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Books on the topic 'Counterargument'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Fantl, Jeremy. Against Open-Minded Engagement (for Some People). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0006.

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This chapter argues that you shouldn’t engage open-mindedly with salient counterarguments in some standard situations—those standard situations in which you know that the counterarguments are misleading. This conclusion relies on a general principle: you should do the things that what you know is a decisive reason to do (a principle that has been used to argue for so-called “pragmatic encroachment” in epistemology). That a counterargument is misleading is a decisive reason, in standard situations, to be unwilling to reduce your confidence in response to the counterargument. Therefore, if you k

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2

Fantl, Jeremy. The Epistemic Efficacy of Amateurism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses when knowledge can survive exposure to counterarguments, even if you find each step compelling and can’t expose a flaw. One consequence of Bayesian epistemology is that knowledge can survive if you lack the expertise to reliably evaluate the counterargument. Knowers can retain knowledge in the face of an apparently flawless counterargument as long as the counterargument is too sophisticated for them, and as long as their knowledge has a basis with which they have sufficient facility (this is one of the lessons of the literature on higher-order evidence). This is one reas

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Fantl, Jeremy. A Defense of (a Different Kind of) Dogmatism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0002.

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This chapter argues for a kind of dogmatism (though not the sort famously defended by Jim Pryor): that you can retain knowledge even if you spend significant time with an argument, find each step compelling, and are unable to expose a flaw. It is uncontroversial that knowledge can survive some such counterarguments: trick arguments that 1=0, paradoxical arguments that nothing moves, perceptual arguments that a rabbit has spontaneously appeared in a previously empty hat. But, debates in the literature on disagreement aside, knowledge can survive such counterarguments even when they concern cont

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4

Fantl, Jeremy. Against Closed-Minded Engagement (in Some Situations). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0007.

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This chapter argues that in many situations in which you shouldn’t engage open-mindedly with salient counterarguments, you shouldn’t engage closed-mindedly, either. Closed-minded engagement can give credibility to views you know are false, demeaning, or dangerous. Furthermore, in many cases in which you are closed-minded toward a counterargument, if you engage you have to take either of two risky choices. Either you honestly represent your attitudes (as in the activist strategy known as “Nonviolent Communication”), in which case you run the risk of being ineffective. Or you risk being a “conce

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5

Fantl, Jeremy. The Limitations of the Open Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.001.0001.

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When should you engage with difficult arguments against your cherished controversial beliefs? The primary conclusion of this book is that your obligations to engage with counterarguments are more limited than is often thought. In some standard situations, you shouldn’t engage with difficult counterarguments and, if you do, you shouldn’t engage with them open-mindedly. This conclusion runs counter to aspects of the Millian political tradition and political liberalism, as well as some of the informal logic literature on argumentation. Not all misleading arguments wear their flaws on their sleeve

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6

Fogelin, Robert J. Part Eight. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673505.003.0008.

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Philo expands on the nature of his objections to the natural religion of Cleanthes: far-fetched comparisons are dismissed in matters of common life, but are appropriate objections when we rise to the level of abstruse and remote reasoning. He offers a counterargument to the design-designer hypothesis, citing Epicurus. Constancy and change are discussed; cloud formation is one example. Philo’s critique of Cleanthes’ argument from design moves through stages, with striking similarity to Agrippa’s suspension of belief as presented by Sextus Empiricus.

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7

Jewish Arguments and Counterarguments: Essays and Addresses. Ktav Publishing House, 2002.

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8

Kroenig, Matthew. The Defense Budget. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190849184.003.0010.

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This chapter analyzes the cost of the US nuclear arsenal. Many analysts have argued that a robust nuclear arsenal is unaffordable, but this chapter shows that this view is incorrect. It reviews the arguments made by those in favor of reducing spending on US nuclear weapons and moves on to present the counterargument about why the US nuclear force is affordable. It shows that nuclear weapons represent a small percentage of overall US defense spending and that roughly five percent of the US defense budget is not too much to spend for a strategic deterrent. The United States can afford to maintai

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9

Fantl, Jeremy. Open-Mindedness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0001.

