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Journal articles on the topic 'Country of Origins'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Lim, Kenny, and Aron O’Cass. "Consumer brand classifications: an assessment of culture‐of‐origin versus country‐of‐origin." Journal of Product & Brand Management 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610420110388672.

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Examines consumers’ perception of brands as influenced by their origins and the differences in classification ability between consumers’ knowledge levels. Specifically, culture‐of‐brand‐origin (COBO) is proposed to have replaced country‐of‐origin (COO) as the most important origin influence regarded by consumers in their perceptions of brands. Culture‐of‐brand‐origin is used to mean the cultural origin or heritage of a brand. Data were gathered from 459 respondents in the Asian city of Singapore; and used to assess Singaporean consumers’ ability to classify the cultural origins of fashion clothing brands. This was compared to their ability to classify the country origins of the same brands. Six brands were used in a between‐subjects design, with three brands of western countries and three of eastern countries. Results indicate that consumers can more readily identify the cultural origin of brands over their country‐of‐origin. Reveals that a consumer’s ability to make this distinction is influenced by the consumer’s perception of how well he/she knows the brand.

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2

LLOYD, P. J. "Country of origin in the global economy." World Trade Review 1, no. 2 (July 2002): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745602001143.

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This paper reviews the increase in problems associated with the origin of goods that is due to increasing fragmentation of international trade. In particular, it examines three applications of rules of origin: rules of origin in free trade areas, preferences to developing countries, and the treatment of imports that have some domestic factor content. Traditionally each of these has used all-or-nothing rules of origin. The paper proposes a new method of dealing with all three problems. This method substitutes a valuation based on the value added in different origins for the present methods of valuing goods at the gross price and attributing origin to only one country. The value added method would improve the efficiency of world production and consumption in a number of ways.

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3

Lau, Chung-Ming, and Hang-Yue Ngo. "One country many cultures: Organizational cultures of firms of different country origins." International Business Review 5, no. 5 (October 1996): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-5931(96)00022-4.

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4

Tse, David K., and Wei-na Lee. "Removing Negative Country Images: Effects of Decomposition, Branding, and Product Experience." Journal of International Marketing 1, no. 4 (December 1993): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9300100403.

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This article reports two studies on how negative country images can be removed by investigating the effects of decomposing country image into component and assembly origins, as well as the effects of global branding and product experience. Study 1 examines the psychological mechanism consumers use when a country image is decomposed into component and assembly origins. Study 2 extends the effect of decomposing country image to the context of global brands and product experience. It was found that subjects do not seem to differ either in the psychological mechanism they use or in their confidence in evaluating a product which is “made in “ a country versus a product which has its “components from” and “is assembled in” the same country. As hypothesized, the effect of country image was weakened when it was decomposed. A strong positive brand was found to override negative assembly origin effect. After the product experience, the component origin effect was also removed. These findings suggest that when manufacturers lower their production costs by globalizing their production lines, they may simultaneously benefit from having a positive product image.

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5

van Ree, Erik. "‘Socialism in one country’ before Stalin: German origins." Journal of Political Ideologies 15, no. 2 (June 2010): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569310903570405.

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6

Guttmann, Allen, and James M. Mayo. "The American Country Club: Its Origins and Development." American Historical Review 105, no. 3 (June 2000): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651854.

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7

Schulte, Janet E., and James M. Mayo. "The American Country Club: Its Origins and Development." Journal of American History 85, no. 4 (March 1999): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568341.

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8

D’Amico, Daniel J., and Claudia Williamson. "Do legal origins affect cross-country incarceration rates?" Journal of Comparative Economics 43, no. 3 (August 2015): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.11.002.

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9

Pelizzon, Alessandro, and Jade Kennedy. ""Welcome to Country" and "Acknowledgment of Country"." Contention 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cont.2019.070103.

