Academic literature on the topic 'Counter-guarantee'
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Journal articles on the topic "Counter-guarantee"
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Yatsenko, E. V. "Counter-Guarantee: Reasons for Emerging, the Essence and Legal Regulation." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.123.2.022-029.
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The paper defines the reasons for the emergence of such a method of ensuring obligations as a counterguarantee. The author highlights five factors that influence the choice of this instrument. The author draws conclusions that the counter-guarantee emerged as a result of globalization of the economy and development of international trade. This effective and convenient instrument allows the creditor to obtain a guarantee of an acceptable bank and minimize the creditor’s costs and risks in international transactions. The author argues that the core of the counter-guarantee is formed by the unilateral obligation of the counter-guarantee bank encouraging the issuing bank to issue a direct guarantee, which is the purpose of the counter-guarantee. The paper examines the features of the legal regulation of the counter-guarantee in Russia and abroad, including a retrospective analysis of the problems of the legal regulation of a counter-guarantee in Russia. In particular, the author highlights the difficulty of issuing a counter-guarantee under Russian law before 2015 due to the lack of regulation of this instrument in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and mismatch of the design of the bank guarantee and counter-guarantee in the old version of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation The paper analyzes judicial and banking practices in the field of counter-guarantee provision.
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Wang, Hao, Haiquan Zhao, Bill Lin, and Jun Xu. "DRAM-Based Statistics Counter Array Architecture With Performance Guarantee." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 20, no. 4 (August 2012): 1040–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2011.2171360.
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Gai, Lorenzo, Federica Ielasi, and Monica Rossolini. "SMEs, public credit guarantees and mutual guarantee institutions." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 1208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-03-2016-0046.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on public guarantees granted to micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by the Italian national credit guarantee programme (Fondo Centrale di Garanzia – Central Guarantee Fund – (CGF)). The CGF provides a direct guarantee to banks granting loans or a counter-guarantee to mutual guarantee institutions (MGIs) acting as first-level guarantors. Because the behaviour of MGIs could affect the default risk of counter-guaranteed loans, it is vital to investigate their operating and structural characteristics in order to identify an optimal design for public credit guarantee schemes (PCGSs). Design/methodology/approach Using regression models, the paper analyses the determinants of default for 33,229 SME loans guaranteed by an MGI and counter-guaranteed by the Italian CGF. The dependent variable is the ex-post default risk of SMEs’ counter-guaranteed loans in the 2010-2011 period. The explanatory variables are certain characteristics of the MGI. Findings The authors demonstrate that increases in an MGI’s leverage and the size of the counter-guaranteed portfolios increase the default risk. When the counter-guaranteed portfolio increases, MGIs are more risk taking but take less risk than when local and specialized MGIs are at play. Finally, direct public aid is relevant. Practical implications An appropriate design of the PCGS becomes crucial to controlling moral hazard in financial institutions and ensuring the financial sustainability of public intervention in favour of SMEs. Originality/value The paper evaluates an original and confidential firm-level data set that is not available in public documents or supervisory board statistics but is collected directly from the MGIs that participated in this study.
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Cui, Xiao Ling, and Yun Feng Wang. "Risk-Sharing Mechanism Theoretical Research between Bank and Credit Guarantee Institution Cooperation under Asymmetric Information." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 1342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.1342.
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It constructs bank and credit guarantee institution cooperation risk-sharing model with expected utility and mathematical optimization method based on risk-sharing theory. It shows that risk-sharing ratio between credit guarantee institution and associated bank is rising with the increase of safety assets return and default repayment rate and the decrease of loan rate of credit guarantee rate, while, amplification of credit guarantee could form inflection with the change of default repayment rate and it is the default recovery rate, guarantee rate, realizable value rate of counter-guarantee measure and loan rate of credit guarantee products positive that effect to amplification of credit guarantee.
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Vikram, A., and G. Gopinath. "Counter Based Authentication Verification to Secure Patient Data in Cloud." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 5516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9447.
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Hospital patient record that is stored in public cloud demands high level of security and access control. To guarantee the proper user access, an authentication scheme is required that can follow up data access. In this paper, counter based authentication verification is introduced. This method utilizes token generation and counter strategy. Elliptic curve based digital signature is employed in token generation. Along with the generated token, the data is encrypted and a counter value is appended to it. Whenever an authorized user views or modifies the stored data, the counter value is updated. Thus, this method significantly identifies an unauthorized data access.