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This chapter argues for a “Platonic” conception of open-mindedness. Open-mindedness is not simply a matter of being willing to change your mind in response to a counterargument. You have to be willing to change your mind conditional on spending significant time with the argument, finding each step compelling, and being unable to expose a flaw. If you are willing to do this, then you may be open-minded toward the argument provided you also don’t violate various procedural norms and aren’t disposed to allow various affective factors to influence your beliefs (for example, you aren’t willfully ig

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10

Schupmann, Benjamin A. The Absolute Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791614.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 analyzes Schmitt’s constitutional theory and how it complements his state theory. It begins with Schmitt’s criticism of the predominant positivist conception of the constitution. Schmitt argued that the positivists’ “relativized” conception of the constitution was committed above all to the equal chance of any belief to be enacted into law. This chapter then analyzes Schmitt’s counterargument that, without a prior and “absolute” commitment to some substantive value, a constitution could not fulfill its basic purpose of providing a clearly defined and stable public order. Schmitt’s ty

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11

Moore, Gordon, John A. Quelch, and Emily Boudreau. Is Healthcare Special? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886134.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 asks the critical question of whether healthcare is different from other consumer-driven markets. In the past, many pushed back on the notion that healthcare could be a consumer-driven industry, arguing that it is fundamentally different from other markets. This chapter acknowledges and reviews these critiques, highlighting four areas that might present challenges to increasing consumer choice in healthcare: the special relationship between doctor and patient, ethics and morality, individual choice versus collective benefit, and the health consequences of consumer choice. In doing so

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12

Bach, Kent. Exaggeration and Invention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0003.

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In Imagination and Convention Lepore and Stone make two sweeping claims about language, convention, and communication. One is that linguistic communication is of what is conventionally encoded. The other, complementary, claim is that when speakers use language in nonconventional ways, their intention is not to communicate some specific thing but rather to invite the hearer into a bit of “imaginative engagement.” So understanding an utterance requires no more than disambiguating it; insofar as imaginative interpretation is required, its aim is distinct from understanding the utterance. I agree

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13

Snyder, Jean E. Burleigh Spirituals and the Harlem Renaissance. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039942.003.0017.

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This chapter examines the controversy between Harry T. Burleigh and his colleagues and critics over the issue of spirituals during the Harlem Renaissance. Although Burleigh was still regarded as the pioneer and by most as the master arranger of spirituals during the mid-1920s, there were dissenting voices. Henry Krehbiel, for example, warned against oversophistication of African American folk music “by standardizing its form, making it conform to the standard of music of European conception.” Carl Van Vechten also criticized Burleigh and his colleagues for relying on the Hampton and Fisk colle

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14

Mittleman, Alan L. Does Judaism Condone Violence? Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174235.001.0001.

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We live in an age beset by religiously inspired violence. Terms such as “holy war” are the stock-in-trade of the evening news. But what is the relationship between holiness and violence? Can acts such as murder ever truly be described as holy? This book offers a searching philosophical investigation of holiness and ethics in the Jewish tradition, and more specifically whether Judaism condones violence. Jewish texts feature episodes of divinely inspired violence, and the position of the Jews as God's chosen people has been invoked to justify violent acts today. Are these justifications valid? O

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15

Saugera, Valérie. Remade in France. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625542.001.0001.

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Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French chronicles the current status of French Anglicisms, a hot topic in the history of the French language and a compelling example of the influence of global English. The abundant data come from primary sources—a large online newspaper corpus (for unofficial Anglicisms) and the dictionary (for official Anglicisms)—and secondary sources. This book examines the appearance and behavior of English items in the lexicon and morphology of French, and explains them in the context of French neology and lexical activity. The first phase of

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16

Karenga, Maulana. The Ambivalent Embrace of Barack Obama. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036453.003.0010.

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This chapter argues that at the heart of Obama's attractiveness as a candidate was his being a representative of a people whose historical and ongoing role as a social and moral vanguard serves at least four fundamental functions for the established order in spite of the paradoxical and mystified meanings that race and racialized discourse and the social apprehension attached to Blackness play in this. First, for the established order, Obama serves as a moral mask to “correct” society's image internationally and domestically, camouflage its continuing imperial thrust, restore respect and hope

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17

Fantl, Jeremy. Psychic Phenomena and the Existence of God. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0004.