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In the past two decades, “Welcome to Country” and “Acknowledgment of Country” practices have become commonplace at the commencement of most public events throughout Australia, and it is highly unusual to participate in a public event where some words of acknowledgment of the traditional owners and custodians of the locale are omitted. This article traces the origins of such practices while identifying the semantic, political, and conceptual differences between them. It articulates how precolonial protocols of encounter among distinct groups and individuals inform “Welcome to Country” practices, attesting to the ontological and epistemological continuity of the latter in relation to the former. It explores recent trends in the public understanding and positioning of both “Welcome to Country” and “Acknowledgment of Country” speeches and events, contextualizing their emerging positioning within the fabric of Australian settler colonial relations, particularly in the context of contemporary discourses on Aboriginal sovereignty and the constitutional recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.

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10

Johansson, Johny K., Susan P. Douglas, and Ikujiro Nonaka. "Assessing the Impact of Country of Origin on Product Evaluations: A New Methodological Perspective." Journal of Marketing Research 22, no. 4 (November 1985): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378502200404.

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A new methodological approach for examining the impact of country of origin on product evaluations is proposed. It takes the form of a multiattribute attitudinal model analyzed by means of a system of simultaneous equations. This approach makes possible examination of the impact of other attributes as well as country of origin on evaluations, and takes into consideration the effect of familiarity and knowledge about the product class. Differences between respondents of two different national origins are also investigated because previous research indicates differences in country stereotyping by nationality.

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11

Suri, Rajneesh, and Mrugank V. Thakor. "“Made in Country” Versus “Made in County”: Effects of Local Manufacturing Origins on Price Perceptions." Psychology & Marketing 30, no. 2 (January 10, 2013): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.20592.

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12

Aruan, Daniel Tumpal Hamonangan, Roberta Crouch, and Pascale Quester. "Relative importance of country of service delivery, country of person and country of brand in hybrid service evaluation: a conjoint analysis approach." Journal of Product & Brand Management 27, no. 7 (November 19, 2018): 819–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-10-2017-1608.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the relative importance of country of brand (COB), country of service delivery (COSD) and country of person (COP) in consumer evaluation of hybrid services. Design/methodology/approach Using data (N = 1,071) from Australia, Indonesia and Singapore, a conjoint analysis experimental design explored empirically the importance of country of origin (COO) effects in three service contexts: search, experience and credence. Findings The analysis reveals that the relative importance of COP was the highest for credence services, while COB was the strongest for experience services. Practical implications For firms operating offshore, companies must understand that the COO construct is multi-dimensional for services, as it is for tangible products and not limited only to COB as traditionally thought. At least two other distinct dimensions – COSD and COP – can play significant roles as predictors of service quality expectations. Companies must consider the implications of service type, according to the search-experience-credence continuum to inform staffing decisions and managing customer expectations. Originality/value This research contributes to the literature by extending the understanding of country image effects in the context of hybrid service provisions, particularly in the view of customer expectations of services with multiple country-of-origins. Although there have been several studies examining the effects of COO on services evaluation, no empirical study has examined the effects of multiple COOs simultaneously from the perspective of location where the service is delivered (COSD) and individuals who deliver the service (COP), in addition to the effect of COB origin.

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13

Burchardi, Konrad B., Thomas Chaney, and Tarek A. Hassan. "Migrants, Ancestors, and Foreign Investments." Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 1448–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy044.

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Abstract We use 130 years of data on historical migrations to the U.S. to show a causal effect of the ancestry composition of U.S. counties on foreign direct investment (FDI) sent and received by local firms. To isolate the causal effect of ancestry on FDI, we build a simple reduced-form model of migrations: Migrations from a foreign country to a U.S. county at a given time depend on (1) a push factor, causing emigration from that foreign country to the entire U.S., and (2) a pull factor, causing immigration from all origins into that U.S. county. The interaction between time-series variation in origin-specific push factors and destination-specific pull factors generates quasi-random variation in the allocation of migrants across U.S. counties. We find that doubling the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases the probability that at least one local firm engages in FDI with that country by 4 percentage points. We present evidence that this effect is primarily driven by a reduction in information frictions, and not by better contract enforcement, taste similarities, or a convergence in factor endowments.

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14

Apgar, Lauren, and Patricia A. McManus. "Cultural Persistence and Labor Force Participation among Partnered Second-Generation Women in the United States." Social Forces 98, no. 1 (October 11, 2018): 211–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy104.