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Santosa, Santosa, Noer Azam Achsani, and Hendro Sasongko. "GUARANTEE PRODUCT PORTFOLIO: PERFORMANCE AND OPTIMAL PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS." JIMFE (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi) 6, no. 1 (June 17, 2020): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34203/jimfe.v6i1.1928.
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This study aims to analyze the performance of guarantee products and optimize guarantee portfolio at PT Penjaminan ABC. The method used in forming the optimal guarantee portfolio is the Markowitz method and the single index model. The results of the formation of optimal portfolios based on the Markowitz method show that there are five eligible guarantee products included in the optimal guarantee portfolio, namely construction financing, counter bank, general financing, micro financing, and multi-use financing. While custom bond, surety bonds, and other guarantees are not included in the optimal portfolio. In contrast to the Markowitz method, based on the single index model, all guarantee products are not eligible to be included in the optimal guarantee portfolio. Managerial implications of the optimal guarantee product portfolio is an increase in guarantee returns which will further increase company profits and increase company equity. An increase in company equity will reduce the gearing ratio in order to comply with regulations, because the gearing ratio is calculated by dividing the outstanding guarantee volume by the total equity.
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Qiao, Mu, Mei Han, and Chao Chen. "Study Based on MATLAB Edge Detection Operator in Extracting Out-of-Gauge Goods Contour." Applied Mechanics and Materials 775 (July 2015): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.775.404.
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In the process of railway out-of-gauge goods transportation, it is of great significance to guarantee the safety of railway transportation by measuring out-of-gauge goods counter accurately. This paper introduces the acquisition of out of gauge goods image using CCD technology and extracting out-of-gauge goods counter based on MATLAB operator edge detection algorithm. In order to determine the high quality edge detection operator and lay the foundation of measuring out-of-gauge goods counter, three types of operator to extract contour were compared and analyzed at the same time.
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Oliveira, Marcos Aurelio Guedes de. "Sources of Brazil's Counter-Hegemony." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 53, no. 2 (2010): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-73292010000200007.
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There have been two key initiatives taken in the last two decades in Brazil to create a counter-hegemonic project for the country. One initiative resulted from Brazil's business community and high-level State bureaucracy and aimed at forming a regional economic and political bloc that would guarantee and enlarge a relative independence from the hegemonic powers. The other resulted from the emergence of the new unionist movement in São Paulo and from the formation of Partido dos Trabalhadores and aimed at promoting radical democratization and reducing social exclusion. Both initiatives have created policies and changes that have converged to enhance Brazil's counter-hegemonic position as a regional and emerging power.
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Biel, Eric, Norma Gonedes, Darin Peachee, Edgar Ramirez, Jing Yang, and Brian Murphy. "THE QUEST FOR RELIABLE CYBER SECURITY." Journal of Information Technology Education: Discussion Cases 5 (2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3669.
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A firm that specializes in setting up computer systems is asked by a potential client to guarantee 100% security. Knowing that is an impossible request, the owner considers what he might offer as a counter proposal that would make sense.
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GUHA, SAIKAT, TAD HOGG, DAVID FATTAL, TIMOTHY SPILLER, and RAYMOND G. BEAUSOLEIL. "QUANTUM AUCTIONS USING ADIABATIC EVOLUTION: THE CORRUPT AUCTIONEER AND CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATIONS." International Journal of Quantum Information 06, no. 04 (August 2008): 815–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749908004183.
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We examine a proposed auction algorithm using quantum states to represent bids and distributed adiabatic search to find the winner.1 When the auctioneer follows the protocol, the final measurement giving the outcome of the auction also destroys the bid states, thereby preserving the privacy of losing bidders. We describe how a dishonest auctioneer could alter the protocol to violate this privacy guarantee, and present methods by which bidders can counter such attacks. We also suggest possible quantum circuit implementations of the auction protocol, and quantum circuits to perpetrate and to counter attacks by a dishonest auctioneer.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Counter-guarantee"
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Gobin, Solène. "Garantie et contre-garantie au service du contrat initial : contribution à la compréhension des logiques élémentaires en droits civil, bancaire et financier." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020010.
