of a secondary vesical calculus formed around a migrated IUCD. How to cite this article Agarwal N, Agarwal BK. Unusual Complication of Intrauterine Contraceptive Device. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(3):243-245.

In the year AD 431 the Council of Ephesus anathematized the ‘Messalians’ (Syriac) or ‘Euchites’ (Greek) – both terms meaning ‘those who pray’ – referring to them as ‘impious’ and ‘contaminating’. A defining characteristic of this group was their emphasis on constant prayer. The Messalian phenomenon, which originated in Syria and Mesopotamia, spread to Armenia and Asia Minor during the late fourth century, causing concern amongst the ecclesiastical hierarchy of many areas. In condemning the movement in AD 431 the Council of Ephesus confirmed the judgement of the synods of Antioch (c. 380) and Side (c. 390) that the Messalians, who were also known as ‘enthusiasts’, were a dangerous and divisive group who rejected work and discipline for the sake of prayer and individual advancement. The Messalians could be considered negligent and wasteful in their use of time.

Edwin Keiner held the chair for General Pedagogy and Social Pedagogy at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano until his retirement in October 2019. From 2014 to 2017 he also served as Vice Dean of the Faculty of Education at the same university. Prior to that, he worked as a professor for the History of Education and Socialisation at the University of Bochum and as a professor for General Pedagogy at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. He has studied the theory and the history of education as an academic discipline with special interest in a comparative perspective. His academic focus is on methodology, historical and comparative research on educational research, and historical, empirical and comparative as well as interdisciplinary approaches to and in educational research. For several years he took over the role as chairman of the Commission for Research on Educational Research and of the Section for General Pedagogy of the German Educational Research Association. In addition, Keiner was very active in the European Educational Research Association (EERA) for example as the first elected representative of all networks and member of the EERA Council. In 2018, Keiner succeeded in bringing the annual «European Conference on Educational Research» (ECER) with about 3,000 participants to the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, South Tyrol. He was a member of the «International Research Community ‘Philosophy and History of The Discipline of Education’» (University Leuven, Belgium) for almost 20 years and member of the editorial boards of Paedagogica Historica, European Educational Research Journal and Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. At present, Edwin Keiner works part-time as a senior professor at the Faculty of Education, University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany.

A COLLECTION OF FIVE contributions on health policy and system infrastructure from three countries opens this issue. Toni Ashton continues her thinking about the changes that make a real difference in New Zealand with an analysis of what she sees as significant opportunities for primary health care (page 380). Jonathan Shapiro discusses the problems that may arise in the implementation of the ?contestability and choice? open market agendas in the United Kingdom (page 383). Raisa Deber challenges current orthodoxies in Australian health policy (particularly the use of competition principles) from her Canadian perspective (page 386). As the term of the inaugural Australian Council on Safety and Quality in Health Care draws to a close, its chair, Bruce Barraclough, reviews the Council?s achievements and the work that is not yet done (page 392). Linda Mundy and colleagues report on a new initiative in this country?s continuing effort to manage the introduction of emerging health technology (page 395).

The multivariable decision-making model has been verified based on the results of the multiple-choice questionnaires. According to the emphasis of Suggestion on further Strengthening and Improving Ideological and Political Education for College Students, which was released by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council in 2004, the Ideological and Political education system for college students should be the key indicator to assess the quality of higher education. In this paper, we give the ideological and political education quality assessment system based on multivariate decision-making. Decisions in service operations are complex since they involve various interdependent decision-makers (agents) at different hierarchical levels.

AbstractGregory of Nazianzus’ Carmen 2,1,39 (εἰς τὰ ἔμμετρα) has generally been regarded as a sort of manifesto of Gregory’s poetry. Scholars have mostly concentrated on the programmatic core of the poem, but the iambic tirade of the closing part deserves attention as well. A thorough analysis of this text should start from a preliminary survey of its manuscript tradition, which points out the need of a critical edition, since the aged PG edition still relies on a few witnesses. Furthermore, this leads to the assumption that two different addressees are involved in the poem: the former is a fictitious one, whereas the second is Gregory’s sworn enemy, Maximus the Cynic. Thus, the iambic tirade which closes poem 2,1,39 should be set within the context of the Maximus affair. Such an identification affects the dating of the poem, too. Since the Maximus affair took place in summer 380, but on the other hand Gregory seems also to allude to the Council of Constantinople, which opened in 381, it may be concluded that the poem was composed in two phases and that the poetical program exposed is due to the re-working of an older satirical draft against Maximus.

In ancient Greece and in the countries of the East paedophile activities were, generally, not prosecuted; they were considered to be normal sexual practices. The Church saw this issue differently and, from the very beginning, condemned paedophilia. The earliest Church documents bear witness to that: Didache (ca 100), St. Justin condemns it in his Apologia (ca 153), Synod of Elwira (305-306), Apostolic Constitutions (ca 380), Gratian’s Decretum (ca 1140), the third Lateran Council (1179), the fourth Lateran Council (1215), the Code of Canon Law of 1917, and the Code of Canon Law of 1983. Paedophilia is a sexual deviation when an adult experiences sexual gratification only in relations with children that have not yet developed secondary and tertiary sexual features. According to the International Classifications of Diseases ICD-10, and according to the classification of the American Psychological Association DSM-IV, paedophilia belongs to the disturbances of sexual preferences. Paedophilia may take various forms: with or without the physical contact, with or without the use of force, it can also take the form of child’s pornography. According to can. 1395,2 of the Code of Canon Law the following are the distinctive elements that make up the crime of paedophilia: a) the age of the victim (below the age of eighteen) b) t he sexual nature of the offense against the sixth commandment of the Decalogue; c) the perpetrator must be a cleric. The Church’s Modus Procedendi stipulates that in cases of the molesting of minors, in the light of the Code of Canon Law of 1983 and of the EPISTULA a Congregatione pro Doctrina Fidei missa ad totius Catholicae Ecclesiae Episcopos aliosque Ordinarios et Hierarchas interesse habentes: DE DELICTIS GRAVIORIBUS eidem Congregationi pro Doctrina Fidei reservatis of 18th May 2001, the ecclesiastic superior must be notified of the likelihood of an offense having been committed. He conducts the preliminary investigation of which he, then, notifies the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, having studied the findings of the preliminary investigation conducted by the ecclesiastic superior, issues him with an instruction as to the further proceedings. In the Church, the prosecution in cases of the molesting of minors terminates when ten years have lapsed since the victim came of age.

