Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Countryside change'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.
Title from document title page (viewed on March 18, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: x, 223 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-220).

This dissertation examines rural families responses to global and local situations that have made earning a livelihood as a farmer very difficult. Drawing from original research, including a household livelihood census of 195 households, interviews with 72 people, participant observation, and archival research, the dissertation explores how rural families have responded to declines in domestic agricultural markets fueled by global and national forces and local environmental change. It asks: what impact will small farming families responses to these forces of change have on peoples identities as peasants? I argue that while great change is underway in the countryside, peasant identity continues to flourish as people on the ground re-work and re-negotiate what it means to be a peasant. This research provides a voice to those often overlooked by macro-analyses of economic, political, or cultural development by providing rich ethnographic details on how global forces impact otherwise out-of-the way places. This dissertation critically examines what is meant by development and change, what development and change look like in a local, grounded context and what current trends can teach us about the future of rural areas both in Costa Rica and in other regions of the world experiencing similar phenomena: increasing educational opportunities for youth, a continued opening up of agricultural markets, a blurring of the line between the urban and the rural, and declining environmental quality.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Italy became an industrial society. The rural world, which had hardly changed over centuries, underwent a momentous transformation. This PhD thesis documents the changes in rural central Italy, specifically the Marche and Umbria regions, between 1945 and 1970, and analyses how this period has been remembered. This research is important because these major changes, including the collapse of the dominant sharecropping system, have had very little attention; central Italy has been neglected in favour of comparisons between North and South. Those who lived through this period have not been heard, and that generation is now disappearing. Fifty interviews were recorded with former sharecroppers and others, in three small areas in the Umbria-Marche Apennines, during study in Italy in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Local archives and libraries were also consulted. The themes of the five chapters are: the decline of sharecropping; the social role of the Church and its ownership of land; migration; change through political action and mechanization; and abandonment of the countryside. The research shows that as people left the countryside to work temporarily elsewhere, many in other European countries, the rural population fell and the agricultural labour market changed. Farming families had less insecurity and more choice. It finds that sharecropping persisted until the 1990s, despite legislation intended to end it, but farmers started to diversify outside the sharecropping contract which no longer determined how people lived. The research suggests that the Church prefers to forget that priests had to manage parish land under sharecropping. Peasants took political action annually over sharecropping contracts, but this was patchy and is not always remembered. Mechanization, however, is shown to have permanently affected the rural economy. The crumbling of characteristic farmhouses in depopulated landscapes is examined; their neglect suggests problematic memories of the peasant past.

West Wiltshire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was among the leading producers of woollen cloth, England’s most important export commodity by far, but the region’s importance is often understated by modern historians. The cloth towns of Bradford-on-Avon, Trowbridge and Westbury were thriving when John Leland visited in 1540; but GD Ramsay thought they had passed their golden age by 1550 and declined during the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Joan Thirsk – following the precedent of John Aubrey, who wrote a survey of north Wiltshire in the 1660s – characterised the region as ‘cheese country’. Based on new archival research, this thesis argues that, far from declining, cloth manufacture in west Wiltshire grew throughout the Tudor era and remained strong under the early Stuarts; that production of this crucial trade commodity gave the region national significance; and that profits from the woollen trade were the main drivers of change in west Wiltshire over the period 1530-1680. Supporting evidence is presented from four complementary sectors of society: London merchants, country clothiers, west Wiltshire gentry, and the villagers of Bulkington, Keevil and Seend, southwest of Devizes – an area with which John Aubrey was briefly but intensely involved. The thesis demonstrates that the manufactory was dominated by a small group of entrepreneurs who protected their position through successive generations. As prominent landowners in their own right, as buyers of wool from the gentry estates, and as employers of large numbers of spinners, weavers and other cloth-workers, they exerted a pervasive influence over the local economy. The thesis identifies these leading entrepreneurs and for the first time examines their impact on social, economic and cultural development. It challenges the established narrative of decline, and argues that John Aubrey’s account was deeply affected by his own personal circumstances and experience.

This thesis defines the values and qualities of rural areas, describes the transformations of architecture and public spaces in the Kysuce region, especially after the year 1989. The development is compared with for¬eign rural regions in Europe. The assignment was to introduce foreign local regulations, verify their influ¬ence on rural areas and modern architecture. The thesis explains the meaning and reasons of architectural and urban planning regulations, verifies the legislative possibilities of their application in Kysuce region and suggests tactics leading to increase of a building culture in the region.

