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1

Berg, Andrew, and Rafael Portillo. Introduction to Part III. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0014.

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Part III of the book presents various applications of quantitative dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models to SSA countries. Unlike the previous chapters, which provided broad guidance, the emphasis here is on specific policy questions faced by the country under study and on quantitative guidance for central banks. Each chapter mixes theory and data, along with close attention to the broader economic context. In addition to summarizing the results in the rest of Part III, this overview chapter describes the collaboration between IMF staff and staff in central banks in the region that res
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Bongini, Paola, Annalisa Ferrando, Emanuele Rossi, and Monica Rossolini. The Capital Markets Union and Firms’ Access to External Market-Based Finance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0013.

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Firms’ access to capital markets among Eurozone countries is a challenging issue for the EU Capital Markets Union (CMU) agenda. We contribute to the current debate on the CMU by identifying the characteristics of firms that can be deemed ‘suitable’ for market-based finance. Using survey-based research, we show which firm-specific attributes and country-specific features foster a firm’s likelihood of accessing non-bank sources of finance. Our results reveal that a few Eurozone countries appear to have achieved high access to capital market financing, but there is substantial unexploited potenti
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Goodin, Robert E., and Kai Spiekermann. Extensions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823452.003.0003.

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The classic Condorcet Jury Theorem comes with demanding assumptions. This chapter shows that similar results can be derived if the assumptions are weakened. First, if the Competence Assumption is weakened by allowing for heterogeneous voter competence, the Asymptotic Result of the jury theorem still obtains (though the Non-asymptotic Result does only under very specific assumptions). Second, the number of alternatives can be more than two for a structurally similar jury theorem, using plurality voting. Third, different decision procedures, such as the Borda count or the Condorcet pairwise crit
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4

Fukuyama, Francis, and Francesca Recanatini. Beyond Measurement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817062.003.0003.

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Since the 1990s, governance and anti-corruption have become preoccupations of the international development and research communities, leading to the proliferation of sophisticated measures, which, while a critical starting point, have not had significant impact at the country level. This chapter examines approaches to reducing corruption, including structural state reform, simplification and reduction of administrative discretion, transparency and accountability, international agreements and conventions, and anti-corruption bodies. While some approaches have produced results in specific areas,
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Bekker, Sonja. Can European Socioeconomic Governance Be Social Investment Proof? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0028.

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This chapter argues that EU socioeconomic coordination can support social investment. Both the Lisbon Treaty’s main norms and goals and the European Semester’s short-term goals are in line with social investment. This chapter closely scrutinizes the country-specific recommendations (CSRs) stemming from the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). Whereas this coordination cycle has been criticized for having a one-sided focus on limiting public expenditure, even the SGP at times results in recommendations that encourage social investment. Such recommendations only address a limited number of policies
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Ferreira, Ines A., Rachel M. Gisselquist, and Finn Tarp. On the impact of inequality on growth, human development, and governance. 34th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/972-3.

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Countering recent rises in many countries of inequality in income and wealth is widely recognized as a major development challenge. This is so from an ethical perspective and because greater inequality is perceived to be detrimental to key development aims. Still, an informed debate on the effects of inequality requires clear evidence. This review contributes to the literature by taking stock and providing an overview of current knowledge of the impact of income inequality on three important outcomes: economic growth, health and education as two dimensions of human development, and governance,
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Rose, Adam, Dan Wei, and Antonio Bento. Equity Implications of the COP21 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the equity implications of the “bottom-up” approach to climate change negotiations by analyzing the individual country unconditional greenhouse gas reduction pledges specified in the COP21 Agreement of 2015. It compares the implications before and after emissions trading in terms of the standard equity metrics of the Gini coefficient and Atkinson index for three major countries/regions: the European Union, China, and California. The chapter adapts a nonlinear programming model well suited to this purpose that determines the equilibrium emissions allowance price, mitigatio
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8

Browner, Tara, and Thomas L. Riis, eds. Rethinking American Music. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042324.001.0001.