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Si le concept de garantie reflète avant tout la défiance des parties les unes vis-à-vis des autres, il traduit aussi le besoin de confiance de chacune d’elle, propice à faciliter les échanges, à conforter la situation du créancier et la surface financière du débiteur et, plus généralement, à sécuriser le marché. Dans le cadre des opérations de financement (opérations de crédit, opérations de refinancement, emprunts obligataires et financements structurés), l’importance des garanties et des contre-garanties est liée à la volonté et au rôle des parties à l’opération et influencée par le cadre posé par le marché et la réglementation associée. Plus spécialement, l’opération de financement est l’ensemble contractuel impliquant un montage financier et faisant intervenir des mécanismes de garanties et de contre-garanties : cet ensemble contractuel constitue le complexe {contrat initial - garantie - contre-garantie}, objet de la thèse.Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les rapports entre le contrat initial et la garantie, la garantie et la contre-garantie, la contre-garantie et le contrat initial au sein des opérations de financement et ce, au regard du droit civil et du droit bancaire et financier. L’analyse portera sur la nature de ces rapports lors de la mise en place et de la mise en œuvre des garanties et des contre-garanties et conduira à évaluer la force de celles-ci au regard des procédures collectives et du régime de résolution bancaire. C’est l’efficacité des garanties et des contre-garanties au sein des opérations de financement qui est en jeu, laquelle doit être au service de l’efficience de l’opérationIf the concept of guarantee primarily reflects the parties’ distrust of one another, it also conveys their need for trust, which is necessary to facilitate transactions, comfort the creditor’s position and the debtor’s financial situation and more generally to secure the market. In the context of financing transactions (credit and refinancing operations, bond loans and structured financing operations), the importance of guarantees and counter-guarantees is bound to the will and function of the parties to trade and influenced by the environment that the market and associated regulation have set. A financing transaction is especially defined by a contractual structure involving a financing package along with guarantee and counter-guarantee mechanisms. This contractual structure establishes the {original contract – guarantee – counter-guarantee} complex, core of this thesis.The purpose of this thesis is to study the relationships between the original contract and the guarantee, the guarantee and the counter-guarantee, the counter-guarantee and the original contract within financing transactions, with regard to civil law as well as banking and financial law. The analysis will focus on the nature of these contractual relationships when implementing and executing the guarantees and counter-guarantees, the force of which will then be assessed in respect to insolvency proceedings and the banking resolution regime. The effectiveness of the guarantees and counter-guarantees within the financing transactions is thus at stake and must serve the transaction’s efficiency
Books on the topic "Counter-guarantee"
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Schupmann, Benjamin A. Basic Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791614.003.0007.
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Chapter 6 analyzes how Schmitt applied his state and constitutional theory to Weimar. It shows Schmitt theorized a “counter-constitution” that entrenched liberal basic rights absolutely against democratic amendment procedures. It challenges the belief that Schmitt was a “relentlessly” illiberal thinker. This chapter analyzes how Schmitt applied his thought to Weimar in opposition to the prevailing positivist interpretation of the constitution, which held that it committed above all to democratic equal chance. Schmitt argued that the “absolute” commitments of a liberal democratic constitution like Weimar’s could only be coherently located in basic liberty rights. This chapter also analyzes the institutions and mechanisms Schmitt theorized to guarantee these basic liberty rights, especially against democratic subversion. They include entrenchment of basic constitutional commitments, party bans, a “positive” vote of no confidence, and a stronger federal state. It concludes by analyzing Schmitt’s reflections on the improvements the Bonn Grundgesetz made to the Weimar Constitution.
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Estlund, Cynthia. Automation Anxiety. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197566107.001.0001.
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This book confronts the hotly debated prospect of mounting job losses from automation, and the divergent hopes and fears that prospect evokes, and proposes a strategy for mitigating the losses and spreading the gains from shrinking demand for human labor. Leading economists have concluded that automation is already exacerbating inequality by destroying more decent middle-skill jobs than it is creating. As ongoing innovations in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics continue to chip away at the comparative advantages of human labor in a range of work tasks, those innovations are likely to yield growing job losses in the foreseeable future—or likely enough that we should reckon with this prospect. The book argues that we should set our collective sights on ensuring broad access to adequate incomes, more free time, and decent remunerative work even in a world with less of it. That will require not a single “magic bullet” solution like universal basic income or a federal job guarantee, but rather a multifaceted strategy centered on conserving, creating, and spreading work. The book elaborates that strategy in the US context, but much of it is broadly relevant to other advanced economies. And while the proposed strategy is designed to address a foreseeable future of job scarcity, it will also help to rebalance lives already plagued by either too much work or not enough and to counter both economic inequality and racial stratification. The proposed strategy makes sense here and now, and especially as we face up to a future of less work.