Abstract In my research I study the characteristic features as well as changes in the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. The goal of my research is to examine how the cultural environment of parish villages has changed in time and why: the goal is to build an illustrative and analytic picture of the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia, of the development of cultural environment and of it’s typical features in different times as well as background factors of the development. I examine the cultural environment of parish villages both through its components and as an entirety. I study how different factors – agglomeration structure, scale and spatial structure, way of building, building features and the relation of built areas to the landscape – have changed, what is the real value of different components and their effect both on each other and on the cultural environment as an entirety. I examine the cultural environment of rural parish villages by means of examples. I have chosen four parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia: Rantsila, Kärsämäki, Tyrnävä and Haapavesi, as examples. Basis of the cultural environment research is the concept and definition of cultural environment. The concept of cultural environment includes time dimension, layered character of environment developed in time, as well as human activity, its traces and background factors. In the examination I pay attention to the visible, perceptible environment that also reflects the factors, values and meanings effecting on the background, as well as relations between them. I examine the cultural environment as a wide and multidimensional, layered and constantly changing entirety, formed on a long time span, in which entirety different factors influence and emerge into each other. The research is qualitative. I analyze the history and development phases of the cultural environment in rural parish villages, characteristic features of the cultural environment in different times, changes in the cultural environment in the course of time, and factors lying behind them with written material, photographs and aerial photographs of different ages, and photograph pairs and photograph series formed of these, map material of different ages as well as analysis maps I created based on these, and landscape analysis I made on site in the parish villages. Source material of different ages and types complement each other and form a material that is versatile and in time multidimensional as en entirety, and that describes the cultural environment as a changing entirety. Analyzing the building plans and town plans ratified for the parish villages is a significant part of my research, not only as background factors guiding the development of cultural environment, but also as indicators of stipulations and planning instructions controlling the construction and planning, as well as of values prevailing in its time. The time of formation of fixed settlement (before year 1860), time of origin and growth of parish villages (1860–1940), post-war reconstruction period and time before setting up the first building plans (1940–1960), time of intensive growth of parish villages after setting up the first building plans (1960–1990) and the time of inequalization of parish villages (1990–2008) are distinguished as visible and variant periods of time in the development of cultural environment in rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. As background factors, the cultural environment and the formation of its features have on the one hand been influenced by social situation and changes in it as well as conscious control, like housing politics, land consolidation measures, development of trades, legislation and planning, and on the other hand by local conditions and starting points they define, like features of location and effects of the district’s location on the development of trades and population. The most distinct turning point in the development of cultural environment is the turn of 1950’s and 1960’s. After that, on the latter half of the 20th century, visible changes in the cultural environment are the disappearance of spatial structure characteristic to the agglomeration structure and changes in housing structure, changes in the relations of built areas and cultivation areas as well disappearance of cultivation areas located in the centre areas of parish villages and their conversion into green areas, changes in the features of building stock – particularly commercial buildings –, as well as changes in road environment and street space scale. Social and industrial political changes taken place on the latter half of the 20th century are emphasized as background factors with most significant effect on the development of the cultural environment. The changes are: on the one hand the rapid growth of parish villages into municipality centres in 1960’s and 1970’s and the following increase in population, the increase and concentration of services as well as the increase in the significance of