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Journal articles on the topic 'Counterfeit Coin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Bignon, Vincent, and Richard Dutu. "COIN ASSAYING AND COMMODITY MONEY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, no. 6 (June 10, 2016): 1305–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515000875.

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We build a model of search and matching in which agents trade using coins that are imperfectly recognizable, but have access to a coin inspection technology—known as coin assaying—that reveals the intrinsic content of coins for a fee. We consider two sources of imperfect information: counterfeit coins and clipping. With counterfeits, coin assaying reduces the extent of inefficiencies associated with imperfect recognizability of coins (namely lower traded quantities and lower trading frequencies). Yet coin assaying does not necessarily increase welfare, because it unmasks counterfeits that then trade at a discount, reducing total output. With clipping, we show that agents clip for two reasons: in the hope of passing an inferior coin for a superior one, and to reduce the purchasing power of coins that are too valuable. Although coin assaying could remove the first type of clipping, it had no effect on the second.

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2

Boiko-Gagarin, Andrii. "Features of Linguistic Terminology Regarding Counterfeiters in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires in the XIX – early XX centuries." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 60 (2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.60.06.

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The article analyzes the main terms used by law enforcement investigators and editors of the old newspapers regarding to counterfeiters, the forged money, and the process of selling them. Evidence of lexis in relation to counterfeiting has been traced from the criminal cases stored in the state historical archives of Ukraine and Poland, as well as in newspapers periodicals of Ukrainian cities. Most of the sources used in the study are published for the first time. The counterfeiters in Russian empire were called «manufacturer», «counterfeiter», but in Austro-Hungarian – the «counterfeiter» and «deceiver». The process of falsification in the newspapers of Galicia was defined in relation to money, as «made», «fabricated», in the Russian Empire – «cooked», «fabricated» and others. Most often, the definition of a counterfeiter’s personality was referred to as «counterfeiter», «coin counterfeiter», «counterfeiter». The place of counterfeiting was positioned as a «mint», often with the note «secret» or «illegal». In most newspaper publications, organized gangs of counterfeiters were described as а «gang banditti». Linguistic tautology «counterfeiting of counterfeit coins» is oftenly applied to counterfeit manufacturers. In terms of paper money, the definition «paper» and «picture» were used. The Galician press often called the trial of counterfeiters a «massacre». In 1915 in Chernihiv the credit notes signed by cashier S. Brut because of misinformation about their fraud, the population became wary of exchanging such a money, calling it «Brut’s rubles». For flat metal engraved cliches to print counterfeit assignments and credit cards the term «boards» was used, and coin counterfeiting tools are referred to as «counterfeiting machines» or «weapon tools».

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3

Iwama, Kazuo, Harumichi Nishimura, Rudy Raymond, and Junichi Teruyama. "Quantum counterfeit coin problems." Theoretical Computer Science 456 (October 2012): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2012.05.039.

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4

Halbeisen, Lorenz, and Norbert Hungerbühler. "The general counterfeit coin problem." Discrete Mathematics 147, no. 1-3 (December 1995): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-365x(94)00232-8.

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5

Sniedovich, Moshe. "OR/MS Games: 3. Counterfeit Coin Problem." INFORMS Transactions on Education 3, no. 2 (January 2003): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ited.3.2.32.

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6

Daubney, Adam. "A Gold Roman Coin-Ring from Benniworth, Lincolnshire." Antiquaries Journal 89 (August 7, 2009): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581509990035.

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AbstractGough’s second edition of Camden’s Britannia contains a description of a gold Roman coin-ring from Benniworth, Lincolnshire, identified as a counterfeit of Probus. Re-examination of the evidence suggests the coin may have been an aureus of Geta.

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7

Wang, Ting, and Hao Wang. "Research on Electronic Coin Recognition System Based on STC89C52." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.432.

