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Books on the topic 'Counterfactual reasoning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

McCormack, Teresa, Christoph Hoerl, and Sarah R. Beck. Understanding counterfactuals, understanding causation: Issues in philosophy and psychology. Oxford University Press, 2011.

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2

Understanding counterfactuals, understanding causation: Issues in philosophy and psychology. Oxford University Press, 2011.

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3

Over, David E. Causation and the Probability of Causal Conditionals. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.3.

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Indicative and counterfactual conditionals are central to reasoning in general and causal reasoning in particular. Normative theorists and psychologists have held a range of views on how natural language indicative and counterfactual conditionals, and probability judgments about them, are related to causation. There is the question of whether “causal” conditionals, referring to possible causes and effects, can be used to explain causation, or whether causation can be used to explain the conditionals. There are questions about how causation, conditionals, Bayesian inferences, conditional probab

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4

Solstad, Torgrim, and Oliver Bott. Causality and Causal Reasoning in Natural Language. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.32.

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This chapter provides a combined overview of theoretical and psycholinguistic approaches to causality in language. The chapter’s main phenomenological focus is on causal relations as expressed intra-clausally by verbs (e.g., break, open) and between sentences by discourse markers (e.g., because, therefore). Special attention is given to implicit causality verbs that are argued to trigger expectations of explanations to occur in subsequent discourse. The chapter also discusses linguistic expressions that do not encode causation as such, but that seem to be dependent on a causal model for their

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5

Schliesser, Eric. The Sympathetic Process and Judgments of Propriety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690120.003.0005.

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This chapter describes Adam Smith’s views on sympathy and sympathetic judgment(s). It shows that the sympathetic process presupposes and crucially depends on counterfactual, causal reasoning. In particular the chapter argue for four related claims. The first is that according to Smith the sympathetic process depends on a type of causal reasoning that goes well beyond the kind of simulationist theory standardly attributed to him. The second is that the Smithian imagination in the sympathetic process works by way of counterfactual reasoning and that even the feelings we ought to feel as a conseq

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6

Stalnaker, Robert C. Knowledge and Conditionals. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810346.001.0001.

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A set of interconnected chapters on topics in the theory of knowledge. Part 1 considers the concept of knowledge, its logical properties, and its relation to belief and partial belief, or credence. It includes a discussion of belief revision, two discussions of reflection principles, a chapter about the status of self-locating knowledge and belief, a chapter about the evaluation of normative principles of inductive reasoning, and a development and defense of a contextualist account of knowledge. Part 2 is concerned with conditional propositions, and conditional reasoning, with chapters on the

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Gerstenberg, Tobias, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum. Intuitive Theories. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.28.

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This chapter first explains what intuitive theories are, how they can be modeled as probabilistic, generative programs, and how intuitive theories support various cognitive functions such as prediction, counterfactual reasoning, and explanation. It focuses on two domains of knowledge: people’s intuitive understanding of physics, and their intuitive understanding of psychology. It shows how causal judgments can be modeled as counterfactual contrasts operating over an intuitive theory of physics, and how explanations of an agent’s behavior are grounded in a rational planning model that is invert

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8

Danks, David. Singular Causation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.15.

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Causal relations between specific events are often critically important for learning, understanding, and reasoning about the world. This chapter examines both philosophical accounts of the nature of singular causation, and psychological theories of people’s judgments and reasoning about singular causation. It explores the content of different classes of theories, many of which are based on either some type of physical process connecting cause and effect, or else some kind of difference-making (or counterfactual) impact of the cause on the effect. In addition, this chapter examines various theo

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9

Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8.

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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of

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10

Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8_update_001.

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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of

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11

St John, Taylor. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0001.

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This chapter sets out the puzzle: what explains the rise of investor–state arbitration? It defines the rise of investor–state arbitration as one process with two phases: the creation of the ICSID Convention and eliciting state consent to ISDS. Conventional theoretical accounts, in which investor lobbying and then intergovernmental bargaining drive the rise of investor–state arbitration, are outlined. These accounts contrast with the book’s explanation, that international officials provided support to one institutional framework, ICSID, which led to its creation over other possibilities. The cr

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12

Levy, Arnon, and Peter Godfrey-Smith, eds. The Scientific Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190212308.001.0001.

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Science is both a creative endeavor and a highly regimented one. It involves surprising, sometimes unthinkably novel ideas, along with meticulous exploration and the careful exclusion of alternatives. At the heart of this productive tension stands a human capacity typically called “the imagination”: our ability, indeed our inclination, to think up new ideas, situations, and scenarios and to explore their contents and consequences in the mind’s eye. This volume explores our capacity to imagine and its implications for the philosophy and practice of science. One central aim is to integrate philo

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13

Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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14

Lagnado, David A., and Tobias Gerstenberg. Causation in Legal and Moral Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.30.

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Causation looms large in legal and moral reasoning. People construct causal models of the social and physical world to understand what has happened, how and why, and to allocate responsibility and blame. This chapter explores people’s common-sense notion of causation, and shows how it underpins moral and legal judgments. As a guiding framework it uses the causal model framework (Pearl, 2000) rooted in structural models and counterfactuals, and shows how it can resolve many of the problems that beset standard but-for analyses. It argues that legal concepts of causation are closely related to ev

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15

Langland-Hassan, Peter. Explaining Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815068.001.0001.

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Imagination will remain a mystery—we will not be able to explain imagination—until we can break it into simpler parts that are more easily understood. Explaining Imagination is a guidebook for doing just that, where the simpler parts are other familiar mental states like beliefs, desires, judgments, decisions, and intentions. In different combinations and contexts, these states constitute cases of imagining. This reductive approach to imagination is at direct odds with the current orthodoxy, which sees imagination as an irreducible, sui generis mental state or process—one that influences our j

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16

Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins. Contextualising Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199682706.001.0001.

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Contextualising Knowledge defends a contextualist semantics to knowledge ascriptions, and integrates it into a detailed discussion of the theoretical significance of knowledge. Ichikawa develops a kind of relevant alternatives contextualism, suggesting that which possibilities a subject must rule out in order to count as “knowing” vary according to the speaker’s conversational context, and uses it to consider the prospects for central theoretical roles for knowledge. Contextualism and the “knowledge first” program are rarely treated together, and sometimes argued to stand in significant tensio

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