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Only since the 1970s have the variety of American musical styles and sounds have been allowed to stand on their own two feet in the academic world. Recent efforts to place American music-making within new or heretofore neglected contexts are diverse and inevitably shift our consciousness about music’s meaning and impact in culture. This volume contains a series of commentaries or glosses, chapters about American music broadly understood that seek especially to explore four critical factors beyond the the familiar categories defined by repertory or biography alone: the impact of performance; th
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9

Bhugra, Dinesh, Antonio Ventriglio, and Kamaldeep S. Bhui. Cultures and their roles: An overview. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723196.003.0001.

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Cultures are an integral part of our being. We are born in cultures, which mould our behaviours, attitudes, and cognitions. Culture is a system of meanings and knowledge, belief systems, and morals as well as laws. Culture is acquired, and people change in response to culture and, in return, individuals change culture. Culture informs our world view and offers symbols with specific meanings, not only for individuals in that particular culture but also for others looking in. Culture needs to be differentiated from race and ethnicity. Furthermore, for migrants there are stages in the process of
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10

Moses, Jonathon W., and Bjørn Letnes. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787174.003.0011.

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There is broad recognition that Norway manages its natural resources successfully. Policymakers are flocking to Norway to try to learn the lessons provided by the Norwegian model. This book describes the main challenges facing policymakers in resource-rich states (e.g., Dutch Disease, Resource Curse, Paradox of Plenty), and the sort of institutional solutions and policies that are available to them. We explain why the Norwegian authorities chose the solutions they did, and how these choices have changed over the years, in response to changing market and political conditions. The result is a bo
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Huang, David T., and Ayan Sen. Novel biomarkers of infection in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0282.

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Over 25% of all annual deaths in the world are due to infection. Early diagnosis and risk stratification facilitate timely and specific treatment, but are complicated by the highly variable and non-specific nature of the signs and symptoms of sepsis. There is a lack of a ‘gold standard’ for the diagnosis of infection or sepsis, prognosis of severe infections, and sepsis. There are several biomarkers that have been investigated in literature like white blood count, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, sTREM1, etc., with equivocal results. White blood count and C-reactive protein are elevated in s
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Lema Vélez, Luisa Fernanda, Daniel Hermelin, María Margarita Fontecha, and Dunia H. Urrego. Climate Change Communication in Colombia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.598.

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Colombia is in a privileged position to take advantage of international climate agreements to finance sustainable development initiatives. The country is a signatory of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreements. As a non-Annex I party to the UNFCCC, Colombia produces low emissions in relation to global numbers (0.46% of total global emissions for 2010) and exhibits biogeographical conditions that are ideal for mitigation of climate change through greenhouse gas sequestration and emission reductions. Simultaneously, recent e
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Markman, John D. Diagnostic and Clinical Scales for Peripheral Neuropathy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0120.

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Due to the absence of a definitive pathological finding, objective biomarker, or imaging correlate, neuropathic pain syndromes may be graded as possible or probable depending on the results of neurological assessment. It is important to acknowledge the diagnostic uncertainty inherent in such a grading system based on probability in a condition for which there is no “gold standard” upon which to base validation studies. Neuropathic pain is a multidimensional entity, and specific syndromes may have distinct sensory profiles (i.e. different combinations of sensory signs and symptoms). Clinical su
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Kamm, Jürgen, ed. Politisches Denken in der Britischen Romantik. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845297316.

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British Romanticism is characterised by three revolutionary processes which occurred simultaneously and which resulted in profound changes in politics and society. The independence of the British colonies in North America and the political revolution in France created a profound sense of insecurity by shattering traditional mentalities, but they also created fresh ideas about the state, power and society. In addition to these political revolutions, Britain was the first country to benefit from the Agrarian and Industrial Revolutions and also the first to experience their detrimental effects, e
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Trevor C, Hartley. Part II Jurisdiction, 12 Exclusive Jurisdiction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729006.003.0012.

