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Islam, Md, Naoko Yoshida, Kazuko Kimura, Chisana Uwatoko, Mohammad Rahman, Shoma Kumada, Jamie Endo, et al. "An Investigation into the Quality of Medicines in Yangon, Myanmar." Pharmacy 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6030096.
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Many poor-quality medicines are supplied to patients mainly in developing countries. No systematic survey on counterfeit medicines has been conducted in Myanmar since 1999. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current situation of substandard or counterfeit medicines in Myanmar. Samples of oral medicines, cefuroxime axetil (CXM), donepezil hydrochloride (DN) and omeprazole (OM), and injections, ceftriaxone sodium (CTRX), and gentamicin sulfate (GM), were collected from pharmacies, hospitals, and wholesalers in Yangon, Myanmar in 2014. Authenticity and quality were verified. There were 221 (94%) foreign medicines among 235 collected samples. Five samples of GM and 1 DN sample were not registered with the Food and Drug Administration, Myanmar. In quality analysis, 36 samples out of 177 (20.3%) did not pass quantity tests, 27 samples out of 176 (15.3%) did not pass content uniformity tests, and 23 out of 128 samples (18.0%) did not pass dissolution tests. Three of the unregistered GM samples failed in both identification and microbial assay tests. Counterfeit GM is being sold in Yangon. Also, the quality of OM is a matter of concern. Poor-quality medicines were frequently found among the products of a few manufacturers. Regular surveys to monitor counterfeit and substandard medicines in Myanmar are recommended.
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Drury, David L., Vance Masci, Jerrold W. Jacobson, and Robert A. McNutt. "Urine Drug Screening: Can Counterfeit Urine Samples Pass Inspection?" Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, no. 8 (August 1999): 622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199908000-00002.
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Tomić, Siniša, Neven Milčić, Milenko Sokolić, and Adrijana Martinac. "Identification of Counterfeit Medicines for Erectile Dysfunction from an Illegal Supply Chain." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-61-2010-1953.
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Identification of Counterfeit Medicines for Erectile Dysfunction from an Illegal Supply ChainThe appearance of counterfeit medicines in supply chains is a global public health problem that may seriously affect patients. Counterfeit drugs do not meet quality standards and do not declare their real composition and/or source for the purposes of fraud. They may be generic or innovative, they may contain genuine constituents in a fake packaging, or wrong ingredients, or inactive ingredients, or an incorrect quantity of the active substance. In Croatia, no cases of counterfeit medicines have been detected so far, but the Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices has received 34 samples of medicines and other products for testing from Zagreb City Police. The samples included medicines for erectile dysfunction: sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil. Twenty-three samples of tablets without marketing authorisation in Croatia were tested with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the declared sildenafil and tadalafil content. Samples labelled 1 (batch T/33), 3 (batch T/33), 5 (batch 4), 6 (batch M0016J), 10 (batch T-070235), 12 (batch T-070544), 15 (batch 314833201), 16 (batch 832718474), and 17 (batch 504830028) containing sildenafil and samples labelled 20 (batch 070356), 21 (batch 05668), and 22 (batch T 378 5) containing tadalafil did not contain the active substance within the acceptable 95 % to 105 % margin of deviation from the declared content. While most samples cannot be described as fake with a reasonable amount of certainty, there is still a suspicion of counterfeit. A correct conclusion can be drawn only with the assistance of the manufacturers and by conducting additional laboratory tests.
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Prah, James, Elvis Ofori Ameyaw, Richmond Afoakwah, Patrick Fiawoyife, Ernest Oppong-Danquah, and Johnson Nyarko Boampong. "Quality Assessment of Artemether-Lumefantrine Samples and Artemether Injections Sold in the Cape Coast Metropolis." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8602619.
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Most prescribers and patients in Ghana now opt for the relatively expensive artemether/lumefantrine rather than artesunate-amodiaquine due to undesirable side effects in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. The study sought to determine the existence of substandard and/or counterfeit artemether-lumefantrine tablets and suspension as well as artemether injection on the market in Cape Coast. Six brands of artemether-lumefantrine tablets, two brands of artemether-lumefantrine suspensions, and two brands of artemether injections were purchased from pharmacies in Cape Coast for the study. The mechanical properties of the tablets were evaluated. The samples were then analyzed for the content of active ingredients using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with a variable wavelength detector. None of the samples was found to be counterfeit. However, the artemether content of the samples was variable (93.22%−104.70% of stated content by manufacturer). The lumefantrine content of the artemether/lumefantrine samples was also variable (98.70%–111.87%). Seven of the artemether-lumefantrine brands passed whilst one failed the International Pharmacopoeia content requirements. All brands of artemether injections sampled met the International Pharmacopoeia content requirement. The presence of a substandard artemether-lumefantrine suspension in the market should alert regulatory bodies to be more vigilant and totally flush out counterfeit and substandard drugs from the Ghanaian market.
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Jiang, Yushi, Miao Miao, Tariq Jalees, and Syed Imran Zaman. "Analysis of the moral mechanism to purchase counterfeit luxury goods: evidence from China." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 31, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 647–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-05-2018-0190.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour to measure the effects of ethical and moral antecedents (e.g. integrity, moral judgement, extrinsic religiosity and intrinsic religiosity, and ethical concern) on attitudes towards counterfeit luxury products. Additionally, it also measured the effects on attitudes towards purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach The scope of the study is the Chinese market. The sample size for the study was 412 participants, and data were collected through established scales and measures. Structural equation modelling was used to test the developed model. Findings All the developed hypotheses were accepted. All the antecedents negatively affect attitudes towards counterfeit luxury products. At the same time, attitude has a positive effect on purchase intention. The results are consistent with those of earlier studies. Research limitations/implications Samples were gathered from just a single region in southwest China, which limits the generalisability of the discoveries. As past research in fake goods buying has done, future investigations relating to this situation in the domain of ethical reasoning should accumulate samples from other regions of China as well, as customer perception relating to profound morality and counterfeit Purchase Intention may change from region to region. Practical implications A few customers hold the opinion that luxury brands are lucrative because of the excessive costs of their products and therefore feel vindicated in buying counterfeits (Penz and Stottinger, 2005). Combatting this conviction requires luxury brand managers to endorse effective moral ideals and social commitment messages to prevail upon purchasers. Social implications A few customers trust that they are helping local people, such as the peddlers who offer the fakes or the producers who make these goods, suggesting in a way that a few individuals have positive attitudes towards these type of counterfeit goods sold locally. For such customers, there can be marketing messages that can show them the other side of the issue, such as the lost sales and loss caused to the organisations, which result in people becoming jobless because of their actions. Originality/value The primary goal of the study is to explore the relationship between the moral measurements of consumers and their attitudes and purchase intentions in the Chinese market.
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Santos, Maíra, Alessandro Kahmann, Luiza Manica Caffarate, Laura Ribas Ucha, Renata Pereira Limberger, and Rafael S. Ortiz. "Counterfeit medicines: a pilot study for chemical profiling employing a different proposal of an usual technique." Drug Analytical Research 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.107986.