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STC89C52 single-chip microcomputer is used as control core of the system, and characteristics of photoelectric switch is used to design a scheme for detection of face value of coins based on different sizes of coins. Genuine coins and counterfeit coins have different size and mass, based on which the combination of strain sensor and photoelectric switch is put forward to design a scheme for identifying genuine coins and counterfeit coins. In this paper, hardware and software design of the system is introduced in a detail way and system testing is conducted at last, the result of which indicates that the system can realize the identification, classified statistics, sound and light prompting for coins with different face values as well as identification of genuine coins and counterfeit coins, and thus has a certain degree of prospect for application and value of promotion.

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8

Chen, Zi Wei, Jin Tian Yun, and Jun Bao Gu. "The Algorithm Research of Coin Detection Based on DSP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 1229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.1229.

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With the widespread using of coins, in order to solve the troubles brought by counterfeit money, it is of great significance to develop a system for real-time identification of coins. In the analysis of image processing technology, the hardware and software in this field, this paper has verified the recognition algorithm in the MATLAB and VC, and it had set up an coin image processing system with the DSP chip as a platform. In this system not only the surface information of the coin can be achieved and processed in real time, but also a practical hardware and software basis for the further application of DSP for image processing can be built.

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9

Sarkar, Jyotirmoy, and Bikas K. Sinha. "Weighing designs to detect a single counterfeit coin." Resonance 21, no. 2 (February 2016): 125–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-016-0306-8.

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10

Liu, Wen An, Huan Huan Cui, and Bing Qing Ma. "Searching for a counterfeit coin with b-balance." Discrete Applied Mathematics 154, no. 14 (September 2006): 2010–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2006.03.010.

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11

Pedroni, Luigi, and Guidi Devoto. "The Silver Coins of the Aksumite King Meḥadeyos in the Light of the Chemical-Physical Analyses." Aethiopica 6 (January 20, 2013): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.6.1.370.

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Recently it was possible to examine a struck and a cast silver coin issued by the Aksumite king Mehadeyos (ca. 420/430 A.D.) typologically similar to the cast type Munro-Hay AR 1. The chemical-physical analyses carried out on these Aksumite coins – the cast specimen and the minted one – from a side show a substantial convergence with those realised by others, but they diverge for the aspect regarding their authenticity. In actual fact the minted coin is an obvious counterfeit because the chemical composition of the alloy contains silver (92/93%) in a percentage never attested in the contemporary Aksumite coinage whereas the cast specimen has been proved to be ancient and made of good silver and copper alloy (85%), typical of the Aksumite coinage in the 5th century A.D. Furthermore its microcrystalline structure and the concretions developed over hundreds of years eliminate all doubts about a hypothetical remelting of the coin in modern times. ATTENTION: Due to copy-right no online publication is provided.

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12

Hmood, Ali K., and Ching Y. Suen. "Statistical edge-based feature selection for counterfeit coin detection." Multimedia Tools and Applications 79, no. 39-40 (August 5, 2020): 28621–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09447-8.

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13

Hu, X. D., P. D. Chen, and F. K. Hwang. "A new competitive algorithm for the counterfeit coin problem." Information Processing Letters 51, no. 4 (August 1994): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(94)90122-8.

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14

Liu, Wen-An, Qi-Min Zhang, and Zan-Kan Nie. "Searching for a counterfeit coin with two unreliable weighings." Discrete Applied Mathematics 150, no. 1-3 (September 2005): 160–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2005.02.015.

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15

Khovanova, Tanya, and Joshua Lee. "The 5-Way Scale." Recreational Mathematics Magazine 6, no. 11 (September 1, 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rmm-2019-0001.

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Abstract In this paper, we discuss coin-weighing problems that use a 5-way scale which has five different possible outcomes: MUCH LESS, LESS, EQUAL, MORE, and MUCH MORE. The 5-way scale provides more information than the regular 3-way scale. We study the problem of finding two fake coins from a pile of identically looking coins in a minimal number of weighings using a 5-way scale. We discuss similarities and differences between the 5-way and 3-way scale. We introduce a strategy for a 5-way scale that can find both counterfeit coins among 2k coins in k + 1 weighings, which is better than any strategy for a 3-way scale.