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Bird, Wendell. The Revolution in Freedoms of Press and Speech. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509197.001.0001.
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This book discusses the revolutionary broadening of concepts of freedoms of press and speech in Great Britain and in America during the quarter century before the First Amendment and Fox’s Libel Act. The conventional view of the history of freedoms of press and speech is that the common law since antiquity defined those freedoms narrowly. In that view, Sir William Blackstone in 1769, and Lord Chief Justice Mansfield in 1770, faithfully summarized that common law in giving very narrow definitions of those freedoms as mere liberty from prior restraint and not as liberty from punishment after printing or speaking (the political crimes of seditious libel and seditious speech). Today, that view continues to be held by neo-Blackstonians, and remains dominant or at least very influential among historians. Neo-Blackstonians claim that the Framers used freedom of press “in a Blackstonian sense to mean a guarantee against previous restraints” with no protection against “subsequent restraints” (punishment) of seditious expression. Neo-Blackstonians further claim that “[n]o other definition of freedom of the press by anyone anywhere in America before 1798” existed. This book, by contrast, concludes that a broad definition and understanding of freedoms of press and speech was the dominant context of the First Amendment and of Fox’s Libel Act. Its basis is hundreds of examples of a broad understanding of freedoms of press and speech, in both Britain and America, in the late eighteenth century. For example, a book published in London in 1760 by a Scottish lawyer, George Wallace, stated that it is tyranny “to restrain the freedom of speculative disquisitions,” and because “men have a right to think for themselves, and to publish their thoughts,” it is “monstrous … under the pretext of the authority of laws, which ought never to have been enacted … attempting to restrain the liberty of the press” (seditious libel law). This book also challenges the conventional view of Blackstone and the neo-Blackstonians. Blackstone and Mansfield did not find any definition in the common law, but instead selected the narrowest definition in popular essays from the prior seventy years. Blackstone misdescribed it as an accepted common law definition, which in fact did not exist, and a year later Mansfield inserted a similar definition into the common law for the first time. Both misdescribed that narrow definition and the unique rules for prosecuting sedition as ancient. They were leading a counter-revolution, cloaked as a summary of a narrow and ancient common law doctrine that was neither.
Book chapters on the topic "Counter-guarantee"
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Durmuş, Elif. "How Human Rights Cross-Pollinate and Take Root: Local Governments and Refugees in Turkey." In Myth or Lived Reality, 123–57. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-447-1_6.
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AbstractThe human rights regime—as law, institutions and practice—has been facing criticism for decades regarding its effectiveness, particularly in terms of unsatisfactory overall implementation and the failure to protect the most vulnerable who do not enjoy the protection of their States: refugees. Turkey is the country hosting the largest refugee population, with around four million at the end of May 2020 (https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2020/06/UNHCR-Turkey-Operational-Update-May-2020.pdf). As an administratively centralised country, Turkey’s migration policy is implemented by central government agencies, but this has not proved sufficient to guarantee the human rights of refugees on the ground. Meanwhile, in connection with urbanisation, decentralisation and globalisation, local governments around the world are receiving increasing attention from migration studies, political science, law, sociology and anthropology. In human rights scholarship, the localisation of human rights and the potential role of local governments have been presented as ways to counter the shortcomings in the effectiveness of the human rights regime and discourse. While local governments may have much untapped potential, a thorough analysis of the inequalities between local governments in terms of access to resources and opportunities is essential. The Turkish local governments which form the basis of this research, operate in a context of legal ambiguity concerning their competences and obligations in the area of migration. They also have to deal with large differences when it comes to resources and workload. In practice, therefore, there is extreme divergence amongst municipalities in the extent to which they engage with refugee policies. This chapter seeks to answer the question why and how certain local governments in Turkey come to proactively engage in policy-making that improves the realisation of refugees’ rights. Exploratory grounded field research among Turkish local governments reveals four main factors that enable and facilitate the engagement of local governments in refugee policies: (1) the capacity of and institutionalisation in local governments; (2) the dissemination of practices and norms surrounding good local migration and rights-based governance through networks; (3) the availability of cooperation and coordination with other actors in the field, and (4) political will. Collectively, these factors illustrate how a new norm—the norm that local governments can and ought to engage in policy-making improving the rights of refugees—is cross-pollinating and taking root among Turkish local governments. This understanding will provide valuable insights into how norms are developed, travel and are institutionalised within social and institutional networks, and how differences in access, capacity, political and cooperative opportunities may facilitate and obscure the path to policies improving human rights on the ground.