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Gas chromatography (GC) is a gold standard technique used in forensic laboratories, including for the characterization of counterfeit medicines. When coupled simultaneously to flame ionization (FID) and mass detector (MS) allow the identification and quantification of medicines and drugs employing a single method, besides permitting the application of chemometric tools for forensic intelligence purposes. Here is presented a pilot project that developed and applied a qualitative method for the analysis of counterfeit medicines comprised by amphetamine-type stimulants and antidepressants, through a simple extraction procedure followed by GC-FID/MS analysis, with application of exploratory tools by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The main purpose was to identify similarities between the all compounds detected in the irregular medicines allowing the traceability of illicit producers with the creation of a common data base. Through the analyses it was verified that different producers of counterfeit medicines labeled as Sibutramine, added a mixture of Caffeine and Benzocaine in their formulation, respecting the same ratio of 2.2:1. HCA was able to confirm these results, showing the presence of both falsifications in the same cluster, representing the best tool to identify similar characteristics among the samples – when compared to PCA. Other interesting finding was the use of Fluoxetine as a falsification of counterfeit medicines labeled as Sibutramine and Diethylpropion. Another seized sample labeled as “Nobesio Forte”, marketed as a mix of stimulants, showed only Caffeine and Lidocaine in its formulation. The pilot project applied primarily to 45 samples of counterfeit medicines containing amphetamine-type stimulants and antidepressants, showed the capability of perform the chemical profiling of counterfeit medicines in the solid form - powder, capsules and tablets. Further analysis can be performed for different types of medicines in solid form using the developed method, allowing the construction of a single database to perform the chemical profiling of counterfeit medicines, enabling the traceability of illicit producers.
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Jiao, Liyong, Mengnan Zhang, and Houbin Li. "Preparation of 1, 3, 6, 8-Pyrenesulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt Dye-Doped Silica Nanoparticles and Their Application in Water-Based Anti-Counterfeit Ink." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184074.
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In order to improve the luminescent stability of water-based anti-counterfeit ink, a new fluorescent material is prepared by doping dye into silica nanoparticles. Water soluble anionic dye 1, 3, 6, 8-pyrenesulfonic acid sodium salt (PTSA) is selected as the dopant. In this work, PTSA is successfully trapped into silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) by the reverse microemulsion method using cationic polyelectrolyte poly (dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride; PDADMAC) as a bridge. The UV absorption spectra, fluorescence emission spectra and fluorescent decay curves are used to describe the luminescent properties of the PTSA-doped silica nanoparticles (PTSA-SiNPs). In addition, the as-prepared PTSA-SiNPs and polyurethane waterborne emulsion are used to prepare water-based anti-counterfeit ink, and fluorescent patterns are successfully printed through screen-printing. The samples printed by the ink exhibit desirable fluorescence properties, heat stability, robust photostability, and a fluorescent anti-counterfeit effect, which makes the PTSA-SiNPs promising luminescent materials for anti-counterfeit applications.
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Chernova, Ol'ga F., Tat'yana V. Perfilova, and Mariya V. Gorbacheva. "Biological Analysis for Counterfeit Detection of Orenburg Downy Shawls." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 13, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2018-13-2-88-96.
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The paper reports on the results of biological examination of downy shawls conducted to identify counterfeit items branded as Orenburg Downy Shawls. Analysis was based on morphological comparison of downy hairs from questioned shawls with known authentic samples of downy hairs from goats of the Orenburg breed.
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Frommenwiler, Débora A., Eike Reich, Sidney Sudberg, Maged H. M. Sharaf, Anton Bzhelyansky, and Ben Lucas. "St. John's Wort versus Counterfeit St. John's Wort: An HPTLC Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 1204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0170.
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Abstract Hypericum perforatum L. is the most commonly used herb for treating depression. Due to the popularity of this botanical, there is a potential for economically driven adulteration of St. John's wort (SJW) products. The goal of this study was to investigate SJW ingredients suspected to be adulterated based on simple preliminary HPTLC tests. Commercial samples were analyzed by HPTLC following the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) monograph methodology, with additional visualization under white light. A number of these samples presented odd methanolic solution colors and unconventional HPTLC fingerprints, suggesting the presence of other species and/or extraneous polar additives. To achieve identification and separation of the polar additives, a new reversed-phase HPTLC method was developed. The adulterants were identified as synthetic dyes in the amounts of 0.51 to 1.36% by weight. Identities of the dyes were confirmed by scanning densitometry and HPTLC-MS. A modified USP method with additional detection mode permitted the identification of eight SJW samples adulterated with dyes and six others with flavonoid fingerprints different from those specified by USP from a total of 37 samples of dry extracts, finished products, and bulk raw herb. A decision flowchart is proposed to guide the detection of adulteration of SJW in a systematic fashion.
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Dale, John M., and Leon N. Klatt. "Principal Component Analysis of Diffuse Near-Infrared Reflectance Data from Paper Currency." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 8 (November 1989): 1399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894204470.
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Product tampering and product counterfeiting are increasing the need for methods to quickly determine product authenticity. One of the concepts that we are investigating for the detection of counterfeit objects involves the use of pattern recognition techniques to analyze multivariant data acquired from properties intrinsic to the object. The near-infrared reflectance spectra of currency and other paper stock were used as a test system. The sample population consisted of authentic currency, circulated and uncirculated, and cotton and rag paper stock as stand-ins for counterfeit currency. Reflectance spectra were obtained from a spot that was essentially void of printing on both sides of the currency specimens. Although the reflectance spectra for all of the samples were very similar, principal component analysis separated the samples into distinct classes without there being any prior knowledge of their chemical or physical properties. Class separation was achieved even for currency bills that differed only in their past environment. Leave-One-Out procedures resulted in 100% correct classification of each member of the sample set. A K-Nearest-Neighbor test or a linear discriminate can be used to correctly classify unknown samples.
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Anzanello, Michel J., Flavio S. Fogliatto, Rafael S. Ortiz, Renata Limberger, and Kristiane Mariotti. "Selecting relevant Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy wavenumbers for clustering authentic and counterfeit drug samples." Science & Justice 54, no. 5 (September 2014): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2014.04.005.
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Judd, Christopher D., and Kamal Swami. "ICP-MS determination of lead isotope ratios in legal and counterfeit cigarette tobacco samples." Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 46, no. 4 (December 2010): 484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2010.528839.
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Ortiz, Rafael Scorsatto, Kristiane de Cássia Mariotti, Renata Pereira Limberger, and Paulo Mayorga. "Physical profile of counterfeit tablets Viagra® and Cialis®." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 3 (September 2012): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502012000300016.
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The profile of tablets containing an active pharmacological ingredient can be obtained using different sets of properties, including physical and chemical aspects. The first measurements carried out on tablets are the physical characteristics also called post-tabletting batch (post-TB) characteristics. These data may be valuable to assist in the detection of pharmaceutical product forgery and may also be used in a forensic intelligence perspective when inserted into databases. This work is focused on the physical characteristics of Cialis® and Viagra® tablets seized by the Brazilian Federal Police in the Rio Grande do Sul state. Using the F-test (ANOVA), all samples of counterfeit Viagra® (n = 28) and Cialis® (n = 40) were well distinguished from authentic samples by the following post-TB characteristics: length (major and minor), thickness, and mass. Using the exploratory statistical technique of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), tablets with similar physical profiles were grouped. This result may indicate a common illicit production. We observed the validity of using post-TB properties to generate - in a fast and reliable manner and with no sample preparation - a technological profile that joins itself to the other analytical methods assisting in routine forensic detection of counterfeit Viagra® and Cialis®.
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Farouk, Faten, Bahia Abbas Moussa, and Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy. "Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for in-process inspection, counterfeit detection and quality control of anti-diabetic drugs." Spectroscopy 26, no. 4-5 (2011): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/975284.
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The purpose of this study is to develop simple and cost-effective Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) methods for quality control evaluation of repaglinide (RPG), rosiglitazone maleate (RGZ), pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) and metformin hydrochloride (MET) and assess their use for in-process quality control and detection of counterfeit medicine. The conventional KBr disc sampling technique used in FT-IR does not result in constant path-length thus impeding the use of this sensitive and simple technique for quantification of drugs. In this study, FT-IR quantitative assays were developed using a constant KBr disc pathlength to quantify drugs in bulk and tablets. Method validation was done according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and recovery studies were performed by applying standard addition technique. Samples representing pitfalls at different tablet manufacturing stages and counterfeit medicines were prepared and tested by FT-IR. The developed methods achieved ICH validation parameters. Statistical comparison of the results with reference or reported methods showed no significant difference with respect to method accuracy and precision. The methods were applicable to tablet dosage form with average recovery ranging between 99 and 102%. The developed methods are capable of detecting impurities that result from in-process manufacturing problems and counterfeit products and are inclusive for in-process and end product testing.