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16

Wan, Peng-Jun, Qifan Yang, and Dean Kelley. "A 32log 3-competitive algorithm for the counterfeit coin problem." Theoretical Computer Science 181, no. 2 (July 1997): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(96)00279-4.

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17

Gagg, C. R., and P. R. Lewis. "Counterfeit coin of the realm – Review and case study analysis." Engineering Failure Analysis 14, no. 6 (September 2007): 1144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.11.063.

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18

Yoshida, Tsutomu, and Kunihiko Sakurada. "2012 Discrimination by Impact Sound for Genuine Coin and Counterfeit." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2007.1 (2007): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2007.1.0_75.

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19

De Bonis, Annalisa, Luisa Gargano, and Ugo Vaccaro. "Optimal detection of a counterfeit coin with multi-arms balances." Discrete Applied Mathematics 61, no. 2 (July 1995): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-218x(94)00010-b.

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20

Wan, Peng-Jun, and Ding-Zhu Du. "A (log23 + 12) competitive algorithm for the counterfeit coin problem." Discrete Mathematics 163, no. 1-3 (January 1997): 173–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-365x(95)00314-m.

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21

Born, Axel, Cor A. J. Hurkens, and Gerhard J. Woeginger. "How to detect a counterfeit coin: Adaptive versus non-adaptive solutions." Information Processing Letters 86, no. 3 (May 2003): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-0190(02)00483-0.

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22

Liu, Wen An, and Hong Yong Ma. "Minimal average cost of searching for a counterfeit coin: Restricted model." Discrete Applied Mathematics 154, no. 14 (September 2006): 1996–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2006.03.017.

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23

Tresanchez, Marcel, Tomàs Pallejà, Mercè Teixidó, and Jordi Palacín. "Using the Optical Mouse Sensor as a Two-Euro Counterfeit Coin Detector." Sensors 9, no. 9 (September 4, 2009): 7083–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s90907083.

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24

De Bonis, Annalisa. "A predetermined algorithm for detecting a counterfeit coin with a multi-arms balance." Discrete Applied Mathematics 86, no. 2-3 (September 1998): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-218x(98)00025-0.

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25

Vranken, Thomas. "Between Counterfeit Coin and Genuine Article: From Copying to Originality in Tit-Bits." Victorian Periodicals Review 51, no. 4 (2018): 679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vpr.2018.0049.

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26

Choref, Mikhail M. "Fake cast florins from Kezlev." Crimean Historical Review, no. 2 (2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2020.2.161-171.

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It is not for the first century already, that the composition of the monetary circulation of the Crimean Khanate in different periods of its history has been studied. As a result was developed an objective and largely consistent scheme of attribution and dating of its coins. But on the territory of the Khanate were not developed only local issues. Coins of the Ottomans, Moscow state, as well as of European rulers came in abundance on its lands, including and colonial coinage. Evidence of their active use has been preserved in the materials of Kadiasker books. Those books give information about the banknotes, their fluctuations and their rates against the Crimean and Ottoman currencies. However, there is hardly any reason to believe that we know everything about those means of payment. Indeed, the problem of circulation of both, imported and counterfeit coins made in the Crimean Khanate, has not still been properly studied. We believe that the issue of replicas was due to the high demand for large silver coins both on the territory of the Crimean Khanate and beyond, on the lands of the Moscow state. The problem was complicated by the fact that the Crimean khans, before Shahin Giray, could not mint money of great dignity because of the restrictions, imposed on their vassals by the Ottoman sultans. At the same time, the Crimea was an important element of the “Turkish path”, through which silver entered the Moscow state. Thus, the deficit of a large coin in it was very noticeable. In turn, the movement of large volumes of precious metal across the territory of the khanate facilitated the task of importing or producing on the spot fake coins that came to end consumers along with real money. And, indeed, we were able to identify cast imitations of the florins of Zwolle and the county of Oldenburg. They were discovered on the territory of medieval Kezlev. Judged by the primitiveness of technology and low quality of products, we believe that these replicas could not be delivered to the peninsula. Most likely, we should talk about local imitations. We give an affirmative answer to the question of the possibility of issuing replicas of a European coin on the territory of the Crimean Khanate.