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This chapter applies the conclusions of the previous chapters to two cases of controversial belief: atheistic belief and the denial of psychic phenomena (psi). In both cases, in line with so-called “phenomenal conservatism,” the felt obviousness—to the denier—of the non-existence of what they’re denying figures large in their knowledge, if they have it. In both cases, the deniers’ knowledge runs up counterarguments—for example, the fine tuning argument or meta-analyses of a number of controlled studies that purport to demonstrate the existence of psychic phenomena. But these arguments need not

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18

Ekman, Paul. Facial Expressions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0003.

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The argument about whether facial expressions of emotion are universal or culture-specific goes back more than 100 years. This chapter reviews the different kinds of evidence that support universals in expression and cultural differences. I will present eight challenges to that evidence, and how those challenges have been met by proponents of universality. I will try to present the evidence and counterarguments as fairly as I can, so that readers can make up their own minds.

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19

Buchanan, Ben. Limitations, Objections, and the Future of the Cybersecurity Dilemma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190665012.003.0008.

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This chapter considers three counterarguments to the cybersecurity dilemma logic. It shows that even if the cybersecurity threat does not pose an existential risk, it is vitally important and can animate the security dilemma. It shows that regardless of one’s views on attributing cyber attacks—many believe that attribution is difficult or impossible—the cybersecurity dilemma is likely to be a problem. It lastly shows that even though cyber weapons are different from kinetic ones, convergence is likely and the cybersecurity dilemma is still significant, and will likely grow in significance.

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20

Jenset, Gard B., and Barbara McGillivray. Corpora and quantitative methods in historical linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718178.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 provides an overview of the use of corpora and quantitative methods in historical linguistics over time. This chapter further substantiates the claims in Chapter 1 regarding the underuse of corpora and quantitative methods in historical linguistics, and traces some of the historical roots of the current situation. The chapter demonstrates that there has been a persistent underrepresentation of quantitative research in historical linguistics, but that various material (lack of cheap and accessible computing power) and conceptual factors (early quantitative methods that provoked a nega

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21

Whitesell, Lloyd. Tropes of Desire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843816.003.0005.

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This chapter investigates how sound and image can be styled to create allure, encouraging particular frames of mind in the viewer. Three such frames are important to glamour’s effect: first, fetishism or captive attention, which involves a fascination with display, senses captivated by a material surface that offers itself up to extended enjoyment; second, the transfiguration of the everyday, through presenting images of impossible beauty and desirability but also through weaving fantasies of escape and transformation; and third, the preservation of distance between spectators and the object o

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22

Sæbø, Kjell Johan. Information Structure and Presupposition. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.012.

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This article surveys and discusses the core points of contact between notions of information structure and notions of presupposition. Section 1 is devoted to the ‘weak’ presuppositional semantics for focus developed by Mats Rooth, describing its properties with regard to verification and accommodation and showing that it can successfully account for a wide range of phenomena. Section 2 examines the stronger thesis that focus–background structures give rise to existential presuppositions, and finds the counterarguments that have been raised to carry considerable weight. Section 3 looks into the

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23

Chakkalakal, Tess. Wedded to Race. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036330.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on Charles Chesnutt's postslavery fiction and criticism that, in some respects, might be read as offering one of the most effective counterarguments to Harper's view of marriage and vision of freedom. Chesnutt casts a surprisingly critical eye on the movement to legitimate slave-marriages during Reconstruction, a movement celebrated by historians of marriage and slavery alike. While Harper views marriage as essential to preserving relations formed in slavery, Chesnutt presents it as a way of breaking free of those relations, of forming new relations that eschew the racial

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24

Macauley, Robert C. Physician-Assisted Dying (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0008.

