Academic literature on the topic 'Counterfactual reasoning'

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Journal articles on the topic "Counterfactual reasoning"

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Rafetseder, Eva, and Josef Perner. "Is reasoning from counterfactual antecedents evidence for counterfactual reasoning?" Thinking & Reasoning 16, no. 2 (2010): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2010.488074.

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Spellman, Barbara A., and Dieynaba G. Ndiaye. "On the relation between counterfactual and causal reasoning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 5-6 (2007): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07002725.

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AbstractWe critique the distinction Byrne makes between strong causes and enabling conditions, and its implications, on both theoretical and empirical grounds. First, we believe that the difference is psychological, not logical. Second, we disagree that there is a strict “dichotomy between the focus of counterfactual and causal thoughts.” Third, we disagree that it is easier for people to generate causes than counterfactuals.
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Zeki, S., O. R. Goodenough, Abigail A. Baird, and Jonathan A. Fugelsang. "The emergence of consequential thought: evidence from neuroscience." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1451 (2004): 1797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1549.

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The ability to think counterfactually about the consequence of one's actions represents one of the hallmarks of the development of complex reasoning skills. The legal system places a great emphasis on this type of reasoning ability as it directly relates to the degree to which individuals may be judged liable for their actions. In the present paper, we review both behavioural and neuroscientific data exploring the role that counterfactual thinking plays in reasoning about the consequences of one's actions, especially as it pertains to the developing mind of the adolescent. On the basis of assi
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HÉDOIN, CYRIL. "Institutions, rule-following and conditional reasoning." Journal of Institutional Economics 15, no. 1 (2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137418000073.

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AbstractThis paper is a contribution to the advancement of a naturalistic social ontology. Individuals participate in an institutionalized practice by following rules. In this perspective, I show that the nature, the stability, and the dynamics of any institution depend on how people reason about states of affairs that do not occur. That means that counterfactual reasoning is essential in the working of institutions. I present arguments for the importance of counterfactuals as well as a game-theoretic framework to account for them. Since the role of counterfactuals does not directly transpire
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Hassanpour, Negar. "Counterfactual Reasoning in Observational Studies." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 9886–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019886.

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To identify the appropriate action to take, an intelligent agent must infer the causal effects of every possible action choices. A prominent example is precision medicine that attempts to identify which medical procedure will benefit each individual patient the most. This requires answering counterfactual questions such as: ""Would this patient have lived longer, had she received an alternative treatment?"". In my PhD, I attempt to explore ways to address the challenges associated with causal effect estimation; with a focus on devising methods that enhance performance according to the individu
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Trabasso, Tom, and Jake Bartolone. "Story understanding and counterfactual reasoning." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29, no. 5 (2003): 904–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.5.904.

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Halpern, Joseph Y. "Hypothetical knowledge and counterfactual reasoning." International Journal of Game Theory 28, no. 3 (1999): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001820050113.

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Leahy, Brian, Eva Rafetseder, and Josef Perner. "Basic Conditional Reasoning: How Children Mimic Counterfactual Reasoning." Studia Logica 102, no. 4 (2013): 793–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-013-9510-7.

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Ibeling, Duligur, and Thomas Icard. "Probabilistic Reasoning Across the Causal Hierarchy." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 06 (2020): 10170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i06.6577.

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We propose a formalization of the three-tier causal hierarchy of association, intervention, and counterfactuals as a series of probabilistic logical languages. Our languages are of strictly increasing expressivity, the first capable of expressing quantitative probabilistic reasoning—including conditional independence and Bayesian inference—the second encoding do-calculus reasoning for causal effects, and the third capturing a fully expressive do-calculus for arbitrary counterfactual queries. We give a corresponding series of finitary axiomatizations complete over both structural causal models
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Marcacci, Flavia. "Argumentation and counterfactual reasoning in Parmenides and Melissus." Revista Archai, no. 30 (May 10, 2020): e03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1984-249x_30_4.

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Parmenides and Melissus employ different deductive styles for their different kinds of argumentation. The former’s poem flows in an interesting sequence of passages: contents foreword, methodological premises, krisis, conclusions and corollaries. The latter, however, organizes an extensive process of deduction to show the characteristics of what is. In both cases, the strength of their argument rests on their deductive form, on the syntactical level of their texts: the formal structure of their reasonings help to identify the features and logical intersections of their thoughts. On the one han
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Counterfactual reasoning"

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Jiménez-Leal, William. "The relationship between causal and counterfactual reasoning." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3334/.