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AbstractWomen who migrate to the United States often face structural and cultural obstacles when joining the workforce. The US-born daughters of these women show considerable upward mobility, yet recent scholarship finds substantial variation in the employment of second-generation women by parental country of origin. This study assesses whether gender traditionalism in the parental country of origin has a persistent effect on the labor force participation of partnered second-generation women in the United States. An analysis of 1995–2015 Current Population Survey data supplemented with parental origin country characteristics finds that gender-traditional behaviors, religions, institutions, and attitudes are each associated with a lower likelihood of female labor force participation (FLFP). We propose that the successful intergenerational transmission of conservative cultural repertoires from the first to the second-generation accounts for these relationships. Conservative religious context is the best overall predictor of lowered second-generation FLFP. However, patriarchal attitudes and institutions in the parental birthplace best account for the participation of women with parental origins in Latin America and the Caribbean, while the effect of religious context is strongest among women with parental origins in Asia and Europe.

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15

Trinh, Giang, Armando Corsi, and Larry Lockshin. "How country of origins of food products compete and grow." Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 49 (July 2019): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.03.027.

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16

Cohen. "Bill Malone, Alan Lomax, and the Origins of Country Music." Journal of American Folklore 127, no. 504 (2014): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jamerfolk.127.504.0126.

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17

Dupre, Daniel S., and Adam Rothman. "Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South." Journal of Southern History 72, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27649174.

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18

Borchert, James. "Between City and Country: Brookline, Massachusetts, and the Origins of Suburbia." Journal of American History 107, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa039.

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19

Rodriguez, J. P. "Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South." Journal of American History 92, no. 4 (March 1, 2006): 1425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4485924.

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20

Silbey, David. "Katharine Bjork. Prairie Imperialists: The Indian Country Origins of American Empire." American Historical Review 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz1190.

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21

di Giovanni, Julian, Andrei A. Levchenko, and Isabelle Mejean. "The Micro Origins of International Business-Cycle Comovement." American Economic Review 108, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 82–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160091.

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This paper investigates the role of individual firms in international business-cycle comovement using data covering the universe of French firm-level value added and international linkages over the period 1993–2007. At the micro level, trade and multinational linkages with a particular foreign country are associated with a significantly higher correlation between a firm and that foreign country. The impact of direct linkages on comovement at the micro level has significant macro implications. Without those linkages the correlation between France and foreign countries would fall by about 0.098, or one-third of the observed average correlation of 0.291 in our sample of partner countries. (JEL F14, F23, F44, F62, L14)

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22

Arneil, Barbara. "Origins: Colonies and Statistics." Canadian Journal of Political Science 53, no. 4 (December 2020): 735–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000842392000116x.

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AbstractIn this address, I examine the lexical, geographic, temporal and philosophical origins of two key concepts in modern political thought: colonies and statistics. Beginning with the Latin word colonia, I argue that the modern ideology of settler colonialism is anchored in the claim of “improvement” of both people and land via agrarian labour in John Locke's labour theory of property in seventeenth-century America, through which he sought to provide an ideological justification for both the assimilation and dispossession of Indigenous peoples. This same ideology of colonialism was turned inward a century later by Sir John Sinclair to justify domestic colonies on “waste” land in Scotland—specifically Caithness (the county within which my own grandparents were tenant farmers). Domestic colonialism understood as “improvement” of people (the “idle” poor and mentally ill and disabled) through engagement in agrarian labour on waste land inside explicitly named colonies within the borders of one's own country was first championed not only by Sinclair but also his famous correspondent, Jeremy Bentham, in England. Sinclair simultaneously coined the word statistics and was the first to use it in the English language. He defined it as the scientific gathering of mass survey data to shape state policies. Bentham embraced statistics as well. In both cases, statistics were developed and deployed to support their domestic colony schemes by creating a benchmark and roadmap for the improvement of people and land as well as a tool to measure the colony's capacity to achieve both over time. I conclude that settler colonialism along with the intertwined origins of domestic colonies and statistics have important implications for the study of political science in Canada, the history of colonialism as distinct from imperialism in modern political thought and the role played by intersecting colonialisms in the Canadian polity.