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27

Boiko-Gagarin, Andrii. "Cheatings around the money counterfeiting in Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires in the XIX and XX Centuries." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 61 (2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.61.03.

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The period during which the Ukrainian lands were ruled by the Romanov and Habsburg monarchy dynasties within the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires was also a noticeable problem of the existence of counterfeit money in the circulation, as well as fraudulent processes related to or involved in counterfeiting. The article deals with the special cases of fraud and cheatings that took place around the process of counterfeiting and sale of the money forgeries in the Ukrainian lands during their stay included in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, based on the little-known and previously unpublished sources of study. Particularly interesting are cases of fraud around the sale of counterfeit credit bills, where trusted scammers were offered to buy high-quality counterfeit money at a discounted price, with only such pieces of paper where the top and bottom sides contained genuine banknotes when issuing such an illegal transaction. With the increase in the number of counterfeits of Russian credit bills detected, since the first quarter of the XIX century, the investigation has established the fact that counterfeits were imported from England, where a factory for the production of counterfeits was organized in London. Information about the counterfeiters has gained such publicity, and rumors about the stuffing of counterfeit English banknotes throughout Russia have become so entrenched in the imagination of the population that they have spawned a new kind of fraud – offering to buy high-quality «English» counterfeits for easy sale. The counterfeiting was also the manufacture of the postage stamps, the illicit manufacture or erosion of the repayment of which was pursued by the state. Traditional crime against the money supply, which by the time of the late modern times was directly equated with counterfeiting, was the cutting the edge of coins in various ways. With the introduction of new money into circulation, fraudsters often used this kind of deception on the part of the trusted population, like paying by old coins telling they are the new ones. Often, reports of counterfeiting are accompanied by information about fantasy technologies, not only in the focus of the special devices, but also in the equipment of the premises. Interesting evidence of fraud and fraud involved in counterfeiting can be attributed to «shuler» coins, the two sides of which are identical, which served to deceive gullible gamblers.

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28

Morgan, Kathryn. "Paying the Price: Contextualizing Exchange in Phaedo 69a–c." Rhizomata 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 239–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rhiz-2020-0011.

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Abstract This paper uses a problematic passage at Phaedo 69a–c as a case study to explore the advantages we can gain by reading Plato in his cultural context. Socrates argues that the common conception of courage is strange: people fear death, but endure it because they are afraid of greater evils. They are thus brave through fear. He proposes that we should not exchange greater pleasures, pains, and fears for lesser, like coins, but that there is the only correct coin, for which we must exchange all these things: wisdom (phronēsis). Commentators have been puzzled by the precise nature of the exchange envisaged here, sometimes labelling the coinage metaphor as inept, sometimes describing this stretch of argument as “religious” and thus not to be taken seriously. The body of the paper looks at (1) the connection between money and somatic materialism, (2) the incommensurability in Plato of financial and ethical orders, (3) financial metaphors outside Plato that connect coinage with ethics, (4) intrinsic and use values in ancient coinage, and (5) Athenian laws on coinage, weights, and measures that reflect anxiety about debased coins in the fifth and early fourth centuries. It sees the Phaedo passage as the product of a sociopolitical climate which facilitated the consideration of coinage as an embodiment of a value system and which connected counterfeit or debased currency with debased ethical types. Athenians in the early fourth century were much concerned with issues of commensurability between different currencies and with problems of debasement and counterfeiting; understanding this makes Socrates’ use of coinage metaphors less puzzling. Both the metaphor of coinage and the other metaphors in this passage of the Phaedo (painting and initiation) engage with ideas of purity, genuineness, and deception. Taken as a group, these metaphors cover a large area of contemporary popular culture and are used to illustrate a disjunction between popular and philosophical ways of looking at value.