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Ali, Toqeer, Salman Jan, Ahmad Alkhodre, Mohammad Nauman, Muhammad Amin, and Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui. "DeepMoney: counterfeit money detection using generative adversarial networks." PeerJ Computer Science 5 (September 2, 2019): e216. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.216.
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Conventional paper currency and modern electronic currency are two important modes of transactions. In several parts of the world, conventional methodology has clear precedence over its electronic counterpart. However, the identification of forged currency paper notes is now becoming an increasingly crucial problem because of the new and improved tactics employed by counterfeiters. In this paper, a machine assisted system—dubbed DeepMoney—is proposed which has been developed to discriminate fake notes from genuine ones. For this purpose, state-of-the-art models of machine learning called Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are employed. GANs use unsupervised learning to train a model that can then be used to perform supervised predictions. This flexibility provides the best of both worlds by allowing unlabelled data to be trained on whilst still making concrete predictions. This technique was applied to Pakistani banknotes. State-of-the-art image processing and feature recognition techniques were used to design the overall approach of a valid input. Augmented samples of images were used in the experiments which show that a high-precision machine can be developed to recognize genuine paper money. An accuracy of 80% has been achieved. The code is available as an open source to allow others to reproduce and build upon the efforts already made.
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Azizi, Aziemah, Asrin Tengah, and Mark I. R. Petalcorin. "Developing a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor assay to detect counterfeit drugs containing phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors using spectrophotometry." F1000Research 8 (September 26, 2019): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19500.1.
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Background: Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) are the first line of drugs used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. PDE5i inhibits the activities of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) found in corpus cavernosum reducing production of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) that results in vasodilation of blood vessels thereby prolonging penile erection. Various counterfeit drugs adulterated with unknown levels of PDE5i pose a danger with reported undesirable adverse effects on patients. Methods: We developed an assay to detect counterfeit drugs containing PDE5i using spectrophotometry based on a colour change of malachite green from blue to green when exposed to inorganic phosphate (Pi) measured at 630 nm. Initially, a standard graph of a known Pi concentration was established ranging from 0 to 20 µM followed by a dual biochemical reaction system of converting GMP from cGMP by PDE5, generating Pi from the first reaction’s product by calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP), and then measuring Pi using an equation derived from the generated standard curve. Dilutions of CX1A, a counterfeit drug sample adulterated with the PDE5i sildenafil, were prepared via ultrasonication and filtration for assay testing and evaluation. Results: Sil was detected from the two separate samples comprised of low and high dilutions of CX1A quantified as 0.673% and 0.407%, respectively, based on a standard curve of pure sildenafil established from 0.1 nM to 300 µM. Conclusions: This PDE5i assay that we developed has the potential to become an alternative analytical method for detecting PDE5i showing comparable results when evaluated using HPLC.
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Said, Mazlina Mohd, Simon Gibbons, Anthony Moffat, and Mire Zloh. "Use of near infrared spectroscopy and spectral databases to assess the quality of pharmaceutical products and aid characterization of unknown components." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, no. 5 (August 2019): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033519866009.
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This research was initiated as part of the fight against public health problems of rising counterfeit, substandard and poor quality medicines and herbal products. An effective screening strategy using a two-step combination approach of an incremental near infrared spectral database (step 1) followed by principal component analysis (step 2) was developed to overcome the limitations of current procedures for the identification of medicines by near infrared spectroscopy which rely on the direct comparison of the unknown spectra to spectra of reference samples or products. The near infrared spectral database consisted of almost 4000 spectra from different types of medicines acquired and stored in the database throughout the study. The spectra of the test samples (pharmaceutical and herbal formulations) were initially compared to the reference spectra of common medicines from the database using a correlation algorithm. Complementary similarity assessment of the spectra was conducted based on the observation of the principal component analysis score plot. The validation of the approach was achieved by the analysis of known counterfeit Viagra samples, as the spectra did not fully match with the spectra of samples from reliable sources and did not cluster together in the principal component analysis score plot. Pre-screening analysis of an herbal formulation (Pronoton) showed similarity with a product containing sildenafil citrate in the database. This finding supported by principal component analysis has indicated that the product was adulterated. The identification of a sildenafil analogue, hydroxythiohomosildenafil, was achieved by mass spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses. This approach proved to be a suitable technique for quick, simple and cost-effective pre-screening of products for guiding the analysis of pharmaceutical and herbal formulations in the quest for the identification of potential adulterants.
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Reyes-Ayona, José R., Eloisa Gallegos-Arellano, and Juan M. Sierra-Hernández. "Use of the Composite Properties of a Microwave Resonator to Enhance the Sensitivity of a Honey Moisture Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072549.
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A moisture sensor based on a composite resonator is used to measure different honey samples, which include imitation honey. The sensor changes its frequency response in accordance with the dielectric permittivity that it detects in the measured samples. Although reflectometry sensors have been used to measure the percentage of moisture in honey for almost a century, counterfeiters have achieved that their apocryphal product is capable of deceiving these kinds of sensors. Metamaterial features of the composite resonators are expected to improve their response when detecting lossy samples such as organic samples. It is also sought that these sensors manage to detect small differences not only in the real parts of the dielectric permitivities of samples but also in their imaginary parts, and, thus, the sensors are able to discern between real honey and slightly altered honey. Effectively, not only was it possible to improve the response of the sensors by using lossy samples but it was also possible to identify counterfeit honey.
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Majid, Kashef A. "Drawing negative inferences from a positive country-of-origin image." International Marketing Review 34, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-03-2015-0060.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how a positive country-of-origin image will impact consumer perceptions for a high-risk product when the price is unexpectedly low. Design/methodology/approach An experimental approach was used with consumers from the USA and India. Consumers were divided into groups and given two scenarios that involved purchasing medicine that may have been counterfeit. In one scenario manufacturing took place in India, the other in Switzerland. They were asked to state the probability that certain goods could be counterfeit if they originated from the stated country and then make choices based on those perceived probabilities. An analysis of variance was conducted to test for differences between groups. Findings The authors found that in both samples consumers attached greater probabilities toward low-priced medicines if they originated from Switzerland vs India. Conversely, the higher priced medicines were more likely to be counterfeit if they originated from India vs Switzerland. When given a choice scenario consumers chose more versions of the cheaper products from India than from Switzerland. Originality/value When country-of-origin is salient then it is believed that a positive country-of-origin image will benefit products that are produced from that country. Consumers expect that more expensive products come from a country with a positive country-of-origin image. The results demonstrate that when there is a conflict between expectations of the country and the price of the product the outcome is lowered perceptions and consumption of the product. This holds true for consumers from a high-cost economy (USA) and consumers from a low-cost economy (India). The authors add to the literature on country-of-origin by demonstrating that a positive image can be a liability when consumers are wary of purchasing a high-risk product.
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Fidan, Ali Kemal, and Sezgin Bakirdere. "Simultaneous Determination of Sildenafil and Tadalafil in Legal Drugs, Illicit/Counterfeit Drugs, and Wastewater Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.15-0320.
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Abstract A sensitive analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of sildenafil and tadalafil in legal drugs, illicit/counterfeit drugs, and wastewater samples. Chromatographic separation of two analytes was achieved on a C18 column with a mobile phase including 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.0 and acetonitrile (35 + 65, v/v) at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Analytes were separated from each other in 6 min with high resolution. LOD/LOQ values were calculated as 28/92 ng/mL for sildenafil citrate and 39/129 ng/mL for tadalafil. Calibration plots for both analytes were linear with correlation coefficients >0.9993. A validated method was successfully applied to legal and illicit erectile-dysfunction drug samples consumed in Istanbul, Turkey, and to wastewater samples. Nine different samples were analyzed for qualitative and quantitative measurement of their ingredients, and the results were compared with the values written on the labels of the drugs. The wastewater sample was also analyzed for its sildenafil and tadalafil content. To calculate the recoveries, a spiking experiment was performed and recovery rates for sildenafil and tadalafil were calculated as 101.30 ± 3.43 and 102.68 ± 1.59, respectively.