traffic and increase in traffic volume, and on the other hand the strong regional inequalization and recession and its consequences, like decreasing of services, significant decrease in new construction and neglect of environmental management in the 1990’s and 2000’s. Declining development and its effects highlight for their part the significance of changes implemented in the cultural environment of parish villages in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Scattering, incoherence and incompleteness, as well as contradictions between typical features of new and old construction visible in the cultural environment are consequences not only of plans aimed at comprehensive renewal of cultural environment drawn up during the growth, but also of stagnating of development work due to recession
Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristölle ominaisia piirteitä sekä kulttuuriympäristössä tapahtuneita muutoksia. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristö on aikojen kuluessa muuttunut ja miksi: tavoitteena on rakentaa havainnollinen ja analyyttinen kuva pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöstä, sen kehityksestä ja sille eri aikoina tyypillisistä ominaispiirteistä sekä kehityksen taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tarkastelen kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä sekä osatekijöidensä kautta että kokonaisuutena. Tutkin miten eri tekijät – taajamarakenne, mittakaava ja tilarakenne, rakentamistapa, rakennusten ominaispiirteet ja taajaman suhde maisemaan – ovat muuttuneet, mikä on eri osatekijöiden todellinen painoarvo ja niiden vaikutus sekä toisiinsa että kulttuuriympäristöön kokonaisuutena. Tutkin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä esimerkkien avulla. Esimerkkikohteiksi olen valinnut neljä pohjoispohjalaista kirkonkylää: Rantsilan, Kärsämäen, Tyrnävän ja Haapaveden. Kulttuuriympäristön tutkimuksessa pohjana on kulttuuriympäristön käsite ja sen määritelmä. Kulttuuriympäristön käsitteeseen sisältyvät ajallinen ulottuvuus, ajan myötä syntynyt kerroksellisuus sekä ihmisen toiminta, sen jättämät jäljet ja sen taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Tarkastelussa kiinnitän huomiota näkyvään, havaittavaan ympäristöön, joka myös heijastaa taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä, arvoja ja merkityksiä ja niiden keskinäisiä suhteita. Tarkastelen kulttuuriympäristöä laajana ja moniulotteisena, pitkän ajan kuluessa muodostuneena kerroksellisena ja alati muuttuvana kokonaisuutena, jossa eri tekijät vaikuttavat ja sulautuvat toisiinsa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen. Analysoin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön historiaa ja kehitysvaiheita, kulttuuriympäristölle eri aikoina ominaisia piirteitä, kulttuuriympäristössä ajan mittaan tapahtuneita muutoksia ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä kirjallisten aineistojen, eri-ikäisten valokuvien ja ilmakuvien ja niistä koostuvien kuvaparien ja kuvasarjojen, eri-ikäisten kartta-aineistojen ja niiden pohjalta laatimieni analyysikarttojen avulla sekä kirkonkylissä paikan päällä tekemieni maastoanalyysien avulla. Eri-ikäiset ja erityyppiset lähdeaineistot täydentävät toisiaan ja muodostavat kokonaisuutena monipuolisen ja ajallisesti moniulotteisen, kulttuuriympäristöä muuttuvana kokonaisuutena kuvaavan aineiston. Merkittävä osa tutkimustani on kirkonkyliin vahvistettujen rakennuskaavojen ja asemakaavojen analysointi paitsi kulttuuriympäristön kehitystä ohjaavina taustatekijöinä myös rakentamista ja kaavoitusta ohjaavien määräysten ja suunnitteluohjeiden sekä omana aikanaan vallitsevien arvojen kuvastajina. Pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä näkyvinä ja toisistaan poikkeavina ajanjaksoina erottuvat kiinteän asutuksen muodostumisen aika (ennen vuotta 1860), kirkonkylien synnyn ja kasvun aika (1860–1940), jälleenrakennuskausi ja aika ennen ensimmäisten rakennuskaavojen laatimista (1940–1960), kirkonkylien voimakkaan kasvun aika rakennuskaavojen laatimisen jälkeen (1960–1990) sekä kirkonkylien eriarvoistumisen aika (1990–2008). Kulttuuriympäristön ja sen ominaispiirteiden muodostumiseen ovat taustatekijöinä vaikuttaneet toisaalta yhteiskunnallinen tilanne ja siinä tapahtuneet muutokset sekä tietoinen ohjaus, kuten asutuspolitiikka, maanjakotoimenpiteet, elinkeinojen kehittäminen, lainsäädäntö ja kaavoitus, toisaalta paikalliset olosuhteet ja niiden määrittelemät lähtökohdat, kuten sijaintipaikan ominaispiirteet sekä paikkakunnan sijainnin vaikutukset elinkeinojen kehitykseen ja väestökehitykseen. Kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä selkeimpänä taitekohtana erottuu 1950- ja 1960-lukujen vaihde. Sen jälkeen, 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla, tapahtuneina muutoksina kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvät taajamarakenteelle ominaisen tilarakenteen katoaminen ja asutusrakenteessa tapahtuneet muutokset, rakennettujen alueiden ja viljelysalueiden välisissä suhteissa tapahtuneet muutokset sekä kirkonkylien