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This thesis represents a contribution to the study of causal and counterfactual reasoning. In six experiments, the relationship between causal selection and counterfactual reasoning and selection is directly investigated. The results support the conclusion that causal contingency information is available for both causal and counterfactual judgements, and that its availability interacts with task demands. Specifically, causal and counterfactual selections were found to depend on the specificity of the description of the outcomes (Experiments 1 to 3). Furthermore, when considering causal chains,
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Zhang, Yongle. "Imagining alternate possibilities counterfactual reasoning and writing in Graeco-Roman historiography /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1619151891&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Ferreira, Michael Joseph. "A Pluralistic Account of Propositional Imagination." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408917034.

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Vowels, Christopher L. "Training an implicit reasoning strategy : engaging specific reasoning processes to enhance knowledge acquisition." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/715.

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MacKay, R. Bradley. "Counterfactual reasoning in strategy context : a theoretical investigation of the role of hindsight in strategic foresight." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14062.

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The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to deepen theoretical understanding of the role that hindsight plays in foresight. The thesis argues that the past is not an isolated static state, but one that is intimately connected with the future. However, there are several biases that influence our perceptions and conceptions of the past. These biases act as constraints on strategic learning by limiting our ability to understand the driving forces that emerge from the past, play out through the present and become critical uncertainties in the future. They can result in misperceptions about events or
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Gale, Maggie. "Exploring the determinants of dual goal facilitation in Wason's 2-4-6 task." Thesis, University of Derby, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/317456.

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The standard paradigm for exploring hypothesis testing behaviour is Wason's (1960) rule discovery task, which exists in two variants: the standard single goal (SG) task, and the logically identical dual goal (DG) fonn. Despite the close similarity of the two fonns of the task, the reported success rates in the two variants vary considerably, with approximately 20% of participants successfully solving the SG variant compared to over 60% correctly announcing the rule in the DG fonn. It was this disparity between the patterns of perfonnance across the two versions of the task which fonned the imp
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Albacete, Belzunces Àuria. "Characterization of Counterfactual Reasoning Deficits in Schizophrenia Patients and Non-Psychotic First-Degree Relatives in Comparison with Healthy Control Subjects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586352.

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Schizophrenia is one of the most serious and complex psychiatric illnesses supposing a great negative impact on the life of the individuals who suffer from it. Cognitive impairment is a core feature of the illness and is characterized by the presence of deficits in almost all neurocognitive and social cognition domains. As a strong correlate of these patients’ real-world functioning, such deficiencies are observable in individuals who share unexpressed genetic components of vulnerability to schizophrenia, including the unaffected first-degree relatives of these patients. Therefore, it is a hig
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Touborg, Caroline Torpe. "The dual nature of causation : two necessary and jointly sufficient conditions." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16561.

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In this dissertation, I propose a reductive account of causation. This account may be stated as follows: Causation: c is a cause of e within a possibility horizon ℓ if a) c is process-connected to e, and b) e security-depends on c within ℓ. More precisely, my suggestion is that there are two kinds of causal relata: instantaneous events (defined in Chapter 4) and possibility horizons (defined in Chapter 5). Causation is a ternary relation between two actual instantaneous events - the cause c and the effect e - and a possibility horizon ℓ. I argue that causation has a dual nature: on the one han
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AGNESA, MAURIZIO. "LA "RETORICA DEL PASSATO" IL CONTROFATTUALE COME STRUMENTO DI ATTACCO POLITICO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/417.

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La presente ricerca mira ad approfondire la natura strategica e gli effetti del ragionamento controfattuale utilizzato in discorsi di natura conflittuale tra avversari politici, con l'obiettivo implicito di persuadere un pubblico di ascoltatori. A questo scopo, sono stati condotti due studi. La prima ricerca quantitativa mira a comprendere quanto un attacco controfattuale possa minare l'immagine dei politici nei confronti dei cittadini, a dispetto dell’importanza dell’orientamento ideologico del pubblico stesso. Nella seconda ricerca quantitativa si sono approfonditi gli effetti di diverse tip
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Beckmann, Philipp Ulrich. "Preferences, counterfactuals and maximisation : reasoning in game theory." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1876/.