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The special feature of exclusive jurisdiction is that it has two aspects: not only does it confer jurisdiction on the specified court, but it also deprives all other courts of the jurisdiction they might otherwise have had. It may arise because of the intrinsic importance of the subject-matter for the country concerned, or it may be the result of the choice of the parties. The latter is the case with regard to choice-of-court agreements. This chapter considers the situations in which Brussels 2012 and Lugano 2007 lay down rules of exclusive jurisdiction that apply irrespective of the will of t
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Matthew Kynes, J. Hemophilia (Presentation in Emergency Surgery). Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0085.

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Hemophilia is a complex disease of variable severity that affects clotting function and has significant implications in perioperative and emergency care. Hereditary or de novo mutations cause deficiencies in factor VIII or IX production, which may manifest as spontaneous bleeding into joint spaces, muscles, or other sites in severe forms of the disease. Intracranial bleeding is one of the most serious and often fatal complications. In a patient with abnormal bleeding, laboratory results indicative of hemophilia include an increased partial prothromboplastin time (PT), with normal prothrombin t
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Champigneulle, Benoit, and Frédéric Pène. Pathophysiology and management of neutropenia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0274.

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Neutropenia is defined by an absolute neutrophil count <500 per mm3. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression represents the main mechanism accounting for neutropenia, although various bone marrow disorders might also result in impaired granulopoiesis. Neutropenia, especially when profound and prolonged, is a major risk factor for severe bacterial and fungal infections. Early initiation of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy represents the cornerstone of the treatment of febrile neutropenia. A number of infected neutropenic patients may exhibit organ failures, such as acute respiratory
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18

Barbin, Évelyne, Kristín Bjarnadóttir, Fulvia Furinghetti, et al., eds. “DIG WHERE YOU STAND” 6. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the History of Mathematics Education. WTM-Verlag Münster, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959871686.0.

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Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the History of Mathematics Education. September 16-20, 2019, at the CIRM (Luminy), France The history of mathematics education is an interdisciplinary research area that is experiencing a significant development and this book presents recent work in this area. This book is the result of the sixth conference ICHME (International Conference on the History of Mathematics Education) that took place at CIRM, Luminy (France) from 16th to 20th of September 2019. Nowadays, the history of education is of the utmost importance for assessing the genera
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19

Concha Cantú, Hugo A., Miguel Ángel Lara Otaola, and Jesús Orozco Henríquez. Towards a Global Index of Electoral Justice: International IDEA Discussion Paper 2/2020. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, and Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.29.

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Globally, a wide variety of indices and indicators evaluate and provide information on different aspects of democracy and electoral procedures. On the one hand, there are indices that measure the quality of democracy and its resilience over time, focusing on building blocks such as the existence of representative governments, civil and political rights and necessary power limits. Other indices evaluate the quality of elections and specific aspects, such as voter registration, campaign financing and the performance of electoral authorities. Finally, others evaluate rule of law and access to jus
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20

Shirali, Anushree, and Mark A. Perazella. Drug-induced nephropathies. Edited by William G. Bennett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0362.

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Pharmacological therapy with prescription medications and other drugs is the mainstay of modern medical practice. In addition, an increasing number of people use over-the-counter and complementary treatments for management of acute and chronic disease. The kidney faces constant exposure to some of these medications and drugs since it receives significant blood flow from the systemic circulation and importantly participates in excretion of many of these substances. Some of these agents have the innate potential for nephrotoxicity, which is modified by patient- as well as drug-related factors. A
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21

Mc Ardle, Brian A., Jennifer M. Renaud, Robert A. deKemp, and Rob S. B. Beanlands. Role of PET in Diagnosis and Risk Assessment in Patients with Known or Suspected CAD. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0020.