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29

Forman, Valerie. "Marked Angels: Counterfeits, Commodities, and The Roaring Girl*." Renaissance Quarterly 54, no. 4-Part2 (2001): 1531–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1262161.

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This article traces the connections between the circulation of commodities and counterfeit coins in The Roaring Girl. Contextualizing the play's representation of counterfeits within a discussion of the relationship between real and counterfeit money in the early modern period, I argue that the play registers and addresses economic pressures, in part through its commentary on, and revision of, the conventions of stage comedy. In particular, the play offers enhanced forms of realism and the fiction of the “individual” in the title character, Moll, to compensate for the absence of legible material guarantees for value, legitimacy, or status. I conclude with a reading of the play's representation of masterless persons as the necessary shadow side of the plethora of opportunities seemingly offered by the market.

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30

Kolodko, Gr W. "After. Economics and politics of the post-pandemic world." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2020-5-25-44.

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The coronavirus pandemic that has shaken the world will lay a long shadow for many years. It puts humanity in the face of incredible challenges that coincide with other negative mega-trends and unresolved economic, social and political problems. The enormous consequences and costs of the pandemic — human and social, economic and financial — will be known only ex post. While some lose nothing, others lose everything, sometimes even their lives. The heterogeneous, post-pandemic future — in which under the conditions of irreversible globalization various political and economic systems will interact with each other — will follow many paths, with the position of highly developed countries becoming relatively weaker. Tensions on the US—China line will increase, geopolitics and geoeconomics will change. The confrontation between democracy and authoritarianism will intensify, the synergy of the market and the state will be transformed. It will be particularly dangerous to turn two sides of the same counterfeit coin as an alternative: neoliberal capitalism versus populist capitalism. Chances for the better future may be created by a gradual transition to new pragmatism. It is a strategy of moderation in economic activities and a triple — economically, socially and ecologically — sustainable development based on the outline of an innovative, unorthodox and holistic economic theory. Pandemic is also an immense challenge for social sciences, not only for economics, because old manner of thinking will often occur to be useless for analyzing and explaining new situations.

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31

Tošić, Ratko. "Five counterfeit coins." Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 22, no. 2 (June 1989): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3758(89)90110-9.

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32

Diaco, Nicholas, and Tanya Khovanova. "Privacy and Counterfeit Coins." Mathematical Intelligencer 38, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-016-9652-3.

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33

Aigner, Martin, and Anping Li. "Searching for counterfeit coins." Graphs and Combinatorics 13, no. 1 (March 1997): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01202233.

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34

Li, Anping. "Three counterfeit coins problem." Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A 66, no. 1 (April 1994): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0097-3165(94)90052-3.

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35

Hida, Minemasa, Toshiyuki Mitsui, and Yukio Minami. "Forensic investigation of counterfeit coins." Forensic Science International 89, no. 1-2 (September 1997): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(97)00070-4.

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36

Pyber, L. "How to find many counterfeit coins?" Graphs and Combinatorics 2, no. 1 (December 1986): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01788090.

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37

GRYTSENKO, Galyna, and Mykhailo VIKHLIAIEV. "FORMATION AND EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTERFEIT COINS." Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, no. 16 (September 17, 2020): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.16.210910.

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38

Li, Anping. "On the conjecture at two counterfeit coins." Discrete Mathematics 133, no. 1-3 (October 1994): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-365x(94)90038-8.

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39

Bošnjak, Ivica. "Some new results concerning three counterfeit coins problem." Discrete Applied Mathematics 48, no. 1 (January 1994): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-218x(94)90119-8.

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40

Nagorny, S., and T. Dovbush. "FOLIS OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT MONETARY SYSTEM." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 142 (2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.142.4.