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23

Becker, Anke, Benjamin Enke, and Armin Falk. "Ancient Origins of the Global Variation in Economic Preferences." AEA Papers and Proceedings 110 (May 1, 2020): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20201071.

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This paper shows that contemporary population-level heterogeneity in risk aversion, time preference, altruism, positive reciprocity, negative reciprocity, and trust partly traces back to the structure of the migration patterns of our very early ancestors. To document this pattern, we link differences in preferences between populations to the length of time elapsed since the ancestors of the respective groups broke apart from each other, as proxied by genetic and linguistic distance measures. Preference differences are significantly increasing in ancestral distance in both cross-country regressions and within-country analyses across groups of migrants.

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24

Franklin, Catharine R. "Prairie Imperialists: The Indian Country Origins of American Empire by Katharine Bjork." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 123, no. 4 (2020): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/swh.2020.0030.

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25

Peterson, Richard A., and Bruce A. Beal. "Alternative country: Origins, music, world‐view, fans, and taste in genre formation." Popular Music and Society 25, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007760108591795.

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26

Manuel, Jeffrey T. "The Sound of the Plain White Folk? Creating Country Music's “Social Origins”." Popular Music and Society 31, no. 4 (October 2008): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007760802052551.

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27

Kraft, Monica. "Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exhibit Common Origins in Any Country!" American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 174, no. 3 (August 2006): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2604007.

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28

Bajpai, Vikas. "The Challenges Confronting Public Hospitals in India, Their Origins, and Possible Solutions." Advances in Public Health 2014 (2014): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/898502.

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Despite the implementation of National Rural Health Mission over a period of nine years since 2005, the public health system in the country continues to face formidable challenges. In the context of plans for rolling out “Universal Health Care” in the country, this paper analyzes the social, economic, and political origins of the major challenges facing public hospitals in India. The view taken therein holds the class nature of the ruling classes in the country and the development paradigm pursued by them as being at the root of the present problems being faced by public hospitals. The suggested solutions are in tune with these realities.

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29

Mussino, Eleonora, Jussi Tervola, and Ann-Zofie Duvander. "Decomposing the determinants of fathers’ parental leave use: Evidence from migration between Finland and Sweden." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 2 (October 12, 2018): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718792129.

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The use of parental leave by fathers varies notably between countries. However, the underlying reasons for cross-country differences have not been explicitly studied. We use migration between Finland and Sweden as an instrument to decompose the roles of policy design and social norms in the differences in take-up rates between these two countries. First, we inferred the role of policy by looking at fathers from the same country of origin in various policy contexts. Second, we deduced the role of norms by examining fathers who migrated at different ages and fathers with spouses of different origins. We find that the large cross-country differences in fathers’ use of parental leave between Finland and Sweden mainly stem from differences in policy design. Norms seem to play a smaller but still significant role.

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30

Mylostyvyi, Roman, Wladimir Kindratowicz Kostiuk, Aleksandr Chernenko, Olena Khmeleva, Julia Duda, and Elena Izhboldina. "Influence of country of origin and lineage on the lifetime milk production of Holstein cows." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 16, no. 4, Accepted for print (December 30, 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5682.

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<b>This work investigated the percentage influence of country of origin and lineage on parameters of lifetime milk production in Holstein cows brought as heifers to Ukraine from Western Europe. The animals were kept untethered in new, modern, uninsulated steel cowsheds in a large dairy complex. Data from the Orsek dairy management system were used to evaluate randomly selected cows of different origins with complete lactation for lifetime milk, fat and protein yield. Despite significant differences in milk productivity between animals depending on their country of origin and line, the share of the influence of these factors was fairly small. Two-way analysis of variance showed that the percentage influence of the line on lifetime milk yield was 5,5%, and its influence on the yield of milk fat and protein was 6,3-7,8%. The percentage influence of the country of origin was even smaller, at 0,5–2,6% (with a greater impact on milk yield). The rather small effect of the factors studied could be due to the influence of environmental factors (feeding and living conditions), which should be investigated in further studies. </b>

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31

Lupkin, Paula R. "Review: The American Country Club: Its Origins and Development by James M. Mayo." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 58, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991506.