keskusta-alueilla sijaitsevien viljelysalueiden katoaminen ja muuttuminen viheralueiksi, rakennuskannan – erityisesti liikerakennusten – ominaispiirteiden muutokset sekä tieympäristön ja katutilan mittakaavan muutokset. Kulttuuriympäristön kehitykseen merkittävimmin vaikuttaneina taustatekijöinä korostuvat 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla tapahtuneet yhteiskunnalliset ja elinkeinopoliittiset muutokset: toisaalta kirkonkylien nopea kasvu kuntakeskuksiksi 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla ja sen myötä tapahtunut asukasluvun kasvu, palvelujen lisääntyminen ja keskittyminen sekä liikenteen merkityksen lisääntyminen ja liikennemäärien kasvu, ja toisaalta 1990- ja 2000-luvuilla voimakas alueellinen eriarvoistuminen sekä taantuma ja sen seuraukset, kuten palvelujen vähentyminen, uudisrakentamisen määrän huomattava vähentyminen ja ympäristön hoidon laiminlyönti. Taantuva kehitys ja sen vaikutukset korostavat osaltaan kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristössä 1960- ja 1970-lukujen kuluessa toteutettujen muutosten merkitystä. Kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvä hajanaisuus, epäyhtenäisyys ja keskeneräisyys sekä uudelle ja vanhalle rakentamiselle tyypillisten ominaispiirteiden väliset ristiriitaisuudet ovat seurausta paitsi kasvun aikana laadituista kulttuuriympäristön kokonaisvaltaiseen uudistamiseen tähtäävistä suunnitelmista myös kehittämistyön pysähtymisestä taantuman myötä

Abstract In my research I study the characteristic features as well as changes in the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. The goal of my research is to examine how the cultural environment of parish villages has changed in time and why: the goal is to build an illustrative and analytic picture of the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia, of the development of cultural environment and of it’s typical features in different times as well as background factors of the development. I examine the cultural environment of parish villages both through its components and as an entirety. I study how different factors – agglomeration structure, scale and spatial structure, way of building, building features and the relation of built areas to the landscape – have changed, what is the real value of different components and their effect both on each other and on the cultural environment as an entirety. I examine the cultural environment of rural parish villages by means of examples. I have chosen four parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia: Rantsila, Kärsämäki, Tyrnävä and Haapavesi, as examples. Basis of the cultural environment research is the concept and definition of cultural environment. The concept of cultural environment includes time dimension, layered character of environment developed in time, as well as human activity, its traces and background factors. In the examination I pay attention to the visible, perceptible environment that also reflects the factors, values and meanings effecting on the background, as well as relations between them. I examine the cultural environment as a wide and multidimensional, layered and constantly changing entirety, formed on a long time span, in which entirety different factors influence and emerge into each other. The research is qualitative. I analyze the history and development phases of the cultural environment in rural parish villages, characteristic features of the cultural environment in different times, changes in the cultural environment in the course of time, and factors lying behind them with written material, photographs and aerial photographs of different ages, and photograph pairs and photograph series formed of these, map material of different ages as well as analysis maps I created based on these, and landscape analysis I made on site in the parish villages. Source material of different ages and types complement each other and form a material that is versatile and in time multidimensional as en entirety, and that describes the cultural environment as a changing entirety. Analyzing the building plans and town plans ratified for the parish villages is a significant part of my research, not only as background factors guiding the development of cultural environment, but also as indicators of stipulations and planning instructions controlling the construction and planning, as well as of values prevailing in its time. The time of formation of fixed settlement (before year 1860), time of origin and growth of parish villages (1860–1940), post-war reconstruction period and time before setting up the first building plans (1940–1960), time of intensive growth of parish villages after setting up the first building plans (1960–1990) and the time of inequalization of parish villages (1990–2008) are distinguished as visible and variant periods of time in the development of cultural environment in rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. As background factors, the cultural environment and the formation of its features have on the one hand been influenced by