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Custers, Deborah, Barbara Krakowska, Jacques O. De Beer, Patricia Courselle, Michal Daszykowski, Sandra Apers, and Eric Deconinck. "Testing of complementarity of PDA and MS detectors using chromatographic fingerprinting of genuine and counterfeit samples containing sildenafil citrate." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, no. 6 (January 11, 2016): 1643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9275-0.
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Faruque, ABM, Homaira Fatema Ononna, ASM Monjur Al Hossain, and Amlan Ganguly. "Potency Determination of Essential Drug Samples Manufactured By Medium and Small Pharmaceutical Industries in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 43, no. 2 (January 4, 2018): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v43i2.35195.
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Drugs are considered highly essential and sensitive items for saving lives. Pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh has grown from strength to strength over the last 40 years and evolved from an import dependent to self-reliant, export oriented sector. But counterfeit, adulterated and sub-standard drugs, though small in percentage, still remain to be a threat in the local market. The purpose of this study is to determine potency of some essential drugs, which are used vigorously by sub-urban and rural people and manufactured by randomly selected small and medium pharmaceutical industries of Bangladesh. The study revealed that the measured potency of different essential drugs manufactured by randomly selected small pharmaceutical industries is mostly unsatisfactory. Here, it has been found that most of the drug samples did not match with the acceptance level: the potency of Amoxicillin tryhydrate capsule has been found 8.25%, 47.9%, 51.1% 19.06%, 57.06% from five different pharmaceutical industries and for Diclofenac Sodium is 44.9%, 26.8%, 27.2%, 29.9%, 19.4%, 62.12%, 15.9% and 60.76% from eight different industries. So, the Drug Administration should have a strict monitoring and controlling mechanism to the distribution of those drugs, otherwise the overall public health of the country will be at stake.
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GAREEV, B. M., A. M. ABDRAKHMANOV, and G. L. SHARIPOV. "LUMINESCENT DETERMINATION OF SUGAR IN NATURAL HONEY." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2020-0-4-29-32.
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The photoluminescence of carbon quantum dots synthesized from natural honey and mixtures of honey and sugar has been studied. An increase in the sugar content leads to a decrease in the photoluminescence intensity without changing the shape of the luminescence spectrum of these quantum dots aqueous solutions, which is associated with a decrease in the yield of their synthesis in the sugar presence. The discovered effect can be used to detect sugar in honey. When examining five different market samples of flower honey using this method, two of them showed a significant decrease in the photoluminescence intensity. A laboratory test for compliance with GOST 19792-2017 Standard requirements established an excess of the sucrose content in these samples. Luminescent determination of sugar in honey does not require complicated equipment and can be used to develop a new analytical method for determining the sugar content in counterfeit natural honey.
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Gan, Yuanshuai, Yao Xiao, Shihan Wang, Hongye Guo, Min Liu, Zhihan Wang, and Yongsheng Wang. "Protein-Based Fingerprint Analysis for the Identification of Ranae Oviductus Using RP-HPLC." Molecules 24, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091687.
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This work demonstrated a method combining reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with chemometrics analysis to identify the authenticity of Ranae Oviductus. The fingerprint chromatograms of the Ranae Oviductus protein were established through an Agilent Zorbax 300SB-C8 column and diode array detection at 215 nm, using 0.085% TFA (v/v) in acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% TFA in ultrapure water (B) as mobile phase. The similarity was in the range of 0.779–0.980. The fingerprint chromatogram of Ranae Oviductus showed a significant difference with counterfeit products. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) successfully identified Ranae Oviductus from the samples. These results indicated that the method established in this work was reliable.
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Waffo Tchounga, Christelle Ange, Pierre-Yves Sacré, Patient Ciza Hamuli, Rose Ngono Mballa, Emmanuel Nnanga Nga, Philippe Hubert, and Roland Marini Djang’eing’a. "Poor-Quality Medicines in Cameroon: A Critical Review." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 2 (August 11, 2021): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1346.
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ABSTRACT. Poor-quality medicines are the cause of many public health and socioeconomic problems. We conducted a review to acquire an overview of the situation concerning such medicines in Cameroon. Different searches were performed on databases from several websites of the WHO, the Ministry of Public Health of Cameroon, the Anti-Counterfeit Medicine Research Institute, the Global Pharma Health Fund, and the Infectious Disease Data Observatory. We identified 92 publications comprised of 19 peer-reviewed studies and 73 alerts. Based on studies completed, 1,664 samples were analyzed, and the prevalence of substandard and falsified (SF) medicines could be estimated for 1,440 samples. A total of 67.5% of these samples were collected from the informal sector, 20.9% from the formal sector, and 11.6% from both sectors. We found a prevalence of SF medicines across the peer-reviewed studies of 26.9%, whereas most of the SF medicines belonged to the anti-infective class. The problem of SF medicines is not studied sufficiently in Cameroon; therefore, efforts should be made to conduct adequate studies in terms of representativity and methodology.
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МУРАШОВА, Е. А., О. А. ФЕДОСОВА, and О. В. СЕРЕБРЯКОВА. "THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS OF HONEY ON ITS ADDITIONAL QUALITATIVE INDICATORS." VESTNIK RIAZANSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO AGROTEHNOLOGICHESKOGO UNIVERSITETA IM P A KOSTYCHEVA, no. 2(50) (June 30, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36508/rsatu.2021.50.2.006.
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Проблема и цель. Целью работы стало исследование воздействия технологических факторов меда на показатель (рН) и электропроводность. Методология. Исследования проводили в испытательной лаборатории ФГБНУ «ФНЦ пчеловодства». Для определения рН и электропроводности у медов разного ботанического происхождения заготавливали пробы и исследовали их. Для проведения сравнительного анализа исследуемых показателей у натурального и фальсифицированных проб меда использовали образцы фальсификатов, которые были получены при скармливании пчелам сахарного сиропа, инвертного сиропа, крахмальной патоки, свекловичной патоки. Контрольные и опытные образцы заготавливали в десятикратной повторности. Результаты. На основании проведенных исследований было выявлено, что самое низкое (кислое) значение водородного показателя (в среднем 2,8 ед.рН) у акациевого меда. Каштановый мед имел значение 4,7 ед. рН. Мед из падевого сырья характеризовался менее кислой средой, чем остальные, в среднем 5,3 ед.рН. Наивысшей электропроводностью обладал падевый мед (0,7 мСм/см) и мед с каштана посевного (0,6 мСм/см). Самым кислым показателем рН среди фальсификатов характеризовался мед из сахарного сиропа (2,1 ед.рН). Щелочным значением рН обладал мед из свекловичной патоки 7,9 ед.рН. Наименьшая электропроводность выявлена у меда из сахарного сиропа 0,1 мСм/см. Наивысшей электропроводностью обладал фальсификат на основе крахмала – 0,8 мСм/см. Заключение. В ходе исследования достоверно установлено, что показатель концентрации водородных ионов в меде имеет зависимость от ботанического источника сырья меда, то есть от вида меда. Электропроводность имеет линейную зависимость от источника медосбора. Водородный показатель и электропроводность натурального меда и фальсификатов отличаются по значениям. Определение показателей рН и электропроводности может отражать фальсификацию медов. Problem and purpose. The aim of the work was to study the impact of technological factors of honey on pH and electrical conductivity. Methodology. The research was carried out in the testing laboratory of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Beekeeping". To determine pH and electrical conductivity of honey of different botanical origin, samples were collected and examined. To carry out a comparative analysis of the studied indicators in natural and falsified honey samples, which were obtained when feeding bees with sugar syrup, invert syrup, starch syrup, beet syrup. Control and experimental samples were harvested in tenfold repetition. Results. Based on the studies, it was revealed that the lowest (acidic) pH value was found in acacia honey, which averaged 2.8 pH units. Chestnut honey had a value of 4.7 pH units. Honey from honeydew raw materials was characterized by a less acidic environment than the rest, having on average 5.3 pH units. The highest electrical conductivity was possessed by honeydew honey (0.7 mS/cm) and chestnut honey (0.6 mS/cm). Honey from sugar syrup had the most acidic pH among counterfeits (2.1 pH units). Alkaline pH was found in honey from beet syrup (7.9 pH units). The lowest electrical conductivity was found in honey from sugar syrup (0.1 mS/cm). The starch-based counterfeit had the highest electrical conductivity (0.8 mS/cm). Conclusion. In the course of the study, it was reliably established that the indicator of the concentration of hydrogen ions in honey was dependent on the botanical origin of honey, or the type of honey. Electrical conductivity had a linear dependence on the origin of honey. The hydrogen index and electrical conductivity of natural honey and counterfeit products differed in values. PH and conductivity measurements can reflect honey falsifying.