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Physician-assisted dying (PAD) is now legal in several states, as well as some foreign countries. The primary arguments to justify the practice include autonomy, compassion, justice, non-abandonment, and transparency. Counterarguments include the wrongness of killing, the impact on the physician-patient relationship, potential exploitation of the vulnerable, and the slippery slope. While some oppose the practice on religious or purely moral grounds, a compelling public policy argument can be made against it without holding that every possible case of PAD is “immoral.” If the sole consideration

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25

Radde-Gallwitz, Andrew. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668977.003.0009.

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This chapter underscores the principal conclusions drawn in previous chapters, especially regarding Gregory’s penchant for thinking via complex and ambiguous chains of imagery. It also underscores the reactive nature of his texts. Gregory was continually prodded not only by opponents but also by allies to revisit his own writings, to clarify matters, and to defend himself. These provocations grew out of the networks he developed as a prominent bishop in the pro-Nicene, pro-Melitian camp favored by Theodosius. Coupled with his rhetorical education, his apprenticeship to his brother, and his pre

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Smet, Stijn. Introduction—Conflicts of Rights in Theoretical and Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795957.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter frames the book’s debate by delineating the extent of persistent reasonable disagreement on both the existence and resolution of human rights conflicts in the context of the European Convention on Human Rights. Drawing on the core arguments of the book’s substantive chapters, the introduction highlights the central cleavages in the debate. The chapter first discusses arguments deployed to deny the very existence of conflicts of rights, as well as available counterarguments. It goes on to provide insight in different strategies aimed at minimizing the occurrence of con

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27

Silberstein, Michael, W. M. Stuckey, and Timothy McDevitt. The Block Universe from Special Relativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807087.003.0003.

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Before explaining how the God’s-eye view resolves the impasse of theoretical physics and foundations of physics created by the ant’s-eye view, the book presents a detailed argument for the block universe. Accordingly, the main thread of chapter 2 shows how the relativity of simultaneity resolves the paradoxes associated with time dilation and length contraction that result from special relativity. A short argument is then presented showing how the relativity of simultaneity implies a block universe, that is, the co-reality or co-existence of the past, present, and future. Philosophy of Physics

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28

Michael, Axworthy, ed. The Awkwardness of Nader Shah. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190250324.003.0004.

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This chapter considers the problematic nature of Nader Shah’s reign. Until the early 19th century Nader was a well-known figure in Europe, but memory of his exploits faded thereafter, and in Western historiography today the events of his reign are still often sidelined, ignored, or described inaccurately—whether because the brutality of his period is distasteful, because ‘Great Man’ history is out of fashion, because his military and political achievements do not fit with a view of Iran in the eighteenth century as weak and backward, or for other reasons. I have presented arguments elsewhere t

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29

Guitton, Clement. Private Companies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0005.

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What specific constraints do private companies face? What is the role of private companies in outing state-sponsored attacks? States accused of cyber attacks use three commonly recurring arguments to try to undermine claims by private companies—but as with judgment inherent to attribution, these arguments are based on characteristics inherent to the functioning of cyber security companies. Accused states attempt to bring into question the companies’ independence, and so to undermine the validity of their claims. To do so, they point out that many former government officials work for the compan

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30

Whitesell, Lloyd. Wonderful Design. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843816.001.0001.

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Glamour is an elusive aspect of cinematic style. This book critically examines previous scholarship on glamour; defines the concept as a compound of artifice, allure, and magic; and examines the phenomenon at work in the genre of the film musical. The focus is on the role of music in representing glamour, and the stylistic and semiotic conventions by which glamour is embodied in sound. The book develops an analytical framework that applies across media, the better to appreciate music’s collaborative role within multimedia spectacle. First, glamour is situated as one of a handful of “style mode

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31

Marullo, Thomas Gaiton. Fyodor Dostoevsky-The Gathering Storm (1846-1847). Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751851.001.0001.

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This second book in a three-volume work on the young Fyodor Dostoevsky is a diary-portrait of his early years drawn from letters, memoirs, and criticism of the writer, as well as from the testimony and witness of family and friends, readers and reviewers, and observers and participants in his life. The result of an exhaustive search of published materials on Dostoevsky, this volume sheds crucial light on the many unexplored corners of Dostoevsky's life in the time between the success of his first novel, Poor Folk, and the failure of his next four works. The book lets the original writers speak

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