social situation and changes in it as well as conscious control, like housing politics, land consolidation measures, development of trades, legislation and planning, and on the other hand by local conditions and starting points they define, like features of location and effects of the district’s location on the development of trades and population. The most distinct turning point in the development of cultural environment is the turn of 1950’s and 1960’s. After that, on the latter half of the 20th century, visible changes in the cultural environment are the disappearance of spatial structure characteristic to the agglomeration structure and changes in housing structure, changes in the relations of built areas and cultivation areas as well disappearance of cultivation areas located in the centre areas of parish villages and their conversion into green areas, changes in the features of building stock – particularly commercial buildings –, as well as changes in road environment and street space scale. Social and industrial political changes taken place on the latter half of the 20th century are emphasized as background factors with most significant effect on the development of the cultural environment. The changes are: on the one hand the rapid growth of parish villages into municipality centres in 1960’s and 1970’s and the following increase in population, the increase and concentration of services as well as the increase in the significance of traffic and increase in traffic volume, and on the other hand the strong regional inequalization and recession and its consequences, like decreasing of services, significant decrease in new construction and neglect of environmental management in the 1990’s and 2000’s. Declining development and its effects highlight for their part the significance of changes implemented in the cultural environment of parish villages in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Scattering, incoherence and incompleteness, as well as contradictions between typical features of new and old construction visible in the cultural environment are consequences not only of plans aimed at comprehensive renewal of cultural environment drawn up during the growth, but also of stagnating of development work due to recession
Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristölle ominaisia piirteitä sekä kulttuuriympäristössä tapahtuneita muutoksia. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristö on aikojen kuluessa muuttunut ja miksi: tavoitteena on rakentaa havainnollinen ja analyyttinen kuva pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöstä, sen kehityksestä ja sille eri aikoina tyypillisistä ominaispiirteistä sekä kehityksen taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tarkastelen kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä sekä osatekijöidensä kautta että kokonaisuutena. Tutkin miten eri tekijät – taajamarakenne, mittakaava ja tilarakenne, rakentamistapa, rakennusten ominaispiirteet ja taajaman suhde maisemaan – ovat muuttuneet, mikä on eri osatekijöiden todellinen painoarvo ja niiden vaikutus sekä toisiinsa että kulttuuriympäristöön kokonaisuutena. Tutkin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä esimerkkien avulla. Esimerkkikohteiksi olen valinnut neljä pohjoispohjalaista kirkonkylää: Rantsilan, Kärsämäen, Tyrnävän ja Haapaveden. Kulttuuriympäristön tutkimuksessa pohjana on kulttuuriympäristön käsite ja sen määritelmä. Kulttuuriympäristön käsitteeseen sisältyvät ajallinen ulottuvuus, ajan myötä syntynyt kerroksellisuus sekä ihmisen toiminta, sen jättämät jäljet ja sen taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Tarkastelussa kiinnitän huomiota näkyvään, havaittavaan ympäristöön, joka myös heijastaa taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä, arvoja ja merkityksiä ja niiden keskinäisiä suhteita. Tarkastelen kulttuuriympäristöä laajana ja moniulotteisena, pitkän ajan kuluessa muodostuneena kerroksellisena ja alati muuttuvana kokonaisuutena, jossa eri tekijät vaikuttavat ja sulautuvat toisiinsa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen. Analysoin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön historiaa ja kehitysvaiheita, kulttuuriympäristölle eri aikoina ominaisia piirteitä, kulttuuriympäristössä ajan mittaan tapahtuneita muutoksia ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä kirjallisten aineistojen, eri-ikäisten valokuvien ja ilmakuvien ja niistä koostuvien kuvaparien ja kuvasarjojen, eri-ikäisten kartta-aineistojen ja niiden pohjalta laatimieni analyysikarttojen avulla sekä kirkonkylissä paikan päällä tekemieni maastoanalyysien avulla. Eri-ikäiset ja erityyppiset lähdeaineistot täydentävät toisiaan ja muodostavat kokonaisuutena monipuolisen ja ajallisesti moniulotteisen, kulttuuriympäristöä muuttuvana kokonaisuutena kuvaavan aineiston. Merkittävä osa tutkimustani on kirkonkyliin vahvistettujen rakennuskaavojen ja asemakaavojen analysointi paitsi kulttuuriympäristön kehitystä ohjaavina taustatekijöinä myös rakentamista ja kaavoitusta ohjaavien määräysten ja