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32

Eittreim, Elisabeth M. "Review: Prairie Imperialists: The Indian Country Origins of American Empire, by Katharine Bjork." Pacific Historical Review 89, no. 2 (2020): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2020.89.2.298.

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33

Moss, Hilary. "Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South." Journal of African American History 91, no. 3 (July 2006): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jaahv91n3p341.

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34

Rodríguez-Martínez, Ana B., Christian Barreau, Isabelle Coupry, Jordi Yagüe, Raquel Sánchez-Valle, Luis Galdós-Alcelay, Agustín Ibáñez, et al. "Ancestral origins of the prion protein gene D178N mutation in the Basque Country." Human Genetics 117, no. 1 (April 2, 2005): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-005-1277-0.

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35

Freytag, Andreas, Jens J. Krüger, Daniel Meierrieks, and Friedrich Schneider. "The origins of terrorism: Cross-country estimates of socio-economic determinants of terrorism." European Journal of Political Economy 27 (December 2011): S5—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.06.009.

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36

Cohen, Joel E., Marta Roig, Daniel C. Reuman, and Cai GoGwilt. "International migration beyond gravity: A statistical model for use in population projections." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 40 (September 29, 2008): 15269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808185105.

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International migration will play an increasing role in the demographic future of most nations if fertility continues to decline globally. We developed an algorithm to project future numbers of international migrants from any country or region to any other. The proposed generalized linear model (GLM) used geographic and demographic independent variables only (the population and area of origins and destinations of migrants, the distance between origin and destination, the calendar year, and indicator variables to quantify nonrandom characteristics of individual countries). The dependent variable, yearly numbers of migrants, was quantified by 43653 reports from 11 countries of migration from 228 origins and to 195 destinations during 1960–2004. The final GLM based on all data was selected by the Bayesian information criterion. The number of migrants per year from origin to destination was proportional to (population of origin)0.86(area of origin)−0.21(population of destination)0.36(distance)−0.97, multiplied by functions of year and country-specific indicator variables. The number of emigrants from an origin depended on both its population and its population density. For a variable initial year and a fixed terminal year 2004, the parameter estimates appeared stable. Multiple R2, the fraction of variation in log numbers of migrants accounted for by the starting model, improved gradually with recentness of the data: R2 = 0.57 for data from 1960 to 2004, R2 = 0.59 for 1985–2004, R2 = 0.61 for 1995–2004, and R2 = 0.64 for 2000–2004. The migration estimates generated by the model may be embedded in deterministic or stochastic population projections.

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37

Rahman, Labiba. "Origins, Evolution and Current Activities of Sunni Salafi Jihadist Groups in Bangladesh." ABC Journal of Advanced Research 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abcjar.v7i2.80.

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Despite its global recognition as a moderate Muslim country, Bangladesh has been experiencing increasing bouts of religious fundamentalism and militant activities since 2005. This phenomenon is not altogether novel to the country. During the Liberation War of 1971, Bengali freedom fighters faced staunch opposition from the Pakistani armed forces as well as Islamist militias under the control of Jamaat-e-Islami, an Islamist political party. Even after attaining its independence, Bangladesh has struggled to uphold the pillars of democracy and secularism due to political, social and religious drivers. Between January 2005 and June 2015, nearly 600 people have died in Islamic terrorist attacks in the country. These militant outfits either have close ties to or are part of Al Qaeda Indian Subcontinent (AQIS) and the Islamic State (ISIS). Despite such troubling signs and the fact that it is the fourth largest Muslim majority country in the world, Bangladesh has generally received little attention from academics of security studies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the drivers and trends of Sunni Salafi jihadist groups operating in Bangladesh to ascertain the implications for counterterrorism activities. Political, social and religious interventions that go beyond the hard approach must be undertaken to control the mounting threat of Islamist terrorism to the security and stability of the nation.