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Cardiac PET enables evaluation of multiple aspects of myocardial perfusion, metabolism, cell signaling and function that are of value both for diagnosis and prognostication in patients with known or suspected CAD and its use has increased in the past three decades. PET myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) offers several technological advantages over SPECT including; higher photon energy, higher count sensitivity, more consistent attenuation correction and the ability to measure myocardial blood flow in absolute terms. These result in faster imaging times, lower patient radiation exposure and inc
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22

Biel Portero, Israel, Andrea Carolina Casanova Mejía, Amanda Janneth Riascos Mora, et al. Challenges and alternatives towards peacebuilding. Edited by Ángela Marcela Castillo Burbano and Claudia Andrea Guerrero Martínez. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/9789587602388.

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Rural development and peacebuilding in Colombia have been highly prioritized by higher education institutions since the signing of the Peace Agreement between the National Government and the FARC-EP. This has resulted in the need to further analyze rural strategies that contribute towards a better life for the population of territories where armed conflict is coming to an end, whilst understanding the pressing uncertainty that this process implies; on the one hand, for the urgency of generating rapid and concrete responses to social justice and equity, and on the other, because fulfilling the
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23

Cnossen, Sijbren. Modernizing VATs in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844075.001.0001.

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Tax revenues in most African countries fall far short of what is feasible and necessary to finance basic human and economic development. Domestic tax revenue mobilization is called for, preferably in the form of a broad-based consumption tax, such as the VAT, which is less detrimental to economic growth than an income tax is. Most African VATs, however, are riddled with exemptions, exclusions, and zero rates on domestic goods and services. Hence, base-broadening rather than rate-increasing should be pursued if revenue is the goal. Base-broadening would also make the VATs less distortionary and
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Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029.

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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore l
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Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029_update_001.

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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore l
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26

Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Prevention of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0350.

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In the UK, the four commonest cancers—lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer—result in around 62 000 deaths every year. Although deaths from cancer have fallen in the UK over the last 20 years, the UK still suffers from higher cancer death rates than many other countries in Western Europe. In 1999, the UK government produced a White Paper called Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation that outlined a national target to reduce the death rate from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75 by 2010. The subsequent NHS Cancer Plan of 2000 designed a framework by which to achieve t
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Moreno-Lax, Violeta. Accessing Asylum in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.001.0001.

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This monograph examines the interface between extraterritorial border surveillance, migration management, and asylum seeking under EU law. The final goal is to determine the compatibility of pre-entry controls, carried out in the form of Schengen visas, carrier sanctions (with or without assistance from ILOs), and maritime interdiction, with the fundamental rights acquis of the EU, in particular the right to protection against refoulement, the right to asylum, and the rights to good administration and effective judicial protection enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The conflictual
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Lewis, Catherine F. Anxiety disorders including post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0035.

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Increasing numbers of studies of correctional populations have emphasized diagnosis with structured clinical instruments over the past two decades. These studies have primarily focused on serious mental illness (i.e., psychotic and mood disorders), substance use disorders, and personality disorders. The focus has made sense because of the need to identify the severely mentally ill who are incarcerated and to identify the most common disorders. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and specific phobias. One anxiety disorder that stands
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Rothstein, Bo. Controlling Corruption. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894908.001.0001.

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This book presents a radically new approach to how societies can get corruption under control. Since the late 1990s, the detrimental effects of corruption on human wellbeing have become well established in research. This has resulted in a stark increase in anti-corruption programs launched by international and national development organizations. Despite these efforts, evaluations of the effects of these anti-corruption programs have been disappointing. As it can be measured, it is difficult to find substantial effects from such anti-corruption programs. The argument in this book is that this h
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Post, Robert M. Depression as a Recurrent, Progressive Illness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0003.

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Clinical Highlights and summary of Chapter• Episodes of depression and bipolar illness progress in two ways:faster recurrences as a function of number of prior episodes, andgreater autonomy (decreased need for precipitation by stressors(Episode Sensitization)• Recurrent stressors result in increased reactivity to subsequent stressors(Stress sensitization) and bouts of stimulant abuse increase in severity with repetition(Stimulant-induced behavioral sensitization)• Each type of sensitization cross-sensitizes to the others and drives illness progression• Each type of sensitization involves speci
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