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The studies and attempts to detail identification of the antique coin by means of analytical methods are described. The region of origin of the material components and the coin production period are determined. The coin material consists of copper (79%) and lead (16%) mined in the Limni deposit (eastern part of Cyprus). Copper-lead alloy is also doped with tin at 3%. The alloy also contains iron and arsenic as impurities at the level of 1%. The coin is classified as a small coin (folis) of the monetary system of Constantine Great. The production phase of the folis with high accuracy can be attributed to the second half of 324 BC. It is assumed that dilution of expensive copper with a large amount of cheap lead (16%) caused by the need for substantial savings in coin material due to an economic crisis in the Roman Empire after a long civil war. At the same time, the version of coin manufacturing by a counterfeiter is rejected.

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41

Jaukovic, Gordana, and Nevenka Knezevic-Lukic. "Methods for identifying counterfeit money in the territory of the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia in the 19th century." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 171 (2019): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1971341j.

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Counterfeiting is one of the oldest and most persistent criminal offences. Scientific and technological development has enabled the emergence of a more modern money manufacturing technology and improvement of money protection systems, though at the same time it broadened the possibilities for criminal offences, notably the production of counterfeits. In the mid-1860s, the money in circulation in the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia was of foreign origin, comprising 43 types of different metal coins and one type of paper money. Gold and silver money of European origin was deemed by the people to be better and ?purer? than Turkish money. In an effort to establish control over the technological process of manufacturing the national currency and at the same time prevent the counterfeiting of money of different types and origin, the Principality of Serbia appointed chemists Mihajlo Raskovic and later Sima Lozanic, as ?examiners of ores and false money?. Almost all counterfeit currencies appeared immediately in circulation in the territory of the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia. This paper presents the methods used in the process of identifying false/suspect money, methods used to determine the nominal value of money, the importance of introduction of those scientific methods in the criminal and legal sphere of the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia, which can be considered the beginning of the forensic chemistry in Serbia.

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42

Csáti, Balázs. "Modern counterfeit techniques of Roman coins – with own examples." Acta Numismatica Hungarica, Suppl. 1. (2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37790/anhs.1.2.

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43

Martelli, Mario, and Gerald Gannon. "Weighing Coins: Divide and Conquer to Detect a Counterfeit." College Mathematics Journal 28, no. 5 (November 1997): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2687065.

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44

Martelli, Mario, and Gerald Gannon. "Weighing Coins: Divide and Conquer to Detect a Counterfeit." College Mathematics Journal 28, no. 5 (November 1997): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07468342.1997.11973891.

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45

Liu, Wen An, Wei Guo Zhang, and Zan Kan Nie. "Searching for two counterfeit coins with two-arms balance." Discrete Applied Mathematics 152, no. 1-3 (November 2005): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2005.03.009.

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46

Wen-An, Liu, and Nie Zan-Kan. "Optimal detection of two counterfeit coins with two-arms balance." Discrete Applied Mathematics 137, no. 3 (March 2004): 267–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-218x(03)00343-3.

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47

Khazaee, Saeed, Maryam Sharifi Rad, and Ching Y. Suen. "Detection of counterfeit coins based on 3D height-map image analysis." Expert Systems with Applications 174 (July 2021): 114801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.114801.

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Appleby, Andrew, and Thangavel Thevar. "Identification of British one pound counterfeit coins using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy." Optical Engineering 55, no. 4 (April 21, 2016): 044104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.55.4.044104.

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Redish, Angela. "The Evolution of the Gold Standard in England." Journal of Economic History 50, no. 4 (December 1990): 789–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700037827.

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Abstract:

In 1816 England officially abandoned bimetallism and made silver coins into tokens that were only limited legal tender. Earlier monetary authorities had lacked the ability to manage a subsidiary coinage, a necessary complement to the monometallic gold standard. A successful token coinage must be both costly to counterfeit and credibly backed to ensure that the tokens do not depreciate to their intrinsic value. These problems were solved in the nineteenth century through the introduction of steam-driven stamping presses and with the assistance of the Bank of England.

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Wing, Nathaniel. "Poets, mimes and counterfeit coins: on power and discourse in Baudelaire's prose poetry." Paragraph 13, no. 1 (March 1990): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.1990.0001.

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