suunnitteluohjeiden sekä omana aikanaan vallitsevien arvojen kuvastajina. Pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä näkyvinä ja toisistaan poikkeavina ajanjaksoina erottuvat kiinteän asutuksen muodostumisen aika (ennen vuotta 1860), kirkonkylien synnyn ja kasvun aika (1860–1940), jälleenrakennuskausi ja aika ennen ensimmäisten rakennuskaavojen laatimista (1940–1960), kirkonkylien voimakkaan kasvun aika rakennuskaavojen laatimisen jälkeen (1960–1990) sekä kirkonkylien eriarvoistumisen aika (1990–2008). Kulttuuriympäristön ja sen ominaispiirteiden muodostumiseen ovat taustatekijöinä vaikuttaneet toisaalta yhteiskunnallinen tilanne ja siinä tapahtuneet muutokset sekä tietoinen ohjaus, kuten asutuspolitiikka, maanjakotoimenpiteet, elinkeinojen kehittäminen, lainsäädäntö ja kaavoitus, toisaalta paikalliset olosuhteet ja niiden määrittelemät lähtökohdat, kuten sijaintipaikan ominaispiirteet sekä paikkakunnan sijainnin vaikutukset elinkeinojen kehitykseen ja väestökehitykseen. Kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä selkeimpänä taitekohtana erottuu 1950- ja 1960-lukujen vaihde. Sen jälkeen, 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla, tapahtuneina muutoksina kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvät taajamarakenteelle ominaisen tilarakenteen katoaminen ja asutusrakenteessa tapahtuneet muutokset, rakennettujen alueiden ja viljelysalueiden välisissä suhteissa tapahtuneet muutokset sekä kirkonkylien keskusta-alueilla sijaitsevien viljelysalueiden katoaminen ja muuttuminen viheralueiksi, rakennuskannan – erityisesti liikerakennusten – ominaispiirteiden muutokset sekä tieympäristön ja katutilan mittakaavan muutokset. Kulttuuriympäristön kehitykseen merkittävimmin vaikuttaneina taustatekijöinä korostuvat 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla tapahtuneet yhteiskunnalliset ja elinkeinopoliittiset muutokset: toisaalta kirkonkylien nopea kasvu kuntakeskuksiksi 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla ja sen myötä tapahtunut asukasluvun kasvu, palvelujen lisääntyminen ja keskittyminen sekä liikenteen merkityksen lisääntyminen ja liikennemäärien kasvu, ja toisaalta 1990- ja 2000-luvuilla voimakas alueellinen eriarvoistuminen sekä taantuma ja sen seuraukset, kuten palvelujen vähentyminen, uudisrakentamisen määrän huomattava vähentyminen ja ympäristön hoidon laiminlyönti. Taantuva kehitys ja sen vaikutukset korostavat osaltaan kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristössä 1960- ja 1970-lukujen kuluessa toteutettujen muutosten merkitystä. Kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvä hajanaisuus, epäyhtenäisyys ja keskeneräisyys sekä uudelle ja vanhalle rakentamiselle tyypillisten ominaispiirteiden väliset ristiriitaisuudet ovat seurausta paitsi kasvun aikana laadituista kulttuuriympäristön kokonaisvaltaiseen uudistamiseen tähtäävistä suunnitelmista myös kehittämistyön pysähtymisestä taantuman myötä

The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyse socio-economic changes in northern Sweden. Focus is on the period 1985-2000. Population development, restructuring of economic activities, political and cultural changes are related to a theoretical discussion on the transformation of sparsely populated areas as an outcome of multi-dimensional and interrelated processes. Besides an introductory and concluding section, the thesis contains four papers. The first paper deals with forestry's changed role in the local economy of four municipalities located in the inland areas of upper Norrland. The changes within forestry have been driven by adaptation to global competition and rapid technical development. Even though timber production has increased in some of the municipalities, job losses have greatly reduced the importance of forestry in the local economies. Many employees have left forestry for work in other branches, unemployment or retirement However, relatively few have moved from the area. A multiplier model was employed in order to analyse the impact on the local economy. The second paper deals with population changes in the six northernmost counties. During the 1990s, most municipalities and rural areas in northern Sweden have experienced renewed depopulation. At the same time, some rural areas have shown significant population growth. Three types of rural areas with population growth have been identified. Firstly, there are rural areas within daily commuting distance from regional centres. Secondly, there is a group of rural areas, mainly a number of mountain villages close to the border with Norway, which has benefited from the tourist industry. Finally, there are a few rural areas characterised by attractive residential environments and leisure housing. The third paper is based on a classification of 500 residential areas and villages in the county of Västerbotten into seven types of housing environments. In this way, the county is broken down into a mosaic of housing environments characterised by very different prerequisites for consumption and economic development A complex and dispersed pattern