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38

Kalmijn, Matthijs. "The Children of Intermarriage in Four European Countries." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 662, no. 1 (October 11, 2015): 246–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215595391.

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This article tests the thesis that intermarriage fosters the integration of immigrants by studying the children of intermarriage. Using secondary school–based questionnaire data from England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, I compare the children of mixed marriages to second-generation immigrants and to children of native origins. Three dimensions of integration are measured: social integration (contacts with natives), cultural integration (religiosity and family values), and economic integration (school achievement tests). I examine the effect of intermarriage on these outcomes as well as interactions with gender, socioeconomic status, destination country, and origin group. Our findings show that the outcomes for the children of mixed origins are in between the outcomes of immigrants and natives. In some respects, mixed children are exactly halfway, confirming a model of additive effects of parental origins. In other cases, mixed children are closer to immigrants than to natives, pointing to a model of stigmatization and ethnic retentionism.

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39

Lombardi, Denise. "The pilgrimage of french spiritual tourists to the wellsprings of mexican neo-shamanism." Ciencias Sociales y Religión/Ciências Sociais e Religião 23 (August 31, 2021): e021017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/csr.v23i00.15117.

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In this article, we will analyse a journey dedicated to the discovery of the ‘sources of indigenous knowledge’ undertaken in March 2009 by French people in a country unknown to them: Mexico. More specifically, we will look at their forms of participation in this journey organised by a shaman of Otomi origin called by the vernacular term of Bädi, i.e. “the shaman” in the Otomi language, by his followers. The aim of this trip is to enable them to discover the origins of shamanism, which the organiser links to the history of the indigenous people. In addition to visiting pre-Hispanic archaeological sites, the tour also includes a visit to Otomi country, which is presented as one of the centres of Mexican shamanism.

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40

Azeem, Muhammad, and Naeem `Ahmed. "SECTARIAN MILITANCY IN PAKISTAN: ORIGINS AND THREATS TO INTEGRITY." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 56, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v56i2.39.

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For the last three decades or so, Pakistan has been a severe victim of sectarian violence. Although the roots of sectarian violence in the Pakistani society could be traced to various political developments in the country and the region, such as, Zia-ul-Haq’s Islamization process, Iranian Revolution and the anti-Soviet Afghan war, during the late 1970s, the dangerous phase of sectarian menace began after the 9/11 incident when the domestic sectarian militant organizations established their links with international terrorist groups, e.g., Al-Qaeda and then the self-styled Islamic State (IS), and started playing the role of a facilitator as well as becoming the part of global Jihadism. Against this background, the paper analyzes the origins of sectarianism in Pakistan and threats which it poses to the integrity of the country. In the concluding analysis, the paper argues that the violent extremist ideology that creates ideologically-motivated committed terrorists may be countered if Pakistan reorients its strategic policies vis-à-vis its eastern and western neighbors – India and Afghanistan – by discouraging the use of proxies for pursuing its strategic interests in the region.

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41

Idu, Roxana. "Source Country Economic Development and Dynamics of the Skill Composition of Emigration." Economies 7, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7010018.

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This paper presents an endogenous growth model of migration and technological diffusion with transitional dynamics, which provide explanations for the empirical pattern of the mobility transition. A two-skill group extension of this model offers new hypotheses regarding the skill composition of emigration during the mobility transition. Skill-biased technological change (SBTC), which first occurs in the destination, raises the relative return to high skill migration and thus the high-to-low skill emigration ratio. As SBTC eventually diffuses to the source economy, it also raises the relative return to high skill investment there, and causes a decline in the high-to-low skill emigration ratio. Empirical evidence using bilateral migration data from 31 destinations and 195 origins is shown to support this hypothesis, with the average income of origins, at which the peak high-to-low skill emigration ratio is reached, is estimated at $2000 in 2011 US dollars PPP (adjusted for purchasing power parity). Furthermore, research and development intensity as a measure of SBTC in destinations is shown to be empirically, positively linked to the bilateral high-to-low skill emigration ratio.