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Kucharska, Malgorzata, Barbara Frydrych, Wiktor Wesolowski, Jadwiga A. Szymanska, and Anna Kilanowicz. "A Comparison of the Composition of Selected Commercial Sandalwood Oils with the International Standard." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082249.
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Sandalwood oils are highly desired but expensive, and hence many counterfeit oils are sold in high street shops. The study aimed to determine the content of oils sold under the name sandalwood oil and then compare their chromatographic profile and α- and β santalol content with the requirements of ISO 3518:2002. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis found that none of the six tested “sandalwood” oils met the ISO standard, especially in terms of α-santalol content. Only one sample was found to contain both α- and β-santalol, characteristic of Santalum album. In three samples, valerianol, elemol, eudesmol isomers, and caryophyllene dominated, indicating the presence of Amyris balsamifera oil. Another two oil samples were found to be synthetic mixtures: benzyl benzoate predominating in one, and synthetic alcohols, such as javanol, polysantol and ebanol, in the other. The product label only gave correct information in three cases: one sample containing Santalum album oil and two samples containing Amyris balsamifera oil. The synthetic samples described as 100% natural essential oil from sandalwood are particularly dangerous and misleading to the consumer. Moreover, the toxicological properties of javanol, polysantol and ebanol, for example, are unknown.
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McIntyre, Allyson C., Madeleine L. Bilyk, Alison Nordon, Gary Colquhoun, and David Littlejohn. "Detection of counterfeit Scotch whisky samples using mid-infrared spectrometry with an attenuated total reflectance probe incorporating polycrystalline silver halide fibres." Analytica Chimica Acta 690, no. 2 (April 2011): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.027.
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Cardoso-Palacios, Carlos, and Ingela Lanekoff. "Direct Analysis of Pharmaceutical Drugs Using Nano-DESI MS." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3591908.
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Counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs imply an increasing threat to the global public health. It is necessary to have systems to control the products that reach the market and to detect falsified medicines. In this work, molecules in several pharmaceutical tablets were directly analyzed using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nano-DESI MS). Nano-DESI is an ambient surface sampling technique which enables sampling of molecules directly from the surface of the tablets without any sample pretreatment. Both the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and some excipients were detected in all analyzed tablets. Principal component analysis was used to analyze mass spectral features from different tablets showing strong clustering between tablets with different APIs. The obtained results suggest nano-DESI MS as future tool for forensic analysis to discern APIs present in unknown tablet samples.
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Nogueira, Fernando Henrique Andrade, Lígia Maria Moreira-Campos, Roseli La Corte dos Santos, and Gerson Antônio Pianetti. "Quality of essential drugs in tropical countries: evaluation of antimalarial drugs in the Brazilian Health System." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, no. 5 (October 2011): 582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822011000500010.
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INTRODUCTION: The emergence of drug resistance is one of the main problems concerning malaria treatment. The use of counterfeit and/or substandard antimalarial drugs can contribute to the development of parasite resistance. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of antimalarial drugs distributed in Brazil. METHODS: Samples containing chloroquine phosphate, mefloquine hydrochloride, primaquine phosphate, and quinine sulfate tablets were delivered to the Rio de Janeiro central storeroom (CENADI), state storerooms (SS), and Basic Health Units (BHUs) in the north region of Brazil - a total of 10 sample sets. After 5 months of storage, the samples were collected, and in vitro quality control analyses according to official and published methods were performed. RESULTS: Inadequate drug storage conditions were found in two SS and in all BHUs evaluated. There were no quality deviations found in the chloroquine samples. The quinine samples exhibited weight variation above the allowed limits. The primaquine samples were found to have packaging deficiency. The release of mefloquine in samples from some regions showed a statistically significant difference when compared with the CENADI samples. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to periodically evaluate the quality and storage conditions of essential drugs. The quality deviations found with the primaquine and quinine samples are not related to storage conditions and must be addressed urgently. The decreased mefloquine release from tablets is related to formulation problems or influenced by inadequate storage conditions, prompting further investigation. Even with the mentioned problems, the samples would probably not contribute to resistant parasite selection.
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Swami, Kamal, Christopher D. Judd, and John Orsini. "Trace Metals Analysis of Legal and Counterfeit Cigarette Tobacco Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry." Spectroscopy Letters 42, no. 8 (November 24, 2009): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00387010903267799.
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Custers, Deborah, Suzanne Vandemoortele, Jean‐Luc Bothy, Jacques O. De Beer, Patricia Courselle, Sandra Apers, and Eric Deconinck. "Physical profiling and IR spectroscopy: simple and effective methods to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit samples of Viagra® and Cialis®." Drug Testing and Analysis 8, no. 3-4 (May 28, 2015): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.1813.
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Abbasi, Mahmoud, and Kambiz Soltaninejad. "Analyzing Toxic Chemical Components in Illegal Alcoholic Beverages." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 10, no. 3 (October 21, 2020): 29331. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v10i3.29331.
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Background: The illegal production of alcoholic beverages, due to the non-standard conditions, increases the risk of producing counterfeit and toxic products. The chemical analysis of toxic components in illegally-produced alcoholic beverages is necessary for each country. The present study aimed to identify the existence of methanol and other potentially toxic compounds in the seized illegally-produced alcoholic beverages. Methods: In this descriptive laboratory-based study, we analyzed the toxic chemical components in sized illegally-produced alcoholic beverages, submitted to the Forensic Toxicology Laboratory of the Legal Medicine Center of Markazi Province, Arak City, Iran, in a year. A total of 100 seized illegally-produced alcohol beverage samples were collected. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and acetone was performed by the Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (GC–FID) method. Results: Methanol was detected in 6% of the evaluated samples (concentration range:1.2%-12%v/v). Acetone was detected in two of the studied samples (mean concentration: 0.7%v/v), and 2-propanol with a concentration of 0.5%v/v was found in one sample. Besides, ethanol was detected in all explored samples (mean concentration: 24%v/v). Conclusion: Methanol was the main toxic chemical component in illegal alcoholic beverages; thus, it should be considered in public health policy and prevention programs in the country.
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Yan, Si-Min, Zi-Feng Hu, Cheng-Xin Wu, Lu Jin, Gong Chen, Xian-Yu Zeng, and Jia-Qi Zhu. "Electronic Tongue Combined with Chemometrics to Provenance Discrimination for a Green Tea (Anji-White Tea)." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3573197.