of disadvantaged residential areas all over the county indicates the difficulty in treating counties and municipalities as homogeneous regions. In the fourth paper, focus is on young peoples' attitudes towards staying in or moving to small communities within a local labour market region in northern Sweden. The study is based on telephone interviews with 400 young men and women in the Umeå region. Half the interviewees lived in the university city of Umeå while the others were residents in five rural municipalities surrounding Umeå. In general, the males and females aged 19-25 had a much more positive attitude towards living in rural communities than did those aged 15-18. Nevertheless, only half of the young people already living in the rural municipalities wanted to stay there. Among the young people living in the city, slightly less than 50% showed an interest in moving to the surrounding rural areas, mainly the countryside within commuting distance from the city. The connection between higher education and out-migration of young people from rural areas is also highlighted.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2002

digitalisering@umu

Care has seldom been linked with memory and the natural environment. Moreover young people have been largely absent from geographical explorations of memory and memories. This research seeks, in part, to fill these gaps by examining young people's memories and memory formation within frameworks of care and the natural environment. More specifically this research provides insights into socially and economically marginalised young people's memory processes as well as the multiple emotional geographies that are created in an affective web of care, other people and the natural environment. This thesis provides an original, critical examination of a third sector charitable organisation Country Holidays for Inner City Kids (CHICKS) and their respite breaks for disadvantaged young people between 8-15 years of age. 26 young people who attended CHICKS were interviewed in addition to multiple staff members, volunteers and referral agents. Additionally exhaustive observations were carried out on 17 different respite breaks. This thesis has three research aims. Firstly it sets out to examine how care experiences shape memory formation at CHICKS. Secondly, it explores how care produces space, particularly in the natural environment. And thirdly it examines what kind of emotional geographies does care produce. First and foremost this thesis contributes into geographies of care. Furthermore, it ties care into other scholarly niches. It offers a somewhat novel conceptualisation of nature as a space of care: a therapeutic landscape that extends beyond literal connections between the physical environment and feelings of well-being. This research also contributes to the geographical research on care and memory by integrating young people in such research, as well as by suggesting that memories can become a vessel for well-being. Overall, the unique research arena makes this an original piece of work thus adding knowledge to geographies of care on affective, methodological and theoretical levels. This research demonstrates flat ontology of care, fun, geographies of love and the natural environment can open up transformative spaces where identity processes and the self can be processed and re-processed. Ultimately, this all makes it possible for memory and memories to become an intervention; a tool against adversity that allows the young person to go to a better mental and emotional place.

This work aims at considering superstitions both in the context social, cultural changes and as an essential part of human being, since it makes part of culture. We search to discuss the transformations of superstition in the modern society based on the oral accounts of people who moved from countryside to the city of Catalão, State of Goiás. We has tried to identify how these people consider superstitions now and understand their rural past, marked by oral tradition and popular beliefs, and so to know how popular culture rereads superstitions in the present. In these individual s speech, we have noted some conceptions of past countryside/hindrance and present city/progress which led us to rethink of theses spaces as different and complimentary.
Este trabalho propõe considerar as superstições pelo viés das transformações sociais e culturais e como parte essencial do ser humano, por fazerem parte da cultura que o expressa. Nele, problematizamos a transformação das superstições na sociedade moderna, com base na fala de sujeitos que saíram da zona rural para residir na cidade de Catalão (GO). Buscamos identificar a leitura que fazem das superstições, o passado vivido na zona rural, calcado na oralidade e nas crenças populares, e, assim, saber que releituras das superstições a cultura popular passou a ter. Na fala dos sujeitos, percebemos concepções de passado zona rural, atraso e de presente cidade, modernidade que nos levaram a repensar esses espaços como diferenciados e complementares.