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Bimbo, Francesco, Luigi Roselli, Domenico Carlucci, and Bernardo Corrado de Gennaro. "Consumer Misuse of Country-of-Origin Label: Insights from the Italian Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Market." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12072150.

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Providing information to consumers through the label is a means for food companies to inform consumers about product’s attributes, including the country of origin (COO). In the EU, COO labeling has been made mandatory for several categories of food products, to enable consumers to make informed choices at the point of sale. In particular, Regulation (EU) No 29/2012 has introduced a mandatory country-of-origin labeling system for extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). In the present study, conducted in Italy, we test whether there is a price differential associated with the COO information for EVOO. To this end, we employ a hedonic price model and data about the purchase of EVOO products collected from 982 consumers at the supermarket checkout. Having interviewed these consumers, we also assess the share of EVOO consumers that correctly identify the country of origin of the product purchased. Our findings point out that, in Italy, the EVOO with domestic origin, indicated on the label, benefits of a premium price equal to +35% compared to the product labeled as blend of European EVOOs, while a discount of −10.8% is attached to EVOOs from a non-European origin. A significant share of consumers in our sample (19.04%) is, however, unable to correctly identify the origin of the EVOO purchased. This label misuse mostly occurs among consumers who report that they had purchased Italian EVOO, while they had actually purchased a blend of European EVOOs. Female and more highly educated consumers are less likely to misuse label information about the product’s origins.

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Brian Schoen. "Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (review)." American Studies 48, no. 1 (2010): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ams.0.0116.

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Hsu, Sean T., and Akie Iriyama. "The Impact of Origins of Reverse Technology Transfer on MNC Home-Country Product Development." Thunderbird International Business Review 58, no. 5 (February 19, 2016): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.21790.

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Paterson, Lindsay, and Cristina Iannelli. "Social Class and Educational Attainment: A Comparative Study of England, Wales, and Scotland." Sociology of Education 80, no. 4 (October 2007): 330–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003804070708000403.

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This article examines variations among England, Wales, and Scotland in the association between social origin and educational attainment and the role that different national educational policies may have played in shaping these variations. The findings show that country variation in the association between origins and attainment was mostly or entirely due to variations in overall levels of attainment. Moreover, inequality was the highest where the proportions attaining a particular threshold were the highest—upper secondary school or higher in Scotland. The authors propose a refinement of Raftery and Hout's theory of maximally maintained inequality that takes into account that the trajectory of inequality is not linear: inequality can widen in the initial phase of expanding opportunity, en route to an eventual contraction, because the most advantaged groups are the first to exploit any new opportunities that policy changes offer. The results show that country differences in educational policy have not yielded different changes over time in the association between origin and educational attainment.

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Ghosh, B. C., and Wee Han Hua. "TQM in practice: a survey of Singapore’s manufacturing companies on their TQM practices and objectives." TQM Magazine 8, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09544789610114876.

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Presents the findings of a survey on total quality management (TQM) practices of Singapore’s manufacturing companies. Details that the sample comprised 27 companies of different country origins, they came from different industries and together, the companies employed more than 16,000 people, which is approximately 5 per cent of Singapore’s manufacturing labour force, thus, in the view of the writers, representing a fair sample. Confirms from the findings that TQM is well established in Singapore, especially among medium‐ to large‐sized manufacturing companies, although not in all its facets, hence giving a mixed picture. Fails to confirm that the practice of TQM in companies of different country origins was significantly different, though Japan probably had an edge.

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Goodacre, Royston, Branka S. Radovic, and Elke Anklam. "Progress toward the Rapid Nondestructive Assessment of the Floral Origin of European Honey Using Dispersive Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 4 (April 2002): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702021954980.

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Raman spectroscopy was investigated for its ability to discriminate between honey samples from different floral and geographical origins. The major vibrational modes in the Stokes Raman spectra were assigned and could be attributed to the four main sugars found in the honeys. The chemometric clustering method of discriminant function analysis indicated that the major differences between the honeys was due to their botanical origin rather than their country of origin, and this was confirmed by artificial neural network analyses. We consider the noninvasive nondestructive analysis of honey by Raman spectroscopy to be an alternative to the laborious and highly specialized mellisopalynology typing method currently used to identify the floral origin of honey.