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Kottler, Jeffrey A., and Richard S. Balkin. "Mythology and Ethics." In Myths, Misconceptions, and Invalid Assumptions About Counseling and Psychotherapy, 202–14. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190090692.003.0014.
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In Mythology and Ethics the authors note the difficulty in navigating emotional and values-based conflicts. Cases of counter-transference are common and require an awareness by the therapist to address the conflict. Sometimes a referral could be necessary. But when such conflicts are values-based, ethical bracketing is recommended, which runs counter-intuitive to countertransference. Individual change, even for therapists, can be difficult, and although the research basis for counter-transference is well-established, extant research on ethical bracketing is very limited. Such issues, along with other ethical mandates such as confidentiality, can compromise client trust. Moreover, although therapists may strive to be honest with clients, transparency and honesty are not always easy to maintain. Therapists cannot guarantee the success of a client or know that an intervention will be effective. Yet, such statements often persist in counseling.
Conference papers on the topic "Counter-guarantee"
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Калинина, Полина Игоревна. "BANK GUARANTEE AS A METHOD OF COUNTER-SECURITY IN TAX DISPUTES CONSIDERED IN THE ARBITRATION COURT." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt185.2020.46.14.005.
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Тема научной статьи обладает огромным значением на практике в налоговых спорах, рассматриваемых в Арбитражном суде, соответственно выбранная тематика является актуальной в современное время. Так, в работе рассматривается институт встречного обеспечения, выявляется его практическое значение, а также указываются способы предоставления его в суде. The Topic of the scientific article is of great importance in practice in tax disputes considered in the Arbitration court, respectively, the chosen topic is relevant in modern times. Thus, the paper considers the institution of counter-security, identifies its practical significance, and specifies ways to provide it in court.
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Zhang, Zhidong, Pengfei Li, Xiaolong Huang, and Ke Jiang. "On The Causes and Counter Measures of qWelfare Dependencyq Problem in China's Urban Minimum Living Guarantee System." In 2013 International Conference on Advances in Social Science, Humanities, and Management. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/asshm-13.2013.57.
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Kanemoto, Toshiaki, Risa Kasahara, Hirotaka Honda, Toru Miyaji, and Jin-Hyuk Kim. "Counter-Rotating Type Pump-Turbine Unit Stabilizing Momentarily Fluctuating Power From Renewable Energy Resources." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66000.
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It is difficult, for renewable energy resources, to provide constant power with excellent quality for the grid system. This serial research proposes a power stabilization system with a pumped storage to guarantee the power quality and capacity, while the energy resources are at unstable and/or fluctuating conditions. The power stabilization system with the counter-rotating type pump-turbine unit was prepared and operated at the pumping and the turbine modes. The experiments have verified that this type pump-turbine unit is reasonably effective to stabilize momentarily/instantaneously the fluctuating power from the renewable energy resources.
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Recoquillon, Yann, Emmanuelle Andrès, and Azeddine Kourta. "Controlling the Intensity of a Bathtub Vortex by Acting on the Upstream Flow." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21307.