Mestre em História

Mobilité, désir d’accéder à une meilleure qualité de vie, attraction de la campagne s’accélèrent depuis une trentaine d’années au Québec, comme ailleurs en occident. La campagne et les usages que l’on en fait se diversifient et se complexifient, à l’instar des populations qui l’habitent. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse se penche sur l’expérience géographique de la campagne, en tant qu’espace social. Elle met en lumière l’expérience géographique des ruraux, plus particulièrement les modalités de leur rencontre dans divers lieux qui marquent leur quotidien. Le matériel empirique de la thèse consiste surtout en des témoignages recueillis lors d’entrevues qualitatives menées auprès de nouveaux résidents et des ruraux de longue date dans deux municipalités régionales de comté (MRC) contrastées au Québec : Brome-Missisquoi et Arthabaska. La démarche privilégiée et les principales contributions qui en découlent se déclinent en trois temps. D’abord, une comparaison directe des deux populations rurales étudiées fait ressortir que leurs pratiques de mobilité et leurs sens des lieux se rejoignent dans une certaine mesure, mais affichent aussi des différences. Par exemple, elles partagent toutes deux un sentiment d’appartenance marqué à leur milieu de vie, mais pas nécessairement avec la même intensité et pour les mêmes raisons. En outre, leurs pratiques d’engagement local convergent, favorisées par un même désir de contribuer au bien-être de leur milieu. La thèse démontre aussi que certains lieux de sociabilité rapprochent ces deux groupes au quotidien, quoique subsistent des tensions notamment liées à leurs origines rurale ou urbaine, leur classe sociale, leurs expériences antérieures des lieux, la durée vécue dans leur milieu de vie, leur historique familial, leurs représentations et usages de la campagne... Se décèle aussi un effet de milieu entre les deux MRC à cet égard. Dans l’ensemble, leur rencontre s’avère timide et surtout réservée à l’espace public. Enfin, en se basant sur leurs représentations de l’avenir, la thèse illustre que l’espace de leur rencontre représente un espace d’opportunités pour le dialogue sur la campagne, bien que celui-ci ne se produise pas sans affrontements et heurts. Ainsi, au-delà du binarisme traditionnel et antagonique lié aux statuts de « nouveaux » et « anciens » ruraux, l’espace de rencontre, celui à l’intérieur duquel s’opèrent à la fois tensions, négociations, compromis et nouvelles alliances, participe à construire la nouvelle ruralité contemporaine.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Geography.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-152). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11813

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
防災與環境工程研究所
95
In Pin-Ding Village, Lin-Nei’s countryside, torrential rains or earthquakes have caused landslides in Yun-Lin County for many years and it is difficult to prevent completely. We have managed the collapsed land and analyzed the problem of slope stability recently without regard to the influence on the strength parameters of the soil (cohesion C & the angle of friction φ) with the change of the soil moisture content. The research proposal recommends the use of the automatic method of analysis on the influence of the mechanical behavior of the soil due to the change of the soil moisture content, which is our main initiative. This research establishes a relationship between the mechanical parameters (unit weigh, cohesion, the angle of friction) of all the soil layers involved: silty clay, colluvium, gravel and muddy stone with moisture content. In order to combine the moisture content and the mechanical parameters of the soil layers by the assumption of the variations of the moisture content, we used the Mohr-Column failure criteria to estimate the influence of the moisture content in situ on the slope stability. We took into consideration the distribution of the soil layers and the high potential of landslides and then selected three sections of the site (A-A’, B-B’, C-C’).We estimated the interaction of raising the moisture content and the stability of the slope by using the control variable method to regard the moisture content of the specific soil layers. The A-A’ and B-B’ sections showed more sensitivity to the variation of the moisture content on the muddy stone layer when the moisture content was raised to 2%, which caused the slope to become unstable. The C-C’ section showed that the safety factor of the slope stability dropped only when the moisture content of the colluvium was above 37%. Consequently, the slope slid and the failure plane rested on the colluvium layer. We have found that the slope of the site and the soil layer positions have a significant influence on slope stability.

碩士
大葉大學
設計暨藝術學院碩士班
103
The Council for Cultural Affairs gave impetus to the Community Development Movement since 1994. Many communities developed energetically, but usually suspended due to the lack of outside resources. The study aimed to explore the relationship between DEPO AUTO PARTS IND. CO., LTD. and Nice community at Lukang Township and how the DEPO supporting the long-term development of Nice community, as well as the effectiveness and benefits of the cooperation for business and community. This study applied the depth interviews with leaders in community organization, residents. The findings of this study were concluded as followings: 1. business involvement approach: DEPO was a local firm at Nice community, and the CEO had personal deep affection for this place. The CEO provided budget, manpower, technology, space, devices, business development approach, local culture preservation, social welfare development to the community organization. 2. the cooperation benefit: the long-term cooperation of local firm and community organization brought the win-win situation for both units. DEOP might not have real economic benefits, but promote its business public relation image. Nice community earned lot of benefits, including space rebuilding, the continuing education of community human resources, the comprehensive activities held in community, the development of community industry, et al. Further suggestions were advised for the community development of local firm and community organization, as well as for the future researcher on the research results.