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This thesis explores two kinds of foundational issues in game theory. The first is concerned with the interpretation of the basic structure of a game, especially the definitions of outcomes and payoffs. This discussion leads to the second issue; namely the nature of solution concepts and their relation to both explicit and implicit assumptions in game theory concerning hypothetical reasoning. Interpreting utility functions in game theory, I argue that the notion of revealed preferences is ill-suited for counterfactual reasoning and for taking account of the implicit normativity of instrumental
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Books on the topic "Counterfactual reasoning"

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McCormack, Teresa, Christoph Hoerl, and Sarah R. Beck. Understanding counterfactuals, understanding causation: Issues in philosophy and psychology. Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Understanding counterfactuals, understanding causation: Issues in philosophy and psychology. Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Over, David E. Causation and the Probability of Causal Conditionals. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.3.

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Indicative and counterfactual conditionals are central to reasoning in general and causal reasoning in particular. Normative theorists and psychologists have held a range of views on how natural language indicative and counterfactual conditionals, and probability judgments about them, are related to causation. There is the question of whether “causal” conditionals, referring to possible causes and effects, can be used to explain causation, or whether causation can be used to explain the conditionals. There are questions about how causation, conditionals, Bayesian inferences, conditional probab
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Solstad, Torgrim, and Oliver Bott. Causality and Causal Reasoning in Natural Language. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.32.

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This chapter provides a combined overview of theoretical and psycholinguistic approaches to causality in language. The chapter’s main phenomenological focus is on causal relations as expressed intra-clausally by verbs (e.g., break, open) and between sentences by discourse markers (e.g., because, therefore). Special attention is given to implicit causality verbs that are argued to trigger expectations of explanations to occur in subsequent discourse. The chapter also discusses linguistic expressions that do not encode causation as such, but that seem to be dependent on a causal model for their
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Schliesser, Eric. The Sympathetic Process and Judgments of Propriety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690120.003.0005.

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This chapter describes Adam Smith’s views on sympathy and sympathetic judgment(s). It shows that the sympathetic process presupposes and crucially depends on counterfactual, causal reasoning. In particular the chapter argue for four related claims. The first is that according to Smith the sympathetic process depends on a type of causal reasoning that goes well beyond the kind of simulationist theory standardly attributed to him. The second is that the Smithian imagination in the sympathetic process works by way of counterfactual reasoning and that even the feelings we ought to feel as a conseq
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Stalnaker, Robert C. Knowledge and Conditionals. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810346.001.0001.

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A set of interconnected chapters on topics in the theory of knowledge. Part 1 considers the concept of knowledge, its logical properties, and its relation to belief and partial belief, or credence. It includes a discussion of belief revision, two discussions of reflection principles, a chapter about the status of self-locating knowledge and belief, a chapter about the evaluation of normative principles of inductive reasoning, and a development and defense of a contextualist account of knowledge. Part 2 is concerned with conditional propositions, and conditional reasoning, with chapters on the
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Gerstenberg, Tobias, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum. Intuitive Theories. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.28.

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This chapter first explains what intuitive theories are, how they can be modeled as probabilistic, generative programs, and how intuitive theories support various cognitive functions such as prediction, counterfactual reasoning, and explanation. It focuses on two domains of knowledge: people’s intuitive understanding of physics, and their intuitive understanding of psychology. It shows how causal judgments can be modeled as counterfactual contrasts operating over an intuitive theory of physics, and how explanations of an agent’s behavior are grounded in a rational planning model that is invert
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Danks, David. Singular Causation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.15.

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Causal relations between specific events are often critically important for learning, understanding, and reasoning about the world. This chapter examines both philosophical accounts of the nature of singular causation, and psychological theories of people’s judgments and reasoning about singular causation. It explores the content of different classes of theories, many of which are based on either some type of physical process connecting cause and effect, or else some kind of difference-making (or counterfactual) impact of the cause on the effect. In addition, this chapter examines various theo
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Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8.

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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of
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Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8_update_001.

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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of
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Book chapters on the topic "Counterfactual reasoning"

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Ferrario, Roberta. "Counterfactual Reasoning." In Modeling and Using Context. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44607-9_13.