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This paper aims to provide a stable instrumental method for provenance discrimination of Anji-White tea by its distinctive taste. 180 authentic and 60 counterfeit white tea samples were collected for specific geographical origins detection; all of them were measured by electronic tongue coupled with 7 independent sensors. Therefore, chemometrics methods, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) were performed in classification. The PCA distribution shows that, in provenance analysis, PCA is a simple and reliable tool for small sample sets, but for sets with large objects, PCA seems powerless in classification. Therefore, PLSDA was applied to develop a classification model. The prediction sensitivity and specificity of PLSDA, respectively, reached 0.917 and 0.950. This study demonstrates the potential of combining electronic tongue system and chemometrics as an effective tool for specific geographical origins detection in Anji-White tea.
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Burns, Rachel L., Raegan Alexander, Liliya Snaychuk, John C. Edwards, Neil Fitzgerald, Pei Gao, Donghui Quan, Chris Douvris, Trey Vaughan, and Derek D. Bussan. "A Fast, Straightforward and Inexpensive Method for the Authentication of Baijiu Spirit Samples by Fluorescence Spectroscopy." Beverages 7, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages7030065.
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The Chinese spirit baijiu is currently the world’s bestselling spirit, with more than ten billion liters sold in 2018. This is a figure that puts its sales higher than whiskey, vodka, gin, and tequila combined. The multitude of baijiu varieties available in the market differ in several ways ranging from aging to the traditional artisanship involved in producing the final spirit to several other features, including the rarity of the bottle. A result of these differences is a wide distribution of prices for the various baijiu products. Consequently, a single bottle of baijiu can cost anywhere from a few dollars, up to thousands of US dollars. The price differences among the various baijiu spirits necessitate the existence of reliable scientific methods that can efficiently differentiate and authenticate the qualities of baijiu spirits. In addition, the existence of such methods facilitates the prevention of counterfeit sales of the final product. Considering this, we introduce an analytical chemistry method that distinguishes amongst different baijiu spirits based on fluorescence spectroscopy. Its attributes include the low cost and convenience that allows analysis either before or while the spirit is in the market. Our work herein focuses on the analysis of thirty different varieties of baijiu spirits from six different distilleries from East Asia and North America by fluorescence emission spectroscopy, which is associated to the price of the product. For the analysis, we employed a HORIBA FLUOROLOG 3 (HORIBA—Jobin Yvon) spectrometer. Major advantages of this method include the low cost, as no consumables except a quartz reusable cuvette are required, the minimal waste, and finally the quick processing of data.
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Vašková, Hana, and Martin Tomeček. "Rapid spectroscopic measurement of methanol in water-ethanol-methanol mixtures." MATEC Web of Conferences 210 (2018): 02035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821002035.
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The paper is focused on the Raman spectroscopic analysis of methanol content in water-ethanol-methanol mixtures as this kind of mixture chemically closely relates to alcoholic drinks. Counterfeit alcoholic drinks represent losses to the economy, but especially can cause serious health risks starting from nausea, to blindness, and even death. Extensive methanol poisonings were reported in last decades in number of countries worldwide. A set of water-ethanol-methanol mixtures with a range of concentrations of methanol from 0 % to 100 % was prepared to obtain the calibration dataset, needful for quantitative assessment. Based on calibration data, test samples and alcoholic beverages were evaluated. Raman spectroscopy is used especially because of this method’s benefits as specific vibrational fingerprint, direct measurement through the bottles, no need of additional chemicals and fast response. The study confirms the rapid and accurate analysis complying with safety limits set by methanol spirits legislation.
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Fernández, Facundo M, Robert B Cody, Michael D Green, Christina Y Hampton, Rose McGready, Sivong Sengaloundeth, Nicholas J White, and Paul N Newton. "Characterization of Solid Counterfeit Drug Samples by Desorption Electrospray Ionization and Direct-analysis-in-real-time Coupled to Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry." ChemMedChem 1, no. 7 (July 10, 2006): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.200600041.
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Zhang, Zheng-Yong. "Rapid Discrimination of Cheese Products Based on Probabilistic Neural Network and Raman Spectroscopy." Journal of Spectroscopy 2020 (November 2, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8896535.
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The aim of this work is to solve the practical problem that there are relatively few fast, intelligent, and objective methods to distinguish dairy products and to further improve the quality control methods of them. Therefore, an approach of cheese product brand discrimination method based on Raman spectroscopy and probabilistic neural network algorithm was developed. The experimental results show that the spectrum contains abundant molecular vibration information of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and other components, and the Raman spectral data collection time of a single sample is only 100 s. Due to the high spectral similarity between samples, it is impossible to identify them with naked eyes. Characteristic peak intensity combined with statistical process control method was employed to study the fluctuation characteristics of samples. The results show that the characteristic peak of experimental samples fluctuates within a certain control limit. However, due to the high similarity between the Raman spectra of different brand samples, they cannot be effectively identified as well. This paper further studied and established the analytical approach based on Raman spectroscopy, including wavelet denoising, normalization, principal component analysis, and probabilistic neural network discrimination. In db1 wavelet processing, [−1, 1] normalization, 74 principal components (cumulative contribution rate of 100%) can realize the effective discrimination of different brands of cheese products in 1 s, with the average recognition accuracy of 96%. The discriminant method established in this work has the advantages of simple operation, rapid analysis, and accurate results. It provides a technical reference for the fight against counterfeit products and has a broad application prospect.
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Bok, Jin Yeong, Kun Ha Suh, and Eui Chul Lee. "Detecting Fake Finger-Vein Data Using Remote Photoplethysmography." Electronics 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091016.
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Today, biometrics is being widely used in various fields. Finger-vein is a type of biometric information and is based on finger-vein patterns unique to each individual. Various spoofing attacks have recently become a threat to biometric systems. A spoofing attack is defined as an unauthorized user attempting to deceive a system by presenting fake samples of registered biometric information. Generally, finger-vein recognition, using blood vessel characteristics inside the skin, is known to be more difficult when producing counterfeit samples than other biometrics, but several spoofing attacks have still been reported. To prevent spoofing attacks, conventional finger-vein recognition systems mainly use the difference in texture information between real and fake images, but such information may appear different depending on the camera. Therefore, we propose a method that can detect forged finger-vein independently of a camera by using remote photoplethysmography. Our main idea is to get the vital sign of arterial blood flow, a biometric measure indicating life. In this paper, we selected the frequency spectrum of time domain signal obtained from a video, as the feature, and then classified data as real or fake using the support vector machine classifier. Consequently, the accuracy of the experimental result was about 96.46%.
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Kuz'mina, N. E., S. V. Moiseev, and B. K. Romanov. "Limitations of NIR Spectrometry as an Identification Test for Active Ingredients in Medicinal Products." Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products 11, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2021-11-1-49-54.
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Near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) is a new pharmacopoeial method. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for quality control of medicinal products at various production stages (control of raw materials and finished products), and for detection of substandard and counterfeit drugs.The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of using NIRS as an identification test for active ingredients during pre-marketing quality control of medicinal products.Materials and methods: 327 drugs samples represented as solid and semisolid dosage forms were tested by NIRS following their examination by well-established pharmacopoeial Identification methods during pre-marketing laboratory evaluation. The NIR spectra of the test samples were compared with the spectral library classification models.Results: NIRS confirmed the identity of 3.1% of the tested medicinal products. It was demonstrated that library classification models could be used for identification of only those medicines that were produced by a specific manufacturer, i.e. for confirmation of medicine identity.Conclusions: the NIRS method is unpractical as an Identification test for active ingredients in medicinal products during the pre-marketing laboratory evaluation stage. The main limitations of NIRS are lack of complete sets of library classification models for all medicinal products available in the market and non-reproducibility of spectral library data obtained with a different instrument.
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Shawky, Eman, and Dina Selim. "Rapid Authentication and Quality Evaluation of Cinnamomum verum Powder Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analyses." Planta Medica 84, no. 18 (August 1, 2018): 1380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0654-5468.