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Jones, Rebecca, Regine Haardoerfer, Fernando Riosmena, and Solveig Cunningham. "Does Place Matter? Dietary Change Among Immigrants to the US." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab053_038.

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Abstract Objectives On average, U.S. immigrants experience increases in body mass during their time in the country. These changes are related to important shifts in diet post immigration but could also continue to be influenced by sending-area environments. We assess the level of variance in dietary change that is attributable to country of origin and U.S. state of residence-level factors. Methods Using longitudinal data on three measures of dietary change from the nationally-representative New Immigrant Survey (n = 7930), we use cross-classified multilevel models to test what proportion of the variance in dietary change is attributable to country of origin vs. U.S. state of residence. The three measures of dietary change are degree of change (1–10); whether any foods from the home country were abandoned; whether any new foods were adopted in the U.S. Results When foreign-born individuals received legal permanent resident status (+/− 8 years after arriving in the U.S.), country of origin explained 6% of individual variation in diet (a moderate but nontrivial amount), with state of residence explaining a much smaller amount of variance at 1.6%. Interesting, the interaction of country of origin and state of residence explained an additional 1.4%, suggesting that the context in which immigrants are “received” varies in some important ways across people of different national origins to shape dietary changes. When adding covariates at country or U.S. state level to explain the variance at these scales, higher availability of sweets in the country of origin and U.S. state levels of obesity were particularly important variables predicting dietary change. Conclusions While “new” obesogenic and broader nutritional environments the foreign-born are exposed to after immigration may indeed have an impact on nutritional outcomes, “old” environments may continue to leave a mark on people's dietary choices, and further shape the way in which new environments affect people's dietary change. Funding Sources Research reported in this presentation was supported in part by the NIDDK of the NIH under Award Number R01DK115937. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

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Anderson, Siwan. "Legal Origins and Female HIV." American Economic Review 108, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 1407–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151047.

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More than one-half of all people living with HIV are women and 80 percent of all HIV-positive women in the world live in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper demonstrates that the legal origins of these formerly colonized countries significantly determine current-day female HIV rates. In particular, female HIV rates are significantly higher in common law sub-Saharan African countries compared to civil law ones. This paper explains this relationship by focusing on differences in female property rights under the two codes of law. In sub-Saharan Africa, common law is associated with weaker female marital property laws. As a result, women in these common law countries have lower bargaining power within the household and are less able to negotiate safe sex practices and are thus more vulnerable to HIV, compared to their civil law counterparts. Exploiting the fact that some ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa cross country borders with different legal systems, we are able to include ethnicity fixed effects into a regression discontinuity approach. This allows us to control for a large set of cultural, geographical, and environmental factors that could be confounding the estimates. The results of this paper are consistent with gender inequality (the “feminization” of AIDS), explaining much of its prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. (JEL I12, J15, J16, K11, K15, O15, O17)

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Mfokeu, Ahmed Moustapha, and Henri Wamba. "Compétences perçues du pays d’origine et qualité perçue des produits au Cameroun : cas des laptops et laits de toilette." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n1p319.

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With the globalization of economies, we are witnessing a proliferation of products of different origins in the Cameroonian market. The objective of this Article is to assess the effect of perceived skills of the country of origin on the perceived quality of the products in some Cameroonian urban environment. As the methodological level, a field investigation has been carried out in order to collect the data from a sample of 784 consumers surveyed via the Internet (online form filling) and supplemented by a classical questionnaire (paper pencil) in the cities of Douala and Yaoundé. This article uses the model of structural equations to latent variables. Thus, the main results show a positive effect of the perceived competence of the country on the product’s perceived quality by the common Cameroonian consumer living in urban area. The effect of the country of manufacture is more significant than that of the country of design. We also notice an increase of the country of design’s effect on the perceived quality of products when the technological complexity of the products increases. Conversely, a reduction of the country of manufacture’s effect on the perceived quality of the products is recorded when the technological complexity of the products increases. In this way, the moderating effect of the technological complexity of a product is thereby proven.

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