With the massive urbanisation taking place on a global scale, international interest and concern increasingly center on the ability of local government(s) to be able to manage the ever-increasing urban population. The unprecedented developments that have taken place within South African towns, cities and metropolitan areas over the past years have served to emphasise the vital necessity for intelligent planning of the country's urban communities. It is in the light of these arguments that urban management and town planning should be practised in such a manner to satisfy both the social and physical well-being of communities. One of the most pressing challenges for urban managers across the world, particularly in developed and mid-developed countries, is the reduction of social exclusion and the redevelopment of deprived neighbourhoods and communities. Unfortunately, urban planning and management in some towns and cities - particularly with the emphasis on service delivery - has not yet reached its full potential in furthering public planning and developmental policies. The provision of basic services to urban residents is another of the numerous problems that local governments face. High population density and the concentration of industries (in some municipalities) in the rapidly growing cities of the world are leading to a significant increase in problems, such as air pollution from households, industry, power stations and transportation. Water pollution, inadequate sanitation, overcrowding and poor quality housing, are other concerns for many cities, including Klerksdorp. Furthermore, it has become increasingly important to address issues at local level in partnership with key stakeholders. A multidimensional approach in solving urban problems is crucial, with some dimension (sector) addressing comprehensive community development initiatives on a city-wide basis, incorporating a planning component (IDP) and others addressing the implementation of more specific community-based projects. The approach as a whole is purposively political and process-oriented, promoting political commitment and advocating fundamental change in local government and its relationship with communities. These types of approaches to urban management and planning involve a wide variety of stakeholders. These stakeholders are increasingly becoming involved in all stages of policy-making and implementation, from the initial definition and prioritisation of issues (IDP process), the collection and analysis of information, to the development and implementation of plans (National Key Performance Indicators). In order to ensure long-standing commitment, it is important that stakeholders are properly involved in the definition of problems as well as in problem solution (community participation and involvement). The concerns, needs and preference of all relevant interested and affected parties, including service users, need to be articulated in the form of IDP priorities. Partners bring their knowledge, expertise and perceptions of the problem and could also frequently benefit by gaining a better understanding of the technical and financial constraints that might have a bearing on plans that are subsequently developed. Although the initiatives of urban planning and management should come from local government, all parties must be brought on board so that the whole urban renewal and management process can be seen as a collective effort of multipartners.
Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The research consists of the series of articles analyzing the pre- viously unexplored expressiveness, figurativeness, fantasy and sarcasticity of a number of Old Russian works. The first article reveals the expressiveness of the “Turkic” utterances of Afanasy Nikitin in The Journey Beyond Three Seas according to the list of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA), f. 181, no. 371 of the first quarter of the 16th century. The second article characterizes the distorted, fantastic earthly worlds depicted in the Tale of the Twelve Dreams of King Shahaisha according to the list of the Russian National Library (RNL), Kir.-Beloz., no. 22/1099 of the 1470s; in the Conversation of Three Saints according to the list of the Russian State Library (RSL), Troitsk., no. 778 of the beginning of the 16th century; in the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow Main Archive (MMA), no. 250–455 of the late 17th century; in The Tale of Ersh Ershovich according to the list of Pushkin House, 1.27.105 of the late 17th — early 18th centuries; in the Bird Council according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.17 the mid-18th century; in the Medicine Book. How to Treat Foreigners according to the list of the RNL, Q.XVII.96, Peter’s time; in the Legend of a Luxurious Life and Fun according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.57 of the first quarter of the 18th cen- tury. The third article examines the aesthetic role of verses in the collections of the late 17th century: RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 233, 249, 380, 411, 499. The fourth article shows that some compilers of collections of the 17th century appreciated the visual arts of works, mostly very old (оn the example of collections of the RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 460, 384, 18, 340, 231). In two Appendices to the article are published the descriptions of the composition of the collection no. 231 and the text of the parable about the dispute of parts of the human body. In two Ap- pendices to the article, it is said about the everyday depiction of the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455 of the late 17th century and on the expressiveness of articles in the miniature collection of the RSL, Bolshakov, no. 325. The fifth article points to the mocking meaning of proverbs and sayings about criminals in the same collection of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455. Finally, the sixth article draws attention to the evolution of the literary work of Archpriest Avvakum from brief mentions of events to detailed stories about them (оn the material of Vita, petitions, Book of Interpretations, Book of Accusations, Write-off about the creation of man, The Lamentable Word about the death of noblewoman F. Morozova). We must warn you that the pictorial and expressive meaning of the examples and phrases quot- ed from the texts of the monuments is not thoroughly proved in this work, but is only stated. Otherwise, each example would require an independent essay on certain literary means, and the theme and composition of the work would be completely different.