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AbstractParallel to the growing global interest in alternative medical therapies, high measures of counterfeit pharmaceuticals enter the global market and, therefore, detection of such marketed products is essential. This article throws an illuminating spot on the adulteration of Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) with Cinnamomum cassia and exhaustively extracted C. verum. A speedy and nondestructive near-infrared method in conjunction with the mathematical tools of chemometrics was used to distinguish between genuine cinnamon and its common adulterants. The principal component analysis and the hierarchical cluster analysis models successfully discriminated between unadulterated and adulterated samples. In the second part of the work, soft independent modeling of class analogy was implemented to construct a chemometric model to authenticate C. verum samples. The constructed model could successfully predict and judge the quality of C. verum powder without any misleading predictions. Finally, partial least squares regression was approached to establish the correlation for adulterated samples regarding their cassia and exhausted cinnamon content. The R2 of calibration and validation were all higher than 0.9, while the root mean square errors were all lower than 0.05, indicating that the established models were successful. Overall, the developed models were shown to have significant potential as time-saving and accurate methods for identification of true cinnamon powder, which can help guarantee both quality aspects of identity and purity of the herbal drug by avoiding its adulteration and could be implemented as a routine screening in its quality control with no need for any sample preparation.
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Tesarivska, U. I., L. I. Fliak, and I. A. Holub. "STAGES OF EXPERTISE OF EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF VETERINARY PRODUCTS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 22, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-1.26.
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The long moratorium on state control (supervision) over the activities of business entities has led to an increase in the volume of unregistered, low-quality, counterfeit and counterfeit veterinary products on the Ukrainian market. Violations by manufacturers regarding the entry into circulation of dangerous products are also due to the long absence of licensing of production and sale of products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. In these circumstances, there are numerous complaints from consumers about the low quality and safety of veterinary drugs, feeds, feed additives and premixes. The article covers the issues of examination of product appearance, labeling, primary (group) and secondary (transport) packaging, which is carried out in order to establish the conformity of manufactured products to the requirements declared in the regulatory documentation, which will identify dangerous products on the domestic market. In carrying out the examination of veterinary goods presented by consumers and other enterprises or institutions, the general procedure for its conduct shall be established. They check the completeness of the sent materials and check their availability with the corresponding list in the cover letter, open the sealed samples by commission and find out whether the veterinary drug has been registered in Ukraine. Then the data presented in the materials are compared with the registration materials and normative documentation, and a protocol of product inspection for compliance with the requirements declared in the dossier, registration certificates, technical conditions, quality certificates, etc. is drawn up. Examination of the appearance of the label is carried out visually, comparing with the original or with the materials of the relevant registration dossier. Check the correct labeling and packaging of products, and it is important to pay attention to the statement of the summary product of characteristics.
As a result of the procedures for assessing the correctness and reliability of the appearance of veterinary products in accordance with the original sample, registration dossier and regulatory documentation, a conclusion is issued, which provides a detailed description of the research and the conclusions drawn from their results.
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Król, Małgorzata. "Application of capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of coloring matter on paper." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 44 (December 29, 2017): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.44.3.
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Modern law enforcement agencies are constantly struggling with crimes against documents. Due to increasing quality of counterfeit documents and different physicochemical properties of inks, such crimes are becoming harder to detect. This situation obliges forensic laboratories for the development and implementation of testing procedures with the use of some modern techniques of chemical analysis. CE opens up numerous possibilities for various analytical applications, mainly due to its numerous advantages, the diversity of its modes and the compatibility with different detection systems. This study focuses on discussing two modes of CE: CZE and MECC and three different detection systems: DAD, LIF and MS. By using them information about substances exhibiting absorption, fluorescence and about molecular mass of analyzed compound can be received. In the Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry many different coloring matters were examined, including ballpoint, fountain pen, gel and stamp pad inks in most popular colors as well as a large group of branded and off-brand printing inks.The obtained results showed the great applicability of CE-DAD method. It has been proved that LIF and MS detections improve the discriminating possibilities of CE providing additional information on samples.
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Irungu, Beatrice Njeri, Lilian C. Koech, Joyce M. Ondicho, and Lucia K. Keter. "Quality assessment of selected co-trimoxazole suspension brands marketed in Nairobi County, Kenya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 22, 2021): e0257625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257625.
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Introduction Quality of medicines in both developed and developing countries is sometimes compromised due to infiltration of counterfeit, substandard or degraded medicines into the markets. It is a public health concern as poor quality medicines endanger public health where patients are exposed to chemical toxins and/or sub-therapeutic doses. This could lead to reduced treatment efficacy and promote development of drug resistance. Co-trimoxazole, a fixed dose combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, is a broad spectrum for bacterial diseases and is also used as a prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in HIV infected individuals. This study evaluated quality of selected co-trimoxazole suspension brands marketed in Nairobi County, Kenya. Methods A total of 106 samples were collected, categorized into 15 brands and evaluated for active pharmaceutical ingredient content (API) and pH following United States Pharmacopeia. Assay for API was conducted using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results were compared with pharmacopeia references. Visual examination of labels and confirmation of retention status of the brands with Pharmacy and Poisons Board retention register was carried out. Results The samples were primarily of local origin (86.7%). On October 23, 2019, retention status of six of the fifteen brands documented were no longer listed in the Pharmacy and Poisons Board retention register. Of the 106 samples tested 70.6% and 86.8% were compliant with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications for pH and API respectively while 84.0% adhered to packaging and labelling requirements. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that majority of co-trimoxazole suspensions tested were compliant with USP requirements. Additionally, it has provided evidence of poor quality co-trimoxazole medicines that could compromise treatment of infectious diseases in children. This emphasizes the need for regular quality assurance tests to ensure only quality medicines are in the market.
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Thu Hien, Le Thi, and Ha Hong Hanh. "Efficiency of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region in identifying Cordyceps species." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 4 (August 8, 2020): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/16/4/13220.
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Cordyceps genus is a well-known traditional medicine worldwide. It contains abundant physiological active compounds that were demonstrated to perform benefit in reducing progression of cancer as well as protecting human health. Accurately classifying species in this genus is essential in order to prevent commercial counterfeit medicines. Nowadays, a taxonomic classification of species based on DNA sequences can overcome the existed limitation in identifying by using only morphological characteristics of this genus. DNA barcodes are standard short genomic regions that are universally present in target lineages and has sufficient sequence variation to discriminate species in the genus. A variety of loci has been suggested as DNA barcodes for plants, including genes and non-coding regions in the nuclear and plastid genomes such as psbA-trnH, matK, rbcL, and ITS. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify selected species of Cordyceps genus using DNA barcodes. Seven strains of Cordyceps were collected. Total DNA extraction and purification, PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were performed with standard chemicals and kits. The candidate ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified and sequenced. Data were analyzed using Bioedit 7.2.6 and MEGA 7 softwares. Analysis of seven obtained DNA barcode sequences of collected samples revealed that the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region provided high species discriminating power for Cordyceps genus. Accordingly, phylogenetic trees based on this DNA barcode exhibited six samples had closed relationship to Cordyceps militaris, while another specimen was the nearest neighbor to Cordyceps sinensis with average similarities at 99.82% and 99.81%, respectively. Our results support the identification of valuable medicinal plant species within Cordyceps genus.
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Belkin, Yury. "Identification and Traceability of Spiritous Drinks based on UV-spectrometry and Conductometry." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.c2122.0210321.