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Hendrickson, Noel. "Applied Counterfactual Reasoning." In Computational Methods for Counterterrorism. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01141-2_13.

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McCawley Akatsuka, Noriko, and Susan Strauss. "Counterfactual reasoning and desirability." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast. Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.2.205.

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Jiang, Yan. "Chinese and counterfactual reasoning." In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315625157-19.

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Pereira, Luís Moniz, and Francisco C. Santos. "Counterfactual Thinking in Cooperation Dynamics." In Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32722-4_5.

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Bertossi, Leopoldo. "An ASP-Based Approach to Counterfactual Explanations for Classification." In Rules and Reasoning. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57977-7_5.

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Thielscher, Michael. "A Theory of First-Order Counterfactual Reasoning." In KI-99: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48238-5_11.

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Stalnaker, Robert. "Knowledge, Belief and Counterfactual Reasoning in Games." In Readings in Formal Epistemology. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20451-2_42.

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Qafari, Mahnaz Sadat, and Wil M. P. van der Aalst. "Case Level Counterfactual Reasoning in Process Mining." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79108-7_7.

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Delaney, Eoin, Derek Greene, and Mark T. Keane. "Instance-Based Counterfactual Explanations for Time Series Classification." In Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86957-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Counterfactual reasoning"

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Byrne, Ruth M. J. "Counterfactuals in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Evidence from Human Reasoning." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/876.

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Counterfactuals about what could have happened are increasingly used in an array of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, and especially in explainable AI (XAI). Counterfactuals can aid the provision of interpretable models to make the decisions of inscrutable systems intelligible to developers and users. However, not all counterfactuals are equally helpful in assisting human comprehension. Discoveries about the nature of the counterfactuals that humans create are a helpful guide to maximize the effectiveness of counterfactual use in AI.
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Qin, Lianhui, Antoine Bosselut, Ari Holtzman, Chandra Bhagavatula, Elizabeth Clark, and Yejin Choi. "Counterfactual Story Reasoning and Generation." In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1509.

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Sharma, Amit, and Emre Kiciman. "Causal Inference and Counterfactual Reasoning." In CoDS COMAD 2020: 7th ACM IKDD CoDS and 25th COMAD. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3371158.3371231.

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McCall, McKenna, Lay Kuan Loh, and Limin Jia. "A Sequent Calculus for Counterfactual Reasoning." In CCS '17: 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3139337.3139342.

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Feng, Fuli, Jizhi Zhang, Xiangnan He, Hanwang Zhang, and Tat-Seng Chua. "Empowering Language Understanding with Counterfactual Reasoning." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.196.

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Kiciman, Emre, and Amit Sharma. "Causal Inference and Counterfactual Reasoning (3hr Tutorial)." In WSDM '19: The Twelfth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3289600.3291381.

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Bordallo, Alejandro, Fabio Previtali, Nantas Nardelli, and Subramanian Ramamoorthy. "Counterfactual reasoning about intent for interactive navigation in dynamic environments." In 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2015.7353783.

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Fu, Tsu-Jui, Xin Wang, Scott Grafton, Miguel Eckstein, and William Yang Wang. "SSCR: Iterative Language-Based Image Editing via Self-Supervised Counterfactual Reasoning." In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.357.

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Wei, Tianxin, Fuli Feng, Jiawei Chen, Ziwei Wu, Jinfeng Yi, and Xiangnan He. "Model-Agnostic Counterfactual Reasoning for Eliminating Popularity Bias in Recommender System." In KDD '21: The 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447548.3467289.

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Qin, Lianhui, Vered Shwartz, Peter West, et al. "Back to the Future: Unsupervised Backprop-based Decoding for Counterfactual and Abductive Commonsense Reasoning." In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.58.

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Reports on the topic "Counterfactual reasoning"

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Sternberg, Robert J. Coping with Novelty and Human Intelligence: The Role of Counterfactual Reasoning. Defense Technical Information Center, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada203624.

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Hendrickson, Noel. Counterfactual Reasoning: A Basic Guide for Analysts, Strategists, and Decision Makers (The Proteus Monograph Series, Volume 2, Issue 5, October 2008). Defense Technical Information Center, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada509049.

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