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In a motor vehicle, the cowl box is a volume located at the bottom of the windshield. It collects rainwater and drains it to provide clean and dry air to the passenger compartment through the ventilation system. When rainwater is accumulated into the box, a bathtub vortex appears above the drain pipe. This vortex sucks up air into the pipe and creates an air core responsible of the decreased water drain rate in the pipe. It leads to an increased water level in the box and can cause a water overflow into the ventilation system. The behavior of this bathtub vortex has been experimentally studied using a simplified geometry representative of a real cowl box. The inlet water flow rate is controlled and a capacitive probe measures water level in the box. The flow has been studied using Particle Image Velocimetry to measure velocity field around the vortex. The flow pattern is described using these data. Due to geometry and inlet conditions, the upstream flow forces the vortex counter-clockwise. It is also responsible for a shift of the vortex axis from the drain axis. In this configuration, the upstream flow is strongly asymmetric and feeds the vortex using less than half the width of the box. Based on these observations, a device has been tested in order to reduce the vortex intensity and consequently the water level. Resulting velocity fields show a better distribution of the upstream flow. The vortex intensity is decreased up to 55% and the water level up to 53%. Despite there is still a vortex with an air core, the water level is therefore significantly reduced. These results are particularly interesting for the cowl box design: if this device can guarantee a lower water level, the cowl box depth can be reduced and space can be saved.
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Greis, Jan, Edwin Gobrecht, and Steffen Wendt. "Flexible and Economical Operation of Power Plants: 25 Years of Expertise." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68716.
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Within the last years the idea of running a conventional power plant has changed. Fluctuating power generation by solar power and wind parks creates a need for highly flexible backup power plants. This need quickly arose within the last 5 years and the market is still searching for a solution. Single steam turbine manufacturers can provide features to react more flexibly, quickly and to prolong component life time. Thus, considerable operating experience has already been in existence for many years. New highly efficient steam turbines are already equipped with solutions to serve an ambitious market. But also, for existing units, different modernization packages can be provided along with hardware and software modifications which allow power plants to supply power at a moment’s notice. This paper presents the overall approach and the possible field of application for the well-established features of Siemens steam turbines. Starting a power plant within a short time to fill the gap of fluctuating power generation is an important capability in order to participate in today’s and tomorrow’s energy market. A fully automated start-up procedure to avoid any delays contributes in fulfilling this requirement. Optimized component geometries guarantee the shortest start-up times. Furthermore, a parallel start-up of gas and steam turbines (Hot Start on the Fly) has already been proven for many years. Regarding flexibility, the improvement of start-up time is only one major aspect. Another important task is to provide the opportunity to influence scheduled maintenance outages. Therefore, steam turbines can be equipped with software which allows the customer to plan the power plant’s outages in accordance with single components requirements, e.g. GT outages. The lifecycle counter enables customers to evaluate the optimum between start-up time and life time consumption based on dynamic equivalent operating hours. In addition, fast cooling procedures help to keep outage times to a minimum.
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Igland, Ragnar T., Marit Irene Kvittem, and Dmitry Vysochinskiy. "Expansion Design Philosophy to Prevent Buckle Walking at Very Uneven Seabed." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79363.
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Subsea flowline development for a field on the Norwegian Continental Shelf comprises design of HP/HT flowlines for oil and gas transport from subsea manifolds. Flowline engineering faces several challenges related to flowlines crossing very uneven seabed. Among them is choosing an expansion design philosophy that minimizes the need for continuous survey and intervention work updates. Control of buckling behavior is ensured by use of rock berms. The standard design of the rock dumps according to [1] is based on buckle sharing criterion for axial friction capacity, which aims to control initiation of buckles. However, fulfilling the buckle sharing criterion alone does not provide sufficient control of pipeline behavior through the different operational conditions. In addition to buckle sharing criterion fulfillment [1], anchoring rock berms shall also ensure that the point of zero axial displacement is inside the berm for all operational conditions. This will give control over feed-in lengths and counter pipeline walking between sections. Criteria for ARBs are established, covering post buckle and shutdown conditions in addition to buckle sharing. Unstable buckle configuration during shutdown/start-up cycles is defined as buckle walking. Redistribution of feed-in between buckles is frequently observed as the cause of buckle walking. Use of uplift cover is avoided or minimized in order to eliminate extra axial friction and the uncertainty around such friction, and thus to guarantee that the sectioning by anchoring rock berms (ARBs) is working. Within each section between ARBs the axial force in the system is held at a minimum level by controlled buckling. The combination of isolated pipeline sections with minimum axial restraint within the section provides control over unstable buckling behavior. Thus the risk of unexpected buckles is minimized. This is particularly important for uneven seabed. 3D global buckling analyses are performed by ANSYS with upper bound, best estimate and lower bound design parameters for friction in accordance with [1] and capacity control for local buckling of pipeline in accordance with [2].