Full textAbstract:
This article is devoted to the identification and detection of adulterated alcoholic beverages on the example of brandy and vodka. According to different opinions, up to 40% of spiritous beverages turn out to be adulterated or counterfeit. Most commonly used to identify such adulteration analytical methods are either too expensive or time-demanding. The other important thing that there is no standard method developed for objective tracing of spirits to the level of a production lot. The paper proposes an express method for detecting adulterated alcoholic beverages based on the use of two analytical methods of different nature: conductometry and UV-spectrometry. The possibility of these methods’ joint use for identification of alcoholic beverages with the standard or by common features (non-signature identification) is proved by the usage of statistical methods on data got from analytical measurements and sensory evaluation of 171 drinks’ samples. The samples represent different countries of product origin, brands, ageing periods. Firstly we found out informative wavelength bands, spectral curve forms and conductivity limits for different types of drinks, both genuine and adulterated – adulteration was previously revealed by sensory test. Then, using k-means cluster analysis we developed typical spectra for 2 ‘styles’ of genuine brandies and adulterated brandies, for vodkas the same work was done using simpler statistical techniques (means and variation analysis). Finally, an algorithm for spiritous beverages identification and tracing is given. Additionally, changes in the values of the electrical conductivity and UV spectra during shelf life that do not affect the suitability of the proposed method were studied.
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Kushnirenko, Оksana, and Oleksandr Deineko. "The adoption of the АСАА in the interests of Ukrainian producers and public safety." University Economic Bulletin, no. 45 (May 27, 2020): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2020-45-84-92.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance of the research topic. Identification of the features of negative influence on the further development of Ukrainian production of cable and wire products, namely, the growth of imports of low-quality products and saturation of the market with counterfeit products, which leads to a decrease in production volumes, a reduction in productioncapacities, and profit losses for most Ukrainian manufacturers. In addition, the inefficiency of technical regulation programs leads to threats the security of the society: the use of counterfeit products is one of the causes of fires, which leads to loss of life, as well as economic losses. All this strengthens the importance of creating an effective system of state control in the domestic market of cable and wire products. One of the most effective ways is to improve technical regulation is through adopting the Agreement on Conformity and Acceptance of Industrial Products (ACAA). Formulation of the problem. Dangerous threats associated with the rapid growth of imports of counterfeit products in an increasingly open and competitive economy require increased state control in the domestic market, to ensure compliance with product quality and safety standards. Creating favorable conditions for the adaptation of Ukrainian manufacturers to the introduction ofhigh quality standards in accordance with EU requirements will help bridge technological gaps and ensure security in the domestic market. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Faced with the increasing impact of threatening challenges on the development of cable and wire products, the problem of substantiating the directions of improving state control over the quality and safety of industrial products in the domestic market and promoting the adaptation of Ukrainian manufacturers to standards remains insufficiently studied. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpose of the paper is to develop tools aimed at accelerating the adaptation of Ukrainian manufacturers to new high standards of quality and safety of cable and wire products, namely the development of recommendations for improving market surveillance, compliance with horizontal (frame) and vertical (industry) legislation in industrial sectors (cable production -conductor products), which allows to accelerate the process of concluding an ACAA agreement and will provide favorable conditions for the development of Ukraine industry. Method or methodology for conducting research. The authors used the following special research methods: statistical comparisons, groupings, samples (to identify trends in the cable-conductor market); structural and functional analysis (to identify problems impeding the successful integration of Ukrainian producers into the world trading space), expert assessments. The recommendations on directions and instruments of industrial policy are developed using the generalization of domestic and international experience according to new challenges of industrial development of Ukraine. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied to industrial policy-making for effective industrial stimulus measures of Ukrainian industry. Conclusions. It has been proved that in order to create favorable conditions for satisfying the needs of the domestic market for cable products and ensuring public safety, the implementation of such measures is paramount: the development of rules for the safe functioning of energy non-industrial products; the introduction of reliable control in the electrical market using the appropriate registers of manufacturers, suppliers and sellers of dangerous checkpoints and the improvement of the technical regulation system, including the introduction of a reliable control system and measures to prevent the entry of poor-quality cable and wire products across the Ukrainian border.
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Wu, Zhiyuan, Hanying Zhang, Wentao Sun, Ning Lu, Meng Yan, Yi Wu, Zhongqiu Hua, and Shurui Fan. "Development of a Low-Cost Portable Electronic Nose for Cigarette Brands Identification." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 4239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154239.
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In China, the government and the cigarette industry yearly lose millions in sales and tax revenue because of imitation cigarettes. Usually, visual observation is not enough to identify counterfeiting. An auxiliary analytical method is needed for cigarette brands identification. To this end, we developed a portable, low-cost electronic nose (e-nose) system for brand recognition of cigarettes. A gas sampling device was designed to reduce the influence caused by humidity fluctuation and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the environment. To ensure the uniformity of airflow distribution, the structure of the sensing chamber was optimized by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The e-nose system is compact, portable, and lightweight with only 15 cm in side length and the cost of the whole device is less than $100. Results from the machine learning algorithm showed that there were significant differences between 5 kinds of cigarettes we tested. Random Forest (RF) has the best performance with accuracy of 91.67% and K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) has the accuracy of 86.98%, which indicated that the e-nose was able to discriminate samples. We believe this portable, cheap, reliable e-nose system could be used as an auxiliary screen technique for counterfeit cigarettes.
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Olds, William J., Shankaran Sundarajoo, Mark Selby, Biju Cletus, Peter M. Fredericks, and Emad L. Izake. "Noninvasive, Quantitative Analysis of Drug Mixtures in Containers Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) and Multivariate Statistical Analysis." Applied Spectroscopy 66, no. 5 (May 2012): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/11-06554.
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In this paper, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is demonstrated for noninvasively investigating the composition of drug mixtures inside an opaque plastic container. The mixtures consisted of three components including a target drug (acetaminophen or phenylephrine hydrochloride) and two diluents (glucose and caffeine). The target drug concentrations ranged from 5% to 100%. After conducting SORS analysis to ascertain the Raman spectra of the concealed mixtures, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the SORS spectra to reveal trends within the data. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to construct models that predicted the concentration of each target drug, in the presence of the other two diluents. The PLS models were able to predict the concentration of acetaminophen in the validation samples with a root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 3.8% and the concentration of phenylephrine hydrochloride with an RMSEP of 4.6%. This work demonstrates the potential of SORS, used in conjunction with multivariate statistical techniques, to perform noninvasive, quantitative analysis on mixtures inside opaque containers. This has applications for pharmaceutical analysis, such as monitoring the degradation of pharmaceutical products on the shelf, in forensic investigations of counterfeit drugs, and for the analysis of illicit drug mixtures which may contain multiple components.
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Kurti, Marin, Klaus von Lampe, Yi He, Cristine Delnevo, and Da Qin. "Innovations in counterfeiting tax stamps: a study of ultraviolet watermarks in a sample of discarded New York City packs." Tobacco Control 28, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054501.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveDocument the use of ultraviolet watermark in counterfeit joint New York City/New York State cigarette tax stamps to assess the scale at which distributors of illegal cigarettes adapt to measures protecting the integrity of the system of tobacco tax collection.MethodsIn 2016, we collected 2357 empty discarded cigarette packs along a stratified random sample of block groups in New York City (n=114) and analysed 449 joint New York City/New York State tax stamps using long wave ultraviolet irradiation, light microscopy and taggant testers developed by the tax stamp manufacturer, Meyercord Revenue, to determine whether the tax stamps were counterfeit and how they differed from their genuine equivalent.Findings23% (n=102) of the joint NYC/NYS tax stamps examined were counterfeit. Subsequent investigation revealed that almost two-thirds (n=58) of the counterfeit sample bore ultraviolet watermark that closely resembled genuine tax stamps in terms of fluorescence, watermark colour and wording. However, microscopic findings revealed that counterfeit tax stamps mismatched the genuine ultraviolet watermark in regards to font style and word orientation.ConclusionCounterfeiters are using ultraviolet watermarks which makes it difficult to differentiate counterfeit joint New York City/New York State tax stamps from their genuine equivalent when UV irradiation is used as the sole screening tool. Innovations in counterfeiting technology may be the result of fluorescent ink being available for purchase in the mainstream market. Independent monitoring of trends in the illicit market for tobacco products is advised to keep apace of counterfeiting methods.